preparation and characterization of pla pbat organoclay composites
TRANSCRIPT
PREPARATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF
POLY(LACTIC ACID)/POLY(BUTYLENE ADIPATE-CO-THEREPTHTHALATE)
NANOCOMPOSITESby
Mohd Junaedy Osman (GS21850)
Dr Nor Azowa Ibrahim
Prof Dato’ Dr Wan Md Zin Wan Yunus
Dr Jamaliah Sharif (Nuclear Agency Malaysia)
Introduction.
• Environmental problem has been arising ever since the usage
of plastic was introduced. For this reason, there is an urgent
need to study and to develop renewable source-based
biopolymers (able to degrade via a natural composting
process).
• One of the ways to diminish the effect of these problems was
to use biodegradable polymer or also called Green Polymer.
Poly(lactic acid) (PLA) • PLA is a biodegradable, thermoplastic, aliphatic polyester derived
from renewable resources, (corn starch or sugarcanes). • Standard grade PLA has high modulus and strength comparable to
that many petroleum based plastics (brittle).
PLA monomer
Poly(butylene adipate-co-therephtlate) (PBAT)• PBAT (Ecoflex ) is an aliphatic-aromatic copolyester, which is fully
biodegradable. (Jiang et al. 2006). • It is a flexible plastic designed for film extrusion and extrusion
coating.
PBAT monomer.
Objectives.
• To prepare organoclay through ion exchange technique process with various type of alkyl ammonium ion.
• To characterize the organoclay produced.
• To study the effect of adding PBAT on the mechanical and thermal properties of PLA/PBAT nanocomposites.
• To investigate the effect of organoclay on mechanical, thermal and morphology of PLA/PBAT nanocomposites.
•The production of polymer materials has grown rapidly in the past 50 years. The versatility of plastics is not exceeded by any other class of materials, guarantees that polymers will continue to be very important in the future.
•The problem was the creation of phase separated mixture or immiscible blends. The immiscible blends can be easily classified by looking through its morphology and dynamics mechanical analysis.
Literature Review
Method and Result
•Preparation of organoclay
•Preparation of PLA/PBAT blends
•Preparation of PLA/PBAT nanocomposites
•Effect of type of clay
•Effect of clay loading
Preparation of organoclay
• 2 types of organoclay prepared.
– ODA-MMT
– DDOA-MMT
• The organoclay were prepared according to the published method with slight modification (Tabtiang et al., 2000; Pospisil et al., 2004; Capkova et al., 2006)
Schematic Diagram
Na-MMT Organofiller(ODA & DDOA)
OrganoclayODA-MMT & DDOA-MMT
Characterization•XRD•FTIR•TGA•Elemental analyzer
Cation Exchange Technique
Characterization
• X-ray Diffraction study
• Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy
• Thermogravimetric Analysis
• Elemental Analysis
PLA + PBAT
PLA/PBAT compositessheet
Characterization
Melt BlendingPLA/PBAT blends
Hot Pressing
Schematic Diagram
Characterization
• Tensile Properties study
• Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy
• Dynamic Mechanical Analysis
• Scanning Electron Microscopy
• Water Absorption Test
• Biodegradable Test
Preparation of PLA/PBAT nanocomposites
• PLA/PBAT nanocomposites were prepared by using melt blending technique.
Preparation of PLA/PBAT blends
PLA + PBAT
PLA/PBAT nanocompositessheet
Characterization
Melt BlendingPLA/PBAT blends
Hot Pressing
Schematic Diagram
Organoclay
Characterization • X-ray Diffraction study • Tensile Properties study • Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy • Dynamic Mechanical Analysis • Thermogravimetric Analysis • Scanning Electron Microscopy • Transmission Electron Microscopy • Water Absorption Test • Biodegradable Test
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
2θ (degree)
Inte
rsit
y a.
u.
