preparation of city sanitation plan part iii slide 1 preparation of city sanitation plan ... results...

08.02.2016

Preparation of City Sanitation Plan – Part III

Session 2:

Technical Options for CSPs

Session 3: Stakeholder Analysis and formation of

CSTF

08.02.2016

Twin-Pit Latrine Septic Tank with Soak pit

Bio-Digester DRDO Bio Tank / Bio Toilets

Technological options for On-site Sanitation systems

Session 3: Stakeholder Analysis and formation of CSTF 08.02.2016

Septic Tank followed by Soak pit



• Septic Tanks are applicable to all types of Toilets (Individual,

Community, Public Toilets)

• All septic tanks should be constructed as per standards

(Retrofitting of non-standard septic tanks)

• Septic Tanks are generally designed only for Black water

• Septic Tank removes about 50 to 60% of the biological load in

wastewater

• Effluent from Septic Tanks further needs Secondary Treatment

• Septic Tanks must be emptied every 2 to 3 years

• Limitation: Cost and space requirement



Soak Pit :

• The soak pit may be of any suitable shape with the

least cross-sectional dimension of 0.90 m and not less

than 1 m in depth below the invert level of the inlet pipe

Cost Estimates (for 5 users) :

• Tentative cost varies from Rs. 25,000 to Rs. 30,000

depending upon the construction material (including

toilet) • Pre fabricated septic tanks are available at lower cost in the market,

which also may be explored to speed up the implementation.


Twin-Pit Latrines


Twin-Pit Latrines

• Twin-Pit Latrines are only applicable to Individual Toilets

• Each pit should be designed to hold at-least one year

accumulation of fecal sludge

• The pits must be used alternatively & the diversion chamber

must be accessible

• The digested fecal sludge should be safely emptied,

transported & treated / disposed

• Limitation: Households may not use the pits alternately, Water

may percolate through the soil & pollute groundwater


Twin-Pit Latrines

Size of pits:

Cost Estimates (for 5 users) :

• Tentative cost varies from Rs. 15,000 to Rs. 20,000 depending upon

the construction material

• Twin-pit latrines in special conditions:

- In water-logged areas

- In high subsoil water level

- Where space is a constraint


DRDO Bio-Digester Toilet



• Bio-Digester Toilet is an anaerobic multi-compartment tank

with anaerobic bacteria which digests organic material

biologically

• It converts fecal waste into usable water & gases in an eco-

friendly manner

• No sludge formation, hence no desludging & treatment

• Semi treated water from bio-digester tank is needed to be

further disposed into a soak pit for further treatment

• Less space requirement



Cost Estimates :


Bio Tanks / Bio Toilets


Bio Tanks / Bio Toilets

• Bio-Toilets is an multi-compartment tank with aerobic bacteria

which breaks down the waste matter through oxidation.

• Effluent from the Bio Tank can be directly discharged since it

is completely safe

• Limitation : O & M needs proper attention, Need proper bacteria

inoculation periodically, chlorine dose is necessary for disinfection,

Acid / detergent should not be used to clean the pan

Cost Estimates :

Tentative cost is approx. Rs. 20,000 depending upon material of

construction (including toilet)


Choosing appropriate On-site sanitation system

No. Parameters Septic Tank Twin-Pit Latrine DRDO Bio-Digester Bio Tanks

1 Toilet Suitability Suitable for all types of

toilets

Suitable only for

Individual HH toilets

Suitable for all types

of toilets

Suitable for all types

of toilets

2 Treatment efficiency Partial treatment Partial treatment (50-

60 %)

Partial treatment (80

%)

Full treatment (100

%)

3 Desludging Required periodically Required periodically No need for

desludging

No need for

desludging

4 Soil type For soak pits to

function, soil condition

must be suitable

For twin pits to

function, soil

condition must be

suitable

For soak pits to

function, soil

condition must be

suitable

No effect of soil type

5 Ground water table Suitable in lower GWT

areas

Suitable in lower

GWT areas

Suitable in lower

GWT areas

No effect of GWT

6 Effluent Effluent should be

passed through soak

pit before discharge

Waste-water

percolates through

the pit to the subsoil

Effluent should be

passed through soak

pit before discharge

Effluent is completely

safe & can be

directly discharged

7 O & M Reasonable attention Reasonable attention Minimum attention Maximum attention

8 Land requirement 40-50 sq. ft 40-60 sq. ft 25 sq. ft 16 sq. ft

9 Approx. Cost (including

toilet)

Rs. 25,000-30,000

Rs.15,000-20,000 Rs. 24,000-37,000 Rs. 20,000

Waste Management Hierarchy

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At source reduction & reuse the most effective way to reduce the quantity of waste

Waste Minimization Initiatives

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Promoting at source reduction program

Green procurement & Take Back Program

Bans within local authorities

Promoting material exchange and reuse programs

Extended Producer Responsibility

Promotion of Voluntary action

To frame rules and bye laws

Source Segregation

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Segregation of waste at source in 3 categories:

Wet Waste (kitchen waste)

Dry Waste (recyclables)

Domestic hazardous waste

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Household level Storage

Onsite Storage of bulk wastes

Storage of MSW in public spaces/ parks- placement of

bins at optimum distance 25-250m to avoid littering

Storage of Municipal Solid Waste at Source

Capacity Households

12-15 lts 5

60 lts 12

120lts 24

240lts 48

Number and capacity of

bins required depends

on the quantity of waste

to be stored before

collection & an

additional 100% storage

to avoid spillage

Collection and Transportation

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Collection of segregated municipal waste from the source of its

generation is an essential step in solid waste management.

