preliminary report on field survey of -...

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Preliminary Report on field survey ofPreliminary Report on field survey of 2011 Chao Phraya River Flood

1st December 20111st December, 2011

Daisuke KOMORI

IMPAC‐T

The University of Tokyo1

http://hydro.iis.u-tokyo.ac.jp/Inundation situation at Chao Phraya river flood

Natural levee

A deposit of sand or mud built up along, and sloping away from, either side of the flood plain of a river or

2

http://203.150.230.27/FloodMap/ (As of Nov. 28)Photos provided by Kimio TAKEYA, JICA senior expert (Okura, Haruyama, Ooya，1989)

side of the flood plain of a river or stream.

http://hydro.iis.u-tokyo.ac.jp/Inundation situation at Bangkok (As of Nov. 16)

3http://203.150.230.27/FloodMap/ (As of Nov. 16)


Questions before the survey

Why was it occurred such massive flood? Is the capital, Bangkok, protected from flooding?protected from flooding?

The flood situation of Rojana Industrial Park, Ayutthaya

(provided by Kimio TAKEYA, JICA senior expert )

The flood situation of Bangkok

(provided by the University of Tokyo)

4

(p y , p ) (p y y f y )


Outline of field survey■Date：

b bMain Survey： November, 4, 2011 –November 10, 2011

■Purpose of Survey：■Purpose of Survey：To clarify the factor of flood and grip the situation of disaster site and flood fighting activityg g y

■Survey Site：Th iddl d b i f Ch Ph RiThe middle – downstream basin of Chao Phraya River

5


Outline of Chao Phraya RiverOutline of Chao Phraya River and latest floodf

‐Why was it occurred such the massive flood ? ‐Why was it occurred such the massive flood ?

6


• Basin area: about 162 800 km2 100

■ Basin Area: 162,800k㎡Outline of Chao Phraya River• Basin area: about 162, 800 km2

➔ 44％ of Japan, 32 % of Thailand 0(km)

• Ping River, Wang River, Yom River Nan River confluent at

(km)

River, Nan River confluent at Nakhon Sawan

Nakhon Sawan

Ayutthaya

Bangkok

7Basin Map of Chao Phraya River

http://hydro.iis.u-tokyo.ac.jp/Past flood and Damage situation(Source: JICA Report)

2011

8Return period of flood occurrence in Bangkok is 3 year

http://hydro.iis.u-tokyo.ac.jp/Situation of 2011 precipitation

The basin average precipitation in 1982‐2002 over

May‐Oct (5 months).

2011 was recorded maximum precipitation in

Jul. and Sep.

h l f i i iThe total amount of precipitation over May‐

Oct., 2011 is 143 % of 21 yrs average

precipitationprecipitation. ※The basin rainfall was caluculated by Voronoi diagram using TMD Observation Data.‐ Daily precipitation data of May.‐ Oct., 2011 (From GTS）‐ 1982‐2002 of daily precipitation data (From GAME‐T Data Center）

250

300

350

400Ave.1982‐2002_2011

Ave.1982‐2002 2011

100

150

200

250

0

50

100

May Jun. Jul. Aug. Sep. Oct.

161% 134% 178% 132% 144% 111%

http://hydro.iis.u-tokyo.ac.jp/Rainfall‐inundation

The total from May to October‐ Rainfall 1 192 mm 100 70 3070 %‐ Rainfall 1,192 mm‐ Pan evaporation 842 mm

100 – 70 = 30↓

70 %

120140

143 – 70 = 73

Runoff increase 243 %

Rainfall increase 143 %

6080100120

Runoff

Runoff increase 243 %

204060 Runoff

Evapotranspiration (& Infiltration)

0Normal year

This year

(& Infiltration)

1030 yrs average at Sukhothai observatory（1971‐2000）

http://hydro.iis.u-tokyo.ac.jp/The Impact of Typhoon in Thailand (2011)Provided by Assoc.Prof. Kanae, Tokyo Institute of Technology

4: HAIMA 8: NOCK‐TEN 17: NESAT 18: HAITANG 19: NALGAE

There are 5 typhoons which affected in Thailand.

