pregled [godina 44, broj 1-2; april 2003.]

7/31/2019 Pregled [godina 44, broj 1-2; april 2003.]

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tlw {l {plkfh`nfxfq` f bmqìfy`t` i` pqbanlgl ljbibgfhl. pbnfufjl. eq|z'utlib'i`|yil f bpwlj|nu|qil pqbanlgl) \ ubh d`xf fxnòlih` y`{bpf{ hlxèbafb tlnfjf |mnle f q`{pqb{uqìhlib{u i` yfu`t pqb{ubq H|mb{n`tfhl) Afb

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hl fg`b pql{ufoì |mnle | i`|yibh h`tib{uf) I`jbi a|qifc pqbkl{` jbhf {| i` {klif jq`hlg zlxel{lufc mbefi` f

jè`{u|eliufpb{u`h| mn`ti`{i`m`pqbkl{` pqbghli`. y`{bpf{ _qlmnle fg`xi`y`hi| |nbm| | banfjbtìh| felh` f jqfufkf `ju|lnibm {uìh`) I` y`{bpf{

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d|ijkfh| tnè`h|wl f ebgfiùil pbnfufyjlfelhl) Jqfufyib{u f bupbq |if'tlqxfulu{jl fiulnfmlikfhl x`tqz`t` {l u`jb zub y`{bpf{ _qlmnle pql|xfg`h|f {ghlzu`h| i` \iftlqxfulu | [`q`hlt| mehl g| pbj|z`t`h| eùf bjqfnhl|iftlqxfulu{jl f `jèlg{jl `|ubibgib{uf) Be pbyluj` 064=) mbefil y`{b'

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p`zfw) \ |tbeifj| pqtbm aqbh`. jbhf bi |ql~|hl. baq`xnòl elu`nhib jbi'klpkfh| y`{bpf{`) _b ihlmbtfg qfhlyfg` „Qle`jkfh` i`{u`tnh` qè i` jbi'klpkfh`g` jbhl {| | qìfhlg tqlgli| tlw tlqfdfjbtìl f jbhfg` af. pbi`zlg e|abjbg |thlqlih|. uqla`nb pqbe|ofuf tfhlj. `nf u`jb e` fc babmùfgbbifg {èqo`hfg` jbhf yfil afu f{ubqfh{jbm tqlgli` jbgl felgb | {|{qlu:e` fc b{gf{nfgb hleifg jqfufyjfg {lixfafnfulubg f |bpzul pqfhlgyftbzw| x`{tl bibzub a|elgb{gùq`nf e`{l gbq` qlwf. q`{pq`tfuff pqb{|efuf. jqlw|wf{l pqf ubgl pb cbqfxbiu| pqbmql{ftifc {uqlgnhlih` i`zl ab{ì{jb'clqklmb't`yjl. h|mb{n`tli{jl. ltqbp{jl f {thlu{jl j|nu|qib'f{ubqfh{jl uqèfkfhl f

6

0 _qlmnle aq) 1) 06=?) mbefil. Qle`jkfh{jf b{tqu



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Be hì|`q` 06=0) mbefil p` eb jq`h` 06=5) mbefil _qlmnle |ql~|hlibt` Qle`jkfh` i` yln| {` @qfdbg Uìbtfwlg) U` Qle`jkfh` i`{u`tnh`

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hl {` ubg Qle`jkfhbg afb | khlnb{uf pqbdfnfqì y`{bpf{ f u`j`t jbiklpu

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[liù \iftlqxfulu` f \pq`tif beabq {| pbylujbg 1??;)mbefil ebif' hlnf Ben|j| b pbibtibg pbjqluìh| y`{bpf{` _qlmnle yfhf hl fxe`t`y \if'tlqxfulu |[`q`hlt|) Qle`jkfh|yfil pqbd) eq) [`nfc Dbyb. mn`tif f bembtbqif|qleifj. pqbd) eq) Eq`mbnh|a [ubhìbt. pqbd) eq) H`{i` A`jzfw'G|dufw. pqbd)eq) Lil{ E|q`jbtfw. pqbd) eq) Gfnìj` Gfjbtfw. pqbd) eq) E|aq`tjb Nb'tqlibtfw f pqbd) eq) Gfqjb _lhìbtfw. ynìbtf Qle`jkfhl)

I`jbi q`{pq`t` b jbiklpu| f |ql~ft`yjbg pqf{u|p| Qle`jkfh` {gùq`

e` _qlmnle i`{u`tnh` |iftlqxfulu{j| uqèfkfh| {nbabeil f jqfufyjl gf{nf) U`gf{`b uqla` afuf i`|yib |ulglnhli` f i` `jèlg{jbh q`xfif) [gùq`gb e`\iftlqxfulu il gbol alx {tbm ulbqfh{jbm y`{bpf{`) \ ihlg| wlgb pqbanl'gùfxfqùf eq|zutlil ulgl. xùb hl f | Ben|kf b pbibtibgpbjqluìh|y`{bpf{` _qlmnle i`mn`zlib e` {l qèf b y`{bpf{| x` eq|zutli` pfuìh`)Uqìxfkfh{jb {uìhl | jbgl {l f \iftlqxfulu f eq|zutb i`n`xl. uqòf gibmlbembtbql)Fx`xbtf{| pqle i`g`) [i`m`xiìh`f felh`{|jbi`yibi` {klif)[tl {| bpkfhl jqluìh` butbqlil) _|u jbhfg fwf. ifhl n`jb i`wf) Uqòl m`

0?



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p|u |x ubnlqìkfh| f |tò`tìhl hl bqfhliu`kfh` jbh| wl i`{ubhùf pqùfuf bt`hy`{bpf{) [`gb u`jb fiulnlju|`nkf wl afuf {|efbifkf pqbkl{`. i`|j` jbqljuftf jqlùbq ` \iftlqxfulu | gùfkf tqunbm` eq|zutlifc pqbghli` f ihlmbtbm

pqbmql{`)

00



Bglq Faq`cfg`mfw

ELHUBI[JF _\U AB[IL \ LTQB_\

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[ubufi`g` mbefi` afnb hl byltfeib e` {| Ab{ìkf q`xnfyfufc thlq` fi`kfh` ofthlnf | jbgzfn|j|. | f{ubh g`c`nf #|nfkf&. | f{ubg {ln|. bpwfif fmqè|. fznf | f{ul zjbnl f q`xqlei` behlnhlih`. baeìfzu` f d`j|nulul. {n|ofnf{l f{ufg j|nu|qifg f xeq`t{utlifg |{uìbt`g`. pbzuft`nf u|~l thlqbx`jbilf abmbgbnhl f gl~|{baib {l |tò`t`nf f {ut`q`nf pqfhùlnh{ut`. f ub i` {t`'jbg plenh| ab{ì{jl xlgnhl ‛ nh|ef q`xnfyfufc thlq` f i`kfbi`nib{uf afnf {|{tbhf i` {tbgl) [|pqbuib ubgl.pbylujbg eltlel{lufc mbefi`SS {ubnhlw``mql{ftif i`kfbi`nf{uf {| |yfifnf {tl e` ebjò| e` gf. Ab{ìkf. if{gb ub

zub hl{gb)X` tqfhlgl{qp{jb'kqibmbq{jl fcqtù{jl `mql{fhl iÀfC 0661)''066<) mbefil. cuhlnf {| ub {tl zub hl afnb x`hleifyjb e` pbu`q| f e` i`{|thlql j`jb tfzl il gbolgb ofthluf x`hleib. j`jb uqla`gb e` {l ulqfubqf'

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pq`t` i` {tbh thlq{jf. i`kfbi`nif. j|nu|qif f pbnfufyjf feliufulu. alx pq`tì` oftbu) Ufgl {| cuhlnf ebj`xùf e` Ab{i` ifhl gbm|w`. if j`b eq|zutb.if j`b eqo`t`. if j`b ihfcbt` ebgbtfi`. { jù`{uqbd`nifg pb{nhlefk`g` ‛

pqfghlibg `p`quclfe` | {tfg {dlq`g` oftbu` | {tbhbh eqo`tf8 be {uìb'tìh`. pqljb x`{laifc pbqbefnfzu`. baeìfzu`. zjbn`. {tl|yfnfzu` f |iftlqxf'ulu`. `ga|nìuf f abnifk`. x`{laifc i`{lnh` f mqè{jfc jt`qubt`. pb{laifc

i`kfbi`nifc liufulu` f bpwfi`. j`b f x`{laifc i`kfbi`nifc tbh{jf. pbnfkfh` ftnè . eb x`{laifc i`kfbi`nifc {|ebt` f {j|pzufi` f {àbq )_b{nfhl {jbqb ylufqf mbefil `mql{ftibm i`kfbi`nf{ufyjbm bqmfhìh`

{tfg gbm|wfg bq|ohfg` f bq|~fg` i` ilx`zufwlib {uìbtifzutb Ab{iljq`hlg 066<) mbefil ebznb hl eb x`jnh|ylih` Bpwlm bjtfqibm {pbq`x|g`x` gfq | AfC. p`q`dfqìbm | Elhubi| 10) ibtlgaq`. ` pbupf{ìbm | _`qfx|05) elklgaq` 066<) mbefil) Bt`h [pbq`x|g hl | h`tib{uf pqbfxtlb q`xnfyfu`gfznhlih`. be pqfctùìh` eb bea`kftìh`. | khlnfif. ` pb{laib q`xnfyfu`

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0;



u|g`ylih` ihlmbtl {|zufil) J`b zub {l xi`. {pbq`x|g {| pbupf{`nf zldbtfuqfh| eqo`t`8 Qlp|anfjl Ab{il f Clqklmbtfil. Qlp|anfjl Cqtù{jl f [Q H|mb{n`tfhl. ` {thlebkf {pbq`x|g` {|8 [@E. Q|{j` Dlelq`kfh`. [`tlxi`Qlp|anfj` Ihlg`yj`. \hlefihlib Jq`nhlt{utb Tlnfjl Aqfuìfhl f [hltlqilFq{jl. Dqìk|{j` Qlp|anfj` j`b ynìbtf jbiu`ju mq|pl f Ltqbp{j` |ifh`)

[ baxfqbg i` ub e` hl [pbq`x|g pbupf{ì be zldbt` uqfh| eqo`t`. bifg` j`q`julq gl~|i`qbeibm {pbq`x|g`) Fg`h|wf | tfe| yfihlifk| e` qù |AfC 0661)'066<) mbefil {n|oalil fi{ufu|kfhl Gl~|i`qbeil x`hleifkl if{|

pqbmn`{fnl `mql{fhbg {|{hle` i` AfC. tlw mq`~ì{jfg qùbg fxgl~| Abz'ih`j`. [qa` f Cqtù`. fp`j {l ifhl gbmnb xìlg`qfuf fitbntfqìhl Cqtù{jl

f H|mb{n`tfhl | {|jba | AfC) I`fgl. i`~li` hl u`jt` pqlmbt`q`yj` dbqg|n`|Elhubi|. e`{li`jq`h| il jòl jbh`hl {uqì`pbahleifj.` jbh`m|afuifj)Gl~|i`qbei` x`hleifk` olnhln` hl bjbiyìhl ab{ì{jbm qù` alx pbahle'ifj` f alx pbqòlibm) Bahljuftib mnle`h|wf. { baxfqbg i` kfnhltl `mql{fhl8e` {l |ifzuf ab{ì{j` eqo`tib{u f ab{ì{jf i`qbe. pbahleifkf {| Ab{i` fAb{ìkf. hlq kfnhltf `mql{fhl if{| b{ut`qlif)

Be pbyluj` `mql{fhl i` AfC. Gl~|i`qbei` x`hleifk` ifhl olnhln` e`qù | AfC i`xbtl `mql{fhbg. hlq af | ubg {n|y`h| afn` ba`tlxi` {jfi|uflga`qmb xì`bq|o`tìhl ab{ì{jl`qgfhl.ìfufpqfxiùf e``mql{bq | AfC

pqbtbef mlibkfe iè abzih`yjfg i`qbebg. hlq af {l. | ubg {n|y`h|. afn`ba`tlxi` |gfhlzùf | {|jba f {pqfhlyfuf mlibkfe) Xùb hbh hl afnb n`jzl

`mql{fh| i`xtùf uxt) mq`~ì{jfg qùbg. ` mlibkfe uxt) luifyjfg yfzwlihlgf ufgl fxahlwf. `jb il. bembefuf {tbh| tbhi| fiulqtlikfh| | AfC)

Ib. {`g` yfihlifk` e` {| pbupf{ifkf [pbq`x|g` afnf zldbtf eqo`tÀfC. Cqtù{jl f H|mb{n`tfhl. mbtbqf | pqfnbm utqeihf e` hl i` AfC fxtqzli``mql{fh` ihlifc {|{hle`) Gl~|ufg. bib zub hl ilbafyib hl{ul e` {l `mql{bqftbnhbg Gl~|i`qbeil x`hleifkl pqlutbql | gfqbutbqkl f e` pbupf{|h| gf'qbtif {pbq`x|g | jbgl hl {èqoì f \{u`t AfC f i` u`h i`yfi |yl{ut|h| |beql~ftìh| j`jtb wl eqo`tib |ql~lihl fgùf Ab{i` f Clqklmbtfi`) \j'nh|yftìhlg Qlp|anfjl [qp{jl f Dlelq`kfhl AfC | pbupf{ftìhl pbhlefifcìlj{` {pbq`x|g` uqla`nb hl pqfj`xùf. e` hl | AfC. afnb ilzub uqlwl.e`jnl.

ilzub zub {` {uìbtfzu` gl~|i`qbeibm pq`t` ifhl if mq`~ì{jf qù. ` ifhlif `mql{fh`)

I`fgl. e` hl | AfC afb mq`~ì{jf qù. bie` af pbupf{ifkf {pbq`x|g` afnf pbnfufyjf pqle{u`tifkf Abzih`j`. ab{ì{jfc [qa` f ab{ì{jfc Cqtù`. ìl zldbtf uqfh| eqo`t`) @nf e` {l il af gbmnb mbtbqfuf b `mql{fhf {|{hle`.Gl~|i`qbei` x`hleifk` pb{u`q`n` {l e` nlmfufgfq` p`qèqo`til utbqltfilQlp|anfj| [qp{j| j`b x`{laì liufulu. ` Clqklm Ab{i| jqbx Dlelq`kfh|AfC. ` ufgl f `gil{ufq` pbnfufyjl pqle{u`tifjl ab{ì{jfc [qa` f ab{ì{jfc

05



Cqtù`. jbhf {| afnf. j`jb | gl~|{baibg {|jba|. u`jb f | {|jba| { eq'o`tbg Ab{ibg f Clqklmbtfibg) F{jbi{uq|fqì` hl {fiu`mg` „uqfh| {uqì`‗| {|jba| | AfC. be jbhfc hl ab{ì{jb{qp{j| {uqì| pbg`m`n` H|mb{n`tfh`.` ab{ì{jbcqtù{j| {uqì| pbg`m`n` Cqtù{j`) Ufgl {l cuhlnb pqfjqfuf `mql'{fh| Cqtù{jl f H|mb{n`tfhl) Ebj hl pq`tib f d`jufyjf „uqlw| {uqì|‗ yfifn`gl~|i`qbeib pqfxiù` eqo`t` f Ab{ìkf uqfh| thlq`. ` il {`gb g|{nfgìfj`b zub {l olnhlnb pqfj`xùf {thlu{jbh h`tib{uf) Fx` btfc Ab{ì`k` hl afn`nlmfufgi` f nlm`ni` ab{ì{j` tnè` | jbhbh {| {hlefnf. pbqle Abzih`j` fnlmfufgib fxàqìf pqle{u`tifkf ab{ì{jfc Cqtù` f ab{ì{jfc [qa` #i`fxabqfg` 066?)&. jbhf {l if{| pqfjnbifnf {lkl{fbif{ufyjbh pbnfufkf {tbhfc {|'

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0) Zu` hl pqlucbefnb Elhubi{jbg {pbq`x|g|

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06



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tleal Elhubi{jbm {pbq`x|g`& jbhf {| e` af bebaqbtbnhfnf. i`qbyfub {qp{jl pqle{u`tifjl | fxmqèihf fi{ufu|kfh` Ab{il f Clqklmbtfil. pbeqo`t`nf u|il|{u`ti| nlj{fj| f ebpqfib{fnf e` {l bi` bebg`wf. il {`gb | glefhfg`.tlw f | ebj|gliufg` \pq`tnh`yjbm jbgfulu` Tfhlw` x` fgpnlgliu`kfh|jbh| yfif jbiu`ju'mq|p`. jbh` {l {u`q` | fgl Gl~|i`qbeil x`hleifkl x`fgpnlgliu`kfh| kftfnibmefhln` {pbq`x|g` gè` x` ub ilg` b{ibt` |Elhubi{jbg {pbq`x|g|. ` pb{laib il | \{u`t| Ab{il f Clqklmbtfil)

[nfyi` {l bg`zj` ebmbefn` f | pbmqlzibg i`xft| x`jbi` jbhf {lebib{l i` iftb| eqo`tl Ab{il f Clqklmbtfil. i`xft`h|wf fc | gl~|{baibhjbg|ifj`kfhf „jqbtifg x`jbibg‗. |ghl{ub hleib{u`tib x`jbibg Ab{il

f Clqklmbtfil. j`b zub {l x`jbif liufulu` i`xft`h| fglibg liufulu`. fnfx`jbif jìubi` fglibg jìubi`)

Jbnfjf hl xi`y`h Elhubi{jf {pbq`x|g pqfe`t`b fi{ufu|kfh`g` f x`jb'ifg` Ab{il f Clqklmbtfil. mbtbqf pbeù`j e` hl \{u`t| Ab{il f Clqkl'mbtfil ebeù @ilj{ FF #pqln`xil beqleal& | jbgl {l | u`yjf 1) mbtbqf bjbiufi|fulu| pq`tifc pqbpf{` jbhf if{| | {|pqbuib{uf { \{u`tbg ebj eq|'m`yfhl il beqlef iènloif bqmì tn`{uf Ab{il f Clqklmbtfil: | u`yjf ;)mbtbqf b pq`tifg f ègfif{uqùftifg pb{u|pkfg` | {|ebtfg` f bqmìfg`|pq`tl. jbhf b{u`h| i` {i`xf | bibh ghlqf | jbhbh if{| | {|pqbuib{uf {\{u`tbg ebj eq|m`yfhl il beqlef iènloif bqmì tn`{uf Ab{il f Clqkl'

mbtfil: ` | u`yjf 5) mbtbqf b jbiufi|fqìbg d|ijkfbifqìh| bqmì` tn`{uf.fi{ufu|kfh` f eq|mfc ufhln` Ab{il f Clqklmbtfil. ebj il a|e| x`gfhlihlifibtfg {pbq`x|gbg fnf x`jbibg) Iò`nb{u. pqle{u`tifkf Gl~|i`qbeil x`'

hleifkl {l ubm` if{| pqfeqo`t`nf. a`q jè hl qfhly b jbiufi|fulu| fi{ufu|kfh`f x`jbi` Qlp|anfjl Ab{il f Clqklmbtfil. tlw {| fg`nf pbmqlzì pqf{u|p.j`b e` {l qèfnb e` hl AfC ulj | Elhubi| {utbqli` eqo`t`) @ {`g Elhubi

hl pqfxi`b jbiufi|fulu Qlp|anfjl AfC j`bilx`tf{ilf{|tlqlil eqo`tl jbhf hl bi` {uljn` 4) `pqfn` 0661) mbefil) \ Elhubi| hl {`gb fgl pqbghlihlib|8 Ab{i` f Clqklmbtfi`)

<) G|nufi`kfbi`nif {`{u`t fi{ufu|kfh` f bqmì` i` {tfg iftbfg`tn`{uf f h`tibm ehlnbtìh` | AfC hl |{u`ti` ba`tlx`

_qlg` \{u`t|. Ab{i` f Clqklmbtfi` fg` x`jbibe`ti|. fxtqzi| f{|e{j| tn`{u) X`jbibe`ti| tn`{u tqzf _`qn`gliu`qi` {j|pzufi`. jbh` fg`_qle{u`tifyjf ebg f Ebg i`qbe`) Fxtqzi| tn`{u yfil _qle{hleifzutb f Tfhlwlgfif{u`q` Ab{il f Clqklmbtfil. ` {|e{j| tn`{u tqzf \{u`tif {|e Ab{il f

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Clqklmbtfil. ` beile`tib f Eqo`tif {|e f Eqo`tib u|ofn`zutb Ab{il fClqklmbtfil)

Gl~|ufg. Ab{i` f Clqklmbtfi` ilg` {tbh| tbh{j|. {tbh| pbnfkfh| f{tbhl fxtbql dfiì{fqìh`. f`jb x` ub pb{ubhl |{u`tif b{ibtf {èqoìf |[pbq`x|g| fx Elhubi`) Alx baxfq` i` liufulul jbhf yfil |i|uq`zih| pbnf'ufyjb'ulqfubqfh`ni| {uq|ju|q|. hlefib hl Ab{i` f Clqklmbtfi` {|ahlju gl'~|i`qbeibm pq`t` f ba`tlx`) _qlg` ynì| FFF {u`t 0) u`j{ùftib {| pbaqb'

hìl iènloib{uf fi{ufu|kfh` AfC. ` pqlg` f{ubg ynì| | {u`t| <`. Ab{i` fClqklmbtfi` hl iènloi` | {tfg {ut`qfg` jbhfg {l b{fm|q`t` ihli {|tl'qlifulu. ulqfubqfh`nif fiulmqfulu f pbnfufyj` ilx`tf{ib{u) @ u| pqfhl {tlm` ebn`xf

| baxfq hlefi{utlib tb~lihl {fm|qib{ib beaqìalil pbnfufjl f pb{ubhìhltn`{ufufc tbhifc f {fm|qib{ifc ldljuft` f ihfg` bembt`q h|wfc fi{ufu|kfh`)

E` eqo`t` il af btf{fn` be liufulu`. \{u`tbg hl | ynì| TFFF {u`t ;)eù` gbm|wib{u e` _`qn`gliu`qi` {j|pzufi` ebil{l x`jbi jbhfg wl {lb{fm|qùffxtbqifpqfcbefeqo`tl x` pbuqlal fi{ufu|kfh` Ab{il f Clqklmbtfilf gl~|i`qbeil ba`tlxl Ab{il f Clqklmbtfil) F{u` hl u` iènloib{u _`qn`'gliu| pbutq~li` f | ynì| FT {u`t 5a \{u`t` AfC)

X` |{pb{u`tnhìhl fi{ufu|kfh` Ab{il f Clqklmbtfil pbuqlaib hl xèb'tbnh`t`h|wl pbnfufyjb bjq|olihl. il {`gb | xlgnhf. tlw f | ihlibg {|{hle'{ut|. p` f zfql) _qbanlg { jbhfg {l {|{qlwl Ab{i` f Clqklmbtfi` hl{| hbz

oftl gfubgì{jl pqlulixfhl ihlifc {|{hle` Cqtù{jl. [qafhl f Kqil Mbqli` ihlil ulqfubqfhl. xnb|pbuqlanh`t`h|wf ab{ì{jl [qal f ab{ì{jl Cqtùl.x` b{ut`qftìhl {tbhfc tlnfjbeqo`tifc pqbhljù`) Xabm ubm` {l ab{ì{j`g|nufluifyj` {uq|ju|q` {uìbtifzut`. |ghl{ub e` a|el pqleib{u x` {tl{uqì|{`qèih| {` {|{hlefg` | AfC pbh`tnh|hl j`b |i|uq`zih` pqfhluih` x` ihli|eqo`ti| elxfiulmq`kfh|) I`fgl. {t`j` ulqfubqfh`ni` cbgbmlifx`kfh` hleibmbe uqf ab{ì{j` i`qbe`. pb{laib jè` {l bi` |banfy`t` | iljl pbnfufyjb''ègfif{uqùftil dbqgl tn`{uf. | Ab{if f Clqklmbtfif. pqfhluf. { hleil {uqìl.ihlibh ulqfubqfh`nibh elxfiulmq`kfhf. ` { eq|ml {uqìl. x` pqfpèifjl eq|mèt` i`qbe` jbhf b{uì| ofthluf i` ubg ulqfubqfh|. gìfdl{ufq` {l j`b ef{jqf'gfi`kfh` pb i`kfbi`nibg fnf thlq{jbg b{ibt|)

