prepaid by:- - enggroom.com tracking system.pdf · this project is design with solar with panels,...

1

A

PROJECT REPORT

ON

SOLAR TRACKING SYSTEM

PREPAID BY:-

1. PATEL KARAN R (096500309505)

2. PATEL HARAH K (096500309506)

3. PATEL HARSH K (096500309511)

4. PATEL VIJAY J (096500309521)

GUIDANCE BY:-

Easy PDF Creator is professional software to create PDF. If you wish to remove this line, buy it now.

http://www.pdfdesk.com

2

Mr. VISHAL HALANI

INDEXCHAPTER CONTENT PAGE NO.

1. INTRODUCTION 5-9

1.1 CONCEPT OF SOLAR TRACKING SYSTEM

1.2 TYPES OF SOLAR TRACKING SYSTEM

1.2.1 Single-Axis Tracker

1.2.2 Double-Axis Tracker

1.3 BASIC BLOCK DIAGRAM TO SOLAR TRACKING SYSTEM

1.3.1 Working principal

2. CIRCUIT DIAGRAM 10-27

2.1.1 Circuit Diagram

2.1.2 List Of Component

2.1.3 Introduction Of List Of Component

3. ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES 28-29

3.1.1 Advantages Of Solar Tracking System

3.1.2 Disadvantages Of Solar Tracking System

3.1.3 Application Of Solar Tracking System



3

REFERENCES 30

CERTIFICATE

This is certify that

PATEL KARAN R (E.N:-096500309505)

PATEL HARSH K (E.N:-096500309506)

PATEL HARSH K (E.N:-096500309511)

PATEL VIJAY J (E.N:-096500309521)

Of 5th E.EClass

Has satisfactorily completed the course in PROJECT within

Four walls of SWAMI SACHCHIDANAND POLYTECHNIC,VISNAGAR

Date of Submission : ___ _____________________________________

Staff in Charge : _______________________________________



4

Head of Department: _______________________________________

LIST OF FIGURE

Fig. No. Description Page No.

1.1 Basic Block Diagram of Solar Tracking System 4

1.2 Basic Block Diagram of Solar Tracking System 6

3.1 Circuit Diagram of Solar Tracking System 9

3.2 Construction of Solar Cell 10

3.3 Working of Solar Cell 12

3.4 Block Diagram of Colour Band Resistor 13

3.5 Fig 3.7 1K Resistor 14

3.6 Resistor Symbol 14

3.7 Variable Resistors 15

3.8 Transistor Symbol 16

3.9 Transistor 16

3.10 Current flow is permitted; the diode is forward biased. &

reversed biased.

18

3.11 PN-junction model, schematic symbol, physical part. 21

3.12 Relay 22

3.13 Light Dependent Resistors 23

3..14 Light Dependent Resistors 23

3.15 IC LM741 25

3.16 Ic LM741 Pin Dia Gram 25

3.17 Dc Series Motor 25



5

CHAPTER-1

INTRODUCTION



6

CHAPTER-1 INTRODUCTION

1.1 CONCEPT OF SOLAR TRACKING SYSTEM

In our article Solar Trackers we looked at how keeping PV solar panels facingdirectly into the sunshine all day greatly increases the total amount of electricitygenerated. Achieving this goal automatically requires a solar tracker - an electronicdevice which locates the direction of the sun and controls motors which turn the solarpanel to face it. For large PV solar panel systems, the costs of a suitable electronic solartracker are more than covered by the cost savings provided since less PV panels arerequired to generate the same amount of electricity. However, for small PV panels, it isusually not economically viable to fit a solar tracking system. In this article we will lookat a very simple solar tracker system which can be put together as a DIY project verycheaply and easily.