Collection service divided into primary and secondary collection. A well

synchronised primary and secondary collection & transportation system

leads to successful waste management

Primary collection of segregated waste from households is carried out

through the use of containerized push carts/ tricycle, small mechanized

vehicle , compactors depending on the terrain, width of streets

To improve/optimize collection efficiency, collection vehicles should be

adapted to the street width, accessibility and localized conditions

Vehicles and Equipment for Primary Collection

Mini-truck with hydraulic tipping

containers

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Hand carts/ tricycles with containers/ bins

Tricycle with hydraulic tipping containers

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Secondary Collection and Transportation

Concept of Binless area/City

Direct transfer of waste from the primary collection point

to secondary collection vehicles promotes a binless

arrangement.

Successful only when synchronization with primary

collection and coordination exist. For eg: Kochi, Nashik

Municipal Corporation have implemented a bin-less

system .

08.02.2016

Transfer Stations

Transfer stations should be set up in large cities

(>300tonnes of waste/day)where disposal sites are

more than 15 km to save transportation time, equipment

and fuel

Usually consists of large size containers 15-25 cu.mt

Direct Transfer Station

Stationary Compactor Transfer Station

Technical Options- Processing & Treatment of

Municipal Solid Waste

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Recycling & Recovery

Composting

Waste to Energy

Refuse Derived Fuel

Material Recovery Facility (MRF): Separating and diverting recyclable

materials from mixture of waste fractions collected in the dry waste bin

to MRF

Configuration of a MRF:

• Quality, quantities of material to be processed

• processing rates

• desired quality of end products

Extent of recycling depends on the size of the market for recycled

products

Necessary to assess and establish market linkages prior to bringing

recycling programmes into operation

Material Recovery Facilities

Composting

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Controlled decomposition of the organic waste, typically in aerobic

conditions

Indian waste composition: amenable to composting

Composting of segregated waste is preferred

Mixed waste composting: ONLY with appropriate and effective pre-

sorting and treatment of feedstock

Used as a valuable soil amendment thereby reducing dependence

on chemical fertilizers

MSW Feedstock for Composting: Segregated wet fraction

of MSW, Vegetable market waste and Yard waste

Pre processing of mixed MSW lowers processing cost,

recovers recyclables, reduces contaminants

Financial viability of compost plants primarily dependent

on the marketability of the compost

Successful market for compost primarily dependent on

producing consistent quality and quantity of compost

Pre-processing of MSW

Co-marketing

of compost with

chemical

fertilizers by the

fertilizer

companies as a

“Basket

Approach” is

recommended

Composting Technologies

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Windrow Composting

Aerated Static Pile

In-Vessel Composting

Decentralized Composting

Vermicomposting

3.2.9.1: Windrow Composting – 500 TPD

Segregated

waste: 18-

20%

efficiency

Mixed

waste: upto

10 -15%

efficiency

Segregated/pre-processed composting mixture placed in

mechanically aerated piles

Post-processing to remove bulking agents

Key criteria for aerated static pile composting

Effective for farm and municipal use

1-500 tons/module

Land required: 5 ha/500 tons (lower land required)

Time: 6-12 weeks

Temperature: not temperature sensitive

Energy input: moderate (2-3 hours aeration required)

Financial implications: relatively costly

Aerated Static Pile

Composting in single or multi-compartment vessels that provide

mixing, aeration and moisture to waste feed

Continuous feed/batch feed

Key criteria for in-vessel composting

Large- scale commercial systems

1-300 tons/module

Land required: 4 ha/500 tons

Time: 3 weeks (3-5 days in vessel; 3 weeks to mature)

Temperature: not temperature sensitive

Energy input: high

Financial implications: very costly

In-Vessel Composting

Box composting/Bin composting: Source separated organic

waste from neighbourhood

Preferred System: Reduces transportation costs, makes use of

low-cost technologies based mainly on manual labour

Small waste quantities upto 20 tons/day

MSW Feedstock: Kitchen waste like food, fruit and vegetable

leftovers (rich in nitrogen content), yard waste like leaves, twigs,

straw and paper (rich in carbon content)

Decentralized Composting

Composting the biodegradable fraction (kitchen/vegetable market

waste) of MSW with the help of earthworms

Results in the production of vermicompost – soil conditioner

Key criteria for vermicomposting

Amount of waste treated: 1-50 tons/module

Land required: 2 ha/50 tons

Time: 8 weeks

Temperature: Temperature sensitive (30-40°C ideal range)