6/21 ‐ 6/25 7/26 ‐ 7/31 9/24 ‐ 9/30 9/25 ‐ 9/27 9/27 ‐ 10/05

985 hPa 984 hPa 950 hPa 996 hPa 935 hPa

40 knots 50 knots 80 knots 35 knots 95 knots

The number of landfall in Thailand

‐ yearly average is 1.5

‐ only 3 years (1964, 1971, 1972)→ more than 5 landfalls

1951 1961 1971 1981 1991 2001 2010

‐ 1964, 1971 is La Nina year

11


Si ikitダム Bhumibol DamSi ikit D

Inflow and discharge from major DamsSirikitダム

ダム貯水量(2011)

ダム貯水量(2011)

Bhumibol DamSirikit Dam

3 )

Total Storage Capacity 9.51×109㎥ Dam Storage (2011)

Total Storage Capacity 13.462×109㎥

Dam Storage (2011)

106 m

3 )

rage (×

106 m

3

am Storage (×

Sediment Storage 3 80×109 m3

Dam Storage (2006)Designed Storage

2,000 3,000 4,000

量、放流量

m3 /s）

流入量 (2011)放流量 (2011)

Nakhon Sawan

Dam

Sto

Sediment Storage 2.85×109 m3

Dam Storage (2006)Designed Storage Capacity

Da 3.80×109 m3 Designed Storage

Capacity

ge

Inflow (2011)

Discharge (2011)

0

100

(k ) ※流入量＝(当日の貯水量－前日の貯水量)ー揚水発

0 1,000

流入量（m

2,000

3,000

、放流量

m3 /s）

流入量 (2011)

放流量 (2011)流入量(2011)流出量(2011)

Ayutthaya

Bangkok

Discharge

m3 /s)

Inflow (2011)Discharge (2011)

Inflo

w ,

Discharg

(m3 /s)

※Inflow=Storage(day)‐Storage (a day before) pumping up for power generation(km)

データ出典：http://ichpp.egat.co.th/statusdam_report_internet.php

※流入量＝(当日の貯水量－前日の貯水量)ー揚水発電のための汲み上げ量＋放流量

0

1,000

流入量（m

Inflo

w , (m – pumping up for power generation

+ discharge

Reference: http://ichpp.egat.co.th/statusdam_report_internet.php

・Inflow increased from the beginning of Jul. to the end of Oct.

・After the reservoir was fulfilled in the beginning of Oct., the inflow became to equal to the discharge.

・By the beginning of Oct., two reservoirs contained 10 billion m3. 12

http://hydro.iis.u-tokyo.ac.jp/Inundation area by satellite observationProvided by Assoc. Prof. Takeuchi, IIS, the University of Tokyo

‐ Yom river flood was struck at the confluence of Nan and Yom river, where is in downstream of Sirikit Dam.

Ratio of Inundation area in 16 X 16 km grid


Flood SituationFlood Situation in Upstream Ayutthaya p y y

‐Why was the industrial park flooded ? ‐Why was the industrial park flooded ?

14


abbr Co Compan

Flood in Ayutthaya and Industrial park

Nakhon Sawan

?Saha Rattananakorn Industrial ParkFlooded Co.: 42 (Japanese Co.: 35)

Oct. 4

j d i l k

abbr. :Co.= Company

Ayutthaya

Nakhon Sawan ? Oct. 9Rojana Industrial ParkFlooded Co.: 218 (Japanese Co.: 147)

Hi‐Tech Industrial Park

Ayutthaya100

Bangkok

Ayutthaya

0

100

(km)

Oct. 13Hi Tech Industrial ParkFlooded Co.: 143 (Japanese Co.: 100)

Bangpa‐In Industrial Park100

(km)

Flooded Ind. Park

Non‐flooded Ind. Park

Oct. 14gp

Flooded Co.: (Japanese Co.: 30)

Oct 15Factory Land Industrial Park

Bangkok0

Oct. 17Navanakorn Industrial ParkFl d d C (J C 104)

Oct. 15 Flooded Co.: 93 (Japanese Co.: 7)

Oct. 17Flooded Co.: (Japanese Co.:104)

Oct. 20Bangkadi Industrial ParkFlooded Co : (Japanese Co : 28)

‐ Flood struck Industrial parks in order, from upstream.

