preheat workshop 1 lyon – july 4, 2006 · pdf filestorage task 32 advanced storage...
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Storage Task 32
ADVANCED STORAGE CONCEPTS FOR SOLAR AND LOW ENERGY BUILDINGS
PREHEAT Workshop 1Lyon – July 4, 2006
Objectives1. To investigate advanced solutions for storing heat in
systems providing heating or cooling for solar and lowenergy buildings.
2. To contribute to the development of advanced storagesolutions in thermal solar systems for buildings thatlead to high solar fraction.
3. To propose advanced storage solutions for the benefit of other heating or cooling technologies than solar (heat pump, boiler).
Evacuated tubes collectors, ECN NL Spheres of zeolite 5 mm, SPF CH A low energy house with active solar, F
Storage Task 32 List of Participants in Task 32
Spain
Luisa F. CabezaEscola Politècnica SuperiorUniversitat de LleidaJaume II, 69SP - 25001 [email protected]
Sweden
Chris BalesSolar Energy Research Center SERCDept. of Mathematics, Natural Sciences andTechnologyHögskolan DalarnaS-78188 Borlänge [email protected]
Switzerland
Jean-Christophe HadornOperating Agent of IEA SHC Task 32For the Swiss Federal Office of EnergyBASE Consultants SA51 Chemin du DevinCH-1012 [email protected]
Stéphane CitherletJacques BonyApplied University of West SwitzerlandLaboratory of Solar Energetics and Building PhysicsRoute de Cheseaux 1CH - 1401 [email protected]@eivd.ch
Peter VogelsangerPaul GantenbeinMichel HallerSPF Hochschule für Technik RapperswilOberseestr. 10CH-8640 [email protected]@[email protected]
Robert WeberEMPA DuebendorfAbteilung Energiesysteme / HaustechnikUeberlandstrasse 129CH-8600 [email protected]
The Netherlands
Jacob van BerkelEntry technologySpoorbaanweg 15NL - 3911 CA [email protected]
Klaas VisscherWim van HeldenMarco BakkerEnergy research Centre of the Netherlands (ECN)P.O. box 1NL - 1755 ZG [email protected]@[email protected]
Other contacts of Task 32 (observers)
FinlandDr. Ari LampinenJyväskylä [email protected]
GermanyFrank TholeSchüco International [email protected]
Andreas HauerZAE [email protected]
Walter MittelbachSorTech [email protected]
NorwayJacob StangSINTEF Energy Research [email protected]
SwedenGöran BolinClimateWell [email protected]
Austria
Wolfgang StreicherAndreas HeinzPeter PuschnigInstitute of Thermal EngineeringGraz University of TechnologyInffeldgasse 25A-8010 [email protected]@[email protected]
Waldemar WagnerDagmar JaehnigAEE INTECArbeitsgemeinschaft ERNEUERBARE ENERGIEFeldgasse 19A-8200 [email protected]
DenmarkSimon FurboElsa AndersenJorgen SchultzDepartment of Civil EngineeringTechnical University of DenmarkBuilding 118, BrovejDK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby
Link to IEA and Task 32:
FranceThomas LetzINESF-73 094 CHAMBERY [email protected]
Laurent BarthelEDF R&DSite des RenardièresF – 77818 Moret/[email protected]
GermanyHarald DrueckHenner Kerskes Institut fuer Thermodynamik und Waermetechnik (ITW)Pfaffenwaldring 6D-70550 [email protected]@itw.uni-stuttgart.de
Hans-Martin HenningThomas NunezThermal Systems and ComponentsFraunhofer Institute for Solar Energy Systems ISEHeidenhofstr. 2D - 79110 [email protected] www.iea-shc.org
BASE CONSULTANTS w w w . b a s e c o n s u l t a n t s . c o m
Storage Task 32
Time
6 months seasonal
Few days weekly
10-24h diurnal
Storage Task 32
Storage Task 32
Storage Task 32 Where to look ?
