preparation, structural characterization and electrical
TRANSCRIPT
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PREPARATION. STRUCTURAL CHARACTERIZATION AND
, ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES OF S()lE POLYATOMIC
CATIONS OF MERCURY
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PREPARATION. STRUCTURAL CHARACTERIZATION AND
ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES OF SOME POLYATCMIC
CATIONS OF MERCURY
by
BRENT D. CUTFORTH
.,
A ThesisSubmitted to the Faculty of Graduate Studies
in Partial Fulfilment of the Requirementsfor the Degree
Doctor of Philosophy
McMaster University
October 1975
..
I if) BRENT D. CUT~RTH 1977
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MCMASTER UNIVERSITYHamilton, Ontario
..,.~.
i
DOCTOR' OF PHILOSOPHY (1975) II(Chemistry)
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TITLE: Preparation, Structural Characterization and ElectricalProperties of Some iPo1yatomic Cations of Mercury
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IAUTHOR: Brent D.• Cutforth IB.Sc. (University of Victoria)
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• SUPERVISOR: Professor R.Jf Gillespie
INUMBER OF PAGES: xi i , 13'4
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ABSTRACT
The preparation of a number of new compounds containing mercury
in formally low oxidation states is reported. The preparations are
described and Raman s[iectra are reported. for H9Z(AsF6)Z's?'Z',
H9 Z(AsF6)Z' H9Z(SbZF11 )Z'SOZ' H9Z(SbF6)Z' SOZ' H9Z(SbF6)Z' and H9Z(S03F)Z'
All of the mercurous salts have been prepared for the first time, The
preparatioOSof Hg3(AsF6)Z and H93(SbzFlf)z' both of which contain .the
H93ZTcation,are presented. The. H94
Z+ cation, which has not been
identified previou~ly, is present in Hg4(AsF6)Z' The' preparation of this
compound and its Raman and .UV-visible spectra are discussed. Raman
spectroscopic and x-ray crystallographic studies show that the ions are
linear, and that the bond lengths increase in the order H9~Z+ < H9/+2+.
< H94Two new compounds containing infinite, linear, nOn-intersecting
chains of mercury atoms in two mutually perpendicular directions have
been prepared. The bonding in the metal atoms chains can be described
as metallic, with the charge delocalized over the mercury atom chains.
An experimental technique for measuring the electrical con
ductivity of these extremely hygroscopic compounds is described, and
conductivity and optical ~tudies show that the compounds are anisotropic,
metallic conductors. They const~tute a new class of anisotropic materials.
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
I wish to thank Professor R.J. Gillespie, my research
superVisor, for his advice, enthusiasm and insight during the course
of thi s work.
The help and friendship of the members of the Chemistry
Department have made lIlY stay at McMaster rewarding and enjoyable.
I wish to thank Professor W.R. Datars of the Physics Department
for his assistance and also Mr. A. Van Schyndel for designing the
electronics, without which many of the results included in this thesis
c~uld not have been compl~ted.