(Fig. 1.1 Basic Block Diagram of Solar Tracking System)

Rather than using light detecting components and other electroniccircuitry, this solar tracker has no electronics at all. Instead, a small PV solarpanel is used as both light sensor and motor driver powering a small low voltageDC motor directly. The small solar panel is fitted at 90 degrees to the west of thedirection of the main solar panel. When the main solar panel (used to chargebatteries or power something directly etc) is facing directly into the sun, the small



7

solar panel will be exactly side on to the sunshine and so will be generatinginsufficient electricity to power the motor. As the sun moves from west to eastacross the sky, sunshine will start to hit the PV cells on the small solar panelsending power to the motor and rotating the whole assembly. After a smallamount of rotation, the main panel will again be in direct sunlight and the smallpanel side on to the sun (stopping the motor and its rotation).Gearing is used toslow down the 100's-1000's of RPM of the motor so that it can rotate the solarpanels in a controlled manner. At night and under heavy cloud, the small PVpanel does not generate electricity and therefore does not power the motor. Oneof the cleverest parts of this concept is the use of aluminum foil to shield thesmall solar panel. During the day it casts a shadow on the small solar panel whenthe main panel is in direct sunlight thereby ensuring the motor stops turning withthe panels in the correct orientation. In the morning (when the main panel is stillpointing to the West where the sun set the night before), the sun will rise in theEast, reflect off the inside of the aluminum foil onto the small solar paneltherefore generating the necessary power to re-orient the main panel toward theEast to start a new day of solar tracking!

1.1 TYPES OF SOLAR TRACKING SYSTEM

Ø The basic two types of SOLAR TRACKER are :

• Single-axis tracker

(A) Horizontal Single-Axis

(B) Vertical Single-Axis

• Double-axis tracker



8

1.2 BASIC BLOCK DIAGRAM TO SOLAR TRACKING SYSTEM

(Fig. 1.2 Basic Block Diagram of Solar Tracking System)



9

1.1.2 Working principal

This project is design with solar with panels, LDR, comparator circuit, D.C. seriesmotor and its logic circuit. As shown in figure, the circuit diagram of Op-amp is used ascomparator circuit. In this project two LDRs are fixed on the solar plate at two districtpoints. LDR varies the resistance upon the light full.

First is the voltage divider circuit in which fixed resistor and variable resistance isused. Then LDR signal is passing through compensator in which an Op-amp is used ascomparator circuit. There are dual comparator is used then it gives the input to the gates.

There are three logic gates is used. In logic circuit we used one AND and two Ex-or gates. In the logic circuit, the signal, LDR are not equal except for normal incidence ofsunlight. When there is a differences between LDR voltage the Op-amp programmeddrives the D.C. series motor towards normal incidence of sunlight



10

CHAPTER-2

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM



11

CHAPTER-2 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

2.1 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

(Fig, 3.1 Circuit Diagram of Solar Tracking System)



12

2.2 LIST OF COMPONENTS

(Table: 3.1 List Of Components)

SR. NO. COMPONENT UNIT(A) Solar cell no.1

(B) ResistorR2= 1K no.2R5= 1K no.1R7= 1K no.1

(C) Variable ResistorVR1= 5k no.1VR2= 5k no.1

(D) TransistorQ1= 2N3904 no.1Q2= 2N3904 no.1

(E) DiodeD1= IN4148 no.1D2= IN4148 no.1

(F) RelayRLY1=5V no.1RLY1=5V no.1

(G) ICIC1= LM741 no.1IC2= LM741 no.1

(H) LDR no.2

(I) D.C. Series Motor no.1



13

(A) Solar cell

Nuclear fusion reactions on the sun’s surface supply earth with solar energy. Thisenergy is primarily released in the form of electromagnetic radiation in the ultraviolet,infrared and radio spectral regions. Presently, solar cell, sometimes called a photo voltaiccell, is a device that converts light energy into electrical energy.

A single solar cell creates a very small amount of energy (about .6 volts DC) sothey are usually grouped together in an integrated electrical panel called a solar panel.Sunlight is a somewhat diffuse form of energy and only a portion of the light captured bya solar cell is converted into electricity. The current generation of solar cells convert only12 to 15 per cent of the sun's light into electricity. However in recent years there havebeen significant advances in their design. Some new cells on the market now are around20% efficient and some laboratory prototypes are reaching as high as 30%. Given this itis likely that their efficiency will continue to improve over time.