15

Flooded Co.: (Japanese Co.: 28)

Source from： http://www.jetro.go.jp/world/asia/th/flood/complex.html

‐ Flooded industrial park all located on the left bank


Nakhon Sawan

Discharge Capacity of Chao Phraya River

Nakhon Sawan Nakhon Sawan3590

Ayutthaya

Nakhon Sawan

h h

Unit: (m3/s)Chao Phraya Dam

Sing Puri

Ayutthaya100

Bangkok

y y

0

100

(km)2840

Chao Phraya Dam(Large Intake Weir)Ang Thong

Sing Puri

100

(km)2340Sing Puri

Bangkok0 2690Ang Thong

Ayuttaya1155‐ Flood occurred over discharge capacity.

‐ Discharge capacity decrease in

16Discharge capacity of Chao Phraya River (Source: RID)

To Bangkokdownstream.

http://hydro.iis.u-tokyo.ac.jp/Day of overflow from Chaophraya river

Nakhon SawanSep. 153,590㎥/s

単位㎥

Nakhon Sawan3590

Sep. 112,840㎥/s

:㎥/s

h h

Unit: (m3/s)

Sep. 52 340㎥/

2840Chao Phraya Dam(Large Intake Weir)

d

2,340㎥/s

2340Sing Puri

No inundation2,690㎥/s

2690Ang Thong

Sep. 111,155㎥/s

Ayuttaya1155

Overflow was started in the beginning of Sept., from NakhonSawan to Ayuttaya

River discharge of each station17

To Bangkok

Discharge capacity of Chao Phraya River (Source: RID)

Sawan to Ayuttaya.

http://hydro.iis.u-tokyo.ac.jp/Breaking of Levee between Nakhon Sawan and Ayutthaya

8 le ee cre asses on the left bank ( ) L h f L C

1

① Sep. 22‐Oct. 28 (25m)

② Sep 24 about 2 weeks (1 300m)

‐ 8 levee crevasses on the left bank

from the middle to the end of Sept.

( ):Length of Levee Crevasse

1

2

② Sep.24‐about 2 weeks (1,300m)

③ Sep.18‐unknown (1,000m)

④ Sep 22‐unknown (20m)

Sept.

➔①，⑥ took 1 month to fix the levee 2

34 5

④ Sep. 22 unknown (20m)

⑤ Sep 22‐unknown (40m)

‐Most of levee crevasses locate

on a curve (water colliding front) ⑤ Sep. 22 unknown (40m)

【Video】 Inundation situation

⑥ Sep.13‐Oct.12(40m)

Nakhon Sawan

6⑦ S 14 b t

78

⑦ Sep.14‐about 2 weeks (20m)

⑧ Sep 17‐about

Ayutthaya

Provided fromRID

⑧ Sep.17‐about 2 weeks (40m)

Point of levee crevasse between Chao Phraya Dam and Ayutthaya (Source: RID)19

Bangkok

http://hydro.iis.u-tokyo.ac.jp/Traveling time from Levee Crevasse Point to Ayutthaya‐ Levee was broken from the middle

: Levee crevasseChao Phraya Dam

‐ Levee was broken from the middle to the end of Sept. ‐ On Oct. 4, flood was struck SahaR tt k I d t i l P k

Overflow Pa SakRiver and flow to downstream area

Rattananakorn Industrial Park.➔It takes about 2 weeks from levee crevasse point to industrial parks

(From the hearing at RID)

about 120kmSupposing 1) Slope: 1/50,000 and 2) Inundated water level: 2 m, flow

Nakhon Sawan

velocity is 0.14 m/s*.