Bu|e` hl Elhubi{jf {pbq`x|g `jklpufq`b Dlelq`kfh| AfC j`b dlel'q`kfh|. il Abzih`j` f Cqtù` | AfC. tlw j`b dlelq`kfh| jìubi`. jbhf ilgbm| fgùf i`kfbi`nif pqlexi`j) Gè` hl {tfg` pbxiùb e` pb{ubhf plujìubi` { abzih`yjbg tlwfibg. uqf jìubi` { cqtù{jbg tlwfibg f etùxt) ghlzbtfu` jìubi`. ifmehl {l | \{u`t| Dlelq`kfhl AfC il jòl e` {|ub i`kfbi`nif jìubif. fnf e` tlwfi{jf i`qbe | ihfg` fg` tfzl pq`t` beeq|mbm i`qbe` jbhf hl | gìhfif) F{uf |{u`tif pqfikfp tòf f jè hl qfhly b

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eq|mbg ac) liufulu|. Qlp|anfkf [qp{jbh) _b{nfhl ebibzlih` pql{|el \{'u`tibm {|e` AfC b jbi{ufu|uftib{uf {t` uqf ac) i`qbe`8 Abzih`j`. [qa` fCqtù`. u`jtb qhlzlihl | Elhubi| hl pbibtb pbutq~lib f bujnbihlil {| |ubg pbmnle|. a`q jè hl qfhly b pq`tibh {uqìf pqbanlg`. {tl ileb|gfkl)B{u`hl. e`jnl. pqbanlg ihlil fgpnlgliu`kfhl | pq`j{f) F ub | ihli` uqf`{plju` jbhf yfil {|zufi| Elhubi`8 #0& fi{ufu|kfbi`nil fxmqèihl. #1& pb'tqùj` fxahlmnfc f q`{lnhlifc nfk` | x`tfy`hl f i` ihfcbt` fgìh` f #;& hlei`jlx`zuful nh|e{jfc pq`t` f b{ibtifc {nbabe` alx jbhfc {l Ab{i` f Clqklmbtfiìl gbol pbyluf |jnh|yftùf | ltqbp{jl fiulmq`kfbil pqbkl{l)

@jb Elhubi{jf {pbq`x|g il pbxi`hl yf{ul i`kfbi`nil pbnfufyjb'ulqf'

ubqfh`nil f ègfif{uqùftil qlxlqtùl. ub hbz tfzl tòf x` fi{ufu|kfhl Ab{il fClqklmbtfil) Xùb af {l gbmnb qlwf h`{ib. j`b zub Elhubi il pbxi`hli`kfbi`nil liufulul f jìubil. Elhubi il pbxi`hl if i`kfbi`ni| tbh{j|. ifi`kfbi`ni| pbnfkfh|. if hleibi`kfbi`ni` gfif{u`q{ut`. if hleibi`kfbi`niltnèl. if hleibi`kfbi`nil {|ebtl. zjbnl. |iftlqxfulul. abnifkl. ehlyfhl |{'uìbtl. f pqle|xlw`) Ub hl h`{ib pqlkfxfqìb | \{u`t| Ab{il f Clqklmbtfil.| ynì| FF {u`t 5) | uxt) ìufef{jqfgfi`kfbibh jn`|x|nf | jbhbh {ubhf8 „\of'tìhl pq`t` f {nbabe` pqletf~lifc | btbg ynì| fnf | gl~|i`qbeifg

{pbq`x|gfg i`tlelifg |@ilj{| F btbm |{u`t`. b{fm|qìb hl {tfgnfkfg`| Ab{if f Clqklmbtfif alx ef{jqfgfi`kfhl pb afnb jbhlg b{ibt| j`b zub hl

{pbn. q`{`. abh`. hlxfj. thlq`. pbnfufyjb f eq|mb gfznhlihl. i`kfbi`nib f

{bkfh`nib pbqfhljnb. pbtlxìb{u { i`kfbi`nibg gìhfibg. fgbtfi . qb~lihlf eq|mf {uù|{‗)

\pq`tb xabm yfihlifkl e` hl AfC p`qèfmg` e|mbthljl g|nufjbi'dli{fbi`nil f g|nufluifyjl {uq|ju|ql {tbm` {uìbtifzut`. bi` hl gbm|w` fj`b eqo`t` f j`b x`hleifk` {tbhfc i`qbe` f mq`~ì`. {`gb u`jb zub wl {tlihlil h`til {uq|ju|ql afuf g|nufluifyjl.butbqlil x`pqfpèifjl {tfc i`qbe`f mq`~ì` jbhf | ihbh oftl) E`jnl. btehl {l pqfhl {tlm` gf{nf i` h`ti| {dlq|ehlnbtìh` ‛ be pbnfufyjfc {uqì`j`. pqljb eqo`tifc fi{ufu|kfh`. eb h`tifc

pqle|xlw` f |{uìbt`) \ {|pqbuibg AfCil gbol j`b eqo`t` d|ijkfbifqùf)@jb af {l eb{nbtib {nfhlefn` bt` ìufef{jqfgfi`kfh{j` jn`|x|n`. afnl af

il|{u`til {tl pbnfufyjl {uqìjl. h`til |{uìbtl. pqle|xlw`. ` pbmbubtbeqo`til |{uìbtl f bqmìf. jbhf {| bqmìfxfqìf pb i`kfbi`nibg pqfikfp|.beib{ib. xi`yl i`kfbi`nif |ifu`qfx`g) Xùb {l gbol {gùqùf il|{u`tibg

hleibi`kfbi`ni` {qp{j`. abzih`yj` fnf cqtù{j` jbgpbiliu` | bq|oìfg{i`m`g` AfC. pb{laib | Tbh{kf Dlelq`kfhl fnf | Tbh{kf Qlp|anfjl [qp{jl.x`hleib{`{tbhbg hleibi`kfbi`nibg tqcbtibgjbgìebg) I`{|pqbuubgl. j`b eba`q pqfghlq j`jb {l uqla` bqmìfxfqùf f ab{ì{j` tbh{j` f

ab{ì{j` pbnfkfh` hl{ul bqmìfxfqìhl Eqo`til mqìfyil {n|oal AfC)

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4) Ilbpcbeib hl |{jn`~ftìhl \{u`t` AfC {` Ltqbp{jbgjbitlikfhbg x` x`zufu| nh|e{jfc pq`t` f b{ibtifc {nbabe`

J`b zub hl qlylib. Elhubi{jf {pbq`x|g hl i` ebihbh mqìfkf jbg' pqbgf{` i`kfbi`nil f mq`~ì{jl pbnfufyjl bpkfhl x` AfC) [`g \{u`t AfC.j`b efb `qìogì` fx Elhubi` | ubgl ifhl afb jbixf{uliuì) \pq`tb uìljbixf{uliuib{u pqbfxfzn` hl fx |{u|p`j` Gl~|i`qbeil x`hleifkl lj{uqlg'ifg i`kfbi`nifg bpkfh`g` jbhl {| olnhlnl e` q`xbql eqo`tib{u AfC) I`fgl.| ynì| FS {u`t ;) bpwfc beqleà` \{u`t` AfC pfzl8 „ D|ijkfbilqf fglib'tìf i` pbnbo`hl | fi{ufu|kfh`g` Ab{il f Clqklmbtfil | pq`tfn| beqò`t`h|

{`{u`t i`qbe` Ab{il f Clqklmbtfil‗. e`jnl. i`qbe` AfC. ` il i`qbe`liufulu`) Gl~|ufg. | ynìbtfg` FT f T \{u`t`. jbhfg {l |ql~|hl {`{u`t ffxabq _`qn`gliu`qil {j|pzufil f _qle{hleifzut` Ab{il f Clqklmbtfil. |ql'~lib hl{|pqbuib ynì|FS \{u`t`) I`qbef AfC {| pbefhlnhlif pbliufulufg`j`b fxabqifg hlefifk`g`. u`jb e` hl Abzih`kfg` f Cqtùfg` |{jq`wlib |Qlp|anfkf [qp{jbh e` {l jìefefq`h| x` Ebg i`qbe` f ynì` _qle{hleifzut`fx qle` Abzih`j` f Cqtù` f e` |yl{ut|h| | ihfcbtbg fxabq| f baqi|ub. ub

hl pq`tb |{jq`wlib [qafg` | Dlelq`kfhf. jè` hl qfhly b fxabq| {qp{jfc pqle{u`tifj` | Ebg i`qbe` _`qn`gliu`qil {j|pzufil f ynì` _qle{hleifzutÀfC)

Bt`jtb |{u`tib qhlzlihl hl {|pqbuib Ltqbp{jbh jbitlikfhf x` x`zufu|

nh|e{jfc pq`t` f b{ibtifc {nbabe` hlq i`q|z`t` pbnfufyjb pq`tb mq`~ì` e` afq`h| f e` a|e| afqìf | bqmìl tn`{uf i` iftb| eqo`tl AfC i` kfhlnbgihlibg pqb{ubq|. ` il {`gb | bjtfq| liufulu`) Btb pq`tb pqbfxfn`xf fx

p`q`mq`d` =) Ebj|gliu` eq|mbm {`{uìj` Jbidlqlikfhl b nh|e{jbh efgli'xfhf. Jbidlqlikfhl b {fm|qib{uf f {`qèihf | Ltqbpf. Jbplic`mli #Kbplic`'mli& 066?). jbhfg {l m`qìufq` e` | {t`jbh eqo`tf ynìfkf B[KL'` x` {t`ghl{u` | i`hgìhl hleibg ebg| i`kfbi`nibm x`jbibe`t{ut` a|el {nb'abeib u`jgfylihl | efqljuibg mn`{ìh| #=)1)&: m`qìufq`h| |iftlqx`ni` f

hlei`j` mn`{`yj` pq`t` x` {tl p|ibnhluil mq`~ìl #=);)& f pbzubtìhl pq`t` mq`~ì` e` {l jìefefq`h| x` pbnfufyj| fnf h`ti| d|ijkfh|. fieftfe|'`nib fnf j`b pqle{u`tifkf pbnfufyjfc {uqì`j` fnf bqmìfx`kfh` alx ef{jqfgf'

i`kfhl #=)<)&)@jb {l btf ynìbtf \{u`t` `gìegì{jfg pqbghli`g` il |{jnèl

{ Ltqbp{jbg jbitlikfhbg b x`zufuf f b{ibtifg {nbabe`g`. bie` wl {l pb{ufwf ub. e` wl liufuluf afuf g|nufluifyjf. ` AfC ilwl afuf g|nufluifyj`) Ihli` g|nufluifyib{u wl afuf pb{qlebtì` g|nufluifyibzw| liufulu`)

X` b{ut`qftìhl \{u`til ben|jl b jbi{ufu|uftib{uf {t` uqf i`qbe` |AfC. f x` |n`x`j Ab{il | ltqbp{jl fiulmq`kfhl. {gùq`gb y`j tòifhfg

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|{jnèfuf { Ltqbp{jbg jbitlikfhbg yn) FT) f T) \{u`t` AfC. ilmb dbqg`nib|{jnèfuf |{u`tl liufulu` { \{u`tbg AfC) X` {|eafi| eqo`tl f q`tibpq`tib{u{t` uqf ihli` i`qbe` | AfC. {gùq`gb tòifhfg e` eqo`til bqmìl | AfC

afq`h| {tf mq`~ìf AfC. { hlei`jfg `juftifg f p`{ftifg afq`yjfg pq`tbg.ilmb e` {l | liufulufg` pb{ufmil u` q`tibpq`tib{u. ` i` iftb| eqo`tl xèqol{è`zih` fxabqi` pq`t` pb liufulufg`. ` ufgl ilhlei`jb{u mq`~ì` AfC.beib{ib il pb{ubhìhl mq`~ìfi` Ab{il f Clqklmbtfil. tlw pb{ubhìhl{`gb mq`~ìfi` liufulu`) Alx pb{ubhìh` mq`~ìfi` Ab{il j`b khlnfil. jbhfwl j`b u`j`t |wf | Ltqbp| gf if | Ltqbpf ilwlgb afuf mq`~ìf AfC. tlwmq`~ìf liufulu`)

Alx p`{ftibm f `juftibm afq`yjbm pq`t` mq`~ì` AfC | fxabq| eqo`t'ifc bqmì`. ilg` mq`~ìfi` AfC. pb{ubhù wl {`gb mq`~ìf liufulu`. ` ubxi`yf uq`hi| bp`{ib{u x` khlnbtfub{u ulqfubqfh`nibm fiulmqfulu` f pbnfufyj|ilx`tf{ib{u AfC) Il {`gb e` ilwl afuf mq`~ìfi` AfC. tlw ilwl afuf ifAbzih`j`. [qafi` f Cqtù`. x` kfhln| Ab{i| f Clqklmbtfi|. tlw {`gb Abz'ih`kf. [qaf f Cqtùf | liufulufg`) J`b zub {gb kfufq`nf \{u`t AfC #ynì FS)u`yj` ;)&.qfhly hl b ubgl e` d|ijkfbilqf fglibtìf i` pbnbo`hl | fi{ufu|kf'

h`g` AfC. | pq`tfn|. beqò`t`h| {`{u`t i`qbe` AfC. ` il i`qbe` liufulu`)\{jn`~ftìhl yn) FT f T { Ltqbp{jbg jbitlikfhbg. ul pqfxi`tìhl

mq`~ìfg` f i`qbefg` AfC hlei`jbm p`{ftibm f `juftibm afq`yjbm pq`t`.tfzl af ebpqfifhlnb |i|u`qihbhqlfiulmq`kfhf AfC. ilmb {tfeb{è`zihf x`jbifjbhl hl ebifb tf{bjf pqle{u`tifj) Tf{bjf pqle{u`tifj gboe` ifhl if {thl{uìe` hl ebibzlihl ufc x`jbi` afn` pb{nhlefk` mqlzjl | |{u`tibh jbi{uq|jkfhfAfC ‛ {èqoìbh | yn) FT) f T). hlq {| pb ihfg` afqìf bqmìf Ab{il fClqklmbtfil jbhf il d|ijkfbifq h|. p` hl gbq`b fiulqtlifqùf tf{bjf pqle'{u`tifj)

[nhlelw` jbi{uq|jkfbi` mqlzj` \{u`t`. jbh` {l. u`jb~lq. i`n`xf |ynì| FT {u`t ;) e& beib{f {l i` pqbkle|q| ebibzlih` ben|j` | ba` ebg`_`qn`gliu`qil {j|pzufil Ab{il f Clqklmbtfil8 _qle{u`tifyjf ebg f Ebgi`qbe`) I`fgl. | ba` ebg` {l pqldlqfq`h| liufuluf i` q`y|i mq`~ì` fi`qbe`) @jb {l xi` e` | Ebg| i`qbe` ebn`xl elnlm`kfhl uqf jbi{ufu|ufti`

i`qbe` fxàqì` | p`qn`gliufg` liufulu`. ` | _qle{u`tifyjf ebg ebn`xl pqle{u`tifkf mq`~ì` fxàqìf be afq`y` fx ba` liufulu`. ilnbmfyifg {l yfif|{nbtnh`tùf ben|j| {`mn`{ibzw|. i`hgìhl hleil uqlwfil mn`{bt` elnlmù`fnf ynìbt` { ulqfubqfhl {t`jbm liufulu`) I`fgl. pqle{u`tifyjf ebg | p`qn`'gliu`qibh elgbjqùfhf. {t|mehl mehl bi pb{ubhf. pqle{u`tnh` mq`~ìl j`b

pbnfufyjl {|ahljul. ub {| ebgbtf mq`~ì`. afq`y` | i`hzfqlg {gf{n| qfhlyf)\ pqle{u`tifyjfg {l ebgbtfg` ben|y|hl tlwfibg bifc jbhf {| pqf{|uif fjbhf mn`{`h|) \{nbtnh`tìhlg ben|jl {`mn`{ibzw| hleil uqlwfil mn`{bt` fx

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liufulu`. m|af {l pbnfufyjf {|ahljuftfulu mq`~ìfi`) I` u`h i`yfi {l _qle'{u`tifyjf ebg j`b ebg mq`~ì` pqlut`q` | ebg liufulu`. ` Ebg i`qbe`j`b ebg i`qbe`. {l u`jb~lq pqlut`q` | ebg liufulu`) Fx pqtbm hl fxa`yli

pbnfufyjf fiulql{ mq`~ìfi`. ` fx eq|mbm pbnfufyjf fiulql{ i`qbe`) X` qhl'z`tìhl pbnfufyjbm fiulql{` i`qbe` eù` hl gbm|wib{u e` {l pb{u`tf pfuìhl„tfu`nibm fiulql{`‗ hleibm be uqf i`qbe` #ynì FT. {u`t ;)l&) Gl~|ufg.mq`~ìf ilg`h|ifj`jtl |{u`til gbm|wib{ufe` jqbx _`qn`gliu fxq`xl {tbhfiulql{) Xùb ifhl y|eb e` bif xabm ubm` yl{ub fxn`xl i` |nfk| fnf x`pqly`t`h|mn`til {`baq`w`hifkl f i` u`h i`yfi pbj|z`t`h| e` ihfcbt fiulql{ eb~l eb|zfh| Tnèl f _`qn`gliu`qil {j|pzufil AfC)

Ifzu` afuib il gfhlih` | i`zlg x`jnh|yj| if |{u`ti` ibqg` #ynìFT';e&. e` |jbnfjb ben|j| ebil{l tlwfi` elnlmù` fnf ynìbt` hleibm beebgbt . | jbhbh ifhl |jnh|yli` hlei` uqlwfi` mn`{bt` elnlmù fnf ynìbt`{ ulqfubqfhl {t`jbm liufulu`. pb jbhbh wl ben|j` tòfuf pbe |{nbtbg e`mn`{btf pqbuft ben|jl il |jnh|yl etfhl uqlwfil fnf tfzl elnlmù` fnf ynìbt`fxàqìfc fx {t`jbm liufulu`) Ub i`g nfyf i` bi| i`qbei| jè {l ilzub„pqlnhlt` fx z|pnhlm | pq`xib‗) Bt` ibqgùfti` ljtfnfaqf{ufj` ifzu` ilwl

pbgbwf e` fiulql{ mq`~ìfi`. afq`y`. a|el pqle{u`tnhli | _qle{u`tifyjbgebg|)

Bt`j`t i`yfi ben|yftìh` | _qle{u`tifyjbg ebg| ab{ì{jbm p`q'n`gliu` |yfifb hl u`h ebg ild|ijkfbi`nifg f ilpqbp|{ifg a`{ufbibg bifc

pbnfufyjfc bpkfh` jbhl {| tbefnl qù pqbuft eqo`tl Ab{il f Clqklmbtfilolnlwf hl xaqf{ùf { mlbmq`d{jl j`qul {tfhlu`) Xùb ifhl y|eb zub bp{uq|fq`h|ebibzlihl afuifc x`jbi` i` iftb| eqo`tl) Ub hl pq`tf q`xnbm xabm jbm` hltf{bjf pqle{u`tifj ebifb {tl tòifhl x`jbil Ab{il f Clqklmbtfil. hlq

pqle{u`tifkf fxàqìf | Qlp|anfkf [qp{jbh f Clqklm Ab{if {| afnf pqbuft ufcx`jbi`) Q`x|gfhl {l |x i`{ubhìhl e` {`g| Qlp|anfj| [qp{j|. f`jb liufulu.`dfqgfq`h| j`b {|tlqli| eqo`t| fnf e` CEX ufg bp{uq|jkfh`g` f{pb{n|hlx`{laì cqtù{jf liufulu) Yl{ub Tnè` Qlp|anfjl [qp{jl. ihlif gfif{uqf.jè` fxib{l qlnltìuil pbeùjl fx pbhlefifc ban`{uf #j`b zub hl {uìe`qeoftbu`. pqfib{f | pbnhbpqftqlef fue)& |pbql~|h| pbeùjl il { Dlelq`kfhbg

AfC j`b liufulubg | f{ubh eqo`tf. tlw {` [nbtlifhbg. Cqtù{jbg. H|mb{n`tf' hbg fue). f ufgl {l | byfg` {tbhfc mq`~ì` Q[ pqfj`x|hl j`b {|tlqlièqo`t`)

Xùb hl ilbpcbeib |{jn`~ftìhl ynìbt` FT f T \{u`t` AfC { Ltqbp'{jbg jbitlikfhbg b x`zufuf pq`t` f b{ibtifc {nbabe` f `dfqg`kfh` mq`~`'ifi` Ab{il f Clqklmbtfil | _qle{u`tifyjbg ebg| ihlibm p`qn`gliu`. Èbg i`qbe` `dfqgfqùf j`b ebg x` x`zufu| tfu`nifc fiulql{` i`qbe` i`kfhlnbg pqb{ubq| AfC. ` il liufulu`)

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I`fgl. fx jbiklpu` \{u`t` AfC pqbfxfn`xf e` {| pqlkfxib pbefhlnhliliènloib{uf fxgl~| liufulu` f eqo`tl) F bib zub hl | iènloib{uf eqo`tl uqlaè` ben|y|h| pqle{u`tifkf mq`~ì` {` kfhlnbm pqb{ubq` AfC. tbelwf q`y|i`b ihfcbtbg |j|pibg fiulql{| jqbx {`mnle`tìhl fiulql{` Ab{il f Clqkl'mbtfil j`b khlnfil. alx baxfq i` liufulul. hlq liufuluf fg`h| {tbhl iènlo'ib{uf f ilj` b ihfg` ben|y|h| | liufulu|) Y`j. pqlg` \{u`t| AfC. liufuluffg`h| f pqlupb{u`tnhli| iènloib{u b {tfg pfuìhfg` b jbhfg` {l il ben|'y|hl i` eqo`tibg iftb|) Ebg i`qbe` uqla` e` i` eqo`tibg iftb|. jqbxebibzlihl eqo`tifc x`jbi`. b{fm|q` q`tibpq`tib{u i`qbe`. ` il liufulu`. fi` u`h i`yfi {l i`pq`tf q`tibulo` fxgl~| bibm zub i`xft`gb pbnfufyjfg

fiulql{bgmq`~ì` f pbnfufyjfgfiulql{bg i`qbe`. `nf i` iftb| kfhlnl eqo`tlAb{il f Clqklmbtfil)Fx ufc q`xnbm` hl ilbpcbeib e` tf{bjf pqle{u`tifj f B[KL pbgbmi|

|{jn`~ftìhl btl uqf jbi{uq|jkfbil mqlzjl \{u`t` AfC { i`tlelibg Ltqbp'{jbg jbitlikfhbg. hlq alx ubm` |{jn`~ftìh` Ab{i` il gbol | Ltqbp|)@jb {| btl jbi{uq|jkfbil mqlzjl afnl {thl{ib pqbhljubtìl qèf |{pb'{u`tnhìh` gfq` | AfC 066<) mbefil. bil wl. `jb {l il |jnbil ebtl{uf |

pfuìhl {uùfj| xmqèl jbh` {l xbtl Ab{i` f Clqklmbtfi` f afuf q`xnbmbg{u`nifc dq|{uq`kfh` jbhl gbm| ebafuf f ilolnhlil banfjl) Ilj` i`g pqfghlq { CEX'bg f ihfcbtbg uxt) cqtù{jbg {`gb|pq`tbg f j`glibtìhl |yl{'ifj` pb{u`tnhìh` j`gli` ulglnhk` x` eo`gfhl | Uqlafih| f Aìhbh N|kf

a|e| bxafnhi` bpbgli` e` {l ul jbi{uq|jkfbil mqlzjl gbq`h| pbe cfuibf{pq`tfuf e` af {l AfC |pf{`n` | qle ibqg`nifc eqo`t` f gbmn` afuf pbnfufyjf{`gbbeqoft` f alx pqf{|{ut` BCQ'` | AfC)