XRD curve for (a) Na-MMT, (b) C 20A, (c) ODA-MMT and (d) DDOA-MMT
(a)
(c)
(b)
(d)
Summary
Type of Clay Exchange Cation 2θ Interlayer Spacing (Å) d001
Na-MMT Na+ 7.46 11.85
DDOA-MMT (CH3(CH2)17)2N+(CH3)2 2.66 33.22
ODA-MMT C18H37NH3+ 2.92 30.26
C 20A (CH3)2N+(HT)2 3.40 26.00
100020003000
(d)
(c)
(b)
(a)
Wavenumber cm-1
% T
Asymmetric CH3 stretching
Symmetric CH3
stretching
-CH2-
bending
Free water molecule and water-water
hydrogen bond
Si-O-Si stretching
Al-O bending
Si-O bending
OH bending
FTIR spectra for (a) Na-MMT, (b) ODA-MMT, (c) DDOA-MMT and (d) C 20A
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
35 135 235 335 435 535 635 735
Temperature (oC)
Wei
gh
t %
(%
) (a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
TGA thermograms of (a) Na-MMT, (b) ODA-MMT, (c) C20A and (d) DDOA-MMT
Type of Clay Exchange Cation Percent of Surfactant
Intercalated (%)
Quantity of Water (%)
Na-MMT Na+ - 11.99
ODA-MMT C18H37NH3+ 14.57 9.02
DDOA-MMT (CH3(CH2)17)2N+(CH3)2 25.89 3.41
C 20A (CH3)2N+(HT)2 18.64 3.22
Carbon content and the amount of surfactant intercalated into the clay galleries
Type of ClayExchange Cation C (%) Weight of
sample (mg)Percentage Surfactant intercalate
(%)
Na-MMT Na+ 0.513 1.919 -
ODA-MMT C18H37NH3+ 15.913 2.088 19.193
DDOA-MMT (CH3(CH2)17)2N+(CH3)2 20.455 2.060 26.552
C 20A (CH3)2N+(HT)2 19.571 2.031 23.464
CHNS analyzer
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
PBAT content (%)
Ten
sile
Str
engt
h (
Mp
a)
Determination of tensile strength with various PBAT content.
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
PBAT content (%)
Ten
sile
Mod
ulu
s (M
pa)
Determination of tensile modulus with various PBAT content.
-5
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
PBAT content (%)
Elo
nga
tion
at
bre
ak (%
)
Elongation at break of PLA/PBAT with various PBAT content
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
PBAT content (%)
Elo
nga
tion
at
bre
ak (
%)
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
Ten
sile
Mod
ulu
s (M
Pa)
Comparison of elongation at break and tensile modulus with various PBAT content
0
100
200
300
1000200030004000
(a)
(b)
(c)
Wavenumber cm-1
% T
2997 cm-1
Alkane stretch C – H 1750 cm-1 C = O
1081 cm-1
C – O1450 cm-1
-CH3
bending
2953 cm-1
2996 cm-1 1749 cm-1
1714 cm-1
1450 cm-1
1450 cm-1
C = C aromatic
1081 cm-1
1090 cm-1
FTIR spectra of (a) PLA, (b) PBAT and (c) 85PLA/15PBAT blends
0.00E+00
2.00E+08
4.00E+08
6.00E+08
8.00E+08
1.00E+09
1.20E+09
-50 -40 -30 -20 -10 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80Temperature (°C)
Los
s Mod
ulus
G"
(Pa)
PLA
PBAT
95PLA/5PBAT
85PLA/15PBAT
75PLA/25PBAT
0.00E+00
1.00E+08
2.00E+08
3.00E+08
4.00E+08
5.00E+08
6.00E+08