In this case, it takes 10 days from

Pa Sak River

, ylevee crevasse point to industrial parks.

SahaRattananakornInd. Park

Ayutthaya

➔ It is reasonable values considering the influence of slow up effect by embankment and road.

20

Ayutthaya* Is calculated from Manning formula. Roughness coefficient is 0.08 considering the effect of paddy straw.

Ind. Park

BangkokThe point of levee crevasse and flood area

in Upstream Ayutthaya (Source: RID)


m3/s

Estimation of flood volume from Nakhon Sawan to Ayutthaya

4000

4500

5000 NakhonSawan(C2)Chainat(C13)SingBuri(C3)

：Levee Crevasse

Chao Phraya Dam*Flood Volume

3000

3500

4000 SingBuri(C3)AngThong(C7A)

Flood Volume

Indicating nearly identical waveform until the

Bre Sing Puri

2000

2500 beginning of Sept.

eaking

1000

1500

of Leve

Ang Thong

0

500

6/1

6/11

6/21 7/1

7/11

7/21

7/31

8/10

8/20

8/30 9/9

9/19

9/29

10/9

0/19

0/29

Ayutthaya

ee➔About more than 5 billion m3 water inflow to floodplain on the

l f b k hi / f h l fl d l6 6 7 7 7 8 8 8 9 9 1 10 10

River discharge of each RID stations

Flood volume from Nakhon Sawan to Chao Phraya Dam is *1.8 billion m3.

left bank. This means 1/4 of the total flood volume.

22* Flood volume is calculated by removing the discharge capacities of Ta‐chin river and Noi river (650 m3/s).

Flood volume from Chao Phraya Dam to Ang Thong is 3.9 billion m3.


R j I d t i l P k

Land Classification of Flood Disaster in Ayutthaya downstream

High‐Tech Industrial Park

：Industrial ParkRojana Industrial Park

Bangpa‐In Industrial Park

Lagoon Ⅱ

Navanakorn Industrial Park Back Marsh ⅢBack Marsh Ⅱ

Natural Levee Ⅱ

Asian institute of tech.

M f th ff t d i d t i l k i A tth l t d i th fl d l i(大倉・春山・大矢，1989)

‐Many of the affected industrial parks in Ayutthaya are located in the floodplain upstream of the narrow pass. ‐ Referring to the geomorphological map of flood damage, many of the industrial parks are located in back marshes or lagoons surrounded by natural levees. → It would take time to drain the flood water off since this area is a depression surrounded by a natural levee.

23


Flood situation andFlood situation and flood fighting activity in Bangkok f f g g y g

‐ Is the capital, Bangkok, protected from flood? ‐Is the capital, Bangkok, protected from flood?

24

http://hydro.iis.u-tokyo.ac.jp/Synthesized design of flood control ‐ Plan and current situation ‐

Kings Dike

Flood① Set “Kings Dike”, Surrounding Levee, to protect Bangkok from flooding of north part

Gree

➔ height about 50 cm, and using it as road as well

➔ partially uncompleted enbelt

➔ partially uncompleted

②Set the regulation of land use around Kings Dike, and designated as Greenbeltdesignated as Greenbelt

➔Greenbelt plan exists on plan, but actually it became residential area and industrial

SuvarnabhumiInternational Airport

residential area and industrial park.

③In the future, diversion channelwill be constructed in

http://www.bangkokplan.org/documents/English_mapIn.pdf

Scheme of Bangkok Flood Control Plan

will be constructed in Greenbelt.

➔Suvarnabhumi International Ai t t t d i

25➔In fact, it didn’t implement as planned. Airport was constructed in downstream of greenbelt

http://hydro.iis.u-tokyo.ac.jp/Flood Fighting in East BangkokBasic idea is that water from

Navanakorn industrial complex(Start inundated around18th OCT.)