CandidateFlat plate collector
10 100 1000
10 2
10 3
10 4
20 40 60 80 200 4 00 600 800
w a t e r
c a s t iron
o il
Mg H2
CaCO2
Pb
Zn
MgCO3
Ice Na2 SO4H
CaCl2H2O
Parafin
Na2HPO4H2O
LaNiH
Ca (OH)2
co n cr et e
e t h an o l
d ry wo od
NiCab a t t e r y
flyw h ee ls
Ener
gyd
ensi
ty[M
J/m
3]
Te m p e ra t u re [De g C]
Zeo lit e
NH3/w at e r
Na2S
Silacag e l N
Si-e a rt h
Et t in g it e
He a t so rp
Sorption
Phase Change
Chemical
Source:
J. van Berkel, NL
20 m3
1 m3
deltaT: 70C34 m3
10 m3
1010 100100 1000
10 2
1000
10 2
10 310 3
10 4
20
10 4
20 40 60 80 200 4 00 600 800
w a t e r
c a s t iron
o il
Mg H2
CaCO2
Pb
Zn
MgCO3
Ice Na2 SO4H
CaCl2H2O
Parafin
Na2HPO4H2O
LaNiH
Ca (OH)2
co n cr et e
e t h an o l
d ry wo od
NiCab a t t e r y
flyw h ee ls
Ener
gyd
ensi
ty[M
J/m
3]
Te m p e ra t u re [De g C]
Zeo lit e
NH3/w at e r
Na2S
Silacag e l N
Si-e a rt h
Et t in g it e
He a t so rp
Sorption
Phase Change
Chemical
Source:
J. van Berkel, NL
20 m3
1 m3
deltaT: 70C34 m3
10 m3
Heat to store: 1’850 kWh = 6.7 GJHeat losses = 2.3 (25%)
Total capacity: 10 GJ
Storage Task 32 Organisation
UnitLab. demo
ConceptMaterial
Syst. SimulationSystem test
CommercialPilot tests
Subtask B Chemical & sorption
Subtask AState of art + Comparison of integrated solutions Criteria : feasibility, performances, economics
Subtask CPCM
Subtask D Water
IEA 32 target
PROJECTS1. D: ITW ADStore
2. DK: comparison of systems
3. CH: SPF (pressureless tank)
4. D: Kassel
5. NL: Tank project
PROJECTS1. DK: PCM study at DTU
2. A: Pamela slurries
3. A: PCM in tank
4. D: ITW (Tank + PCM)
5. CH: eivd CosyPCM
6. SP: PCM in a solar tank
7. NL: PCM in tank in 2005
PROJECTS1. S: SERC and Climatewell: TCA
2. A: Modestore AEE INTEC
3. CH: Sorption storage SPF
4. D: Monosorp, ITW
5. NL: TCM storage
6. CH: NaOH, EMPA (if financed)
7. D: Modestore multi-cycles
Task duration June 2003 – December 2007
Storage Task 32 Subtask D : Tank storage
leader: Harald Drück, Stuttgart
What to improve ??
• Industry standard solution
• Analysis of possible improvements such as: advanced insulation or new exchangers
• Goal is to reduce heat losses and enhance stratification effects
Density: 100 to 300 MJ/m3
Heat losses throughan integrated burnerin a combitank, CH
34 °C50 °C
CHDK
Water current at the outletof a stratification pipe, DK
Global Design improvements for water tank storage1. Internal vs external boiler and/r heat exchangers
2. Stratification enhancers
3. Internal vs external DHW preparation
4. Pressurized solutions (120-150C) or Pressureless tanks
5. True drain back systems
6. Variable auxiliary volumes (smart tanks) from DK
7. Predictive control strategies
Tank material1. Advanced pipe connection
2. CFD simulation of water flows
Storage Task 32 Subtask D : Tank storage
leader: Harald Drück, Stuttgart
Example: Which combitank performs best ?
Model 1 Model 2 Model 3
SOLAR SOLAR SOLAR
DHW
DHW
DHW
SH SH SH
AUX AUXAUX
1 23
DK
0123456789
101112131415
LOA30 LOA60 LOA100
Extra
per
form
ance
[%]
spiralHX/fixSH-200-M2
spiralHX/fixSH-200-M3
spiralHX/strSH-200-M1
spiralHX/strSH-200-M3
strsolar/fixSH-200-M1
strsolar/fixSH-200-M2
strsolar/fixSH-200-M3
strsolar/strSH-200-M1
strsolar/strSH-200-M3
Storage Task 32
Storage Task 32
Storage Task 32 Subtask C : PCM
leader: Wolfgang Streicher, Austria
• Phase change materials
• Slurries, bulk or combined with water tanks
• Constant loading/unloading temperature
Density: 200 to 500 MJ/m3
PCM combined with a water store, CH
A slurry with microencapsulatedPCM, A
A
CH
D
D
Factor 2 in energy densit
Storage Task 32
Storage Task 32 Subtask C
What does PCM bring ?