-50 -40 -30 -20 -10 0Temperature (°C)
Loss
Mod
ulus
G"
(Pa)
PLA
PBAT
95PLA/5PBAT
85PLA/15PBAT
75PLA/25PBAT
Temperature dependence of G” of PLA/PBAT with various amount of PBAT content
0.00E+00
5.00E+08
1.00E+09
1.50E+09
2.00E+09
2.50E+09
3.00E+09
3.50E+09
4.00E+09
4.50E+09
5.00E+09
-50 -40 -30 -20 -10 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90Temperature (oC)
Stor
age
Mod
ulus
G' (
Pa)
PLA
PBAT
95PLA/5PBAT
85PLA/15PBAT
75PLA/25PBAT
Temperature dependence of G’ of PLA/PBAT with various amount of PBAT
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16Time (days)
Wat
er a
bso
rpti
on
per
cen
tage
(%
)
PLA PBAT 95PLA5PBAT 85PLA15PBAT 75PLA25PBAT
Water absorption of PLA, PBAT, PLA/PBAT blends with various amount of PBAT
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Time (weeks)
Wei
ght
loss
per
cen
tage
(%
)
PLA PBAT 95PLA5PBAT 85PLA15PBAT 75PLA25PBAT
Weight loss percentage of PLA, PBAT, PLA/PBAT blends with various amount of PBAT
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
2θ (degree)
Inte
nsi
ty a
.u. (a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
XRD curve for (a) PLA/PBAT/Na-MMT, (b) PLA/PBAT/C 20A, (c) PLA/PBAT/ODA-MMT and (d) PLA/PBAT/DDOA-MMT
XRD peak and interlayer spacing of various type of clay
Type of clay2θ (°) Interlayer
spacing (Å)Interlayer spacing without
PLA/PBAT (Å)
Shift extant (Å)
PLA/PBAT/Na-MMT 6.42 13.67 11.85 1.82
PLA/PBAT/ODA-MMT 2.54 34.79 30.26 4.53
PLA/PBAT/DDOA-MMT 2.00 44.18 33.22 10.96
PLA/PBAT/C 20A 2.40 36.82 26.00 10.82
100020003000
(e)
(d)
(c)
(b)
(a)
Wavenumber cm-1
% T
C - O
1081 cm-1
1082 cm-1
1083 cm-1
1083 cm-1
1083 cm-1
FTIR curve for (a) PLA/PBAT, (b) PLA/PBAT Na-MMT, (c) PLA/PBAT/C 20A, (d) PLA/PBAT/ODA-MMT and (e) PLA/PBAT/DDOA-MMT
37.56
39.68
43.58
42.11
40.99
34
36
38
40
42
44
46
Organoclay
Ten
sile
Str
engt
h (M
Pa)
PLA/PBAT + Na-MMT + ODA-MMT + DDOA-MMT + C 20A
Tensile strength of PLA/PBAT/organoclay
1013.32
1020.02
1022.111021.52 1021.00
1008
1010
1012
1014
1016
1018
1020
1022
1024
Organoclay
Ten
sile
Mod
ulus
(MP
a)
PLA/PBAT + Na-MMT + ODA-MMT + DDOA-MMT + C 20A
Tensile modulus of PLA/PBAT/organoclay
0.00E+00
5.00E+08
1.00E+09
1.50E+09
2.00E+09
2.50E+09
3.00E+09
3.50E+09
-50 -30 -10 10 30 50 70 90
Temperature (oC)
Sto
rage
Mod
ulu
s G
' (P
a)
PLA/PBAT
PLA/PBAT/Na-MMT
PLA/PBAT/ODA-MMT
PLA/PBAT/DDOA-MMT
PLA/PBAT/C 20A
The effect of type of clay on storage modulus
0.00E+00
1.00E+08
2.00E+08
3.00E+08
4.00E+08
5.00E+08
6.00E+08
7.00E+08
-50 -30 -10 10 30 50 70 90
Temperature (oC)
Los
s M
odu
lus
G"
(P
a)
PLA/PBAT
PLA/PBAT/Na-MMT
PLA/PBAT/ODA-MMT
PLA/PBAT/DDOA-MMT
PLA/PBAT/C 20A
0.00E+00
2.00E+07
4.00E+07
6.00E+07
8.00E+07
1.00E+08
1.20E+08
1.40E+08
1.60E+08
1.80E+08
2.00E+08
-30 -25 -20 -15 -10 -5 0 5 10