I also thank Malerie I\el,<:lman for typi,ng this thesis and'"
Dave Hodgson for drawing the figures.-,
The 'financial assistance of the National Research Council,
who provided a Scholarship, and McMaster University and the Chemistry
Department, who provided an Assistantship, is gratefully acknowledged .•
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"" " CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION,,'
1.1, Po1yatomic Cations of the Non-Metals
1.2 Po1yatomic Cation Fonnation by the Metal s
1.3 Pur~se Qf this Research
CHAPTER II: EXPERIMENT AL
2.1 Preparation and Purification of Ma~eria1s
2.2 Manipulation of Materials
2.2.1 Dry Box
2.2.2 Handling of Chemicals
2.2.3 Crystal Mounting
2.3 Experimental Techniques
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
2.3.1 Laser Raman Spectroscopy
'2.3.2 X-ray Crystallography
2.3. 3 , UV-Visib1e Spectroscopy
2.3.4 NMR Spectroscopy,
, 2.4 Conductivity Studies
2.4.1 E1ectronlcs
2.4.2 Sample Holder and Handling,
2.5 Preparative Reactions
2.5.1 The Reaction of Hg with AsF5
2.5.2 H9Z(AsF6)2.S02
2.5.3 Hg2(AsF6)Zv
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CHAPTER II: EXPERIMEN~L (continued)
2.5.4 H93,AsF6)2
2.5.5 ~94(AsF6)2
2.5.6 H92.86Asf6
2.5.7 H9 with SbF5
2.5.8 H92(SbF6)2.S02
2.5.9 H92(SbF6)2
2.5.10 H93(Sb2Fl1)2
2.5.11 H92.91SbF6
2.5.12 H92(S03F)2
2.5.13 Elemental Analyses
CHAPTER III: THE MERCUROUS CATION
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Compounds of the H922+ Cation
3.2.1 Preparation and Identification
3.2.2 Raman Spectra
3.3 Mercury (I) Complexes
3.3.1 Oiscussion
3.3.2 Preliminary Crystal Structure
of H92(ASF6)2.S02
3.4 "The Stabil ity of the Mercurous Ion
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CHAPTER IV: THE H932+ CATION
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Compounds of the H932+ Cation
4.2.1 Preparation and Identification
4.2.2 UV-Visible Spectra·
4.2. 3 ~ Raman Spectra
4.3 The Structure of H93(AsF5)2
4.3.1 Solution and Refinement
4.3.2 Description of the Structure
CHAPTER V: THE H942+ CATION
5.1 Introduction
5.2 The H9/+ Cation
5.2.1 Preparation and Characterization
of H94(AsF5)2
5.2.2 Attem~ted Preparation of H94(Sb2Fl1)2
5.3 The Crystal Structure of H94(AsF5)2
5.3.1 Solution and Refinement
5.3.2 Description of the Structure
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CHAPTER VI: INFINITE CHAIN POLYMERCURY CATIONS 89
E.1 Introduction
6.2 The Structure of Hg 2.86AsF6
6.2.1 Solution and Refinement
6.2.2 Description of the Structure
6.3 Preparation and Structure of Hg2. 91 SbF6
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CHAPTER VII: CONpUCTIVITY -AND OPTICAL STUDIES ON~ INFINITE CHAIN POLYMERCURY CATIONS 102
7.1 Introi:luction
7.2 Review of Anisotropic Materials
7.3 Conductivity Studies on Hg2.86AsF6
7>3.1 Crystal Growth'"
7.3.2 Results and Discussion
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7.4 Conductivity and Optical Studies on
Hg2. 91 SbF6 115
7.4.1 Crystal Growth
7.4.2 Conductivity Experiments
7.4.3 Optical Studies
CHAPTER VIII: CONCLUSIONS
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Structures of Mercury Po1ycations
8.3 Infinite Chain Cations
8.4 Suggestions for Future WorkREFERENCES
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LIST OF TABLES
TABLE---r--
3.1 Raman Frequencies and Assigrments for
H92(AsF6)2·S02 and H92(AsF6)2
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3.2 'Raman Frequeneies for H92(OS02F)2 and
Related Molecules 363.3 Raman Frequencies and Assigrments for
3.4
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3.5 Electronic Configurations a~d Ionization
Potentials for GpIIB Me~ls
ElectrOde Potentials for Mercury
3.6 Structural and Vibrational Data for
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4.1
4.2
4.3
4.4
4.5
Mercurous Compounds
Raman Spectra of Hg32+ Compounds
Correlation Diagrams for'the Hg32+ IonJn
Hg3(AsF6)2 and Hg3(A1C1 4)2
Structural Parameters for Hg3(AsF6)2
Bond Distances and Bond Angles in Hg3(AsF6)2
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4.6 . Observed and Calculated Structure Factors
for H93{AsF6)2 •72
5.1 Crystal Data fo~ Hg4{AsP6)2 80
5.2 Structural Parameters for H94(AsF6) 2 82-
5.3 Bond Distances and Angle? in Hg4{AsF6)2 83
5.4 Observed and calculated Structure Factors
for Hg4{AsF6)2\
86
6.1 Crystal Data for Hg2.86AsF6 91
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6.2 .Structural Parameters for Hg2.86AsF6 92
6.3 Selected Bond Distances and Angles for
Hg2.86AsF6 97
·6.4 Observed and Calculated Structure Factors
for Hg2.86As'F6 98.