=) \ \{u`t| AfC ileb{u h| glcìfxgf pqbuft anbjèl_`qn`gliu`qil {j|pzufil f ilfxtqz`tìh` {|e{jfc ben|j`

I`h{nàfh` {uqì` Elhubi{jbm {pbq`x|g` xabm jbhl {l ilbpqb{uftb{pbqb fgpnlgliufq` ihlmbt` {|zufi`. uh) |{pb{u`tnhìhl fi{ufu|kfh` f ebib'zlihl x`jbi` AfC. pbtqù`j fxahlmnfc f q`{lnhlifc nfk` f x`zufu` nh|e{jfc

pq`t` f b{ibtifc {nbabe`. hl{ul zub | ihlm` if{| |mq`~lil {|e{jl {ìjkfhl pbqle pbnfufyjfc f ljbibg{jfc)[gùq`gb e` af afnb ilbpcbeib | {`g \{u`t AfC |mqèfuf gl'

cìfxgl jbhf wl {pqfhlyfuf anbjfqìhl ebibzlih` ilbpcbeifc x`jbi`. btn`z'wlihlg _qle{hleifzut` AfC e` fc pqbmn`z`t` j`b pqftqlgli| ghlq| ebjil a|e| ebil{lif | _`qn`gliu`qibh {j|pzufif) Btfg af {l fxahlmnb e` fc

pqbmn`z`t` tf{bjf pqle{u`tifj. hlq if tf{bjf pqle{u`tifj ilwl thlyib b{uùf| AfC)

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[nhlelw` ilbpcbei` `juftib{u afu wl e` {l | jqftfyibg x`jbi| AfCfijqfgfifq` j`b jqftfyib ehlnb ilfxtqz`tìhl {|e{jfc pql{|e` |{u`tifc fqlebtifc {|ebt`) @jb {l btb il |qèf. eqo`t` hleib{u`tib ilwl fgùffi{uq|gli u` e` iljbm` iùhlq` e` pqbtbef ihlil x`jbil f {|e{jl ben|jl)

3) I|oib{u pqlf{pfuftìh` pbehlnl AfC i` liufulul f jìubil

_behln` i` liufulul afu wl |tfhlj pbtbe hleibg be ilxèbtbnhifc beuqf jbi{ufu|ufti` i`qbe`. e` x` {lal uqòl pb{laì liufulu) _qfghlq CEX'`

hl i`hibtfhf {n|y`h) Bu|e` {l pbtqùjbg q`{lnhlifj` f fxahlmnfk` {ut`q`h|ql`nil pqlupb{u`tjl e` {l | ebmnleibh a|e|wib{uf i` {nbabeifg elgbj'qù{jfg fxabqfg` eb~l eb tn`{uf jbh` wl afuf | {uìh| e` | qlebtibh pqbkl'e|qf `gìegìfg` i` \{u`t |jfil ba` liufulu`)

Bu|e` uqla` pbeqoùf gfznhlihl jbhl hl | @glqfyjbg fi{ufu|u| x` gfq | T`zfimubi| fxifb efqljubq Gl~|i`qbeil mq|pl x` jqfxl #M`qluc Ltì{&b a|e|wlg |ql~lih| Ab{il f Clqklmbtfil alx liufulu` f jìubi`8 „Gf

x`mbt`q`gb pqfikfp eqo`til utbqltfil h`jfc kliuq`nifc fi{ufu|kfh`. `nf f{'ubebaib h`jl bpwfi{jl fi{ufu|kfhl jbhl {l i`n`xl i` ei| tnè`h|wl {uq|ju|ql.| i`{ubhìh| e` {l il xìlg`qf feliufulu luifyjfc x`hleifk`) I`zl pql'

pbq|jl |jnh|y|h| pbup|i il{uì`j liufulu` f il{uì`j jìubi` jbhf pb{ubhl| Dlelq`kfhf. jbhf {| fi`yl h`jf pbjqlu`yf {ut`qìh` p`q`nlnifc tnè`h|wfc {uq|ju|q`. zub hl |thlubt`nb jbq|pkfh| f x`{uq`zftìhl | ihfg`. ` xabm ylm`.i` jq`h|. Ab{i` f Clqklmbtfi` ifhl |{phlzi` pqfy`) \x h`j| kliuq`ni| tn`{u f h`j| bqmìfx`kfh| i` bpwfi{jbg iftb|. thlqbtùib af afnb pbuqlaib iljbqlmfbi`nib ègfif{uqùftib ufhlnb. jbhl af qlm|nfq`nb pq`ti` pfuìh` fnflilqmlufj| f pfuìh` fidq`{uq|ju|ql‗) X`q {l btfg pqfhlenbmbg il af tqùfnfi` pqleqùib eqo`tib |ql~lihl AfC jbhl hl benfyib d|ijkfbifq`nb)

X`jnh|y`j Elhubibg. beib{ib \{u`tbg AfC hl pbutq~li eqo`tif jbiufi|fulu

Ab{il f Clqklmbtfil | ihlifg mqìfk`g` jbhl {| gl~|i`qbeib pq`tib pqfxiùl 4) `pqfn` 0661) mbefil)

\{u`tbg hl AfC eldfifqì` j`b eqo`t` mq`~ì` f uqf jbi{ufu|uftiì`qbe`8 Abzih`j`. [qa` f Cqtù` #x`hleib { b{u`nfg&) Jbi{ufu|uftib{u i`qb'e` il xi`yf f ihfcbt| luifyj| ulqfubqfh`ni| cbgbmlifx`kfh| | x`{lail li'

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ufulul) F`jb {| uqf jbi{ufu|ufti` i`qbe`. \{u`t pbxi`hl {`gb et` liufulu` ||i|uq`zihbh {uq|ju|qf AfC8 Dlelq`kfh| AfC f Qlp|anfj| [qp{j|. jbhf {|qlx|nuù `mql{fhl i` Ab{i| f Clqklmbtfi|. f bif pqle{u`tnh`h| ilpqfqbeib{uìhl Ab{il f u|~f {| ihlibg cf{ubqfh{jbg eq|zutlibg afw|) Liufuluf {|

pqlg` Elhubi| b{u`nf g|nufluifyjf) Elhubi. e`jnl. il pbxi`hl tlwfi{jli`qbel | liufulufg`. ilg` g`hbqfx`kfhl hleibm i`qbe` iè eq|mfg i`qb'ebg. ` x`zufu` i`kfbi`nifc fiulql{` b{fm|q`t` {l jqbx pb{lai| elgbjqù{j|

pqbkle|q| | pb{u|pj| ebibzlih` ben|j`)Bu|e` | ltqbp{j| {|zufi| Elhubi{jbm {pbq`x|g` {pè` {ut`qìhl

elgbjqù{jfc fi{ufu|kfh` AfC f ebibzlihl eqo`tifc x`jbi`. jbhfg wl {l

b{fm|qùf {tfg mq`~ìfg` f i`qbefg`. j`b f i`kfbi`nifg gìhfi`g` pqf{u|peqo`tifg fi{ufu|kfh`g` {cbeib ebafhlifg mn`{btfg` i` elgbjqù{jfg fx'

abqfg`) E` af AfC afn` {pqlgi` x` Ltqbp| pqfg`qib hl u`jtb {uqì`yjb f pbnfufyjb bqmìfxfqìhl jbhl wl | pqtf pnì {u`tfuf mq`~ìfi` j`b pbnfufyjbm{|ahlju`. ` i`kfbi`nibm bibnfjb jbnfjb hl pbuqlaib e` {l x`zufuf i`kfbi`niffiulql{ i`qbe` j`b {|ahlju` jbnljuftifc pq`t` ihlmbtfc pqfpèifj`) @ xù`jb ilzub ifhl ilbpcbeib i`kfbi`nib {uqì`yjb f ulqfubqfh`nib bqmìfxf'qìhl. jbhl ilmfq` mq`~ìfi` j`b pbnfufyjbm {|ahlju` eqo`tl AfC. eq|mbmf eq|m`yfhlm) Elgbjqù{jfg eqo`tifg fi{ufu|kfh`g` f eqo`tifg x`jbifgì`habnhl {l gbm| x`zufufuf j`jb fieftfe|`ni` mq`~ì{j`. u`jb f{ub f jbnlj'ufti` i`kfbi`ni` pq`t`) I`kfbi`nib bqmìfxfqìhl. j`b zub {gb tfehlnf |

pq`j{f. bahljuftib f{jnh|y|hl eq|mbm f eq|m`yfhlm fx elgbjqù{jbm pb'nfufyjbm pqbkl{` f hlei`jbm |oftìh` pq`t` i` kfhlnbg ulqfubqfh| eqo`tl AfC)

Liufulufg` hl eùb pqltlnfjb xi`ylihl | p`qn`gliu`qibg ben|yftìh|.zub ifhl {n|y`h if | dlelq`nifg eqo`t`g`. ` j`gbnf | AfC jbh` hl pqb{uèlkliuq`nfxfqìèqo`t`) _qle{u`tifyjfebg uqla` tqùfufmq`~ìfg`.` Ebgi`qbe` tqùfuf i`qbefg`) Ufgl wl liufuluf afuf ebtlelif i` pq`t| ghlq|)Afui| ltqbp{j| {|zufi| Elhubi` yfif f pq`tb pbtqùj` fxahlmnfc f q`{lnhlifcnfk` | {tbhl x`tfy`hl f i` {tbh| fgbtfi|) Alx btbm ulglnhibm nh|e{jbm

pq`t`. e` {l ybthlj tqùf i` {tbhl. fn|xbqib hl mbtbqfuf b elgbjqùfhf f belgbjqù{jfg fi{ufu|kfh`g` f b pq`tef f pq`tfyib{uf) Ulj jè` nh|ef {nb'

abeib b{ut`ql {tbhl pq`tb i` tn`{ufu| fgbtfi| f fxabq ghl{u` oftnhlih` alx pqf{fnl. |x p|i| {nbabe| jqluìh` nh|ef. qè` f j`pfu`n`. gbm|wl hl b{ut`qfuff eq|m| mq|p| pq`t` jbh` |n`xl | ltqbp{j| {|zufi| Elhubi`. ` ub hl x`zufu`nh|e{jfc pq`t` f b{ibtifc {nbabe` | |{nbtfg` ibqg`nibm oftbu`) Il gbol{l mbtbqfuf |bpwl b x`zufuf pq`t` f {nbabe` ybthlj`. `jb {l ybthlj| ilebxtbnf e` {nbabeib |oft` {tbh| {fnbg i`p|zuli| fgbtfi|)

Ulj pb{nfhl ubm`. jè` ybthlj fg` f{u| {u`qui| b{ibt| jbh| fg` fihlmbt {|{hle fx eq|ml luibj|nu|ql f thlq{jl mq|pl. gbol q`y|iùf i` gb'

16



m|wib{u q`tibpq`tib{uf. f ybthlj` j`b pqfpèifj` {tbhl luibj|nu|qil x`' hleifkl. f ybthlj` j`b fieftfe|`nibm mq`~ìfi`. {` {tfg gl~|i`qbeib pqfxiùfg pqbjn`gfqìfg pq`tfg` f b{ibtifg {nbabe`g`) Uè` wl fgùf hlei`j pqf{u|p fi{ufu|kfh`g`. f gbm|wib{u elgbjqù{jbm |jnh|yftìh` ihl'mbtl pbnfufyjl {uqìjl | |pq`tnhìh| eqo`tifg pb{nbtfg`) F. q`x|gfhl {l.ufgl b{fm|qùf {jnèib{u d|ijkfbifqìh` eqo`tl. ihlifc liufulu`. jìubi`.bpwfi`. f aqbhifc pqftùifc f h`tifc `juftib{uf)

U| ltqbp{j| {|zufi| b{fm|q`t` Elhubi pbe |{nbtbg e` yn) FT) f T)\{u`t` AfC a|e| |{jn`~lif { i`tlelibg Ltqbp{jbg jbitlikfhbg b x`zuf'uf nh|e{jfc pq`t` f b{ibtifc {nbabe`)Eq|mb hl pfuìhlihlmbtl ileb{nhleil

f {pbql fgpnlgliu`kfhl xabm jbhl {l. bie`. b{pbq`t` Elhubi{jf {pbq`x|gf e`hl b ihlg| ilmùfti` bkhli`) @jb Elhubi ifhl pbaqbh`b {tl fi{ufu|kfhljbhl {| pbuqlail i` eqo`tibg iftb|. bi i`g hl bgbm|wfb | ynì| FFF {u`t<` \{u`t` AfCe` ub {`gf qlm|nfq`gb x`jbibg8 „ Ebeùil fi{ufu|kfhl gbm|afuf |{pb{u`tnhlil pqlg` pbuqlaf)))‗ I` i`g` hl e`. | qlebtibh elgbjqù'{jbh pqbkle|qf. gfhlih`gb f pqfn`mb~`t`gb \{u`t AfC. | {jnè| { pbuql'

a`g`. i` i`yfi pqbpf{ì ynìbg S \{u`t`) E`jnl. gbm|wl {| `gìegì'{jl pqbghlil. il Elhubi{jbm {pbq`x|g` | khlnfif. tlw \{u`t` AfC fxElhubi`. pbe |{nbtbg e` {l b ubgl pb{ufmil {`mn`{ib{u pbnfufyjfc pqle'{u`tifj` {t` uqf i`qbe` | AfC. q`x|gfhl {l f ihlifc mq`~ì`. `nf |x `juftifh|f |pbqifh|pbeqzj|Gl~|i`qbeilx`hleifkl. ilmb zub hl eb {èàfn`) [`gb

u`jb Elhubi gbol uq`{fqùf |{phlzì p|u Ab{il | Ltqbp|)

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G|c`gle Dfnfpbtfw

JQFUFJ@ _BHG@ UQ@IXFKFHL F _FU@IHLIHLMBTFC FG_NFJ@KFH@

_bh`g uqìxfkfhl {l eì`{ |pbuqlanh`t` | fxthl{ibg bpwlifubg f{ubm` pqfnfyib ilbeql~libg {gf{n|) Yfif {l e` ilbeql~lib{u ubm pbhgùqla` e` pbjqfhl. ` xùfg f e` bah`{if. |j|pib {nbolibpbnfufyjb f eq|zutlibxaftìhl eb jbhlm hl ebznb. jbhl hbz |tfhlj uq`hl f jbhl wl pbuq`hùf. i`jbi

pè` mnba`nibm {f{ulg` {bkfh`nfxg` ‛ pbnfufyjf eldfifqìbm j`b jbg|ifx`g ‛ eb jbhlm hl ebznb 066?) m). `nf ifhl hbz |tfhlj h`{ib zu` xi`yf f jbhf {l pqbkl{f |i|u`q ihlm` ebm`~`h|) Xabm ubm` hl pbh`g uqìxfkfh` ilzub zub fxi`yf. ` gbol f e` il xi`yf. ifzu` beql~lib f h`{ib) X`pq`tb. u`h pbh`g. |{è`zihbh |pbuqlaf f { baxfqbg i` bib i` zub {l beib{f. j`b e` mbtbqf e`

{l u| ilzub ebm`~`. `nf f e` {l il ebm`~` ifzu` zub af afnb h`{ib f uqì{p`'qliuib. b{bafub jè {l qèf b {bkfh`nifg f b{u`nfg tlbg` afuifg fgpnfj`kf'

h`g` jbhl u`h pbh`g x` {babg t|yl) \ b{ibtf hl u`h pbh`g ilh`{ì. ` u`jb hl f {ct`wli) Ub e` hl bt`h pbh`g f bib zub bi | pq`j{f pbjqft`. ilh`{ì.i`habnhlmbtbqlgibmlpqbuft|qhlyil fiulpqlu`kfhl f {|jbafbjb ihlm .beib{ib bjb xi`ylih` ldljù` ihlmbtl pqfghlil | pq`j{f) Bpwlifub hl{ct`wli f pqbu|g`yli j`b e` xi`yf f bafnhlo`t` pqln`xif plqfbe fnf jqluìhleq|zut` be {bkfh`nfxg` j` j`pfu`nfxg|. e`jnl. e` {l qèf b fitlqxfhf bibm

pqbkl{`. jbhf hl. | ulbqfhf {bkfh`nfxg` pb jbhbh {| {l betfh`nf {tf pqbkl{f |tqfhlgl jbg|ifxg`. afb eldfifqì j`b pqln`xif plqfbe be j`pfu`nfxg` j`

jbg|ifxg|) _qbkl{ uqìxfkfhl af uqla`b. j`jb {l {ctù` f i`hylzwl fiulq' pqlufq` | h`tib{uf. e` pbifzuf ilmùftil pb{nhlefkl ubm plqfbe`) Gl~|ufg.ub il xi`yf e` uqla` e` ebjfil f {tl ihlmbtl pb{nhlefkl. uh) f bil jbhl ilgbm| afuf jt`nfdfkfqìl j`b ilmùftil) @ u`jtfc hl afnb) _qfhl {tlm`. afnbfc hl | aqxbg i`{u hìh| f q`xtbh| fie|{uqfhl. jbh` hl pb{ufmn` tf{bj {ulpliulcibnbzjbm f bqmìfx`kfh{jbm q`xtbh`. | {gf{n| f | pbmnle| |i|uqìhfcbeib{` f {u|pih` gbafnfx`kfhl f |ylzw` nh|ef | ubg beib{|) Ub hl bgbm|'w`t`b {f{ulg {`gb|pq`tnhìh ) Eq|mb. ub {| bpwl pb{nhlefkl q`xtbh`. j`b

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zub {| {bkfh`ni` {fm|qib{u. jt`nfuluib {bkfh`nib. plixfbib f xeq`t{utlibb{fm|qìhl. ul tlbg` jt`nfululuì {f{ulg baq`xbtìh` f tlnfjl gbm|wib{ufxiì{utlibm qè`. | f fxtì ubm {f{ulg`. ` zub hl i`htòifhl. {pb{baib{u ul

pqftqlel e` ìmò|hlmbubtb6?,q`{pbnboftl qèil {i`ml| xlgnhf) _qlgùbgl. | {n|y`h| uqìxfkfhl af {l. {cbeib ulbqfhf b eq|zutlibg q`xtbh|. qèfnbb iljbh tq{uf tq`wìh` eq|zut` |i`xè. j` iljbh pbyluibh u`ykf { jbhl hlx`pbylb {bkfh`nf{ufyjf eq|zutlif lj{lplqfgliu. u`ykf be jbhl hl beql~libeq|zutlib jqluìhl x`pbylnb f jbhl hl afnb eldfifqìb j`b pqln`x be j`pf'u`nfxg` j` jbg|ifxg|) [|zufiùbm pqbkl{`. pqlg` ubh f{ubh ulbqfhf.{tbefn`{l i` x`ghli| pqftùibm tn`{ifzut` iè pqbfxtbeifg {i`m`g`'j`pfu`n jbhf

{l h`tnh` | dbqgf ibtk`. xlgnh` f pqfqbeif fxtbqf. x` eq|zutlib tn`{ifzutb.beib{ib |jfeìhl pqftùibm | jbqf{u eq|zutlibm tn`{ifzut`) [è` af {luqla`nb ebm`~ùf ilzub baqi|ub. uh) |jfe` {l eq|zutlib | jbqf{u pqftùibmtn`{ifzut` i` {qle{ut` x` pqbfxtbeih|'j`pfu n | banfj| ibtk`. {qle{ut` x`qè {tfc banfj`. ql{|q{f |bpwl f fxtbqf {fqbtfi` f {n) Beg`c f | bjtfq|bt`jtfc pqlgf{`. fx jbhfc {l elqftfq` |bafy`hlib xi`ylihl pbhg` uqìxfkfh`.gbq` pb{uùf h`{ib e` { btfg pbhgbg ifhl {tl h`{ib f e` af afnb |p|uibfxtqzfuf ihlmbt| ì`nfx| f jqfufj|. j`jb af {l xi`nb b ylg| {l u| x`pq`tbqèf f zub {l pbe i`xftbg uqìxfkfh` bef{u` xaft`. b j`jtfg {l |bpwl

pqbkl{fg` qèf f j`j`t hl ihfcbt eq|zutlif {èqo`h. ul j`jtl {|. i` jq`h|.{tl gbm|wl fgpnfj`kfhl ubm pqbkl{` | {tfg bifg eq|zutfg` jbh` {| ba|c'

t`wli` pqbkl{fg` uqìxfkfhl. beib{ib zub {l fx {tlm` ubm` gbol byljftùf)@jb hl uqìxfkfh` be j`pfu`nfxg`j`jbg|ifxg| afn` fxq`xbeql~libmfelb'nbmfxfqìbm {ctùìh` f pbj|z`h` pqfghlil iljl ulbqfhl b eq|zutlibg q`x'tbh|. | ubg {n|y`h| g`qj{f{ufyjl ulbqfhl. | pq`j{f. uè` hl nbmfyib f e`bt`j`t. baqi|uf pqbkl{. uh) tq`wìhl be jbg|ifxg` | j`pfu`nfx`g. gbq`.u`jb~lq. e` pbn`xfbeiljl ulbqfhlf iljl felbnbmfhl f eìfhl fxpq{u` f{f{ì`{ut`q. ilmb fxq`x iljbm beql~libm f ulbqfh{jbm f pbnfufyjbm. `nf f felbnbzjbmmnleìh` i` eq|zutlif q`xtbh) Ub gbq` afuf alx baxfq` zu` x`{u|pifkf uqì'xfkfbi`nfxg` mbtbqfnf b {tbhfg pbmnlefg` f j`jb fc jt`nfdfkfq`nf) I`fgl.

a|e|wf e` il pb{ubhf pqfqbeib eq|zutb. j`b zub il pb{ubhf if eqtlib olnhlxb.

hlq hl eq|zutb ilzub zub afuib be{u|p` be pqfqbeifc x`jbi` nh|e{jbm oftbu`f beibzlih` f q`xtfh` {l | cf{ubqfhf j`b pqbfxtbe| nh|e{jbm ehlnbtìh` pqlg` pqfqbef. ub hl bie` btehl | pfuìh| fxabq hleibm eq|zutlibm {f{ulg` |beib{| i` eq|mf) Hleì {f{ulg. jbhf hl tnè`b jbe i`{ pqfhl 066?) mbefil.

afb hl {`gb|pq`tif {bkfh`nfx`g. ` il jbg|ifx`g) Afb hl ub jbg|if{ufyjf pbnfufyjf {f{ulg) @nf ub ifhl.plq eldffifkfbilg.afb eq|zutlif {f{ulg jbg|'ifxg`. hlq {l. mnleìb ulbqfh{jf eq|zutb ulj jqlu`nb pqlg` ihlg| j`b |e`'nhlibg kfnh|) [f{ulg hl. e`jnl. afb {bkfh`nf{fuyjf f ub {`gb|pq`tif {bkfh`'

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nf{fufyjf {f{ulg) Il luùf{ufyjf fnf eqo`tif {bkfh`nfx`g. ilmb {`gb|pq`tif{bkfh`nfx`g) [è` tfzl il olnfgb jbg|if{ufyjf pbnfufyjf {f{ulg. `nf hl pf'uìhl e` nf hl f{pq`tib zub |ifzu`t`gb {t` {bkfh`ni` pb{ufmi|w` {`gb|'

pq`tibm {bkfh`nfxg`. b{bafub | {dlqf beib{` | pqbfxtbeihf. jbhl hl bifi`|m|qfq`b f tq`w`gb {l pqtbafuifg dbqg`g` j`pfu`nfxg`. xìlg`q|h|wff ef{jt`nfdfkfq`h|wf plel{lu mbefi` q`xtbh`. j`b e` u`h q`xtbh ifhl ebifbifzu` ebaqbm. | jbqf{u ilylm` x` zub {l xi` e` ifhl ebaqb. hleib{u`tib fxq`xnbm` zubhl pqtbafuif j`pfu`nfx`g tlw | cf{ubqfhftf~li` f bkfhlihli` {ut`q f ub bkfhlihli` j`b mq|a. i`{fnì. ilpq`tleì i`yfi {ut`qìh` pbyluibmj`pfu`n` x` q`xtbh j`pfu`nf{ufyjl pqftqlel) I` u`h i`yfi. fel`n i`g pb{u`hl

ilzub zub hl tlw bea`ylib j`b fel`nib f zub kfhln| {ut`q tq`w` |i`xè. il{`gb | beib{| i` {`gb|pq`tif {bkfh`nfx`g f beib{l | ihlg|. ilmb f hbztfzl i` j`pfu`nfx`g | ihlmbtfg {`tqlglifg f i`hq`xtfhlifhfg dbqg`g`)@jb hl bufg`yfil fgbtfil afnb f i` pbyluj| q`xtbh` {bkfh`nfxg`. {è` hlu` bufg`yfi` hbz tlw`. hlq hl f eq|zutlib abmù{utb tlwl) Uè` {| buluèbaq` afn` |{ghlqli` | bpw| jbqf{u. ` eì`{{| bulu` ebaq` |{ghlqli` {g`b| jbqf{u beql~lifc mq|p` f pbhlefi`k` jbhf b{ut`q|h| abmù{ut` jqbx pqbkl{luqìxfkfhl f qlpqftùfx`kfhl)