Temperature (oC)
Los
s M
odu
lus
G"
(P
a)
PLA/PBAT
PLA/PBAT/Na-MMT
PLA/PBAT/ODA-MMT
PLA/PBAT/DDOA-MMT
PLA/PBAT/C 20A
The effect of type of clay on loss modulus
Tg for different type of clay
Sample Identification Tg PLA (oC) Tg PBAT (oC)
PLA/PBAT 68.1 -23.0
PLA/PBAT/Na-MMT 64.3 -10.1
PLA/PBAT/ODA-MMT 62.3 -15.5
PLA/PBAT/DDOA-MMT 61.7 -12.2
PLA/PBAT/C 20A 63.4 -12.5
0
20
40
60
80
100
200 250 300 350 400 450 500 550
Temperature (oC)
Wei
gh
t %
(%
)
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
TGA curve for (a) PLA/PBAT, (b) PLA/PBAT/Na-MMT, (c) PLA/PBAT/C 20A (d) PLA/PBAT/DDOA-MMT and (e) PLA/PBAT/ODA-MMT
-22
-17
-12
-7
-2
200 250 300 350 400 450 500 550
Temperature (oC)
Der
ivat
ives
Wei
ght
% (
%/m
)
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
DTG curve for (a) PLA/PBAT, (b) PLA/PBAT/Na-MMT, (c) PLA/PBAT/C 20A, (d) PLA/PBAT/DDOA-MMT and (e) PLA/PBAT/ODA-MMT
The thermal degradation for PLA/PBAT and PLA/PBAT/nanocomposites with various type of clay
Sample Tonset (
oC) T50 (ºC) Tmax (ºC)
PLA/PBAT 275.39 318.78 321.52
PLA/PBAT/Na-MMT 286.71 325.27 329.38
PLA/PBAT/ C 20A 300.36 332.13 334.93
PLA/PBAT/DDOA-MMT 307.52 334.19 335.37
PLA/PBAT/ ODA-MMT 310.36 336.09 336.98
(a) (b)
(c) (d)
SEM images of (a) PLA/PBAT/ODA-MMT, (b) PLA/PBAT/DDOA-MMT, (c) PLA/PBAT/C 20A and (d) PLA/PBAT/Na-MMT
(a) (b)
(c) (d)
200 nm200 nm
200 nm 200 nm
TEM images for (a) PLA/PBAT/Na-MMT, (b) PLA/PBAT/ODA-MMT, (c) PLA/PBAT/DDOA-MMT and (d) PLA/PBAT/C 20A (Magnification 10000x)
0
0.5
1
1.5
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
Time (days)
Wat
er a
bsor
ptio
n pe
rcen
tage
(%)
PLA/PBAT PLA/PBAT/Na-MMT PLA/PBAT/ODA-MMT
PLA/PBAT/DDOA-MMT PLA/PBAT/C 20A
Water absorption percentage of PLA/PBAT incorporation with different type of clay
Percentage water uptake PLA/PBAT incorporation with different type of clay
Time (days)Sample 0 2 4 8 16
PLA/PBAT 0 1.22 1.45 1.45 1.45
PLA/PBAT/Na-MMT 0 1.32 1.51 1.52 1.52
PLA/PBAT/ODA-MMT 0 1.20 1.44 1.44 1.44
PLA/PBAT/DDOA-MMT 0 1.21 1.45 1.45 1.45
PLA/PBAT/C 20A 0 1.21 1.44 1.44 1.44
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
0 2 4 6 8 10 12Time (weeks)
Wei
ght
loss
pen
cen
tage
(%
)
PLA/PBAT PLA/PBAT/Na-MMTPLA/PBAT/ODA-MMT PLA/PBAT/DDOA-MMTPLA/PBAT/C 20A
Weight loss percentage of PLA/PBAT incorporation with different type of clay
Percentage weight loss PLA/PBAT incorporation with different type of clay
Time (weeks)Samples 0 3 6 9 12
PLA/PBAT 0.00 2.33 2.52 2.69 2.76
PLA/PBAT/Na-MMT 0.00 2.39 2.62 2.75 2.82
PLA/PBAT/ODA-MMT 0.00 2.23 3.77 5.63 8.41
PLA/PBAT/DDOA-MMT 0.00 2.03 3.56 5.25 7.96
PLA/PBAT/C 20A 0.00 2.00 3.56 4.81 7.62
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
2θ (degree)
Inte
nsi
ty,
a.u
.