6.5 Crystal Da~a for Hg 2. 91 SbF6 101;'
8.1 Polyatomic cations cif Mercury. 125-8.2 Bond Lengths and Hg-Hg Stretching Frequencies
for Mercury Polycations 126
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LIST OF FIGURES
FIGURE -PAGE
2.1 Block Diagram of Electronics for Conductivity
Experiments 12I
2.2 Sample Holder for Conductivity Experiments 14
3.1 Raman Spectra of H92(ASF6)2·S02' H92~AsF6)2
(S02 solution). and Hg2(AsF6.)2 29
. 3.2 Thermal Decompositi6n of H92(AsF6)2 33
,3.3 Raman Spect~ of H92(OS02F)2 35I
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I3.4 Raman Spectra of H92(Sb2Fll)2.S02'
H92(SbF6)2·S02 and H92(SbF6)2 38,:,'
4..1 Time Dependent UV-Visible Spectrum of'.H93(Sb2Fll)2i~ HS03F 55
~ .. 4-
4.2 Raman Spectra of Hg3(AsF6)2 and H93\Sb2Fll )2 57
4.3 Configuration of the Hg3(AsF6)2 Molecule 66
4.4 A Perspective Illustration of the Packing of
Ions in H93(AsF6)2 67
' .. 4.5 Projection of Asymmetric Unit of H93(AsF6)2 .;..:
Showing Hg .... F Contact 68
5.1 Temperature Dependent Raman Spectra of an
Equil ibrilllll Mixture of Hg32+ and H9/+ in S02
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FIGURE
5.2
5.3
6.1
6.2
Configuration of the Hg42+ Ion
A View of the Unit Cell Contents of
Hg4(ASF6)2 (viewed down the ~ axis)
hko and okt prece~on Photographs of
Hg2.86AsF6
A-Perspective Illustration of Hg2.86AsF6
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85
93
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7.1 The CrYstal Structure of Kz[Pt(CN)4JBrO~30.3H20
Overlap of the d 2 Orbitals in theZ •
Platinum Chains
7;2 The ResistiVity of Hg2.86AsF6 as a Function
of Temperature
7.3 The Low Temperature Region of the Resistivity
of H92.8~sF6 and Bismuth as a Function of
Temperature
105
111
113
7.4 ,The Conductivity of H92.8~sF6 as a Function
of Temperature (normalized,to the room
temperature conductivity)
7.5
7.6
7.7
Temperature Oependent ~esistivity of Hg2. 91 SbF6
Relative Reflectivity of Hg2. 91 SbF6 as a Function
.of P61aroid Angle
Reflectivity of Hg2. 91 SbF6 as a Function ofo
Wavelength (4000-8000 A)
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CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
Mercury -was one of the firSrmeta1s__known to man, having been
discovered at least as early as the fifteenth or sixteenth century B.C.
Its liquid state and shiny metallic appearanc~ fascinated early chemists
and it played a central role in the Age of Alchemy, which reached its
zenith in seventeenth century Europe. Mercury, symbolizing the mineral
spirit of metals, and sulphur, symbolizing combustibility or the spirit.. '
of fjre, were considered to contain the essence of all metals. If the',
two "spirits" or "principles were.joined whilst in an impure state they
gave rise to base metals, such as tin and lead; when they were oT high
purity they gave silver and gold; but when each of the two principles was
of superfine purity they yielded the "Philosopher's Stone". One of the
favourite metals for multiplying an initial small quantity of ultrapurei
gold by means of the Philosopher's Stone was quicksilver, or mercury.
1.1 POLYATOMIC CATIONS OF THE NON-METALS
Polyatomic cation formation by the non-metals has been an
active research area in the last several years. Cation formation is
usually associated with the metals, but under suitable conditions the
elements of Groups VI and VII fonn cationic clusters. The I+ cation
has long been proposed as an intermediate in e1ectrophilic substitution
-1-
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