\ tnè`h|wlg.f |hleib. {t`me`pbhleib{u`tnh|h|wlg gfznhlih|. pqb'kl{ uqìxfkfhl. | {gf{n| ihlmbt` {èqo`h`. fiulqpqlufqì hl j`b pqbkl{ qlpqf'tùfx`kfhl fgbtfil. beib{ib abnhl qlwf. j`b pqbkl{ pqlut`qìh` h`til f

eq|zutlil fgbtfil #` u`jtl fgbtfil fg` tfzl tq{u` ‛ be eqo`til eb eq|z'utlil& | pqftùi| fgbtfi|) F{ub u`jb. tnè`h|wl ljbibg{jb f{j|{utb { btfg

pqbkl{bg hl f{j|{utb ljbibg{jbm i`xèbtìh` pqbe|jkfhl f {tfc ihlifc pqùlwfc banfj` ehlnbtìh`. i` hleibh. j`b f {bkfh`nib f{j|{utb abm`wlih` hleibm g`nbm aqbh` nh|ef f e`nhihlm {fqbg`zlih` tlnfjbm aqbh` nh|ef. ièq|mbh {uqìf) Ub hl {tl zub dlibglibnbmfh` pqbkl{` uqìxfkfhl i|ef j`bfxq`x {tbm {gf{n` f cf{ubqfh{jbm xi`ylih`) \pq`tb xabm ubm`. uh) xabm f{'

pbnhlibm e`nhihlm pqbkl{` b{fqbg`zlih` f eq|zut` | khlnfif f i`htlwlm aqbhìhlmbtfc ynìbt` pbhlefi`yib. ul xabm pbup|il ilh`{ibwl ihlmbtfc kfnhlt`.fx|xfg`h|wf hlefib kfnh e` {l h`ti` f eq|zutli` fgbtfi` pqlutbql | pqftùi|.

i|oib hl uqìxfkfh|. fx|yfuf. j`b pbh`g f |utqefuf ihlmbtb pqlkfxib xi`ylihl.ul fxtqzfuf ihlmbt| jqfufj|. j`jb | {gf{n| h`{ifc q`xmqìfylih` | pbhgbtifgxi`ylihfg`. u`jb f | {èqofif bifc pqbkl{` | eq|zut| f | ljbibgfhf. jbhffxqò`t`h| {ut`qi| ehlnùi| {èqofi| f {gf{`b uqìxfkfhl)

\ tlxf { btfg pqbanlgbg. t`nh` i`g hbz. | {gf{n| bpwl i`xi`jl.j`xùf f ub. e` {l u`hi` xi`ylih` f {gf{n` {t`jbm pbhg` ufyl f e` {l i`n`xf| xi`ylih| f {gf{n| bxi`j` jbhl bi {èqof. jbhf {| efb ihlmbtl eldfifkfhl.` jbhl fgpnfkfq`h| f {ut`qib{u. beib{ib pqlegluib{u. i` jbh| {l pbh`g

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beib{f) _bn`xfzul ì`nfxl hl u| {t`me` {`g` qfhly jbh` hl ib{fn`k xi`ylih` pbhg` f ihlib xi`ylihl) Jè {l qèf b ubgl. bie` hl xi`ylihl qfhlyf uqì'xfkfh` {èqoìb | yfihlifkf e` u` qfhly bxi`y`t` iljb beql~lib jqluìhl. iljqluìhl |bpwl. ilmb hleib |{ghlqlib f beql~lib jqluìhl) Qfhly hl {nboli`f {èqof et` lnlgliu`) Hleì lnlgliu hl pqfnbm ‛ uqì{. | xi`ylih| pqljbfnf jqbx. {nfyib | qfhlyfg` uqì{'pbqu fnf pqlibzlihl f pqltbolihl f {n). ` eq|mf

hl ebeù`j ‛ xfkfh`. | {gf{n| ghl{u` fnf pbnbo`h`. {nfyib | qfhlyfg` bpbxfh`#b' pbxfkfh`'i`{|pqbu'pbxfkfh` fnf i`{|pqbuif'{u`t& f {n) _bh`g {l. e`jnl.beib{f i` f bxi`y`t` pqbn`x fnf pqln`x ilylm` fx beql~libm pbnbo`h` f ghl{u`| iljf eq|mf pbnbo`h f ghl{ub. pqln`x fx hleibm | eq|mb {uìhl. pqln`x |

ilzub eq|mb ilmb zub hl bib zub hl afnb qìfhl. uh) beib{f {l i` pqbghli|ghl{u fnf pqln x | iljb eq|mb {uìhl) Gl~|ufg. jè` {l u` qfhly |pbuqlanh`t`x` iljb jqluìhl | eq|zut| fnf x` jqluìhl hleibm eq|zut` |bpwl. bie` {lxi`ylihl qfhlyf ghl{ub f {uìhl. jbhl btehl dfm|qfq`h|. afuib {|o`t`) I`fgl.eq|zutb ilg` {`gb iljb beql~lib ghl{ub. | {gf{n| mlbmq`d{jbm ubpb{`.ilmb bib pqfg`qib fg`ghl{u| | pqbkl{| cf{ubqfh{jbm q`xtbh` iljfc {tbhfclnlgliù`. ghl{ub | cf{ubqfhf {l beql~|hl iftbbg q`xtbh` lnlgliù` fx jbhfc{l {`{ubhf bib zub ub ghl{ub x`|xfg`) Eb ubm gbgliu` hl { btbg qfhlyh| f

pbhgbg jbhlm bi` bxi`y`t`. {tl | qle|) @nf { pqbghlibg | pbnbo`h|. p`y`j f {`gb { pqbghlibg ghl{u`. pfuìhl hl | ubgl. zu` ilj` pqbghli`

pqln`x. pqbn`x fue) i|oib pbeq`x|gfhlt` bibm jbhf u| qèih| tqzf. `jb hl

{|ahlju{tbm jqluìh` fnf bibm jbhlm pqlib{l. pqlghlzu`h| fnf pqltbel.beib{ib{pqbtbel.`jbhlbahlju {tbm jqluìh`.uh) `jbub jqluìhl|xqbj|hlilj` tlw` {fn`. jbh` jqluìhl but`q` f {u`tnh` bahlju | pbjqlu) E`jnl. tlwi` pqtf pbmnle hl h`{ib j`jb hl pfuìhl b ubgl zu` hl. x`pq`tb. uqìxfkfh`.j`j`t hl ub pqbkl{. j`jtb hl ub jqluìhl. jb {l u| jqlwl f jb m` hl {u`tfb |ub {uìhl. jb m` hl pbjqli|b. tlbg` {nbolib f e` {l u| `g` a`z ifzu` {`gbbe {lal il q`x|gfhl) [`gbq`x|gnhftb af u| gbmnb afuf {`gb bib zub {l{ct`w` j`b qltlqxfafnfulu eq|zutlifc pqbkl{`. ` ub hl e`. `jb hl {bkfh`nfx`g

afb bqmìfxfqìf pqbkl{ pqln`{j` eq|zut`. jbhl hl bxi`ylib j`b j`pfu`nfx`g.| jbg|ifx`g. ` {bkfh`nfx`g hl afb {`gb d`x` uqìxfkfhl be hleibm j`

eq|mbgl. uè` af uqìxfkfh` gbq`n` afuf pqbkl{ fnf plqfbe jqluìh`. be jbg|'ifxg`j`j`pfu`nfxg|) J`jb. gl~|ufg.jbg|ifx`g ‛j`b eq|zutlib{uìhl ‛ ifhl ifmehl hbz afb eb{ufmi|u #qfhly jbg|ifx`g hl afb {`gb felbnbzjf f pbnfufyjfkfnh. ` fi`yl ùqfa|u tbelwl pbnfufyjl{i`ml ubm eq|zut`&. ub af bie`xi`yfnb e` hl uqìxfkfh`. | {ut`qf. tq`wìhl fx hleibm pqln`xibm {uìh`. jqbxeq|mb pqln`xib {uìhl. | iljb pqtbafuib {uìhl eq|zut`) Ub {uìhl. | jbhl{l jqbx pqbkl{ uqìxfkfhl tq`w`gb. af. {cbeib gùlqfh`nf{ufyjbh f g`qj'{f{ufyjbh ulbqfhf eq|zut`. afnb {uìhl j`pfu`nfxg`) [tl i`g btl pbulzjbwl

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pqbanlg beql~ftìh` ghl{u` f iftb` eq|zutlibm q`xtbh` be jbhlm pqbkl{x`pbyfihl f jbe jbhlm x`tqz`t`) [tfhl{u b ubg ghl{u| f b pb{ufmi|ubg iftb|eq|zutlibmq`xtbh` gbq`n` af afuf hleì be afuifc lnlgliù` ebibzlih` afnbj`jtl bxafnhil f qlnltìuil ben|jl b bupbyfihìh| uqìxfkfhl. beib{ib afnbj`jtbm pqln`x` fx hleibm | eq|mb {uìhl. ` pb{laib jè {l qèf b ql'tlqxfafnfulu| jqluìh`. uh) b jqluìh| |i`xè. | {gf{n| ilm`kfhl pb{ubhlwlm

f tq`wìh` i` iljb pqlucbeib {uìhl {ut`qf) Ub ubpbibgfh{jb q`xn|yftìhl hli|oib.|jbnfjb uqìxfkfh` hl{ul{`{u`tif efbpqbkl{` eq|zutlifc pqbghli`f |jbnfjb {l eq|zutb |bpwl q`xtfh`. uh) |jbnfjb hl cf{ubqfh{jb eq|zutb) [tfwl {l beg`c {nbofuf e` {l. jbe pbhg` uqìxfkfh` f jbe pqbkl{` jbhf {| ihlmbt{`{u`tif efb. il qèf b iljbg glcìfyjbg. pqb{ubqibg fnf jbnfyfi{jbg

pqln`x| f pqlghlzuìh|. pqltb~lih| ilylm fnf iljbm { iljbm pqtbafuibm iìljb eq|mb ghl{ub | jtìufuùftibg {gf{n|) \ pqb{ubq| {| {ut`qf i` ghl{'ufg`. ` | pbtfhl{uf i` iftbfg` q`xtbh`) J`jb {l i`z oftbu il betfh` pqf'g`qib | pqb{ubq|. hlq {l bi pbeq`x|ghlt`. j`b pqlupb{u`tj` lmxf{ulikfhl| uqbefglixfbi`nibg pqb{ubq|. ilmb | ylutqubh efglixfhf ql`nib{uf'tql'gli|. ` ub | nh|e{jbg {tfhlu| xi`yf | pbtfhl{uf. ub {l ubpb{ pbtfhl{ib{uf

beql~|hl j`b pb{ufmi|uf iftb q`xtbh` beql~lifc `{pljù` nh|e{jbm oftbu`.j`b yf{ub nh|e{jbm. | {gf{n| pqbkl{` fxmqèihl ybthlyib{uf f c|gìfc |thlu`|j|pibm nh|e{jbm oftbu`) @jb hl u`jb. ` u`jb hl nbmfyib e` a|el. bie` {l.| pbmnle| q`x|gfhltìh` uqìxfkfhl j`b pbtfhl{ibm pqbkl{`. i|oifg i`yf'ibg h`tnh` pfuìhl b ubgl. be jbhlm ub ubpbibgfh{jbm ghl{u` f jbhl {|ubpbibgfh{jl beqleifkl iftb` pbtfhl{ib{uf. be jbhfc uqìxfkfh` pbyfihl fj` jbhlg {l ubpbibgfh{jbg iftb| bi` jqlwl) Zu` hl ihli pbtfhl{if kfnh2

I`q`tib. {tf x`{u|pifkf uqìxfkfbi`nfxg` bt| qfhly i`ghlqib |xf'g`h| | {gf{n| hleibm {`{tfg ilbeql~libm. `nf il gìhl {tlbpwlm f ilb'

aq`xnbolibm |thlqlih`. e`jnl. | gibmbgl ebmgù{jbm gfznhlih`) Bif wl

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afnb ifj`jtb. e` {| nh|ef pbetqmi|uf `|ubqfu`qibh tn`{uf. e` fg hl bilgbm|'wlib e` {tbhl {pb{baib{uf jbqf{ul x` pbtlw`tìhl pqftùil fgbtfil f jb'

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;4



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;3



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;6



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pbfgìhl tn`{ifzut`. jbhl hl b{ibt` kftfnfx`kfhl | jbhbh {gb ofthlnf. ` jbhl pbn`xf be {ctùìh` e` hl {tl zub pb{ubhf. kfhlnf {tfhlu. pqfqbe`. eùb j`b pqleglu ybthlj|. e` { ihbg tnè`. ` u` tnè`tfi` f pq`tb |pbuqlal {lfxqò`t` | pq`t| tn`{ifzut`. zub {l b{nìh` i` Afanfh{jf {u`t b fxmbi| nh|effx q`h` f e`tìh` nh|efg` xlgnhl ªe` hl banfhlt`h| | xibh| nfk` {tbmº.e`jnlkfhln` `juftf{ufyj` kftfnfx`kfh` tnè`tfil f f{jbqfzu`tìh` pqfqbel i`n`xf {li` jq`h|) Ybtfhlj pqfhluf pqfqbef. ` x`pq`tb pqfhluf {laf {`gbg. `mql{fhbg

f f{jbqfzu`tìhlg eb jq`h`) Ybthlj hl tlw |ifzufb gibml pqfqbeil ql{|q{lf oft` afw`. ` {è`. {tbhfg `juftib{ufg`. j`b zub {| {hly` z|g` fnf pqljb'ghlqi` lgf{fh` ubpnfc f xùbpnh`t`h|wfc m`{bt`. pqfhluf bpwlg bubpnh`tìh|

pnìlul. il{uìj` kfhlnfc xbi` pnbeibm xlgnhfzu`. pqbghlif jnfgl f jù`{'uqbdfyifg pb{nhlefkfg`. j`b zub {| il{uì`j baqèftbm xlgnhfzu`. tbel fjf{fj` ‛ uqfh| i`htòifhfc lnlgliu` x` oftbu nh|e{ut`) [tl {l btb ebm`~` iùlglnh| felhl pq`t` i` jbqfzulihl eb |ifzulih`‛ tn`{ifzut` iè pqleglu'ibzw|) Jbnfjb hl ub afuì lnlgliu i`zl pbtfhl{uf i`habnhl mbtbqf yfihlifkè` {l nh|ef abql. p` f qù|h| f gl~|{baib {l |afh`h|wf. e` af b{ut`qfnf u`jt`

pq`t`) Xabmubm` hl i|oi` nh|e{j``jkfh`. jbh` af uqla`n` e` {pqfhlyf bt`jtl

pb{nhlefkl pqfghlil pq`t` tn`{ifzut` | ihlmbtbg uqèfkfbi`nibg {gf{n|.` ub hl pq`tb |pbuqlal afnb jbhfc pqleglu`. alx fj`jt` bmqìfylih`. eb|ifzulih`) Ybthlyì{utb gbq` |{pb{u`tfuf f {f{ulg pq`t` pqfqbel i`{pq`gybthlj`. `jb nh|ef f pqfqbe` yfil khlnfi| |j|pibm offtbu`) @ ub hl gbm|wl{`gb `jb {l afuib fxgfhlif b{ibtif jbiklpu pq`t` tn`{ifzut` f { ufg | tlxf|{pb{u`tf ibtb {uìhl | beib{fg` ybthlj` f pqfqbel)

Eq|mf gbgliuf b{ibtibm beib{` jbhf {l |{pb{u`tnh` | pqbfxtbeihfoftbu` nh|ef. uh) gbgliu nh|e{jl qèil {pb{baib{uf f {qle{u`t` qè`. p` f

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pqleglu` qè`. eboftnh`t`nf {| | xèihfc {ubufi| mbefi` afuil pqbghlil)Nh|e{jf qè. beib{ib qèi` {pb{baib{u {l afuib fxgfhlifn` f | {uq|ju|qf ftqfhleib{uf.uh){plkfdfyifg {pb{baib{ufg` jbhl {l beihfc uqòl) \ |j|pibh{uq|ju|qf qèil{i`ml ul{| pqbghlil i`htfenhftfhl. ` bil{lpbup|ibfxqò`'t`h| ulj | ldljufg` jbhl b{ut`q`h| beql~lil jùlmbqfhl qèil {i`ml) Jè

af |pbql~ft`nf qèi| {i`m| | d`xf gìfd`ju|ql. xùfg fie|{uqfh{jbm j`pf'u`nfxg` glcìfyjl. pbn|`|ubgù{jl f i`hxè. `|ubgù{jl. ` pbmbubtb lnlj'uqbi{jf tb~lil pqbfxtbeihl. tfehlnf af {`t bafg. pq`t`k jqluìh` f pb{nhl'efkl q`xtbh` | {uq|ju|qf f banfkfg` pqfghlil nh|e{jbm qè` | pqbfxtbeihf)\ pqtfg d`x`g` pqltnè`t` gì|lni` qèi` {i`m`. yfhf {| qèif ldljuf

qlnùftib g`nf. `nf jbh` | |j|pifg ldljufg` {`gl pqbe|jkfhl yfif ihli afuifefb. beib{ib ib{f i`htfzl bibm zub {l i`xft` ibtb{utbqli` tqfhleib{u

pqbfxtbeihl) _qbghlil | {uq|ju|qf f {qle{utfg` qè` {| u| qfhlujl f g`nl) Iljl tq{ul {uqbhlt`. ipq)bif jbhf {| pqfghlihftìf|uj`bifk`g`fnfpqlefb'ifk`g`.uq`h`nl{| pb {ubufih`j mbefi`. ` e` if{| ebofthlnl tlnfj| pqbghli|| {tbh{utfg` f plqdbqgì{`g`. ` ub mbtbqf f b qlnùftib g`nbh f ilafuibh|nbxf ulcifyjbm jèq` | pqbe|jkfhf f |bpwl |nbml qèil {i`ml tfzlm qìm`f jt`nfdfj`kfh`) _qltnè`t` ef{kfpnfi`qi` ièxbqifyj` mq|p` tfzfc jùlmbqfh`qèil {i`mlfaqbhlgf |nbmbg |pqbkl{fg` qè`) Eì`{ hl {fu|`kfh` |pq`tbbaqi|u`)Eì`{ {l {gìh|hl |nbm`bafyil gì|lnilqèil{i`ml.pbmbubtbbil ef{kfpnfi`qil ‛ pqleqèifj`) Bi` hl ilmehl {tleli` bef{u` i` gfifg|gfnf mbubtb {`{tfg fzylx`t`) I`{|pqbu ubglf aqbhlg f |nbmbg f xi`ylihlg.q`{ul liqbgib |nbm` tf{bjb q`xtfhlil qèil {i`ml f |bpwl tf{bjb q`xtfhlifcbanfj` nh|e{jbm qè`. b{bafub q`xifc {uq|yih`j` | ban`{uf f{uqòftìh`. fib't`kfh` f jbi{uq|jkfh`. ul glièolq{jbm ehlnbtìh` | ban`{uf pnìfqìh`.tb~lih` f ql`nfx`kfhl qlx|nuù` pqbe|jkfhl) Bt` qèi` {i`m` pbyfihl eèbgfifq` | {tfg {lmgliufg` pqbe|jkfhl. be ihlibm pnìfqìh`. f{uqòftìhùqofzu` f eq|mfc pqfpqlgifc bplq`kfh`. eb jbi{uq|jkfh` ulcibnbmfhl f pqbfx'tbe`. ul {u`nifc fibt`kfh`. j`jb | pbeq|yh| ulcibnbmfhl. u`jb f bqmìfx`kfhlf glièogliu` | khlnfif) Bi` {tl tfzl pql|xfg` tbelw| |nbm| f | tb~lih|

pbnfufjl f{jbqfzu`tìh` pbulikfh`n`. zub hl iljè` afn` pqftfnlmfh` {`gb pqf'

tùifc tn`{ifj` j`pfu`n`) Bt` pqbghli` | {uq|ju|qf. jt`nfulu| f ldljufg`qè` tf{bjb q`xtfhlil f le|kfqìl qèil {i`ml. fg`n` hl tfzl{uq|jf |uhlk`hf fx`xt`n` aqbhil pb{nhlefkl | {tfg ebglifg` f beib{fg` | pqbfxtbeihf.

p` f | ebgli| tn`{ifyjfc pq`t`) E`jnl. khlnbj|pif pqbkl{ q`xtbh` beib{`|i|u`q pqbfxtbeihl baqi|b hl xi`ylihl f |nbm| {tfc lnlgliù` pqbkl{` fnf

a`q mbubtb {tfc) \ghl{ub jnh|yibm xi`y`h` ibtk` fieftfe|`nibm pbe|xlu'ifj` j`pfu`nf{ul. ibtf hl q`xtbh | pqtf pnì {u`tfb xiìhl f ub | uqf ihlmbt`

afui` `{plju`8 xiìhl j`jb ilzub pqbfxtl{uf jib} cb} ‛ uh) jbi{uq|jkfh| f

50



ulcibnbmfh|. xiìhl bqmìfx`kfhl f tb~lih` pqbkl{` ‛ glièogliu f xiìhlb |thlufg` ldlju|`kfhl pqbfxtbeihl'uqofzul. beib{ib {pb{baib{u ldfj`{ibm|ylzw` i` uqofzufg` {tfc tq{u`. ` ub xi`yf uqofzu| ibtk`. |{n|m`. qba`. ulc'ibnbzjfc qhlzlih`. pùliù`. fibt`kfh` f {tfc eq|mfc lnlgliù` jbhf b{fm|'q`t`h| jt`nfului| f ldljufti| pqbe|jkfh|) Xi`y`hi` |nbm` fieftfe|`nibmj`pfu`n` il{u`n` hl nbmfjbg q`{u` kfhli` bqmìfx`kfhl pqbe|jkfhl. hlq {l

pbj`x`nb e` tlbg` g`nf aqbh fieftfe|`nifc pqftùifc j`pfu`nf{u` gbol e`|nòl ubnfj` {qle{ut`. zub bt| ban`{u beib{` ebtbef | x`tf{ib{u be aì`j`f eq|mfc glièolq` j`pfu`n`. ` x` ub {| afuif {tf eq|mf |thluf fitl{ufqìh`.uh) pqbkhlil ihlmbtl ljbibg{jl b{ibtìb{uf) [tl {| ul pqbghlil. |xlul |

khlnfif. i`znl {tbh fxq`x f | pqbghli`g` {uq|ju|ql f i`yfi` d|ijkfbifqìh`tn`{ifyjl d|ijkfhl | gbelqibh pqbfxtbeihf f ljbibgfhf) _qbghli`. jbh` {lebmbefn` | {dlqf tn`{ifyjfc beib{` hl tlbg` tlnfj` f bi` h`{ib f{pbnh`tùlielikfh| pbeq|zutnh`tìh` tn`{ifyjl d|ijkfhl. pqfhl {tlm`. | {gf{n| il{u`'

hìh` {` {klil fieftfe|`nibm tn`{ifj` jbgpìfh` f ihfcbtbm j`pfu`n` f {tltlwbh |nbxf jbnljuftifc f pb{laib {uq|yifc f xiì{utlifc lnlgliù` | ubgbeib{|) \ eì`zihbh tf{bjb q`xtfhlibh pqbfxtbeihf f ljbibgfhf jbh` hli`{u`n` i` ufg b{ibt`g`. tlbg` hl ulzjb i`wf fieftfe|`nil tn`{ifjl jbg'

pìfh`. hlq hl | tn`{ifyjf beib{. i` q`xili`yfil. |znb gibmb {`{tfg ibtfc{|ahljù`. p` f bifc jbhf {| iljè` afnf pqleglu tn`{ifzut`. uh) bifc yfh` hlqèi` {i`m` aft`n` |i`hgnhli`) Uf ibtf {|ahljuf tn`{ifzut` {| aìjl. |

pqtbg qle|. xùfg `jkfbi`qf f |bpwl gibmbaqbhif ib{fbkf `jkfh` jbg' pìfh`. xùfg glièolqfh`ni` {uq|ju|q`. jbh` i` q`xil i`yfil |n`xf | {uq|j'u|q| tn`{ifzut`. ` pqfhl {tlm` pq`tbg |ehln` | ebafuf jbgpìfh` f pq`tbgben|yftìh` b |pbuqlaf ihfcbtfc pbulikfh`n`) [tf uf ibtf {|ahljuf {| ib{fbkfil {`gb bqmìfx`kfhl f |pq`tnhìh` ilmb f tn`{ifyjfc pq`t`. b jbhfg` {l

alx ihfc f alx ql{pljufqìh` ihfcbtfc fiulql{` il gbol ifzu` ben|yftùf)[|eafi` tlnfjfc jbgpìfh`. ` {tl tfzl f |bpwl {|eafi` fitl{ufqìbm j`pf'u`n`. bufg` {l fx ebgli` ben|yftìh` g`nbm aqbh` nh|ef f fx q`xnbm` ihfcbtfc

pqftùifc fiulql{`) [tl ub pb{u`hl aqfm` gibmfc nh|ef. fi{ufu|kfh` f eq|zut`.i`hylzwl | banfj| eqo`tl f be ihl jbiuqbnfqìfc dfiìkfh{jfc fi{ufu|kfh`) I`

pnì| i`kfbi`nifc f mnba`nifc ljbibgfh`. {tl {| ul pqbghlil i`znl fxq`x`| pqlq`{pbehlnf |j|pifc ldljù` pqftqlel. pb{gùq`h|wf {` {u`h`nfzu` |nbmlefhlnbt`. tq{u` qè` f ldljù` jbhl bil b{ut`q|h|) B ufg pqbghli`g` i`'

habnhl mbtbql pqbghlil eb jbhfc hl ebznb | pbmnle| |ylzw` beql~lifcban`{uf nh|e{jbm qè` f beql~lifc {uq|ju|q` qè`. | |j|pifg ldljufg` pqb'e|jkfhl. uh) | |ylzw| pbhlefifc mqì` ljbibgfhl | |j|pibg ihlibg ldlju|)\ ubg `{plju|. eldfifuftib f {` {u`nibg ulielikfhbg pbq`{u` |nbml. hl i`

pqtbg ghl{u| f | i`htlwlg aqbh| b{bafub bifc i`hq`xtfhlifhfc xlg`nh`.