(Fig 3.2 : Construction of Solar Cell)

The amazing thing about solar power is that all the electricity is generated fromthe material of the solar panels and the energy from the sun. The solar panels are mainlymade out of semiconductor material, Silicon being the most abundantly usedsemiconductor. The benefit of using semiconductor material is largely due to the ability



14

of being able to control its conductivity whereas insulators and conductors cannot bealtered. The electrons of these Semiconductor material can be located in one of twodifferent bands: the conduction band or the valence band. The valence band is initiallyfull with all the electrons that the material contains.

(Fig 3.3 : Working of Solar Cell)

When the energy from sunlight, known as photons, strikes the electrons in thesemiconductor, some of these electrons will acquire enough energy to leave the valenceband and enter the conduction band. When this occurs, the electrons in the conductionband begin to move creating electricity. As soon as the electron leaves the valence band,a positively charged hole will remain in the location the electron departed. When thisoccurs, the valence band is no longer full and can also play a role in the current flow.This process basically describes how Photovoltaic (PV) systems function. However, PVsystems further enhance the rate at which the electrons are sent into the conduction bandthrough the process of doping.



15

(B) Resistor:

(Fig 3.4 :Block Diagram of Colour Band Resistor)

(Fig 3.5 1K Resistor) (Fig 3.6 Symbol)



16

The resistor is one of the most diverse and easiest of all the electrical componentsyou will find in your average radio or TV set. This is because it has been around formany years and plays such a vital role that it will continue to in many new shapes andsizes to come. Today there are many different resistors in circulation, all of which will beexplained shortly but for now let’s go over some of the most important details.

The resistor is a component that has one purpose and that is to resist current andvoltage by means of combining conductive material with a nonconductive one to form asubstance that allows electrons to flow through its self but not as efficiently as a typicalwire. . The unit of measuring how much the resistor will oppose current is measured inohms and to determine the outcome of the resistor we would use mathematical formulasknown as ohms law.

(C) Variable Resistor

The variable resistor is a very important component that is found in manyelectrical for such things as tone and bass controls as well as volume. This is due to thefact that resistors can be joined together with other components to form filters for adesired levels. They can also be found in computer monitors for colour or positioning aswell as the dimming switch for your lamps.

This is done through digital to analog and analog to digital circuits, one greatadvantage to this is that you are able to turn a knob instead of typing a value in everytime you want to change the tint or brightness.

The schematic for the variable resistor has stayed the same for quite some timeand can be seen at the illustration to the upper right. As you see it looks somewhat like atypical resistor but is an arrow coming out from one side pointing to the center of theresistor. For more details on such questions like How does it work?, How do I use it?, andother such questions click on any illustration of your choice below.



17

( FIG:3.7 Variable Resistor )

Below are some of the most basic and most abundant resistor patterns you will seein the electronics field. You will see these patterns in many circuits for two main reasonsand the first being that it may be difficult and/or expensive to create a resistive level withjust one resistor.

The other reason being that in many circuits a component such as the variableresistor will be in parallel with a capacitor or an inductor to produce such circuits as bassand tone control for radios. The possibilities are endless and you will see these samecircuits many times in the field of electronics.

(D) TRNSISTOR

A transistor consists of three layers of silicon or germanium semiconductormaterial. Impurities are added to each layer to create a specific electrical positive ornegative charged behaviour. "P" is for a positive charged layer and "N" is for a negativecharged layer. Transistors are either NPN or PNP in the configuration of the layers. Thereis no particular difference here except the polarity of voltages that need to be applied tomake the transistor operate. The weak input signal is applied to the centre layer called thebase and usually referenced to ground which is also connected to the bottom layer calledthe emitter. The larger output signal is take from the collector also referenced to groundand the emitter. Additional resistors and capacitors are required along with at least oneDC power source to complete the transistor amplifier.



18

(FIG:3.8 Symbol)

A transistor is a small electronic device that can cause changes in a large electricaloutput signal by small changes in a small input signal. That is, a weak input signal can beamplified (made stronger) by a transistor. For example, , very weak radio signals in theair can be picked up by a wire antenna and processed by transistor amplifiers until theyare strong enough to be heard by the human ear.