1. exergyCHSP
2. Seasonal storage ?
PCM storage compared to water storage. Danish climate
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
4500
5000
0 5 10 15 20 25Storage volume [m³]
Net
util
ised
sol
ar e
nerg
y [k
Wh/
year
]
12 m² collector 18 m² collector
PCM
Water
Water
PCM
100% space heating covered
Total energy demand
DK
Storage Task 32
Problem example in Sub C
Difficulties in subtask C
ASP
Storage Task 32 Subtask C
Experimental behaviour
Problems1. Material choice2. Container or
packaging3. Energy density4. Heat exchange5. Hysteresis6. Subcooling7. Air cavities8. Material
properties9. Free convection10. Models11. Corrosion12. Cost
Storage Task 32
Heat storage capacity of Sodium Acetate
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100Temperature [°C]
Stor
ed e
nerg
y [k
J/kg
]
Heat of fusion = 265 kJ/kg
Melting point = 58 °C
Super cooling
Is sub-cooling a problem ?
Effect of super cooling.18 m² collector area, Danish climate
30003200340036003800400042004400460048005000
0 5 10 15 20 25Storage volume [m³]
Net
util
ised
sol
ar e
nerg
y [k
Wh/
year
]
With super cooling No super cooling
Total energy demand
100% space heating coverage
DK
DK SP A
Storage Task 32 Subtask B : Chemical and sorption
leader: Chris Bales, Sweden
• Chemicals solutions
Density: 1000 to 3000 MJ/m3
Problems chemical storage1. Reaction choice: Na OH,
MgO2. Stability3. Reversibility4. Life time5. Reactor pressure (vessel)6. Corrosion7. Toxicity8. Container9. Cost10. ….11. Not much R&D budget
AB + E ↔ A + Bg
Solid or Liquid ↔ Solid or Liquid + Gas
CH
NL
NL
Storage Task 32 Subtask B : Chemical and sorption
leader: Chris Bales, Sweden
air +water
air
heat ofcondensation
heat ofevaporation
heat ofadsorption
air +water
air
Desorption Adsorption
Solid Adsorbent
heat ofdesorption
air +waterair +water
airair
heat ofcondensation
heat ofcondensation
heat ofevaporation
heat ofevaporation
heat ofadsorption
heat ofadsorption
air +waterair +water
airair
Desorption Adsorption
Solid Adsorbent
heat ofdesorption
heat ofdesorption
Cycles based on sorption
Density: 500 to 1000 MJ/m3• Sorption on the surface of material (solid adsorbents)
• Sorption within a concentrated solution (LiCl,…)
• Closed or open systems (with air)
DesorptionCharging
AdsorptionDischarging
Water Vapor
Adsorber AdsorberCondenser Evaporator
QDes QCond QAds QEvap
Water Vapor
DesorptionCharging
AdsorptionDischarging
Water Vapor
Adsorber AdsorberCondenser Evaporator
QDes QCond QAds QEvap
Water Vapor
D
(c2 > c1)
ln ppc
pe
pV(T)p(c2, T) p(c1, T)
Water
liquid
T
desorption
adsorption
TmaxTe TcTads Ts Ts
evaporator
condenser
Zeolite 13 X
collector
adsorber
CH
Storage Task 32 Subtask B : Chemical and sorption
leader: Chris Bales, Sweden
Problems sorption storage1. Open or closed ?2. Energy density3. Heat exchange4. Bed size5. Delta T6. Pressure drop in bed7. Mastering vapour transport in
bed8. Low grade heat regeneration
in winter needed9. More suited for heat pump
than storage10. Models11. Cost
MONOSORP, D
A
D
MODESTORE, A
Storage Task 32 Subtask B : Chemical and sorption
leader: Chris Bales, Sweden
Thermo Chemical Accumulator By ClimateWell, Sweden
Zeolite honeycomb
Charging Discharging
S
Storage Task 32
0
1460
2920
4380
5840
7300
8760
-20 -15 -10 -5 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
Climate Task 32 - Zurich/Stockholm/Madrid/Barcelona
ambient temperature [°C]
hour
s pe
r yea
r [h]
Tamb_Barcelona Tamb_Madrid Tamb_Zurich Tamb_Stockholm
Zurich (9.1°C)