51



ebcbe`j jbhf tbef pbqfhljnb be fiulnlju|`nibm qè`. q`xil tq{ul fiulnlju|'`nifc |{n|m`. j`b zub {| pqbhljufqìh` pqbfxtbe` f {f{ulg` pqbe|jkfhl. q`x'tfhìhl ibtfc ulcibnbzjfc qhlzlih`. {ut`qìhl pùliù`. fibt`kfh` | pqbkl'{fg`. pqbi`nòlih` ibtfc gùlqfh`n` f eq|ml q`xil tq{ul fiulnlju|`nifc |{'n|m`) Fiulnlju|`ni` {tbhfi` pb{u`hl i`hbafgifhf f i`hpbjqlunhftfhf banfj {tb'

hfil eì`zihlm eba`) \ iljfg ljbibgfh`g`. j`b zub {| ipq) `glqfyj`.ihlg`yj`. ztfk`q{j`. dqìk|{j`. cbnìe{j` f ztle{j`. |ylzwl btl tq{ul|{n|m` f pqfcbe` be ihfc plihl {l i` 13';5, |j|pibm ldlju` pqftqlel)Gl~| i`habmùfhl nh|el | {tfhlu| {| {l eldfifuftib pqbafnf ib{fbkf fiulnlj'u|`nifc pq`t` f {`{tfg f{uf{i|nf tn`{ifjl iljqluifi`. fxtbq` {fqbtfi . ibt'

yìbm j`pfu`n` fue). ` fiulnlju|`ni` fgbtfi` eì`{ hl i`htqfhleifhf f i`hef'i`gfyifhf efb fgbtfil |bpwl) Ub il mbtbqf {`gb b pqbghli`g` | {uq|ju|qfgbelqifc pqftqle` ilmb. pqfhl {tlm`. b afuifg pqbghli`g` | tq{u`g`.

pbnbo`hfg`. jt`nfulufg` f ldljufg` tq{u` nh|e{jbm qè`. mehl {| fiulnlju|`nifqè f fgbtfi` pb{u`nf eldfifuftib jnh|yi` ban`{u nh|e{jbm ehlnbtìh`. afui`x` plqplu|`kfh| f q`xtfhìhl pqbfxtbeihl f {ut`qìh` pqfcbe` kfhlnl pqftqlelf eq|zutlil x`hleifkl) _qbghli` | pbqluj| tqfhleib{uf {l gbol x`ct`nfufyfihlifkf e` eì`{ fiulnlju|`nif qè f ihlmbt` tqfhleib{u pqle{u`tnh`h| pql'kfxì pbj`xùlnh {u|pih` q`xtbh` iljl xlgnhl) Iljè`. jè` fiulnlju|`nif

pqbfxtbef if{| fg`nf ilpb{qlei| tlx| f |yfijl | ban`{uf pqbe|jkfhl f q`x'tbh` j`b zub hl ub {n|y`h eì`{. {ut`qf {| {u`h`nl eq|m`yfhl f pbqle`j tqfhle'

ib{uf hl afb baqi|u) _b{ubh`b hl pqfgù ql`nifc tqfhleib{uf f a`qfhlq` jbh` hl h`{ib efhlnfn` fiulnlju|`nil {ut`q`bkl be bifc jbhf {| {ut`q`nf ibt`k fjbij'qluil tqfhleib{uf) Eì`{ hl u` a`qfhlq`{jfi|u`fybthlyì{utbgbq` e`pn`w`xiìh| bibzub g| e|m|hl) Tqlgli` {fqbg`zifcmlifh`‛ Il}ubi. C|mli{.M`nflnb. M`|{. @ultli{bi. Ul{n`. _nìkj. Lfi{ulfi. Gbx`qu. Alucbtli. f{nfyif {ut`q`bkf. jbhfg` nh|ef ifjè` il af gbmnf pnùfuf bib zub {| fg btf

pq|ofnf. e` {| eì`{ oftf f jè af {l ihfcbt` ehln` pn`w`n` pb xi`ylih| f{ut`qibh tqfhleib{uf x` nh|el. {| pqbzn`. ul af u`jtf {ut`q`bkf pb{u`nf g|nuf'

abmù`zf #{nfyib Mùl{| fnf Alùnl{fg`&. fnf af il{u`nf. ` ihfcbt qè af afbbilgbm|wli) Ul pqbghlil {| efb |j|pifc pqbghli` jbhl bxi`y`t`h| |n`'

x`j ybthlyì{ut` | pb{ufie|{uqfh{j|. fidbqgùfyj| f pb{ucf{ubqfh{j| lq|. |jbhbh {| {tf p`q`gluqf i`{u`nf | fie|{uqfh{jbh lqf f i` ihlifg beib{fg`. ùb {| beib{f j`pfu`n'qè f jbix|gliuf pqbfxtbe` qè` j`b tn`{ifzut` tn`{'ifj` j`pfu`n`. il{u`h| f pql{u`h| e` tòl. ul fc x`ghlih|hl beib{8 jbi{uq|jubq f fiulnlju|`nif x`yluifj' ulcibnbm ‛ glièolq f g`qjlufizjf {uq|yih`j #{tlyf{ul fiulnlju|`nil tq{ul qè`&. jbhf eqol b{btfil pqbe|jkfhl f ql`nfx`kfhl. ùlj bie` efqljuif qè fnf yf{u` d|ijkfh` fieftfe|`nibm pqftùibm tn`{ifzut`)

I`q`tib e` hl ibtf pbqle`j | cfhlq`qcfhf tqfhleib{uf f beib{fg` qè` gbq`b

5;



ebtl{uf f eb fibt`kfh` | ban`{uf tn`{ifzut`) _b{ubhl. ` f {tl wl fc tfzl afuf.u`jtf {f{ulgf pqbe|jkfhl jbhf {l | kfhlnb{uf ulglnhl i` `|ubgùfxfqìbg qè|{uqbhlt` jbhl jbiuqbnfq`h| lnljuqbi{jf gbxmbtf. ` nh|e{jf qè {l |i|u`q ufc{f{ulg` h`tnh` | tlbg` bmqìfylifg q`xghlq`g`. x`pq`tb. bi {l h`tnh`

pqlucbeib. pqfhl pbyluj` d|ijkfbifqìh` {f{ulg` f ub j`b fx|g. jbi{uq|jkfh`f efx`hi {f{ulg`. ` m|af |nbm| | gbgliu| jè bi pbyil ehlnbtùf) Ulofzulqè` {l pqlghlzu` | d`xl pqfhl f i`jbi b{ut`qlil pqbe|jkfhl. uh) | {dlqf

pnìfqìh`. |jnh|y|h|wf f ulcibnbmfh| f | {dlqf g`qjlufim` f pn`{gì` iùqofzu|. i`jbi b{ut`qlil pqbe|jkfhl) I`q`tib. e` | u`jtfg |thlufg` pqb'e|jkfhl il gbm| e` tnè`h| jn`{fyif beib{f j`pfu`n'qè'pqbfxtbe. ` if

beib{f ulglnhlif i` pqftùibg fieftfe|`nibg tn`{ifzut| if{| tfzl afuif xù`jtl {f{ulgl) J`pfu`n {l | ufg beib{fg` il pbh`tnh|hl j`b pqftùi` b{ba`f tn`{ifj. {` {tbhbg tbnhbg f ben|jbg. ilmb j`b `p{uq`jui` pbjqlu`yj`{i`m` pqbe|jkfhl jbh| x`{u|p`h| q`xnfyfuf {|ahljuf. jbhf {l f {`gf i`n`xl |{plkfdfyifg gl~|{baifg beib{fg`) U`jtf `mliuf fnf ib{fbkf j`pfu`n` {| |

pqtbg qle| aìjl. xùfg eq|ml dfiì{fh{jl fi{ufu|kfhl f eqo`t`) [nboli`{uq|ju|q` ib{fbk` j`pfu`n`|jnh|y|hldfiì{fh{jl fi{ufu|kfhl.eqo`t|. ib{fbkljib} cb} f ib{fbkl gìleolqfh`nil d|ijkfhl. jbhf {| `juftif d`jubq kfhlnbm

pqbkl{` f hleì be afuifc ib{fn`k` |nbml j`pfu`n`) Uf nh|ef {| eì`{ tlbg`tòif. hlq be ihfc btf{f j`jb wl afuf jbqfzuli j`pfu`n jbhf {l pbh`tnh|hl.x`{u|pì be `p{uq`juifc {|ahljù`. jbhf {l h`tnh`h| jqbx d|ijkfhl beql~lifc

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56



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hlq hl bt`h pbh`g |mn`tibg f afb q`xtfhli |i|u`q g`qj{f{ufyjl uqèfkfhl) Gl~|ufg. tlw hl Nlihfi | {tbhbh pq`mgùfyibh eldfifkfhf felbnbmfhl fxaqf{`b ihlib fgìliuib|p|wftìhl i` bahljufti| ibqgùfti| fi{uìk| „pq`tl fnf pb{nhleihl f{ufil‗ ‛ xabmjbhlm {| jn`{fkf {bkfbnbmfhl „aqfonhftb fxahlm`t`nf bt| qfhly)‗ Btehl {l eb{nbtib pbxf't`gb i` @nuc|{{lqbtb beql~lihl jbhl hl anf{jb x`jnh|ykfg` iljfc eq|mfc {`tqlglifcf{uqòft`y`. pbp|u Knfddbqe` Mllqux`) Kd) b ubgl tlbg` pb|yi| jihfm| Q`vgbieÀb|ebi`. N‖felbnbmfl ‛ b|n‖bqfmfilel{fell{ qlk|l{. Nfaq`fql@quclglD`v`qe. 0634)



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45

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; B x`{ibtìb{uf felbnbmfhl. eq|zutlifc xiìb{uf f gbelqil jbiklpkfhl b eq|zut| |bpwl| pqb{thlufulnh{ut| tfef _lulq C`gfnubi. „Ucl Linfmculgliu ìe ucl Afquc bd [bkf`n[kflikl{.‗ |8 [u|`qu C`nn ìe Aq`g Mflali #le) av&. Dbqgùfbi{ bd Gbelqifuv. _bnfuv_ql{{ fi @{{bkfùfbi }fuc ucl Bpli \iftlq{fuv. Nbiebi. 0661). {uq) <<'<=)



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44

0 B lpf{ulgbnbzjb'pbnfufyjbg x`cuhlt| x` anfxfibg {ut`qib{uf jbh| hlefib f{p|ih`t`g`qj{f{ufyjb |ylihl tfef {uqìfkl jbhl hl J`|u{jv pb{tlufb jqfufkf Jìu` f ilbjìufxg`8J`qn J`|u{jv. [lnlkule _bnfufk`n ]qfufim{ #lefule ìe uqì{nùle av _ùqfkj Mbbel&.Ucl G`kgfnnì _ql{{ NUE. Nbiebi ìe A`{fim{ubjl. 063;). {uq) 54'<1) G`qsbtùlbqfh` xiìh` hl{ul ulbqfh` „{ut`qibm xiìh`)‗ Kd) i`pqfghlq Knfdd [n`|mculq. G`qsf{g.

Felbnbmv ìe Nfulqù|ql. Ucl G`kgfnnì _ql{{ NUE. Nbiebi ìe A`{fim{ubjl. 063?).

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tòibh u`ykf i`p|zuìh` yfu`tl hleil uqèfkfhl gfznhlih` jbh` hl xùt`q`n` pqf{u|p xiìh| b gibmfg tòifg {ut`qfg`. ` i`hpqfhl xiìh| b pqfqbef{`gbm xiìh`. gboe` |pq`tb i` bibh u`ykf jbh` btbm gf{nfbk` yfif tòifg.`jb il f ilx`bafn`xifg. x` uqèfkfh| jbh` {l mqèf i`jbi ihlm`) \ ihlmbtbgbpf{| bi` fxmnle` bt`jb8

Gboe`#․& afuqla`nf eì`p|{ufgb yfu`t| hlei|uqèfkfh|jbh` i`g hl ebp|zu`n` e` x`gfznh`gb e` xiìhl gbol pb{ubhùf{`gb u`gb mehl {| |jnbihlif beib{f gbwf f e` {l xiìhl gbolq`xtfhùf {`gb fxtì ihlifc i`nbm`. x`cuhlt` f fiulql{`) Gboe` afuqla`nf i`p|{ufuf thlqbtìhl e` gbw nh|el x`n|~|hl f e` hl bu|e`

beqfkìhl be gbwf hleì be |{nbt` xiìh`) _qfhl wl afuf e` afuqla`nf pqfctùfuf e` gbw pqbfxtbef xiìhl #f ub il i`pqb{ub pbe'{ufy|wf m`. hlq {n|of gbwf. fnf pqfghlih|h|wf m`. hlq hl jbqf{ib&: e`gbw f xiìhl efqljuib fgpnfkfq`h| hleib eq|mb: e` il pb{ubhfifhleì beib{ gbwf alx jbqlnùftil jbi{ufu|kfhl pbnh` xiìh`. ifufiljb xiìhl jbhl il pqlupb{u`tnh` f | f{ub tqfhlgl il jbi{ufu|fq`beib{l gbwf) Btf gbw'xiìhl beib{f uqla`. e`jnl. e` a|e|ì`nfxfqìf. `nf il pbylt be {|ahlju` xiìh` jbhf hl{ul fnf ifhl{nbabeì { baxfqbg i` {f{ulg gbwf ilmb. i`pqbuft. {|ahlju jbhf{`xi`hl. bahlju jbhlm uqla` {`xiùf f gbe`nfuluf xiìh` uqla` e` a|e| pqbgùqìf j`b gibmbaqbhif ldljuf btfc ulglnhifc fgpnf'j`kfh` gbwf'xiìh` f ihfcbtfc cf{ubqfh{jfc uqì{dbqg`kfh`) \j'qùjb. ifhl `juftib{u {|ahlju` {`xiìh` ub zub pqbfxtbef iljf jbq' p|{ xiìh`. afnb jbqf{uì afnb pqbuftì gbwf. ilmb hl gbw'xiìhl. pqbkl{f f {|jbaf jbhf m` pqbofg`h| f be jbhfc hl {`yfihli. bib zubbeql~|hl dbqgl f gbm|wl ebglil xiìh`) #1=&

Mlil`nbmfh| {bkfh`nf{ufyjbm |iftlqxfulu` uqla` pbyluf be qbafh`zifkl.be|u`gifylih` jbg|if{u`| eba`qìbmh|mb{n`tli{jbmj`pfu`nfxg`. jè`x`pbyfihl fxmqèih` gbelqibm eq|zut` i` btfg pqb{ubqfg`) 0 Lpf{ulgbnbzjf{gf{`b qbafh`zifkl i`habnhl gbol pqle{u`tfuf i`hbxnbmn`zlifh` qbafh`zifk`.` ub hl {t`j`jb afn` Nlpbmn`t ) Fxili`~|h|wl hl jbnfjb hl u`h {gf{`b bpfpnhft

| bpf{| btl fi{ufu|kfhl jbhf hl e`b Tnèfgfq Elefhlq | el{lubh mn`tf afbmq`d'{jl jihfml b Hb{fp| Aqbx| Ufu|. ` bpfpnhft hl x`ct`nh|h|wf xìfgnhftbh

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0 Eq|zutlil xiìb{uf mlil nbzjf pbtlx|h| xùtbq f |iftlqxfulu. a|e|wf e` {| „i`{u nl |f{ubh cf{ubqfh{jbh gùqfkf f if{| {l betbhfnl be xiìhl'gbw ulcibnbmfh` jbhl {| bp{hlnlxùtbq)‗ C|alqu N) Eqlvd|{ ìe _`|n Qàfib}. Gfkcln Db|k`|nu8 Alvbie [uq|ku|q`nf{gìe Clqglil|ufk{) ]fuc ì @dulq}bqe av Gfkcln Db|k`|nu . Ucl \iftlq{fuvbd Kcfk`mb_ql{{. Kcfk`mb. 0631). {uq) 04?)



mlilxf. yfu`tbh hleibh pqlucf{ubqfhf | jbh| {l btehl. iò`nb{u. il gbolgb|p|zuùf) U`jb | pqtbg benbgj| yfu`gb8

Nlpbmn`t` hl g`nb gl{ub f{pbe pnìfil Ftìyfkl) \ i`zleba` Nlpbmn`t` hl pb{u`n` {fibifg qbafhl. ` | pqbznb{uf jqbxtljbtl afn`hli` mn`{|j`b o`qfzuli`|jl f |gluib{uf. j`b {lefzul pqtbm |iftlqxfulu` | Cqtù{jbh)\xmqèftlnfjbm p`tnfi{jbm g`'i`{ufq`. | jbgl {l i`n`xfb |iftlqxfulu. jq`hlg pqbznbm tlj` {gl'zuli` hl qbafh`zifk`) _`tnfiffnfalnfdqùqf pbefmnf{| {tbh gì`{ufq bjb 05??) mbefil) U|qkf {| m` iljbnfjb p|u` q|zfnf. ` | STFFtlj|xmqè`hl ebafn`{tbheì`zihf banfj)Nlpbmn`t` hl afn`pqtb

ilj` tq{u` {qleihl zjbnl #be 0<31)& f x` {tlubti| gnèlo) J`b|iftlqxfulu pbyln` hl e` qèf be 04<4) #dfnbxbdfh`. ` 04=;) f ulbnb'mfh`& { pbtn`{ufkbg e` e`hl f `jèlg{jf {ulpli) K`q Hb{fp FF|jfi|b hl p`tnfi{jf qle f xùtbqfb Nlpbmn`t|) Ilzub j`{ifhl |p'qbp`zwli` hl f q`xmqànhli` abmù` jihfoifk` f xafqj` eq`mbkl'ib{uf) [qlefibg pqbznbm tlj` | Nlpbmn`tf {| pbylnl pfpqlgl x`{glzu`h j`xilibm x`tbe` | xmqè| aftzlm gì`{ufq`) Jq`hlg pqbznbm tlj` pbefmi|u` hl beg`c eb ihl hbz hlei` j`xifbifyj`xmqè`. u`jbxtì` Ibt` xmqè`. pbelzli` x` hleì i`qbyfub {gfz'nhli {f{ulg g|ylih` xùtbqlifj` ‛ {f{ulg fxbn`kfhl) \ ihbh fg`bjb ;?? wlnfh`) Ihlif {pbnhif xfebtf j`b f tf{bj j`xifbifyjf xfebjb ihl kqtlil {| abhl. xabm ylm` hl @|m|{u Kl{`qlk | hleibg

{tbg qbgì| i`xft` kqtlibg jn`bifkbg nh|e{jfc e|z`)0

Ibtfh` mlilx` jbhbg wlgb {l a`tfuf i`{u`t`j hl {u`qfhl mlilxl. `x`hleib bpf{|h| jbiufi|fqì| pqbghli| {tqcl f i`ghlil hleibm xeìh`.

hleil xmqèl. jbh` pb{u`hl {hlefzul q`xnfyfufc fi{ufu|kfh`8 gì`{ufq`. {qle'ihl zjbnl. |iftlqxfulu` f j`xilibm x`tbe`) 1 Bt` fi{ufu|kfbi`ni` glu`gbq'dbx` {l betfh` |i|u`q iljbnfjb b{ibtifc afi`qifc bpbxfkfh` jbhl hl ièb'eql~|h|8 {`jq`nib'n`fyjb. {pbnhif ilpqfhùlnh'|i|u`qihf ilpqfhùlnh. xiìhl''ilxiìhl))) Ldljuf btfc bpbxfkfh` {l u`jb~lq gbm| i` f{uf i`yfi pqle{u`tfuf.qlkfgb j`b b{iftìhl f |jfeìhl. but`qìhl f xùt`qìhl. mq`~lihl f q|zlihlfue) U| hl. {t`j`jb. |pf{ì` f lpbc`ni` pqbghli` pqlgbelqib'gbelqib.jbh` hl. j`b zub hl ub |tfhlj {n|y`h i` btfg pqb{ubqfg`. {`{tfg `gafmtf'ului`) [ hleil {uqìl. gbelqi` fi{ufu|kfbi`ni` glu`gbqdbx` jbhbh pb{tl'

43

0 Tnèfgfq Elefhlq. Ibtf pqfnbxf x` afbmq`dfh| Hb{fp` Aqbx` Ufu`. X`mqla8 Gnèb{u.Qfhlj`8 Nfa|qifh`. X`mqla8 [plju`q. 063?). {uq) 0==)