(FIG:3.9 Transistor)



19

• How it Works:

The transistor is like an electronic valve that can be used as an amplifier or aswitch. It can control a large current flowing through two regions of a semiconductorcrystal like silicon with a small current applied to a middle region. There are many typesof transistors, typical is the Bi Polar Transistor that has 3 layers input layer, control layerand output layer. The layers are N-type(Negative) that can conduct negative charges or P-type (positive) that can conduct positive charges. The layers are put together like asandwich. Layers are arranged in a NPN or PNP configuration. They way we make thelayers is by treating ultra-pure silicon crystals with traces of impurities. Adding Boronwill create N-Type(negative) material. Adding Phosphorus creates P-Type (Positive)material. N-type material will have a surplus of electrons and P-type material will have alack of electrons. P-Type has a surplus of electron holes. The silicon transistor is a type ofsemiconductor. It's called a semiconductor because it can only conduct a small amount ofcurrent unless a change happens at the junction of the layers. In Bi-Polar Transistor theinput layer is called the emitter, the output layer is the collector and the control layer isthe base. When a current is applied to the emitter of the transistor the electrons flow fromthe N-type emitter to the P-type base, filling the "positive holes". When these "positiveholes" are filled with electrons. the transistor will not conduct. But when a small positivecurrent is applied to the base it creates more positive holes and that will allow moreelectrons current from the emitter to pass through the base and to the collector. Addingmore or fewer "Positive holes" in the base will allow more or less current to pass through.so the base current can act as a "throttle". Since emitter to collector current flow is up toseveral hundred times greater than emitter to base flow. The transistor makes a powerfulamplifier.

(E) DIODE:

A diode is an electrical device allowing current to move through it in onedirection with far greater ease than in the other. The most common kind of diode inmodern circuit design is the semiconductor diode, although other diode technologiesexist.

Semiconductor diode schematic symbol: Arrows indicate the direction of electroncurrent flow.

When placed in a simple battery-lamp circuit, the diode will either allow orprevent current through the lamp, depending on the polarity of the applied voltage.



20

(Fig: 3.10(a) Current flow is permitted; the diode is forward biased. (b) Current flow is prohibited; the

diode is reversed biased.)

When the polarity of the battery is such that electrons are allowed to flow throughthe diode, the diode is said to be forward-biased. Conversely, when the battery is“backward” and the diode blocks current, the diode is said to be reverse-biased. A diodemay be thought of as like a switch: “closed” when forward-biased and “open” whenreverse-biased.

Oddly enough, the direction of the diode symbol's “arrowhead” points against thedirection of electron flow. This is because the diode symbol was invented by engineers,who predominantly use conventional flow notation in their schematics, showing currentas a flow of charge from the positive (+) side of the voltage source to the negative (-).This convention holds true for all semiconductor symbols possessing “arrowheads:” thearrow points in the permitted direction of conventional flow, and against the permitteddirection of electron flow.

Diode behavior is analogous to the behavior of a hydraulic device called a checkvalve. A check valve allows fluid flow through it in only one direction as in Figurebelow.

Check valves are essentially pressure-operated devices: they open and allow flowif the pressure across them is of the correct “polarity” to open the gate (in the analogyshown, greater fluid pressure on the right than on the left). If the pressure is of theopposite “polarity,” the pressure difference across the check valve will close and hold thegate so that no flow occurs.

Like check valves, diodes are essentially “pressure-” operated (voltage-operated)devices. The essential difference between forward-bias and reverse-bias is the polarity ofthe voltage dropped across the diode. Let's take a closer look at the simple battery-diode-lamp circuit shown earlier, this time investigating voltage drops across the variouscomponents in Figure below.



21

This forward-bias voltage drop exhibited by the diode is due to the action of thedepletion region formed by the P-N junction under the influence of an applied voltage. Ifno voltage applied is across a semiconductor diode, a thin depletion region exists aroundthe region of the P-N junction, preventing current flow. (Figure below (a)) The depletionregion is almost devoid of available charge carriers, and acts as an insulator:

(Fig:3.11 PN-junction model, schematic symbol, physical part.)