Basic idea is that water from upstream should be diverted along East‐West direction canal.➔building a temporary dike for

P【Present situation】Two routes exist for drainage.

( )➔building a temporary dike for draining water to Banpakorn river.

PP

P

PTwo routes exist for drainage.① One route is to divert the water to Banpakorn river by closing the water gate of canal HokWa and building a

Temporary dike

PPg g

temporary dike along canal.②Another route is to drain the water to the sea and downstream of Central Bangkok

Banpakor

PPSuvarnabhumi

Banpakorn river by opening the part of the water gate from canal HokWaand utilizing the downstream canal

Central Bangkok rnRiver

PInternational Airportnetwork.

➔From the viewpoint of prompt drainage, it is wiser to conduct ②.

26Royal Thai Survey Department: http://www.rtsd.mi.th/index.php

PP

PPPPPPPPPBut considering the land use and drainage capacity in downstream area,① is the major measurement.

http://hydro.iis.u-tokyo.ac.jp/Flood fighting in West Bangkok

Flood water flowed over Kings

Flood

Flood water flowed over Kings Dike and inundated the downstream areas.

Kings Dike It is necessary to protect

1Central Bangkok

the national road toward South-West Thailand.

• Drain the water using North-South 2

BangkokPP

canal and divert into two directions at Pasri Chari canalタ

ーチン川

Pasri Chari canal.①Chao Phraya River②Th Chi Ri

タ

②Tha Chin River

http://hydro.iis.u-tokyo.ac.jp/Conclusion

1) One of the main cause of the 2011 flood is the high precipitation.

2) Y i fl d t k t th fl f N d Y2) Yom river flood was struck at the confluence of Nan and Yom river, where is in downstream of Sirikit Dam.

3) Both Bhumibol and Sirikit Dam were contained about 10 billion m3 of water until full capacity in the beginning of Oct.

4) In the Ayutthaya upstream, the flood was struck the industrial k d A tth b b ki f lparks around Ayutthaya by breaking of levee.

5) The flood volume from the levee crevasse point is more than 55) The flood volume from the levee crevasse point is more than 5 billion m3.

28

6) The flood fighting activity in Bangkok is to drainage using the east‐west channel for the upstream flooding.

http://hydro.iis.u-tokyo.ac.jp/Supplement

• Flood field survey team– The University of Tokyo

Daisuke KOMORI, Shinichiro NAKAMURA, Kazuo OKI, Masashi KIGUCHI, AsakoNISHIJIMA, Dai YAMAZAKI, Jeanne FERNANDEZ, Jiro KAKEHASHI, Cherry MATEO, Misato OKANEYA, Takahiro TSUNEKAWA, Taikan OKI

– Thai researcherPhonchai Klinkhachorn, Thada Sukapunnapan, Vanisa Surapipith, AdisornChampathong, Nontawat Junjaroen

• Cooperation toward field survey and Provision of information– The University of Tokyo

A P f W T k hi A P f Aki ki KAWASAKI Hi ki YUTANIAssoc.Prof. Wataru Takeuchi , Assoc.Prof. Akiyuki KAWASAKI, Hiroaki YUTANIMichio MURAKAMI, Yukio TANAKA “Wisdom of Water (SUNTORY)”

– Tokyo Institute of Technology Assoc.Prof. Shinjiro KANAE

– JICAKimio TAKEYA (JICA Visiting Semior Advisor), Akihisa TANAKA, Kai KIKUIRI, KatsuyaMIYOSHI, Mikiko NAGAI, Kobchai Songsrisanga, Mesinee Sarikaputi

– JAXAShinichi SOBUE, Makoto KAWAI

29


Thank you for joining us during the massive flood 2011 Chao Phraya Rivermassive flood 2011, Chao Phraya River

preliminary report on field survey of -...

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