1 Nlpbmn`t` hl tn`{ufub fgl x` pbtn`zulib ghl{ubi` jbhlg {l gbm|pqùfuf {ghlihftìhl{tl ibtfhfc dbqgf „tbnhl x` f{ufibg.‗ tbnhl jbh` {l |tfhlj b{nìh` i` iljl „fi{ufu|kfb'i`nil b{nbikl)‗ Kd) b ubgl Gfkcln Db|k`|nu. N‖bqeql e| ef{kb|q{. M`nnfg`qe. _`qf{.06=0). {uq) 03'06)



w|hlgb pòih| pqlupb{u`tnh` {tbhl pqlgbelqib i`{nfhl~l f ihlmbtl oftl|yfijl) Bjb{ifk` {tfc glu`gbqdbx` {l gbol bpf{ùf j`b pqbkl{ el{`jq`nf'x`kfhl. f ubel{`jq`nfx`kfhl{`gbm {`jq`nibmbahlju`. | btbg{n|y`h| gì`'{ufq`) _bxiùb hl jbnfjb hl i` ltqbp{jbg un| cf{ubqfh` tf{bjbm baq`xbtìhùfhl{ib tlxì` x` bt`h pqbkl{ f jbnfjb hl f eì eì`{ ihfgl beql~li`)_btn`zuli i`yfi yfuìh` btl cf{ubqfhl i`g hl pbi|efb |pq`tb G) Db|k`|nuj`b cf{ubqfh| pbnfufjl ufhln` jbh` {l bqfhliufq` pbi`hpqfhl pqlg` ulcifj`g`jòih tìh` #13&) Bt` cf{ubqfh` ifhl ifzu` eq|mb ilmb mlil`nbmfh` gbe'lqil –e|zl‖#16&. tnè`h|wlmulbqfh{jbmef{j|q{` f xiì{utlifc ulcifj` #6&)\ ihbh uqla` uqòfuf fxtbql ulglnhifc pbhgbt` jbhfg` {l eì`{{n|ofgb. j`b

zub {|8 p{fc`. {|ahljuftib{u. plq{bi`nib{u. {tfhl{u. fue: qfhlyh|: pbqfhljnbgbelqil xiìb{uf f gbq`nifc x`cuhlt` `qufj|nfqìfc | bjtfq| c|gìfxg`)

Ib. { eq|ml {uqìl. gbelqi` mlil`nbmfh` pqlupb{u`tnh` lpf{ulgbnbzjf qlx8q`xgbuqf nf {l cf{ubqfh{j` {ut`qib{u gbelqil e|zl tfehlu wl {l e` ub ifhle|z` jqzwì{jl ulbnbmfhl. j`jt` ebgfifq` {qleihbthljbtnhlg. ifhl qb~li`fx mqfhlc` f ifhl pbetqmi|u` "{jnbi`" jòih`tìh|.‗ ilmb hl. j`b pqbe|ju{tbhltq{ibm |etb{uq|y`tìh` ufhln` jòihlibm ybthlj`. qb~li` fx glube`jòih`tìh`. ièmnleìh` f pqfi|el) #13& \etb{uq|y`tìhl ufhln` jbhl hlDb|k`|nubpf{`b i` nfifhf tbefnhf fxtìqleifc ì`nfx` Jìubqb}fux` |Jq`nhltbg ufhln| ‛ pb{tlwlifc pq`tibh ulbnbmfhf {qleihlm tfhlj` f |ylih|b etb{uq|jbg ufhln| jq`nh` ‛ j`b pbh`tf ql`nil. iluhlnl{il e|zl.‗ pq|ofu

wl i`g b{ibt e` | kqtlibh jn`bifkf pbi`htfzl kqtlifc nh|e{jfc e|z` pqlpbxi`gb fxthl{uì pqbfxtbeif pqbkl{. pqbkl{ pqbfxtbeihl gbelqile|zl #{tfhl{uf. plq{bi`nib{uf. {|ahlju`. {bp{ut`& | btbg pbeilanh|) U`j`t

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Gbelqi` e|z` fnf ibtf ybthlj jbg|ifxg` hl f{cbe fxthl{il ulcibnb'mfhl gbwf iè ufhlnbg jbh` i`htfzl ebn`xf eb fxqò`h` | fi{ufu|kfhf xùtbq`.

a|e|wf e` hl ub pqb{ubq ihlibm i`htlwlm byfubtìh`. ldfj`{ib{uf f pqbe|j'uftib{uf) Bt` e|z` fnf ybthlj. f{ufi{j` nh|e{j` e|z`. ifhl. j`jb i`pbgfihldqìk|{jf gf{nfn`k. if fn|xfh` if felbnbzjf ldlju. `nf | {tbhbh ql`nib{uf ifhl

if ilj`jt` {|p{uìk`8 ub hl lnlgliu | jbhlg {| `qufj|nfqìf ldljuf fxthl{'ibm ufp` gbwf f bib i` zu` {l beib{f fxthl{uì ufp xiìh`. g`zfilqfh`p|ulgjbhl beib{f gbwf bgbm|w|h| i`{uì`j gbm|wlg jbqp|{| xiìh`. ` xiìhl

pqbzfq|hl f pbh`y`t` ldljul btl gbwf) #16& \ghl{ub e` gbw q`x`q`. q`{'uqbh`t` nh|e{j| e|z|. bi` {l {n|of ihbgl j`b mn`tifg {tbhfg ldljubg ffi{uq|gliubg) A|e|wf e` hl |pq`tb e|z` i`xft x` xùtbq ufhln` #;?&.bie` hl x` mlil`nbmfh| gbelqil j|nu|ql be pql{|eibm xi`y`h` f{uqòfuf{uqùlmfhl jòih`tìh` f |nbm| xùtbq`) Mnle`h|wf u`jbfxplq{pljuftl ufhln`

46



b{|~libm ybthlj`. ubm i`hgq`yifhlm pbeq|yh` pbnfufyjbm pbnh`. pb{|g'ihù wlgb | tlnfj| gbelqif{ufyj| pqfy| b b{nba`~ìh| f {`gbb{nba`~ìh|ybthlj`8 i`{n|ufu wlgb | ihlg|. | Ybthlj|. ` pbmbubt| | bibgl ylg|e|m|hl {tbh i`{uì`j. | ihlmbtbh e|zf. {`g d`jubqmb{pbe`qlih`jbhl gbwtqzf iè ufhlnbg) #;?&

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abn f g|ylih` hl pb{ulplib i`p|zu`h|) #15& Tlw pqlg` Kl{`qlkbtbg bpf{|

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pbi`tnhìh` yfi` xnbyfi` iè {`gfg xnbyfiklg) I` {klif btl ubnfjb bxnb'mn`zlilqbafh`zifkl hbz {l fmq`h| bahl pqle{u`tl pqljb jbhfc Db|k`|nu pbj|'z`t` {òluf {nfj| tlnfjl pqbghlil | u`jufkf gbwf8 uq`mlefh` hbz ifhl pql'{u`n`. gè` {l tlw fmq` jbglefh`: {plju`jn g|ylih` {l pbtn`yf | |i|u`qihb{u

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pqleì dfnbxbd{jf qè) Afnb hl ub pqfhl {tlm` pfuìhl tqlgli`) _bnfufyjfxùtbqlifkf qbafh`zifkl {| |{phlnf ebafuf i` tqlgli| u`jb zub {| al{pqfhl'jbqib bqmìfxfq`nf {tbhl qèib tqfhlgl) Ufub bpf{|hl |xbqi|. {`{tfg gbelq'i| pbehln| qè` f ilbyljftì| ldfj`{ib{u x` pqlgbelqi| |pq`t| xùtbq`.

f ub jqbx bpf{ x`hleifyjbm |ofuj`. ub hl{u beqfkìh` be |ofuj` | p|zlih|8\ gbhbh hl wlnfhf afnb b{`g nh|ef f gf {gb {tl efhlnfnf)

Jè` af hleì be i`{ ebz`b eb kfm`qlul. gf af{gb hl bnbtjbgbxi`yfnf | ylufqf efhln` ‛ {qlwbg ylutbqfk` xùtbqlifj` | i`zbhwlnfhf if{| p|zfn`) [t`jf af p|zfb {tbh efb kfm`qlul eb bxi`ylilkqul) Ib i`hh`yf f i`h{n`~f afb hl yfj f ub {gb pq`tleib qfhlzfnfu`jb e` m` {t`jf p|u ebafhl eq|mf) Fxqèfnf {gb {f{ulg jbbplq`kfhl| qè|) Ubjbg eì` i`{ {gb b{gbqfk` uqla`nf fxqèfuf 03?? p`pfq'iùfc tqlwfk`) U`jb af hleì be i`{ qlx`b p`pfq. eq|mf af iìb{fbnhlpfnb.uqlwf af{nhlpnhft`befhlnbtlfu`jb e`nhl. f gfaf{gb {tqzfnf pb{`b x` et` {ù`) Ub i`g hl e`t`nb tqlgli` e` yfu`gb. q`xmb'

t`q`gb f e` {l baq`x|hlgb x` a|e|wib{u) _n`w`nf {| i`g ;.<efi`q` ghl{lyib. e` af{gb. j`jb hl qlj`b |pq tfulnh. gbmnf x`pb'yluf pqf{ubhì oftbu) \ ub hl tqfhlgl p`jlufw kfm`qlu` {u`h`b <efi`q`)#<5=&

_qftqlglib beqfkìhl be|ofuj`jbhf hlgbm`b afuf {`gbjqùjbuq`hìf pq`tnhlihl {f{ulg` jbbplq`kfhl | qè| pqle{u`tnh`h| i`heq`mbkhlifhlxiìhl b ubgl j`jb |{phlzib pqlaqbefuf e|ml mbefil qbafhìh`) [uhlkìhlu`jtbm xiìh` pb {tlg| fxmnle` j`b |thloa`tìhl | bibgl zub af{gbgbmnf i`xtùfp`qèfmgbg gbelqib{uf8 ebtbnhib hl{`gbpbukquùf i`yfiebnòlih` eb |ofuj` jqbx qè. ihlmbtb |tlw`tìhl jqbx beqfkìhl. f {`gb

qè jbhf pb{u`hl |ofu`j) Ib. beib{ pqlg` tqlgli| hl btehl i`habnh` fief'j`kfh` hleibm afuib eq|m`yfhlm beib{` pqlg` {ut`qib{uf) [t` {uqùlmfh`bupbq` f {|atlqxfhl bifc jbhf {l il e`h|pqlt`{pfuùf gbol{lf{j`xùfj`b{uqùlmfh` jbqfzulih` tqlgli` jbhl hl uqà`nb afuf pq`xib fnf pqbuq`wlib) Fbtehl {l pbj`x|hl e` hl ihfcbt` {uqùlmfh` e` qèfj`nfxfq`h| gbelqi| ql'dbqg| jòih`tìh` f e` eb{nbtib fnf gibmb {uqbofhl be {`gbm qlofg` |xg|{gf{`b j`xil jbh| fxeqo`t`h|8 e` qèl {`gf i` {tbg pqlt`{pfu`tìh|j`b e` ub pqle{u`tnh` {`t {gf{`b ihfcbtbm xùtbq{jbm oftbu`) Jbqf{ib

=4



|pbuqfhlafuf tqfhlgl | xùtbq| xi`yfnb hl ebafuf i` tqlgli|. b{tbhfuf tfzltqlgli` ilmb zub hl afnb ebefhlnhlib)

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pqlupb{u`tj` jòih`tìh` hl afn` e` {| {tf bif alx fx|xluj` ilqèifkf. e`bif ifjè` | {tbg oftbu| if{| i`|yfnf zu` xi`yf qèfuf) Bu|e` | xùtbq{jbg

{uù|{| fnf | pqbkl{| pqlt`{pfuìh` ifhl pb{ubh`n` ifuf hl gbmn` pb{ubhùf afui` q`xnfj` fxgl~| pbnfufyjfc xùtbqlifj` f bafyifc jqfgfi`n`k`) Uql' a`nb fg hl {tfg` pq|ofuf. f ub | i`htlwbh gbm|wbh ghlqf. bib zub {| ebebn`{j` | xùtbq i`tbeib |tfhlj fxahlm`t`nf8 qè. g|jbuqpif qè. qè alx

pqle`c`. qè jbhf f{p|ih`t` yfu`t oftbu․ Xùtbq{j` lufj` qè` hl pbeq`x|'gfhlt`n` x`jbi8 zub ulo` j`xi` ‛ e|of f ulof qè) Ib |pq`tb hl bt` gb'elqif{ufyj` lufj` afn` i` {uqìf b{|~lifc jbg|if{u`8 i` b{ibt| btl lufjl.| fgl bifc jbhf i`hg|jbuqpifhl qèl ' qèifyjl jn`{l. bif {| f b{|efnfj`pfu`nf{ufyjb eq|zutb f eb{phlnf | xùtbq) Xùtbq fg ifhl gbm`b pbi|efufifj`j`t nh|e{jf qè ifuf ilj| lufyj| pb|j| i` b{ibt| qè`) \ghl{ub ubm`

afnf {| pqf{fnhlif i` ilnh|e{jf qè j`b pbu`hib g|ylihl f y`g| | {`gfk`g`

j`b fq`kfbi`ni| pbuqbzih| tqlgli`) Ilg` {|gihl e` hl xùtbq{j` lufj` qè` afn` nòi` f pbeql~li`

{|qbtbh {fnf pqlgbelqibm jòih`tìh`) @nf {| pbnfufyjf xùtbqlifkf fg`nfgbm|wib{u nlm`nil {|atlqxfhl8 e` {l eqol {nbt` x`jbi`. e` j`b xùtbqlifqèifkfjbqf{ul pbqle`jfpq`tfnifj xùtbq`jbhf qèifkfg`.`nf{ gb pq`tfgqèifkfg`. fxn`xf | {|{qlu xabm pbuqla` ihfcbtbm pqlt`{pfuìh`) \pq`tb btb

hl u`yj` il|{phlc` jòih`tìh`8ihlmbt ilbyljftìf |{phlcjbhlm {| xùtb'qlifkf b{ut`qfnf |{pqjb{ {tbhfg y|t`qfg`) Qèfnf {| tfzl f abnhl ilmb zubuqla`. pbh`tfnf {| {l j`b g`qnhftf qèifkf i` ghl{u| mehl {| {l by`jft`nlnfhliyfil f ilqèifkf) U`jb {| pb{u`nf f{ufi{jf {|ahljuf ulcibnbmfhl xùtbq`.

x`ct`nh|h|wf ubgl zub {l bt` pqle{u`tnh`n` j`b qèi` ulcibnbmfh`) Uqla`nb hl e` qèl e` il af q`{fp`nf tqfhlgl. ` bif {| qèfnf i`hgìhl etb{uq|jbpqljb ibqgl e` af |zluehlnf tqfhlgl) Byljft`nb {l e` wl fgùf pqltfzltqlgli`. ` bif {| m` fg`nf pqlg`nb) Y`j i` tlnfjb y|~lihl |pq`tl xùtbqìf{| cuhlnf uqòfuf if pqle`c. uxt) |thluif bup|{u) \pq`tb j`b g`qnhftfqèifkf {| {l abqfnf x` {tbh pb{laì {uù|{ pbnfufyjfc xùtbqlifj`) _qtb'

afui` `j|g|n`kfh` tqlgli`. jbh| Ufub bpf{|hl j`b pbu`hib |tb~lihl gb'elqil q`kfbi`nib{uf | xùtbq{j| pqbfxtbeih| p`pfqiùfc tqlwfk`. f{jbqfzuli`

==



hl x` ebeùif qè8 dfxfyjf qè hl {t`jbeiltib ebp|ih`tì e|cbtifg qèbg)_btlwìhl pqbe|juftib{uf ilpqbe|juftibm qè`. jbhf ifjbm` il gbol pql't`{pfuùf. fg`nb hl x` {tqc| pqbe|juftifqè jbhf ehln|hl t`{pfuib) \ xùtbq'{jbg bmnle`n| {l pbh`tfb ufp xùtbqlifj` jbhf ifhl jqfgfi`n`k) U`h eq|mfufp xùtbqlifj` gboe` af {l i`habnhl gbm`b bpf{ùf j`b dfnbxbd{jf baq`'xbtì qèifj. j`b bi`h jbhf pqbfxtlel gibmb tfzl tqlwfk` f bie`. | u`jb|zul~libg tqlgli|. fx|y`t` mqyj| dfnbxbdfh| f p{fcbnbzj` ehln`) U`jbfxmnle` felbnbm qèifyjl jn`{l i` qbafhf) \ Ufubtbh `|ubafbmq`dfhfi`n`xfgbf {nfhlelw| {kli| fx G`qfabq{jl j`xifbil8

X`gbnfb {`g |pq`tfulnh` x` ilj| jihfm| b mqyjbh dfnb'

xbdfhf) Bi hl bembtbqfb8 –Ylg| t`g uqla` jihfm` b dfnbxbdfhf2Bmnle`hul {l ‛ tfehlu wlul {t| dfnbxbdfh| jbh| olnful)‖ #<54&

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\ u`gifkf hl pb{ubh`b p`qufh{jf jbgfulu. jbgl {l i` yln|i`n`xfb Ufub) _`qufh{jl {`{uìjl qlebtib {gb beqo`t`nf. hleibgilelnhib) X` ulbqfh{jf f eq|mf qè fg`nf {gb g`nb |{nbt`) If{gbfg`nf jihfm`. ` fp`j {l fiulixftib qèfnb) Fg`nf {gb bqmìfxfqìfj|q{ fx pbnfufyjl ljbibgfhl) Ufub hl i`htfzl pqbq`~ft`b –@iuf'E|cqfim`.‖ {u|efq`b hl pbnfufyj| ljbibgfh| f dfnbxbdfh|) Hleibg.

jè` hl uqòfb be |pq`tifj` e` g| pqbp|{uf ilj| f{ubqfh| mqyjldfnbxbdfhl. bt`h g| hl bembtbqfb8

‛ J`h wl t`g` dfnbxbdfh`. jnèftb hl x` t`{)

Ufub hl gibmb yfu`b f p{fcbnbmfh|. i`qbyfub Alculqhlt`)

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{`g pqlpf{ft`b kfuùl fx –Eqo`tibm pq`t`‖ [nbabeì` Hbtìbtfw .` pb{nfhl iljbnfjb {uqìfk` pqltbefb {`g Cfndlqefim`) Fi`yl. |i`zbh u`hibh afanfbulkf fg`nf {gb b{fg –@iuf'E|cqfim`.‖ –Eqo`tlf qltbn|kfhl.‖ hbz f –@j|g|n`kfh| j`pfu`n`‖ Qbxl N|slga|qm. –Ljb'ibg{j| ulbqfh| J`qn` G`qs`‖beJ`|u{jbm.G`qsbt|–Ale| dfnb'xbdfhl‖ f –Dfiì{f{jf j`pfu`n‖ Q) Cfndlqefim`) \ G`qfabq| hl T|' hbtfw x`tqzfb pqltbe –@iuf'E|cqfim`.‖ ` Ufub f h` {gb pqlmnle`nf pqltbe. hlqhl Ufub ebaqb xi`b ihlg`yjf) \ u`gifk| ebn`xfnb i`g

=3



hl nlm`nib iljbnfjb y`{bpf{`. j`b i` pqfghlq. –[qp{jf jihfoltifmn`{ifj.‖ –Aìj`q{utb.‖ –I`qbeib an`mb{uìhl.‖ –[ubolq‖ f –Lj'bibgf{u‖ i` limnl{jbg hlxfj|) #1?0&

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pqlg` Ufubtbg j`xftìh| xàfnhlofb f bt| lpfxbe|8

Ebn`xfnf {gb | jbiu`ju f {` jqfgfi`nkfg`) Bif {| fg`nf{`gb hleì kfnh. e` eb~| eb pbgfnbtìh`) Fxgfznh`nf {| {tl f {t`.gbm|wl f ilgbm|wl {ut`qf. pqbi`nòli hl y`j f plqplu||g gbafnl.nh|ef {|qhlz`t`nf f jtèqù|q| jq|m` feq|mlpqbanlgl.{tl| ièfe` wl i` u`h i`yfi ebwf eb pbgfnbtìh`) Eq|mf bplu. yfh` g`zuìfhl qèfn` | ubg pq`tk|. ` olnhlnf {| e` a|e| pbgfnbtìf. fxgfz'nh`nf {| eq|ml {ut`qf) _b ihfg`. jq`nhfk` G`qfh` {l pbq`~`n` {t`jbmeì` et` p|u`. f ub ylzwl hl q`~`n` pqfik` ilmb pqfiklx|. hlq hlx` g|zjb efhlul. i`tbeib. `gil{ufh` uqla`n` e` a|el zfq`) #1??&

X`n|~lif pbmqlzifg felh`g`.‗ pbnfufyjf xùtbqlifkf {|. |{ut`qf. pbj`xft`nfabnhf{gf{`bx` {ut`qib{ube bifc jbhf if{|fg`nfifj`jtfcpbnfufyjfc felh`) Dfxfyjf qè fc ifhl gbm`b pqlt`{pfuùf. hlq fg ifhl i|efbeq|jyfh| {ut`qib{u be bil fx jbhl {| afnf fxbnfqìf) Zub {l ufyl {`gfc felh`fnf ihfcbtl x`n|~lib{uf ihfg`. pbtn`ylihl be {ut`qib{uf fg hl {`gb gbmnbebaqb ebwf) I` u`h i`yfi {| fg felhl pb{u`h`nl hbz oftnhl)

\ xùtbq| {|. e`jnl. xùljnf f{uf gbeln {ut`qib{uf j`j`t hl tnè`btì ihlmbtfc xfefi`. {`gb zub hl afb j`qfjfqì) _qtb. u`h gbeln hl afnùlcibnbmfh` qè` jbh` fchl uqla`n` iùhlqùf e` pqfctùl bea`yli| {ut`qib{u8

al{gf{nlif. ilpqbe|juftif. g|jbuqpif. {nàbpn`wlif qè) @ xùtbq {l pbj`'x`b j`b fel`ni` pqfnfj` e` q`xtfh| eq|m`yfh| ulcibnbmfh| qè`. eq|m`yfhfgbeln {ut`qib{uf) F ub {| |qèfnf |i|u`q f{ubm tqfhleib{ibm {f{ulg` lufjlqè` i` b{ibt| jbhlm {| fg tqù` xùtbq` afn` x`jnh|yì`) F ihfcbt tn`{ufuf

kfnh hl afb |{phlzì qè f tlw` anfxfi` {ut`qib{uf) Fxmnle`nb hl e` {| {`gbbif. j`b |xbqif qèifkf. gbmnf afuf | {uìh| e` pqlt`{pfu`h| ilqèifjl)Eq|mb. {` |tb~lihlg Zl{ubhì|`q{jl efjuù|ql f xàqìbg pbnfufyjbm qè`jbg|if{ufg`. {`g` tìh{j`{ut`qib{u hl pb{u`n` tlnfjfgxùtbqbg| jbhlg{l gbmnb f mbql pqbwf ilmb | {ut`qibg xùtbq|8 nfjtfe`kfh` ilf{ubgfznhl'ifj` e`nljb be byfh| h`tib{uf f alx {|e{jbm pqbkl{` hl afn` u`jt` pqfhluih`{pq`g jbhl hl. pb {thlebylih| qbafh`z`. ebn`x`j i` qbafh| pqle{u`tnh`b

pq`tb bn`jzìhl) Xàqì` pbnfufyjbm qè` pqbpf{fg` efjuù|ql hl f qèifkfg`

=6



i` {nbabef b{u`tnh`n` i` fxabq {`gb gbm|wib{u qbafh`zjbm t`{pfuibm q`'e`) _bnfufyjf qè hl afb xàqìhli f tìf f |i|uq`. ` jbg|if{uf {| {lihfgl a`tfnf f {` hleil f {` eq|ml {uqìl xfe`) @jb af fc bujqfnf i`pbnh|{u`tnh`nf af fc. { ebtbnhib {qlwl. | xùtbq: ` `jb af fc bujqfnf | xùtbq|.{u`tnh`nf af fc | xùtbq | xùtbq|8 | {`gfk|)