Energy input: low

Financial implications: Purchase of exotic earthworms is expensive

Vermicomposting

Process of generating energy in the form of heat or electricity

from MSW

At least 65 to 80% of energy content of waste can be recovered

as heat energy

Waste to Energy technologies:

• Incineration

• Biomethanation

• Refuse Derived Fuels (RDF)

Waste to Energy

Recovering energy value in waste prior to its final disposal is

considered preferable

Combustion of waste at very high temperatures, in

the presence of oxygen

Production of heat (flue gas, ash)

The success of waste incineration projects depends

entirely on incoming waste feed characteristics and

quantity

For financial viability of incineration plants:

segregated waste feed of at least 500 TPD with a

LCV not less than 1450 kcal/kg of waste

Incineration

of municipal

solid waste

(along with

energy

recovery) can

reduce the

volume of

waste to be

landfilled by

90%

Incineration

Anaerobic digestion of biodegradable organic waste in an

enclosed space under controlled conditions, generating biogas

comprising mainly of methane and carbon dioxide.

Key criteria for successful biomethanation of MSW

• Consistent source of bio degradable organic matter free

from inert material

• Sustainable demand for generated biogas in the vicinity of

the plant at appropriate economic conditions.

• Market potential for the manure produced

• Decentralized systems: 1-5 TPD

Biomethanation

High calorific non-recyclable fraction of processed MSW which can be

used as a fuel for either steam/ electricity generation or as alternate

fuel in industries

RDF typically consists of high calorific fractions of MSW like paper,

textile, jute etc.

Utilization of RDF

• co-processing in cement kilns;

• co-combustion in coal fired power plants;

• on-site/off site in an appropriately designed waste incinerator for

thermal recovery or power generation

Refuse Derived Fuel

RDF can be used in cement plants as a substitute for fossil fuels.

Long residence time, high temperature and turbulence in cement

kilns ensures minimal production of dioxins and furans

Desirable RDF Characteristics for Co-processing in Cement Kilns:

• Moisture: preferably < 25%

• Size, 2D < 70 mm, 3D < 35 mm (subject to process limitation)

• Chlorine, preferably < 0.7% (dependent on raw mix & fuel mix)

• Calorific Value, preferably > 2,800 kcal/kg

• Sulphur, < 2% (dependent on particular raw mix & fuel mix)

• Free of restricted items( PVC, Explosives, Batteries, Aerosol

containers, Bio medical waste)

Co processing in Cement Kilns

Indicative Criteria for Selection of Appropriate Technology

or Combination of Technologies

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CRITERIA WINDROW

COMPOSTING

VERMICULTURE BIOMETHANATION RDF INCINERATION INTEGRATED

SYSTEM

(COMPOSTING +

RDF)

SANITARY

LANDFILL

Land

requirement

For 300 TPD of

segregated/pre-

sorted MSW: 5

ha of land

including buffer

zone is required

For 20 TPD of

segregated/pre-

sorted: 1.25 ha

For 300 TPD of

segregated/pre-sorted

MSW: 2.5 ha of land is

required

For 300 TPD

of

segregated/pr

e-sorted of

MSW: 2 ha of

land is

required

For 1000 TPD of

mixed waste: 5

ha of land

including buffer

zone.

For 300 TPD of

segregated/pre-

sorted MSW: 6

ha of land

(Note: Many of

the processing

units are

shared)

For 300 TPD

of MSW: 30

ha of land is

required for

20 years

Waste

quantity

20 TPD and

above

1-20 TPD 1 TPD at small scale &

500 TPD at large scale

100 TPD of

segregated

waste

1000 TPD and

above of mixed

waste

500 TPD and

above

100 TOD inert

and obove

Rejects About 30%

including inerts

if only

composting is

done. 15%*

rejects with

RDF, if located

in the same

plant

About 15%

including inerts*

About 15% from mixed

waste*

Around 15%

from mixed

waste**

Around 15%** Approximately

10%***

No rejects

Indicative Criteria for Selection of Appropriate Technology

or Combination of Technologies

XXX 08.02.2016

CRITERIA WINDROW

COMPOSTING

VERMICULTURE BIOMETHANATION RDF INCINERATION INTEGRATED

SYSTEM

(COMPOSTING +

RDF)

SANITARY

LANDFILL

Capital

Investment

15-20 Cr for

500 TPD plant

1 Cr. per 20 TPD 75-80 Cr for 500 TPD

plant

17-20 Cr for

500 TPD

plant

High capital O&

M cost 15 cr per

MW power

production

25-30 c r for

5000 TPD plant

High

Market for

product

Quality compost

if compliant

with FCO 2009

has high

potential. Co-

marketing

recommended

with 304 bags

of compost with

6-7 bags of

chemical

fertilizer

good market

potential in urban

and rural areas

however not

adequately explored

No appropriate system

of pricing biogas.

Pricing according to

kerosene equivalent

puts biogas at

disadvantage

High market

potential for

RDF. As a

feeder in

cement/

power plants

High potential of

energy

generation if

power purchase

agreements are

made

High potential if

complied with

rules

No potential

since only

inert waste

are to be

disposed in

landfills

preparation of city sanitation plan part iii slide 1 preparation of city sanitation plan ... results...

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