The schematic symbol of the diode is shown in Figure above (b) such that the anode(pointing end) corresponds to the P-type semiconductor at (a). The cathode bar, non-pointingend, at (b) corresponds to the N-type material at (a). Also note that the cathode stripe on thephysical part (c) corresponds to the cathode on the symbol.

(F) RELAY:

The best metaphor to describe what Relay does is that it's a multimedia emailsystem, which enables you to create a narrated video of whatever is displayed on yourcomputer screen and share it with someone. The Relay system consists of a small pieceof software that you install on your computer called the Relay Recorder and a Relayserver that is maintained by the University.



22

(FIG:3.12 Relay)

The Relay Recorder is responsible for recording what is on your computer screenand whatever you say into a microphone attached to your computer. The Relay server isresponsible for converting what is recorded on your computer into a predetermined ofvideo format(s) and then sending the processed video to a predetermined publishingdestination(s). The Relay Recorder and the Relay Server seamlessly work together toaccomplish this, so all you need to do is start the recorder, stop the recorder, and press thesubmit button. The process of sending, processing, and publishing is completelyautomated, so the system is very easy to use.

v HOW DO WORK?

The Relay Recorder will record your voice and whatever is displayed on yourcomputer screen, so you can use it for a wide range of applications. You can think ofRelay as multimedia email; however, instead of selecting a person to send the email to,you select a profile that determines what will happen to the recording. Currently, you cansend your recordings to iTunesU, or to an online publishing destination that we willdiscuss later in this tutorial.



23

(H) LDR (Light Dependent Resistor):

(Fig: 3.13 Light Dependent Resistors)

LDR is also known as Photo resistor. A photo resistor, light dependent resistor (LDR) orcadmium sulphide (CdS) cell is a resistor whose resistance decreases with increasing incidentlight intensity. It can also be referred to as a photoconductor.

(Fig: 3.14 Light Dependent Resistors)

A photo resistor is made of a high resistance semi-conductor. If light falling onthe device is of high enough frequency, photons absorbed by the semiconductor givebound electrons enough energy to jump into the conduction bands. The resulting freeelectron (and its hole partner) conduct electricity, thereby lowering resistance.



24

The internal components of a photoelectric control for a typical Americanstreetlight. The photo resistor is facing rightwards, and controls whether current flowsthrough the heater which opens the main power contacts. At night, the heater cools,closing the power contacts, energizing the street light. The heater/bimetal mechanismprovides a built-in time-delay.

A photoelectric device can be either intrinsic or extrinsic. An intrinsicsemiconductor has its own charge carriers and is not an efficient semiconductor, e.g.silicon. In intrinsic devices the only available electrons are in the valence band and hencethe photon must have enough energy to excite the electron across the entire band gap.Extrinsic devices have impurities, also called do pants. Added whose ground state energyis closer to the conduction band; since the electrons do not have as far to jump, lowerenergy photons (i.e., longer wavelengths and lower frequencies) are sufficient to triggerthe device.

If a sample of silicon has some of its atoms replaced by phosphorus atoms(impurities), there will be extra electrons available for conduction. This is an example ofan extrinsic semiconductor. However, the overall performance of the solar trackingsystem depends upon the type of LDR. Higher quality of LDR gives overall goodperformance.

(H) IC LM741:

The LM741 series are general purpose Operational Amplifiers which featureimproved performance over industry standards like the LM709. They are direct, plug-inreplacements for the 709C, LM201, MC1439 and 748 in most applications.

The Amplifiers offer many features which make their application nearlyfoolproof: overload protection on the input and output, no latch-up when the commonmode range is exceeded, as well as freedom from oscillations. The LM741C is identicalto the LM741 LM741A except that the LM741C has their performance guaranteed over a0C to +70C temperature range, instead of -55C to +125C.