Yfu`t nfhlt`j pqbkl{` xùt`qìh` x`tqz`t`b {l | {`gfkf j`b i`htlwbhj`xif xùt`qìh`) Xùt`qìhl {l | {tbg qèfj`nfxfqìh| betfh`nb j`b xùt`'qìhl p`qufhl. xùfg j`b xùt`qìhl mq|pl `juftf{u`. f i` jq`h| xùt`qìhl

pbhlefik`) [gf{`b xùt`qìh` hl afb {pqly`tìhl {bkfh`nfx`kfhlilpbw|eifc.zfqlih` zuluibm |uhlk`h` hleil eq|zutlil mq|pl. `nf {`gfk` j`b i`hbzuqfh`

j`xi` hl ebtbefn` | pfuìhl jbgpnlgliu`qif {gf{`b jòih`tìh` j`b ql'{bkfh`nfx`kfhl) [`gfk` il pqfpè` gbelqibg xùtbq|. hlq xùt`qìhl ilg`| {laf {`gbgl {tqc|) Bi` gbol afuf {`gb p`nfhùfti` ghlq`. yfh` hl nlm`n'ib{u {`{tfg {|gihft`8 {`gfk` hl j`xi` i` j`xi|. mehl {l xùtbq{j` |pq`t`

pbh`tnh|hl j`b i`jièif. pqftqlglif f i`htfzf {|e jbhf xùtbqlifj| fxqfyli`hulo| j`xi| fi{ufu|kfhl jòih`tìh`. e` af m` j`xifn` zub {l il pbetqm`t`jòih`tìh|) Etb{uq|jb xùt`qìhl pqle{u`tnh` pqfhluih| yfu`tbg {f{ulg|xùt`qìh` j`b |i|u`qihlm but`qìh`8 jqbx c|gìb. p{fcbnbzjf pqbhfkfqìbjòih`tìhl. ub hl{u mq|pi| ulq`pfh| qèbg) [|pnlgliufqìhl gbelqibmjòih`tìh` `qc`fyibg ghlqbg gbol {n|ofuf j`b ebj`x il|{phlc` bt`jtbmjòih`tìh`) Bu|e` {l gbol |byfuf {|atlqxftif beib{ {`gfc tn`{uf pqlg`nlmfufgibh pqbkle|qf {n|olih` j`xil. ilpbthlqlihl | ibtf pqf{u|p. {|gih`| ihlmbt| ehlnbutbqib{u) [uqùlmfh` pbnfufyjfc xùtbqlifj` hl afn` |pq`tbe` |{pqjb{ {tbhfg y|t`qfg` |{uq`h`t`h| i` xtìfyibh pbnfufkf jòih`tìh`.e` a|e| abnhf jòihlifkf ilmb zub af ub bif jbhf fc jòih`t`h| {laf gbmnfebp|{ufuf. e`{nfhlel{nbtb x`jbi` u`gb mehl bifjbhf {| fci`b{ibt| ihlm`xùtbqfnf ub if{| | {uìh|) Btf xùtbqlifkf {| ebaqb xi`nf be`jnl ebn`xf{|gih` ihfcbtfc y|t`q` | an`mb{u j`xil. y`j f j`xil eboftbuil qbafhl)\pq`tb {| bif.x` q`xnfj| be bafyifcjqfgfi`n`k`.i`{ubh`nf |thlqfuf {tbhly|t`ql | an`mb{u f ilehlnbutbqib{u j`xil jbh| {n|ol) [tbhfg pbi`zìhlg| xùtbq| {| i`{ubh`nf pbj`xùf e` i`hulol j`xil if{| pqbgfhlifnl ifzu`

afuib | ihfcbtbg oftbu|8 e` af bj`h`nf {tbh mqfhlc f e` af {l pqbgfhlifnfifhl fc ebtbnhib nfzfuf {nbabel f iùhlqùf i` pqf{fnif qè) Ba` bt` mn`ti`lnlgliu` j`xil il pqle{u`tnh`h| ifj`jt| ibtb{u8 tlw pqfhl qlzlu`j` {| afnfnfzlif {nbabel f iùhlqìf i` pqf{fnif qè) Jòihlif {| |pq`tb xùb zub {|cuhlnf {nbabe| f zub {| afnf ebaqf qèifkf) Ihfcbtb jòih`tìhl hl ebj`x e`

hl gbeln xùtbq` tlw afb b{ut`qli | {ut`qib{uf) Xùb fc {l ifj`jb ifhl gbmnbj`xifuf8 gbmnb fc {l {`gb pbu`hib g|yfuf. jqzlwf x`jbi | yfhl fgl {| afnfb{|~lif) J`jb j`xifuf qèbg i`habnhl qèifjl f j`jb pqfhlufuf nfz`tìhlg

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{nbabel bifg` jbhf il uqòl pqftqlglif ebp|{u. pbp|u Ufu`. fnf y`j ebaqb'tbnhib fe| | {`gfk|. pbp|u Gbzl _fhèl2

[ f{j|{utbg xùtbq`jbg|if{uf {| ebafnf |i|u`qihff ilpb{qleì|tfe| pb{ubhlwf qlofg {ut`qib{uf. | tnè`h|w| ulcibnbmfh| gbwf f ef{j|qxfti|

pq`j{|) \ xùtbq| {| bujqfnf i`h{nàfh| u`yj| yfu`tbm felbnbzjbm {f{ulg` f.|hleib. fxtbq {tbhl i`htlwl gbwf) Ub bujqfwl x`ct`nh|h| pq`t| jbhl {|{uljnf f gbmnf {ulwf {`gb | xùtbq|8 pq`t| i` baq`xbtìhl. i` {`gbbaq`'xbtìhl) U`yj` q`{pè` xùtbq{jbm {f{ulg`. jbhf {l i`n`xf | {qk| khlnbj|p'ibm {f{ulg` ebgfi`kfhl. pqbi`~li` hl f pbmb~li` | bibg y`{| jè` {lfel ebaqbtbnhib | {`gfk|. jè` {l qèf tfzl ilmb zub uqla`. fnf jè` {l qèf

{` xèbtbnh{utbg |ghl{ub { g|jbg) @nf pb{ubhf hbz {|atlqxftifh` xùtb'qlifyj` ml{u`8 jè` {l be xùtbq{jbm y|t`q` uqòf mqyj` dfnbxbdfh`) Uè` {lbe y|t`q` uqòf e` pbgbmil fxtqzlih| j`xil. e` |ebtbnhf pq`t| i` baq`'xbtìhl jbhl hl | xùtbq| hlei`jb d|ie`gliu`nib j`b f pq`tb i` cqì|.i` {p`tìhl. i` qè) U`jb pbnfufyjf xùtbqlifj ebaft` pb j`xif bib zubg| hl afnb |{jq`wlib i` {nbabef f xabm ylm` hl. i` jq`h| jq`hlt`. f afbjòihli) \{ut`qf. bi il gbol e` ebafhl j`xi| jbh| x`{n|o|hl f xùb |{uq`'

h`t` i` ihbh. pb{u`h|wf {|efh` f {laf f bifg` jbhf {| m` b{|efnf) Bi |tf~è` {l j`xi` | gbelqibg eba| gbol fxqlwf {`gb j`b j`xi` pqlt`{pfuìh`fnf #pbibtibm& baq`xbtìh`. a|e|wf e` {l gbw |{uìbtnh|hl j`b xiìhl)

Qbafh`zf {| | i`habnhbh pqfnfkf e` bujqfh| tqcbtif pqfikfp gbelqil8xiìhl hl gbw: `nf u`jb~lq f {tb nfklghlqhl | ilpbzubtìh| ubm pqfikfp`)Bu|e` {| bif pqfikfpfhlnifhf | {tbg jòih`tìh| be bifc jbhf fc jòih`t`h|)[tbhbg pqfikfpfhlnibzw| bif olnl ebj`xùf e` {l pb{ubhlw` tn`{u x`{ift` iìlxiìh|. ub hl{u i` xàqìf xiìh`8 klix|qf)\ubnfjb hlihli` {tfhl{unòi`{tfhl{u. hlq buhlnbtnh|hl bib zub ubabol b{|~|hl f zub j`xi`g` olnf e`{pqfhlyf) Eq|m`yfhl f il gbol pb{u|pùf pqlg` bifg` jbhf {gùq`h| e` xi`h|.e` pb{hle|h| f{ufifub xiìhl b {ut`qib{uf) Jòih`tìhl {l be{è` gbq`

pqbtbefuf | cbqfxbiu| xiìh` ‛ i` pqfghlq. xnb {l gbq` eldfifqùf j`bilxiìhl ‛ ` {`gb xùt`qìhl {l il gbol pqbtl{uf | ubg cbqfxbiu|) \pq`tbi` qbafhf {| jbg|if{uf gbmnf {ctùfuf jbnfjb hl afuib e` {tbh pbnfufyjf qè

eldfifq`h| j`b baq`xbtìhl. a|e|wf e` {`gb baq`xbtìhl ebafh` d|ie`gli'u`ni| pbnfufyj| d|ijkfh| jbh| f xùtbq gbq` |{tbhfuf | {tbh pqbmq`g) Qlel'dfifq i j`b baq`xbtìhl. pbnfufyjf qè hl gbm`b afuf i`{u`tnhli f i` qbafhf)Xùtbq{j` bmqè` hl {`gb {pqfhlyfn`. fnf abnhl qlylib benbofn`. e` ub a|elqè { g`{`g`. e` af ub pb{u`b qè xùtbqlifc pbnfufy`q` i` {`gfg` {laf)Gl~| ihfg` hl pb{ubh`n` ebtbnhi` q`xnfj` gnèf'{u`qf.‗ f{j|{if'il'f{j|{if.‗ zjbnbtìf'ilzjbnbtìf e` af baq`xbtìhl afnb pbjqli|ub. `nff alx ul q`xnfjl bib hl fg`nb {tbh b{ibt. hlq hl | afuibg pqle{u`tnh`nb

30



i`{ubhìhl {`gbbaq`xbtìh` jbhl hl | gbelqifxg| pqfikfpfhlnib ileb'tqzftb)

Ufub hl | {tbg fxthlzu`h| b qbafhìh| | Nlpbmn`tf i`tlb hleì ebm`'~`h fx qbafh`zjbm oftbu` jbhf af gbmnf i`xtùf pqfghlqbg nòibm baq`'xbtìh`. baq`xbtìh` f {`gbbaq`xbtìh`. ` nfjbtf ebm`~`h` {| et` fel'bnbzj` |yfulnh` f gnèf qbafh`z fnf. | eq|jyfhlg bpf{|. hleì |yfulnh f et`qbafh`z`'|ylifj` fnf et` |yfulnh` f hleì nòif |yfulnh) Ufub hl i`tlb bt`h

pqfghlq e` af pbj`x`b j`j`t hl gbq`nif nfj pqle{u`tnh`b eq|m Gbz` _fhèljbhf hl i`|yfb nòibm |yfulnh` f |pq`tfulnh` xùtbq` q`xnfkf fxgl~| pbnf'ufyjbm xùtbqlifj` f bafyibm jqfgfi`nk` f |ylifj|. gnèbg qbafh`z|.

e`b zjbn{jf pqfghlq ibtbm ybthlj`8Hleibg pqfnfjbg hl j`xifbifyjf |yfulnh. jbhf hl fi`yl f

qlofg{jf zpfh|i. ` | j`xifbif tqzf f klix|q| pf{`g`. xnb{u`tnh`b hleibm gnèbm eq|m` xùb zub bt`h ifhl ilzub pb |yfulnhltbh tbnhfi`pf{`b | pf{g|) _fhèl hl bufz`be` fiulqtlifq`jbe|yfulnh`. jbeylm` hl ebznb eb {|jba`. hlq hl u`h |yb i`xt`b jbg|if{ul aìef'ufg`) \yfulnh hl e`b babhfk| i` q`pbqu) Jbe q`pbqu` hl |pq`tfulnhtfefb e` |yfulnh ilg` pq`tb. ul hl cufb e` j`xif {`gb bibm gnèbmqèifj`. i`zub hl _fhèl pqbul{ufq`b f uqòfb e` {l f ihlm` j`xif)Q`x|gfhl {l. afnb g| hl |ebtbnhlib f bi hl afb a`yli | –{`'gfk|‖․ #061&

\ lpf{ulgbnbzjbg {gf{n| bt`h {|jba bjb pf{g` hl tlbg` xìfgnhft) I`btbgebj|gliu| {l gbm|x`tqzfuf fnf be ihlm` gbm| pbyluf {tlì`nfxlbaq`xbtìh` | qbafh`zifkf) [`gb pf{gb btehl gbol afuf ifu tbefnh` ì`nfxl)Xùtbq{jf |yb af {l gbm`b bpf{ùf j`b bi`h jbhf {jq`w|hl pf{gb. klixbq jbhf | pf{g| pqbi`n`xf ilebp|zulif. {uqìf hlxfj jbhf ifjè` il {gfhl

pb{uùf i`z hlxfj) _fhèl hl |yfu`nh jbhf pqbzfq|hl pf{gb. i`hpqbe|juftifhf pqltbefn`k {` {uqìbm hlxfj` jbhf pbu`hib ièbp|ih|hl xàqìhlib pf{gbjbg|if{u` ‛ pqfhl ubm` hl | fxthlzu`h| G) _fhèl {pbgli|u j`b pqltbefn`k{`gbm [tlubm pf{g` jbg|if{u`. bmqbgibm ehln` J`pfu`n f eq|mfc xi`'y`hifc g`qj{f{ufyjfc ulj{ubt`) [|jba bjb pf{g` {l x`tqzfb ufgl zub hl hleì

pqfahlm`b {fnf. ` eq|mf pqb{thlufulnh{jf f{gfh`b j`xi|) Ufgl hl pqtf f{p`bfx ubpb{` pf{g`. bujqftzf e` g| il pqfpè`. ` eq|mf hl {pb{baibzw| eèbaqbtbnhib pqfctùf {`gfk| ebj`x`b {tbh| |yfulnh{j| thlqbeb{ubhib{u)

[cbeib mlil`nbmfhf gbelqil e|zl jbh| hl pqlenbofb D`|k`|nu. btfg{tbhfg yfibg _fhèl af {l gbm`b pqle{u`tfuf j`b jbi{ufu|fqì` fieftfe|`)[`gb fieftfe|` gbol pbeifhluf j`xi| {`gfkl. hlq ihlmbt` {|ahljuftib{u

hl tlw pql|xln` d|ijkfh| btbm e|pnbm ei` xùtbq`) _bnfufyjf xùtbqlifkf{l gbm| {gùqùf f{ufi{jfg {|ahljufg` xùtbq` |pq`tb xùb zub {| fieftfe|l

31



| lgdùfyjbg {gf{n| qfhlyf. zub {| pb {tbhbh baq`xbtìb{uf | {uìh| pqbtl{ufgbelqifx`kfh| btl gbelqil fi{ufu|kfhl e`nljb fxiè ihlifc tn`{ufufc j`'

p`kfulu`) Gbelqifx`kfh| xùtbq` bif tqzl jqbx {tbh pbnfufyjf qè. yfh` hlxùtbq{j` dbqg` e|cbtif qè) Fieftfe|l {| {|ahljuf e|cbtibm qè`) Xùb

hl pqfy` b |{phlnfg qbafh`zfg` pqfy` b tlnfjfg fieftfe|`g`)Yfu`t fxthlzu`hjbhf hl Ufub i`pf{`b b Nlpbmn`tf gbol {l pqbyfuùf j`b bpf{ gbq`nibmnfj` Gbzl _fhèl) @nf |pq`tb | ubg bpf{| uqla` afuf b{hlunhft i` {uqùlmfh|{|pnlgliufqìh` i` jbhbh hl x`{ibtì` g`qj{f{ufyj` felbnbmfh`) _b{u`t'nhìhl tlnfjbm |ghluifj` i` jqbt qbafh`zifkl il fel alx i`pbglil b ihl'mbtbh nh|a`tf x` g`zfil. fi`yl af {l gbm`b {ulwf pbmqlzì |uf{`j b pbj|z h|

fg`mfi`qibm afhlm` fx {ut`qib{uf. b a|qob`{jbg pbmnle| pqfjbtìbg x`f{kqpnhlif ilal{jf tfefj8

Eq|m _fhèl {l a`tf f {nfjìhlg i` qbafhf) _bzub hl j`x'ifbi` bpjbnhli` tf{bjfg xfebg gf {gb |el{fnf u`jb e` hl bigbm`b {nfjùf {` jqbt` kliuq`nl. jbhf hl q`tì) I`{nfj`b hl il'jbnfjb jq`{ifc plh{ò`) Jè` hl f{kqpfb tfebjq|m {` jqbt`. bie` hl pbylb e` {nfj` ban`jl. | ylg| hl x`f{u` tlnfjf |ghluifj ‛ ub{| g| i`hnhlpzl {nfjl) Jbe glil | kliuq`nf hl {` i`qbyfubg nh|' a`tnh| p`xfb g`zfil jè {| afnl | pbmbi|) Yl{ub hl fxqò`t`bolnh| e` a|el qèifj. glu`n`k) #061&

E|cbtif qè gbol afuf pbnfufyjf qè {`gb | qbafh`zifkf jbh` hl x`{'

ibtì` j`b dàqfj` al{gf{nlibm dfxfyjbm qè`) \ {tbg pbu`hibg ièbp|'ih`tìh|. e|cbtif qè bie` {n|of eljbi{uq|jkfhf u`jtbm pqf{fnibm qè`)

Ifhleibm y`{` bt`h pqtf il {gfhl pb{uùf {tqc` {`gbgl {laf f pb{uùf fxq`x pqlxfq` pqlg` dfxfyjbg qè|) Qfhly hl b e|cbtibg qè| qèifj` i` qbafhf.u`jb e` u`h qè ifjè` il gbol afuf xùbyli | ilal{jbg ubpb{|) _fhèlifhl pbnfufyjf dìùfj. f{pb{ifj yfhf hl pbmnle |{ghlqli f{jnh|yftb j` ila|.

pbu`hif ql{u`|qùbq b{uù`j` gì`{ufq` | Nlpbmn`tf) [`gbuif oftbu | xùtbq| pbmbe|hl {`gbbaq`xbtìh|. `nf {`gbbaq`xbtìhl hl i`gfhlihlib baq`xb'tìh|.fubbaq`xbtìh| |xqè) ù`jtb baq`xbtìhlyfif be xùtbq` dàqfj|i`hgbwifhlm bq|oh`) [ hleil {uqìl. {`gbuib baq`xbtìl fieftfe|l ebpqf'

ib{l q`kfbi`nfx`kfhf qè`. bif {| xi`nkf jbhf {l {|pqbu{u`tnh`h| klix|qf pf{'g`. yfh` mn`ti` pb{nhlefk` hl pqlut`qìhl qè` | ilnh|e{j| ehlnùib{u) [eq|ml {uqìl. qè ‛ pqbgùqì j`b qè qèifj`8 ihfcbt x`hleifyjf gùlqfh`nifqè. yfhf hl ubpb{ xlg`nh{jf ‛ ebpqfib{f {bkfh`nfx`kfhf u`jtfc fieftfe|`)Qfhlyh|. fxgl~| {`gfkl f xùtbq{jbm pbmbi` x` p`jbtìhl tqlwfk` betfh`{l pqbkl{ baq`xbtìh` j`b {tbhltq{uì jq|oif ubj pb{qlebtìh` fxgl~|etfhl fi{uìkl. pqf ylg| {l fieftfe|`nfx`kfh` pqlut`q` | {bkfh`nfx`kfh|. `{bkfh`nfx`kfh` | fieftfe|`nfx`kfh|)

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33



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\ i`ghlqfe` pbeqofgb |nbm| fi{ufu|kfh` f eqo`tl | pqbkl{| ljbibg'{jbm q`xtbh`. zub hl pb{laib xi`y`hib ql{plju|h|wf q`xnfyful {uèfhl ljb'ibg{jbm q`xtbh`. kfufq`gb G)_bqulq`8

Eqo`t` fg` i`htlwf ilpb{qleì |uhlk`h i` dbqgfqìhl jbgp`qùftifc pqleib{uf | d`kubq'eqftli #d`x` q`xtbh` pbjqli|u` pqfqbeifg ql{|q{fg`& ffitl{ugliu'eqftli #d`x` q`xtbh` yfhf {| {ufg|nì{ fitl{ufkfhl&{uèfh|)[qle'{ut` i` q`{pbn`mìh|. j`b zub {|8 j`pfu`n. {|atlikfhl pqftqlglil x`zufuilghlql {| i`h{iòifhf | ufg d`x`g` | q`xtbh| i`kfbi`nil jbgpluluftib{uf)))Eqo`t` | ufg d`x`g` gbol fmqùf tòi| |nbm| | ban`{ufg` j`b zub {|8|{ghlq`tìhl b{j|eibmj`pfu`n` | pqfbqfuluil pn`{gìl. pqbgbtfqìh| pql'|xfgìh` qfxfj` p|ulg lj{pnfkfuifc fnf fgnfkfuifc m`qìkfh`. {ufg|nfqìhlg`jtfxfkfhl fib ulcibnbmfhl ul pqfghlibg pqftqlglil x`zuful | kfnh| pbeqzjlq`xtbh| ibtfc dfqgf tbelwf h`yìh| ebg`wl jbij|qlikfhl f fxmqèihf gb'elqifc j`p`kfulu`))) elt`nt`kfh` t`n|ul hl f{ub u`jb jbqf{i` | btfg qìfg

d`x`g` q`xtbh`. jè| {| ebg`wl dfqgl hbz |tfhlj btf{il b khlibtibhjbij|qliuib{uf | pn`{gì| i` {uqì` uqofzu`) 1

AfC {l i`n`xf | pqle d`xf q`xtbh` jbh| ibgfifq`gb j`b `fe'eqftlilkbibgv)

Xùb. gf{nfgb e` hl ileb{uù`j eqo`til fiulqtikfhl | pqftqlef j`b fileb{uù`j bembt`q`h|wfc uqofzifc fi{ufu|kfh` tlnfj` pbmqlzj` uqìxfkfhl pqf'ghlihftìl eb {è`) \ f{ub tqfhlgl. pqbghli` {u`t` jqlùbq` uqìxfkfbil

pbnfufjl gbmn` af {l {g uqùf j`b tlnfj` pqfnfj` #Bppbqu|ifuv& x` |aqx`tìhlljbibg{jbm q`{u` | AfC)

I` eq|mbh{uqìf. f iò`nb{u|mn`tibg x`ct`nh|h|wf e`vubi'| fpqùl'

wfgbplq`kfbi`nfx`kfh`g`. AfC hl pqlbpulqlwli` ilpbuqlaifgfi{ufu|kf' h`g`)\ fi`|m|q`kfbibg mbtbq| ibtfTf{bjfpqle{u`tifj x` AfCnbqe

@{ceb}i hl qlj`b8 \ xlgnhf jbh` fg` gìhl be 5 gfnfbi` {uìbtifj`.fg` 01?? {|efh`. =4? ynìbt` q`xnfyfufc pqle{u`tifyjfc bqmì`. 03? gfif'

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1 _bqulq. G) #066?)& Jbgpluluftil pqleib{uf i`kfh`. G`kgfnnì



{u`q` i` q`xnfyfufg iftbfg` tn`{uf f uqf `qgfhl) Fgùl 0; pqle{hleifj` tnè`.zub xi`yf hleì pqfgl gfif{u`q i` {t`jfc ;??)??? {uìbtifj`) Uqbzjbtfbt`jb bmqbgibm eqo`tibm `p`qù` {| bjb 0.3 gfnfh`qef JG alx |xfgìh`| q`y|i fxeù`j` x` xeq`t{utb. le|j`kfh| fnf plixfhl) Ub xi`yf e` {`gbf{pnùl x` pbnfufy`ql pqle{u`tnh`h| uqbz`j x` mq`~ìfi` be bjb 6?? JGmbefzihl fnf {jbqb ihlmbtl uqf pqb{hlyil ghl{lyil pn`wl)

Elhubi{jf gfqbtif {pbq`x|g. p` pqlg` ubgl f pqùlwl fi{ufu|kfhl.jqlfqìl {| be {uqìl Gl~|i`qbeil x`hleifkl)