Stockholm (5.3°C)
Barcelona (16.3°C)
Madrid (13.9°C)
Subtask A : System comparisonleader: JC Hadorn, Switzerland
4 buildings
(SFH 15), SFH 30, SFH 60, (SFH 100) <- north EU ->
<- south EU ->
Storage Task 32
Subtask A : TRNSYS deckAustria
Storage Task 32 Subtask A : System comparison
leader: JC Hadorn, SwitzerlandT.Letz, France
FSC method for the fractional thermal energy savings of a system, F, for IEA SHC Task 26
FSC’: Extension for cooling loads and long term storage
FSC = Qsolar,usable / Qref
∑=12
1 E Q monthref,ref
F
Criteria for system comparisons
1. Energy performance: FSC’2. Economics: indicators 3. Market Availability4. Environnemental impacts5. Integration: indicators of quality
fsav = ( a . FSC² + b . FSC + c )
E'ref ,month = ( QSH + QDHW + Qloss,ref ) / ηburner,ref + Qel,cooling,ref / ( SPFref . ηel )
Storage Task 32 Subtask A : System evaluation
leader: JC Hadorn, Switzerland
A1State of the art handbook
170 pages
Part I Storage in the building structure3 Thermal storage in building structures: thermally activated building systems
(tabs) by Beat Lehmann, Robert Weber, Jean-Christophe Hadorn4 Storage in the building : Direct Solar Floor, by Thomas Letz
Part II Storage in water5 Combistores, by Wolfgang Streicher, Chris Bales6 Combisystem Performance Investigation by Michel Haller and Peter
Vogelsanger7 Insulation materials for advanced water storages, By Jørgen M. Schultz
Part III Storage with Phase Change Materials8 A brief history of PCMs for heat storage , by Stephane Citherlet9 Ice storage by Motoi Yamaha10 Storage techniques with Phase Change Materials, by Luisa F. Cabeza11 Microencapsulated PCM Slurries, by Andreas Heinz, Wolfgang Streicher
Part IV Sorption and chemical storage12 Sorption and thermo-chemical storage, By Chris Bales, Paul Gantenbein,
Andreas Hauer, Dagmar Jaehnig, Henner Kerskes, Hans-Martin Henning, Tomas Nunes, Klaas Visscher
13 Storage of solar energy in chemical reactions, by Jacob Van Berkel14 Conclusions and Issues not resolved, by Jean-Christophe Hadorn
Link from www.iea-shc.org to the online shop
35 euros + shipping
Storage Task 32 Seasonal ?
BASE CONSULTANTS w w w . b a s e c o n s u l t a n t s . c o m
Storage Task 32 Seasonal storage:
20 years of effort but…Suited for systems > 500 MWh/a= Solar assisted district heating systemsLow progress on the learning curveCapital intensive and only 1 cycle per year !Must compete with “smaller” solar sys. and low cost heatCompetition with high cost electricity is good ! Successful storage for cooling loads with aquifers in: NL, S, D, CAN
Will the market adopt it in the long term ?
Water tanks (CAN, S, D, A, CH, US..)
Pit stores (DK, S, D, SU)
Duct stores (S, NL, CH, D, SU, EC, US,…)
Aquifers (US, DK, CH, CAN, D, JPN)
Storage Task 32
TASK 32ADVANCED STORAGE CONCEPTS FOR SOLAR AND LOW ENERGY BUILDINGS
www.iea-shc.org
PREHEATPolicy reinforcement concerning heat storage technologies
• Intelligent Energy for Europe• Jan 2006 — Jun 2008 (2½ years)
Objectives:• to provide policy makers with a reference framework • to increase the attention and funding possibilities for heat storage
technologies implementation, development and research • to maximise the environmental, commercial and economic
benefits of heat storage technologies
On the long term:• a coherent European research program with a collective approach
by R&D, industry and the market• a substantially increased utilisation of RES and RUE
EU Project
2006-2008