25

( Fig.3.15 IC LM741 ) ( Fig.3.16 PIN Dia-gram )

(G) D.C. SERIES MOTOR :

The series motor provides high starting torque and is able to move very large shaftloads when it is first energized. Figure 12-10 shows the wiring diagram of a series motor.From the diagram you can see that the field winding in this motor is wired in series withthe armature winding. This is the attribute that gives the series motor its name.

(FIG:3.16 Dc Series Motor)



26

Since the series field winding is connected in series with the armature, it will carrythe same amount of current that passes through the armature. For this reason the field ismade from heavy-gauge wire that is large enough to carry the load. Since the wire gaugeis so large, the winding will have only a few turns of wire. In some larger DC motors, thefield winding is made from copper bar stock rather than the conventional round wire usedfor power distribution. The square or rectangular shape of the copper bar stock makes itfit more easily around the field pole pieces. It can also radiate more easily the heat thathas built up in the winding due to the large amount of current being carried.

The amount of current that passes through the winding determines the amount oftorque the motor shaft can produce. Since the series field is made of large conductors, itcan carry large amounts of current and produce large torques. For example, the startermotor that is used to start an automobile's engine is a series motor and it may draw up to500 A when it is turning the engine's crankshaft on a cold morning. Series motors used topower hoists or cranes may draw currents of thousands of amperes during operation.

The series motor can safely handle large currents since the motor does not operatefor an extended period. In most applications the motor will operate for only a fewseconds while this large current is present. Think about how long the starter motor on theautomobile must operate to get the engine to start. This period is similar to that ofindustrial series motors.



27

CHAPTER-3

ADVANTAGES

AND DISADVANTAGES

APPLICATION



28

CHAPTER-3 ADVANTAGES ANDDISADVANTAGES

APPLICATION

3.1 Advantages :

(1) Constant voltage supply is available by using this arrangement.

(2) The produced energy is pollution free i.e. eco-friendly.

(3) After installation of the solar tracking system, it produces energy free of charge.

(4) In rural area where electrical supply is not possible, this system is enable to supplypower.

(5) The model of this system is of compact size, so required space for its installation isquite low compared to other artificial sources of energy.

(6) Maintenance & running cost of this system is quite low compared to other systems.

3.2 Disadvantages:

(1) Initial installation cost of this type of Advanced solar tracking system is quite muchhigher.

(2) The design & arrangement of this system is somehow complicated, so it is notpossible to install the project at every needy places.

(3) This system is not useful at industrial level. Only used at home appliances at thisprimary base.

(4) In cloudy atmosphere, this system does not give adequate performance.



29

(5) Research, storage & development of this project is still at initial level.

(6) Performance of this tracking system depends upon the properties of solar plate, whoseoutput is quite low compared to its size.

(7) Produced energy will be stored in a battery, but we know that there are someconstant losses in the battery, so amount of stored energy will be less.

3.3 APPLICATION:

v It is used for PV panels,

v Heliostats and can be used at homes,

v On grid at roof on houses, Traffic signalization,

v Street light,

v Solar thermal power plant, etc…..



30

REFERENCES

(1) http://www.reuk.co.uk/print.php?article=Simple-Solar-Tracker-Concept.htm

(2) http://www.solarcell.net.in/

(3) H:\Introduction to the Resistor.htm

(4) http://www.allaboutcircuits.com/vol_3/chpt_3/1.html

(5) G:\Introduction to Relay NJIT Teaching and Learning.htm

(7) http://img.directindustry.com/images_di/photo-p/small-dc-electric-motors-467080.jpg

(8) http://www.national.com/ds/LM/LM723.pdf

(9) http://www.solar-facts.com/panels/


http://www.reuk.co.uk/print.php?article=Simple-Solar-Tracker-Concept.htm

http://www.solarcell.net.in/

http://www.allaboutcircuits.com/vol_3/chpt_3/1.html

http://img.directindustry.com/images_di/photo-p/small-dc-electric-motors-467080.jpg

http://www.national.com/ds/LM/LM723.pdf


http://www.solar-facts.com/panels/

prepaid by:- - enggroom.com tracking system.pdf · this project is design with solar with panels,...

Documents