PLA/PBAT/0.1 Na-MMT
PLA/PBAT/0.3 Na-MMT
PLA/PBAT/0.6 Na-MMT
PLA/PBAT/1.0 Na-MMT
PLA/PBAT/3.0 Na-MMT
6.02°
6.42°
XRD patterns of PLA/PBAT/Na-MMT
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
2θ (degree)
Inte
nsit
y, a
.u.
PLA/PBAT/0.1 ODA-MMT
PLA/PBAT/0.3 ODA-MMT
PLA/PBAT/0.6 ODA-MMT
PLA/PBAT/1.0 ODA-MMT
PLA/PBAT/3.0 ODA-MMT
2.76°
2.54°
XRD pattern of PLA/PBAT/ODA-MMT nanocomposites
Table of interlayer spacing with different type and clay content
Type of nanocomposites Clay content (wt%) 2θ (°) Interlayer spacing (Å)
PLA/PBAT/Na-MMT 0.1 - -
0.3 - -
0.6 - -
1.0 6.02o 14.68Å
3.0 6.42o 13.77Å
PLA/PBAT/ODA-MMT 0.1 - -
0.3 - -
0.6 - -
1.0 2.76o 32.01Å
3.0 2.54o 34.79Å
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3Clay Content (wt%)
Ten
sile
Str
engt
h (M
Pa)
PLA/PBAT+ODA-MMT
PLA/PBAT+Na-MMT
Tensile strength of PLA/PBAT/Organoclay composites
1012
1014
1016
1018
1020
1022
1024
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3
Clay Content (wt%)
Ten
sile
Mod
ulu
s (M
Pa)
PLA/PBAT+ODA-MMT
PLA/PBAT+Na-MMT
Tensile modulus of PLA/PBAT/Organoclay composites
0.00E+00
5.00E+08
1.00E+09
1.50E+09
2.00E+09
2.50E+09
3.00E+09
3.50E+09
-50 -30 -10 10 30 50 70 90
Temperature (oC)
Stor
age
Mod
ulus
G' (
Pa)
PLA/PBAT
PLA/PBAT/0.1 Na-MMT
PLA/PBAT/0.3 Na-MMT
PLA/PBAT/0.6 Na-MMT
PLA/PBAT/1.0 Na-MMT
PLA/PBAT/3.0 Na-MMT
The G’ as the function of temperature for PLA/PBAT/Na-MMT
0.00E+00
5.00E+08
1.00E+09
1.50E+09
2.00E+09
2.50E+09
3.00E+09
3.50E+09
-50 -30 -10 10 30 50 70 90
Temperature (oC)
Stor
age
Mod
ulus
G' (
Pa)
PLA/PBATPLA/PBAT/0.1 ODA-MMTPLA/PBAT/0.3 ODA-MMTPLA/PBAT/0.6 ODA-MMTPLA/PBAT/1.0 ODA-MMTPLA/PBAT/3.0 ODA-MMT
The G’ as the function of temperature for PLA/PBAT/ODA-MMT
0.00E+00
1.00E+08
2.00E+08
3.00E+08
4.00E+08
5.00E+08
6.00E+08
-50 -30 -10 10 30 50 70 90
Temperature (oC)
Los
s M
odul
us G
" (P
a)
PLA/PBAT
PLA/PBAT/0.1 Na-MMT
PLA/PBAT/0.3 Na-MMT
PLA/PBAT/0.6 Na-MMT
PLA/PBAT/1.0 Na-MMT
PLA/PBAT/3.0 Na-MMT
The G” as the function of temperature for PLA/PBAT/Na-MMT
0.00E+00
1.00E+08
2.00E+08
3.00E+08
4.00E+08
5.00E+08
6.00E+08
-50 -30 -10 10 30 50 70 90
Temperature (oC)
Los
s M
odul
us G
" (P
a)
PLA/PBAT
PLA/PBAT/0.1 ODA-MMT
PLA/PBAT/0.3 ODA-MMT
PLA/PBAT/0.6 ODA-MMT
PLA/PBAT/1.0 ODA-MMT
PLA/PBAT/3.0 ODA-MMT
The G” as the function of temperature for PLA/PBAT/ODA-MMT
Tg at different clay loading
Sample Identification Tg PLA (oC) Tg PBAT (oC)
PLA/PBAT 68.1 -23.0
PLA/PBAT/0.1 Na-MMTPLA/PBAT/0.3 Na-MMTPLA/PBAT/0.6 Na-MMTPLA/PBAT/1.0 Na-MMTPLA/PBAT/3.0 Na-MMT
57.659.359.864.360.8
-14.6-10.7-15.1-10.1-14.2
PLA/PBAT/0.1ODA-MMT PLA/PBAT/0.3ODA-MMT PLA/PBAT/0.6ODA-MMT PLA/PBAT/1.0ODA-MMT PLA/PBAT/3.0ODA-MMT
59.965.463.262.358.3
-15.1-14.6-9.6
-15.5-13.6
0
20
40
60
80
100
200 250 300 350 400 450 500 550
Temperature (oC)
Wei
ght
% (
%)
(a)
(b)
(c)(d)
TGA thermograms of PLA/PBAT/Na-MMT (a) 0.3 wt% (b) 1.0 wt% and (c) 3.0 wt% of Na-MMT
0
20
40
60
80
100
200 250 300 350 400 450 500 550
Temperature (oC)
Wei
ght
% (
%)
(a)
(b) (c)
(d)
TGA thermograms of (a) PLA/PBAT, PLA/PBAT/ODA-MMT (b) 0.3 wt% (c) 1.0 wt% and (d) 3.0 wt% of ODA-MMT
-22
-17
-12
-7
-2
200 250 300 350 400 450 500 550
Temperature (oC)
Der
ivat
ives
Wei
ght
% (%
/m)
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
DTG thermograms of (a) PLA/PBAT, PLA/PBAT/Na-MMT (b) 0.3 wt%, (c) 1.0 wt% and (d) 3.0 wt% of Na-MMT
-22
-17
-12
-7
-2
200 250 300 350 400 450 500 550
Temperature (oC)
Der
iva
tiv
es W
eig
ht
% (
%/m
)
(a)
(b)(c)
(d)
DTG thermograms of (a) PLA/PBAT, PLA/PBAT/ODA-MMT (b) 0.3 wt% (c) 1.0 wt% and (d) 3.0 wt% of ODA-MMT
Thermal degradation for PLA/PBAT/Na-MMT and PLA/PBAT/ODA-MMT with various clay content
Type of clay Clay content (wt%)
Tonset (oC) T50 (°C) Tmax (°C)
PLA/PBAT 0.0 275.39 318.78 321.52
Na-MMT 0.3 284.97 319.68 320.43
1.0 286.71 325.27 329.38
3.0 299.71 330.27 332.38
ODA-MMT 0.3 308.57 333.60 334.56
1.0 310.36 336.09 336.93
3.0 315.17 343.22 345.585
0
0.5
1
1.5
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18Time (days)
Wat
er a
bso
rptio
n
perc
enta
ge (
%)
PLA/PBAT PLA/PBAT/0.6 Na-MMT
PLA/PBAT/1.0 Na-MMT PLA/PBAT/3.0 Na-MMT
Water absorption percentage of PLA/PBAT/Na-MMT at various clay loading
0
0.5
1
1.5
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
Time (days)
Wat
er a
bsor
ptio
n pe
rcen
tage
(%
)
PLA/PBAT PLA/PBAT/0.6 ODA-MMT
PLA/PBAT/1.0 ODA-MMT PLA/PBAT/3.0 ODA-MMT
Water absorption percentage of PLA/PBAT/ODA-MMT at various clay loading
Water absorption percentage of all samples at various clay loading
Time (days)Samples 0 2 4 8 16
PLA/PBAT 0 1.20 1.44 1.44 1.44
PLA/PBAT/0.6 Na-MMT 0 1.32 1.51 1.52 1.52
PLA/PBAT/1.0 Na-MMT 0 1.35 1.54 1.54 1.54
PLA/PBAT/3.0 Na-MMT 0 1.38 1.55 1.55 1.55
PLA/PBAT/0.6 ODA-MMT 0 1.22 1.45 1.45 1.45
PLA/PBAT/1.0 ODA-MMT 0 1.26 1.47 1.47 1.47
PLA/PBAT/3.0 ODA-MMT 0 1.29 1.49 1.49 1.49
0
5
10
15
20
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12Time (weeks)
Wei
ght l
oss
perc
enta
ge
(%)
PLA/PBAT PLA/PBAT/0.6 Na-MMT
PLA/PBAT/1.0 Na-MMT PLA/PBAT/3.0 Na-MMT
Figure 4.45: Weight loss percentage of PLA/PBAT/Na-MMT at various clay loading
0
2
4
6
8
10
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Time (weeks)
Wei
ght
loss
per
cen
tage
(%
)
PLA/PBAT PLA/PBAT/0.6 ODA-MMTPLA/PBAT/1.0 ODA-MMT PLA/PBAT/3.0 ODA-MMT
Weight loss percentage of PLA/PBAT/ODA-MMT at various clay loading
Weight loss percentage of all samples at various clay loading
Time (weeks)Samples 0 3 6 9 12
PLA/PBAT 0.00 1.71 3.13 4.51 7.14
PLA/PBAT/0.6 Na-MMT 0.00 2.22 3.42 6.12 10.52
PLA/PBAT/1.0 Na-MMT 0.00 2.61 4.32 9.34 13.53
PLA/PBAT/3.0 Na-MMT 0.00 3.11 5.24 10.61 15.72
PLA/PBAT/0.6 ODA-MMT 0.00 1.89 3.37 4.86 7.49
PLA/PBAT/1.0 ODA-MMT 0.00 2.23 3.77 5.63 8.41
PLA/PBAT/3.0 ODA-MMT 0.00 2.57 4.29 6.11 8.69
•Two types of organoclays (ODA-MMT and DDOA-MMT) were successfully prepared through ion exchange technique from Na-MMT (FTIR, XRD, TGA and elemental analyzer).
•PLA/PBAT blends at different PBAT content were successfully prepared using melt blending technique (Tensile testing, FTIR, DMA, SEM, water absorption and biodegradability).
•PLA/PBAT/composites/nanocomposites at different type of clay were successfully prepared using melt blending technique (XRD, FTIR, tensile testing, DMA, TGA, SEM, TEM, water absorption and biodegradability).
•PLA/PBAT/composites/nanocomposites at different clay content were successfully prepared using melt blending technique (XRD, tensile testing, DMA, TGA, water absorption and biodegradability).
Conclusion
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