=) T zfimubi{jf jbi{li{|{ f jbiklpu q`xtbh`

Fx {tlm` zub {gb eb {è` qljnf yfif {l h`{ifg e` hl ibtf jbiklpuq`xtbh` pbuqlaì x` AfC ‛ t`zfimubi{jf jbi{li{|{ uqla`nb af i`p|{ufuf) Biebpqfib{f {uàfnib{uf {`gb ibgfi`nifc fiefjùbq`) \ beib{| i` ªql`ni|ºljbibgfh| bi {l gbol {gùqùf ìufq`xtbhifg)

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T`zfimubi{jf jbi{li|{ ebpqfifb hl {uàfnib{uf ibgfi`nifc ljbibg'{jfc fiefjùbq`8 kfhlil {| {uàfnil. eltfxif j|q{ hl {uàfnì. t`n|u` hl {u`'

afni` gè` hl ilnfjtfeib{u | ljbibgfhf {tl pqf{|uifh`) AfC hl eb{lmn`ª[i`m|º | beib{| i` ibgfi nil fiefjùfbql)

[nàb{uf #]lq`jil{{l{&

I` o`nb{u pb{ubhf kfhlnf ifx {nàb{uf | AfC) I`tlnf af{gb {`gb i`h'tòifhl fx |mn` ljbibg{jbm pqb{plqfulu` xlgnhl8

‛ pbnfufyj` il{uàfnib{u jbh` hl hbz pqf{|ui`:‛ pbefhlnhlib{u f ilfiulmqfqìb{u AfC uqofzu`:‛ ilfxmq`~lib{u pbuqlaifc uqofzifc fi{ufu|kfh`:

‛ {nà` eqo`t` f ildfj`{i` afqbjq`kfh`:‛ jbq|pkfh`:‛ fxb{uì`j q`xtbhifc ljbibg{jfc fi{ufu|kfh`:‛ tnè`tfi` x`jbi` ileb{uùi` x` bt`h {uèfh uqìxfkfhl:‛ btf{ib{u xlgnhl be gl~|i`qbeil pbgbwf:‛ ilpb{ubhìhl {uqùlmfhl ljbibg{jbm q`xtbh` #AfC {l b{nìh` i`

dqll uqofzul f DEF. ilg` fie|{uqfh{jl pbnfufjl&)

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‛ bxafnhì hl ileb{uù`j j`pfu`n` f ub 8nh|e{jbm.dfiì{fh{jbm.{bkfh`nibm #{bkf`n&)

Gf{nfgb e` hl fxb{uì`j {bkf`n j`pfu`n` hleì be i`htlwfc {nàb{uff pqbanlg` x` AfC) Eq|mfg qfhlyfg`. f pbqle b{u`nbm`. bxi`y`t` e` gibmfmq`~ìf AfC hbz |tfhlj il eboftnh`t`h| AfC j`b {tbh| eqo`t|)

_qfnfjl #Bppbqu|ifufl{&

Balw`t`h|wl f pqb{plqfuluil pqbghlil gbmnl af {l b{ut`qfuf pqbghl'ibg {nfhlelwfc {nàb{uf8

‛ pbnfufyj| il{uàfnib{u uqla`nb af pqlfi`yfuf | pbnfufyj| {uàfnib{u:

‛ uqofzil fi{ufu|kfhl uqla` aqxb f ldfj`{ib fxmqèfuf:

‛ eqo`t` af uqla`n` tfzl fiulqtlifqùf | pqftqlef:

‛ ibt` pqbq`xtbhi` {uqùlmfh` q`{u` af {l uqla`n` pqfghlifuf:

‛ jbqp|kfh` {l gbq` lnfgfifqùf f

‛ pq`tif {f{ulg uqla` |i`pqfhlefuf)

Yfif {l e` {| ªbppbqu|ifufl{º | q|j`g` ebg`wfc nh|ef f Gl~|i`qbeilx`hleifkl) Bil btf{l be |nbml nh|e{jbm d`jubq` #nh|e{jbm j`pfu`n`&. ul

jbiklpu` eq|zut` jbhl af uqla`nf bab{uqìb pbeqoùf f ebg`wf f gl~|i`qbeifd`jubq)

Qfxfkf #Ucql u{&

_b{ubhf ifx bp`{ibuf f qfxfj`. j`b f bafyib | pqbkl{| uqìxfkfhl)

Fp`j. yfif {l e` i`heq`gùfyifhf qfxfj hbz |tfhlj ebn`xf be Elhubi` ffgpnlgliu`kfhl pbuqlaifc pqbghli`)

Eq|mf. il gìhl tòì. qfxfj pqbfxn`xf fx q`x|gfhltìh` pqbkl{` mnb' a`nfx`kfhl f pbxfkfhl AfC | ubg pqbkl{|)

_qbkl{ mnba`nfx`kfhl. pbe{hlw` | tlnfjbh ghlqf i` {u`q` ebaq` tql'

gli`xnùibm {uìe`qe` #SFS tfhlj&. xi`y`hib elmqèfq` gbm|wib{uf iljlxlgnhl. ` pb{laib bil jbh` pqfpè` mq|pf gìhl q`xtfhlifc xlg`nh`. #NEK&e` |pq`tnh` {tbhfg ljbibg{jfg q`xtbhlg) NEK {| pbeql~lil pq`tfnfg`fmql mnba`nfx`kfhl) _b{laib hl ulzjb x` xlgnh| pbp|u AfC e` |i`pqfhlef{tbh q`xtbh pqfeqo`t`h|wf {l pq`tfn` fmql xnùibm {uìe`qe`)

Gf{nfgb. e` ibtf jbiklpu q`xtbh`. jbhf hl ilbpcbeib pbuqlaì. |tlnfjbh ghlqf x`tf{f be tbelwfc {|ahljù` {thlu{jl ljbibgfhl f pbnfufjl uh)be UIK f tbelwfc xlg`nh`)

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FF Lnlgliuf ibtbm jbiklpu` 0

Kfnh

\ gbelqibg eq|zut|. fieftfe|`ni` {nbabe`f ljbibg{j` {nbabe` {|ilehlnhftf)

Ljbibg{j` {nbabe` gbq` pb{uùf ulglnh ljbibgfhl AfC) _bqle ubm`. pq`t` uqofzi` ljbibgfh` gbq` {l fxmqèfuf u`jb e` {l ljbibg{jf bpbq`t`jxlgnhl gbol ql`nfxfqùf) Mn`tif kfnh [uqùlmfhl hl dbqg|nfqìhl {lu` fi{uf'u|kfbi`nifc pqbghli` f ghlq` ljbibg{jl f q`xtbhil pbnfufjl jbhl gbm|ebpqfihluf ql`nfx`kfhf {nfhlelwlm8

‛ q`xtbh uqofzifc fi{ufu|fkfh`. ` pb{laib |tb~lih| f h`yìh| jbi'j|qliu{jfc {i`m` | kfnh| pbefxìh` ldfj`{ib{uf f pqbe|juftib{uf:‛ jqlfqìh| ibtbm x`jbibe`tibm f pq`tibm bjtfq` jbhf bgbm|w`t`

lmxf{ufqìhl {tfc banfj` tn`{ifzut` i` jbij|qliu{jfg b{ibt`g`.tbelwf pqf ubgl q`y|i` e` tn`{ifzutb pb{uìl gbuftfq`h|wf d`jubq ljbibg{jfc f qèifc `juftib{uf:

‛ boftnh`tìhl #qltfu`nfx`kfh`& ljbibgfhl) Qù hl |ifzufb elklifhluq|e` f ljbibg{jfc eb{ufmi|w`. fx`xft`h|wf ilebtbnhib jbqfzulihlj`p`kfulu`. ef{nbj`kfh| ql{|q{`. x`cufhlt`h|wf bmqbgi` ql{uq|ju|qf'qìh`:

‛ |{pb{u`tnhìh| ljbibg{jfc f pbnfufyjfc ulglnh` pbuqlaifc x` ef'

i`gfyì f beqoft ljbibg{jf q`xtbh) \ ljbibg{jbg {gf{n| ubxi`yf qlm|n`kfh| uqofzu` be {uqìl eqo`tl jbhl {l ba`tlx|hl i`

pqfikfpl bembtbqib{uf f uqì{p`qliuib{uf. tb~lihl jbclqliuil fi'e|{uqfh{jl pbnfufjl ul pb{u`tnhìh| {uìe`qe` f qlm|n uftl x` ldlj'ufti| q`{pbehln| jbqf{uf be ljbibg{jbm q`{u` {tfg mq`~ìfg`:

‛ pqltnè`tìhl{è zihfc kliuqfd|m`nifculielikfhùl pb{ulplib`nfben|yib qlfiulmqfqìhl ljbibg{jfc `juftib{uf | bjtfq| hlefi{utl'ibm ljbibg{jbm pqb{ubq` AfC:

‛ fiulmqfqìh| AfC ljbibgfhl | {thlu{j| pqftqle|.‛ jqlfqìh| ljbibg{jl jnfgl ùq`juftil x` DEF) \x fibxlgil fi'

tl{ufubql i`mn`zlib bpqlxil. pbtbnhif ljbibg{jf |thluf gbq`h|

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0 Efb pql|xlu fx ebj|gliu` [uqùlmfh` ljbibg{jbm q xtbh` AfC dfiì{fqìbm be {uqìl\IE_'`f bjbiyìbm. ul h`tibpqlxliufqìbmg`h` 066=) [uqùlmfhìfhl afn` pqfct`wl'i` be {uqìl AfC Tnèl. ` if be {uqìl gl~|i`qbeifc dfiì{fh{jfc fi{ufu|kfh`)\ghl{ubihl. {uqùlmfh` ulglnhli` i` t`zfimubi{jbg jbi{li{|{| hl | pqfghlif kfhlnb tqfhlgl{` eùfg ldljufg`)Tb~` pqbhlju` f mn`tif `|ubq hl afb) E) [ubhìbt) [uqùlmfh` hl fg`nìljbnfjb gl~|i`qbifcjbi{|nuìù`8 _qbd) G) _ìfw'K`gaqfeml \i. H) _b{kcn']F]L.O) _`pfw'FACF. H) Glikfimlq'Nh|anhì` \i) f L) Dfggli'[kcfnlq fi{ufu|u)



afuf {ut`qìf pb pqfikfpfzubpqfhl ubabnhl. pb{laib jqbx eb{ufxìhlf beqo`tìhl tf{bjl {ubpl ljbibg{jbm q`{u`.

I`htlwf ljbibg{jf ql{|q{f xlgnhl {| | ihlifg pbulikfh`nfg`.fp`ji`jbi iljbnfjb mbefi` ljbibg{jl pq`xifil. zfqbjb q`{pqb{uqìhli` `pùfh`{l gbq` fxgfhlifuf | pbxfufti` byljftìh`. jb {l olnl ql{u`|fqfqùf ibqg`nilljbibg{jl bjbnib{uf)

_bnfufyjl bjbnib{uf

Jnh|yi` pb{u`tj` ibtbm jbiklpu` hl e` {l olnhlif kfnhltf gbm| eb{lwf{`gb |x bqmì{j| pbtlxìb{u jbiklpu` ljbibg{jbmq`xtbh` {` {bkfh`nifg

f pbnfufyjfg pqbghli`g`) Jb`nfkfh` x` pqbghlil f pqbmql{ wl | ubgl {gf{n| h`yùf fx eì` | eì. ebj wl bpbxfkfh` pqbmql{ftifg pqbghli`g` {nàfuf fxeì` | eì)

[`gbh`j`tnè` gbol fgpnlgliufqùf ljbibg{j|pbnfufj|{jfkfqì|| btbh {uqùlmfhf) Gibmf kfnhltf x`cufhlt`h| elulqgfi`kfh|. |pbqib{u f f{p|'ih`tìhl ba`tlx`)

\ ubg {gf{n|. tnè` jbh` fg` i`htlw| gbm|wib{u qlxf{ulikfhl i` pbnfufyjl |uhlk`hl afn` af tnè` lj{plqù`) Ljbibg{j` pbnfufj` gbq` fgùf h`{il pq`tkl ul i`mn`zli| ben|yib{u ihlil ql`nfx`kfhl) Ub {l il gbol pb{ufwf`jb {l xèù`j ef{plqxfq` i` gìhl f yl{ub jbidnfjuil mq|pl) Bembtbqi`tnè` wl gbqùf jqlfqùf ljbibg{jb {|plq'gfif{u`q{utb jbhl wl ben|yftùf

b {tfg ljbibg{jb'pbnfufyjfg pqbmq`gfg`. ` jbhl uqla` afuf i`yln| pq`'tfnib eldfifqìl cfhlq`qcfhl h`tibm |pq`tnhìh`)

_qfikfpf f jqfulqfhf fxabq` pbnfufj`

Eb {è` {| {l afn` pbh`tfn` et` jbiklpu` uqìxfkfhl8 afm aìm fnfzbj pqf{u|p f mqè|`nf{ufyjf pqf{u|p)

Bif {l {|p{uìkfh`nib q`xnfj|h| | pbmnle|tqlgli{jl efglixfhl. aqxfil jbhbg {l fgpnlgliufq`h| ghlql ljbibg{jl pbnfufjl #pbxiùl ipq)j`b utqe` a|eolu{j` bmqìfylih`& ul |nbxf tnèl #eqo`tl& | pqbkl{| uqì'xfkfhl)

Ba` pqf{u|p` fg`h| {nàl f ebaql {uqìl) Jbgafifq`h|wf f bil ebaql{uqìl. gf{nfgb e` gbolgb dbqg|nfq uf i`habnhf jbiklpu|`nif pqf{u|p j`b pqf{u|p `mql{ftibm mqè|`nfxg`)

Byljft`h|wf i`mn` f eq`{ufyi` qhlzlih` u`gb mehl ub bahljuftib ifhlgbm|wl hl ljbibg{jf jbiuq`pqbe|juftib ` pbnfufyjf zuluib) Fp`j. ben`mìhlfgpnlgliu`kfhl ghlq` jbhl gbm| pqbfxtl{uf aqxl qlx|nuùl hl illdfj`{ib fq`{uqbzib) _q`tfnif tqlgli{jf bjtfq f {ljtlikl fgpnlgliu`kfhl pqbghli`{|.xùb. hleì be jnh|ylt` b jbhlg {l gbq` tbefuf q`y|i`)

0?;



Xèù`j jbhf fg`gb hl {fg|nuìb èql{fqìhl tlwlm aqbh` pqbanlg`f ghlq`.jbhf fg`h| {nfhlelw| {ljtlik| ebm`~ìh`8jqlfqìhl uqofzu`9{uàfnfx`kfh`9nfalq`nfx`kfh`9ql{uq|ju|qfqìhl9pqftùfx`kfh`

Uqìxfkfh| uqla` fxtbefuf i` u`j`t i`yfi j`jb af {l jqlfq`nl ibtl pbmbeib{uf x` fieftfe|`nil f jbnljuftil fifkfhùftl. ` il butbqlif m`pbtfjbhf gbm| hbz tfzl pbmbqzùf {fu|`kfh|)

[` btfg jqfulqfhfg` i` |g|. pqlenòlgb. j`b pqtf pqfbqfulu. `mql{ftìq`xtbh uqofzifc fi{ufu|kfh ) @p{bn|uib il pb{ubhf q`xnbm ifuf pbuqla` j`b ifbpq`teìhl x` ben`mìhl btbm pqbkl{`) Bi. zu`tfzl. il uqòf gùlqfh`nilql{|q{l. b{fg. hleib{u`tib pbnfufyjl. tbnhl)

\ f{ub tqfhlgl. uqofzul {`gb pb {laf j`b f {pb{baib{u jqlfqìh` uqofzu` pqljb ibwf il {gfh| pb{uùf bp{l{fh`) Gbq` {l {ctùfuf e` uqìxfkfh` jùqofzibhpqftqlef hl ubj | jbhlguqofzul il d|ijkfbifq` | khlnb{uff plqdljuib)

_qftùfx`kfh`

#\ beib{| i` pqftùfx`kfh|. jbh` hl `p{bn|uif pqfbqfulu t`zfimubi{jbmjbi{li{|{`. {gùq`gb e` gbeln pqftùfx`kfhl pqfghlihftì | q`xtfhlifgx`pèifg xlgnh`g` il gbol afuf jbqfzuli j`b b{ibt` x` pqftùfx`kfh| |AfC) _qbmq`g pqftùfx`kfhl uqla` ulglnhfuf i` glube`g` f glcìfxgfg`

pqftùfx`kfhl jbhf pbe{ufy| ljbibg{jf q`xtbh)[uq|ju|q` tn`{ifzut` f pqftùfx`kfh` | AfC gbq`h| fgùf i` |g| {pl'

kfdfyil j`q`julqf{ufjl tn`{ifyjfc beib{` f pq`t` jbhf {| lmxf{ufq`nf | pqb'znb{uf)

G`jqbljbibg{j` pbnfufj`

[gùq`gb {uàfnib dfiì{fh{jb bjq|olihl j`b `p{bn|uib tfu`nì pql'e|thlu x` afnb jbh| xi`y`hi| ljbibg{j| `juftib{u f pqbkl{ ebibzlih`ljbibg{jfc ben|j`) Ljbibg{jf q`{u x`cufhlt` dfiì{fh{j| {uàfnib{u)

[uàfni` t`n|u` hl pqle|thlu {uàfnil ljbibgfhl) F{ub u`jb. ` i` e|mfqbj hbz f tòifhl.{uàfnib{u beqoftbm q`{u` f ldfj`{i` ljbibgfh` {| il|pfuif

pqle|thluf {uàfnib{uf t`n|ul) [uàfnfx`kfbif pqbmq`g {gùq`gb |{phlzifg

il bie` jè` {| kfhlil {uàfnil ` eltfxif j|q{ {l il gfhlih`. ilmb jè` hluqofzi` ljbibgfh`.x`{ibtì` pqlebgfiìuib i` pqftùibh {tbhfif. f fifkf' hùftf {pb{bai` {utbqfuf pqle|thlul beqoftbm q`{u` f q`xtbh`) Bt`j`t ufpd|ie`gliu`nil ljbibg{jl {uàfnib{uf gbol {l eb{ufwf {`gb ql`nfx`kfhbgjbixf{uliuil ljbibg{jl pbnfufjl ubjbg mbefi`)

_bolnhì kfnh hl nfalq`ni`. butbqli` ljbibgfh` {` {nbabeibg uqmbtf'ibg) Btb {l il gbol. gl~|ufg. fgpnlgliufqùf pqljb ibwf) F{ub u`jb {lxi` e` hl nfalq`nfx`kfh` uqmbtfil pbuqlai` f jbqf{i`. xi` {l e` {l bi` gbq`

0?5



pnìfqùf f pqfpqlgùf {` e|oibg pòihbg fg`h|wf i` |g| gbm|wl ilm`'uftil ldljul | ubj| pqbkl{` uqìxfkfhl)

I`qbyfub. fifkfh`nif |thluf {` jbhfg` {| {|bylil xlgnhl i` pqb{ubq| aftzl H|mb{n`tfhl gbq`h| {l |xluf | baxfq i` p|u| |{pb{u`tnhìh` ql`nf{'ufyibm p|u` j` nfalq`nfx`kfhf uqmbtfil)

Fiuqbe|jkfh` p|il f {nbabeil gl~|i`qbeil jbij|qlikfhl af tfzl eb'nfn` |nhl i` tùq| pb{ubhlwfc pqbanlg`. ilmb zub af afn` qhlzlihl) _b{ulpli|n`x`j | tbe| gl~|i`qbeil jbij|qlikfhl hl abnhl qhlzlihl) _fuìhl nfal'q`nfx`kfhl tìh{jl uqmbtfil hl yf{u pqfghlq | pqfnbm pònhftbm mqè|`nfxg`)

_bnfufj` eltfxibm uly`h` uqla`n` af afuf u`jb efx`hifqì` e` ebp|ih`t`f pbeqo`t` mqè|`nf{ufyj| pbnfufj|) Kfnh. ubjbg uqìxfkfhl. uqla` afuf eb{l'xìhl p|il jbitlqufafnib{uf ebg`wl t`n|ul. `nf {l uqla` u`jb~lq pbe{hlufufe` {| xlgnhl x`pèil Ltqbpl | j`{ifg 065?'ufg f ìfg 06<?'ufg ebifhlnlben|j| b pb{ulplibg pqfanfo`tìh| jbitlqufafnib{uf)

_qtb. aqx` jbitlqufafnib{u ib{f qfxfj uqbzlih` b{j|eifc eltfxifc ql'xlqtf) Eq|mb. xabm {pbqbm ql`mfqìh` jqftl pbi|el i`kfbi`nil ljbibgfhl#{|ppnv {fel& fi{uìui` jbitlqufafnib{u tbef xi`jbtfubg pbq`{u| ilx`pb'{nlib{uf)

\pbuqla` jbitlqufafnib{uf t`n|ul f dfj{ibm eltfxibmuly`h`. j`b {feq`x` qhlz`tìhl ebg`wfc g`jqbljbibg{jfc pqbanlg`.pqfhl {tlm` fidn`kfhl.

hl hlei`jb zbj ulq`pfhf) Ub hl. thlqbtùib. hlefib qhlzlihl | lj{uqlgifg{n|y`hltfg` cfplqfidn`kfhl. `nf jè` {l hleibg eb{lmi| jqfulqfhf dfiì{fh{jl{uàfnib{uf. fiulqif uqbzjbtf u`jtbm glcìfxg` pqltnè`t`h| iè jbqf{ufg`)Ef{kfpnfi` jbh` {l i`glwl jbitlqufafnibzw| t`n|ul f dfj{ifg uly`hlg hlubnfjb qfmfei` x` tlnfjl pqbanlgl uqìxfkfbil d`xl)

_bnfufj` ebcbuj`

\ pqfikfp|. f i` e|mf qbj. q`{pbehln` ebcbuj` uqla` afuf beql~li`{nbabeifg ehlnbtìhlg uqofzu` jbhl ilpb{qleib beqò`t` pqbe|juftib{uqè`)

B{ibti` q`{pbehln` ebcbujùè` af afn` beql~li` {pbq`x|gfg`jbnljuftil i`q`tf fxgl~| {fiefjù`. pb{nbe`t`k` f eqo`tl. ` gbmn` af {le`nhl gbefdfkfqùf | {jnè| {` {uìe`qefg` gbelqil f {bkfh`nil eqo`tl)

J`jb hl uqìxfkfh` j` uqofzibh ljbibgfhf j|w` i` pbn` p|u` fxgl~|{nbabeibm uqofzu` f eqo`til fiulqtlikfhl.beql~lif ufp pbnfufjl ebcbuj` hlebaqbebz`b | kfnh| qle|kfqìh` pqfuf{`j` ubjbg pqbkl{` ql{uq|ju|qfqìh` f{uàfnfx`kfhl)

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Fie|{uqfh{j` pbnfufj`

\ AfC pb{ubhl f pbuqla` f pbmbeib{uf x` efx`hifqìhl f fgpnlgliuf'qìhl fie|{uqfh{jl pbnfufjl |x pbgbw lj{plqù` fx q`xtfhlifc xlg`nh` f gl'~|i`qbeifc `mlikfh` {plkfh`nfxfqìfc x` u`jt` pfuìh`)

Fie|{uqfh{j` pbnfufj` x`{ift` {l i` q`xtfhlibh gqlof fi{ufu|kfh`. j`bzub {| uqmbtfi{jl jbgbql. gfif{u`q{ut`. i`|yil fi{ufu|kfhl. ul {plkfh`nfxf'qìl `mlikfhl) Fie|{uqfh{j` pbnfufj` | AfC uqla`n` af pqfg`qib f zub hl aqolgbm|wl afuf bqfhliufqì` j` bpbq`tj| ljbibgfhl. ul pbq`{u| x`pb{nlib{uf)_buqlaib hl |yfifuf {tl i`pbql. ` e` {l il |mqbo`t` jbij|qliuib{u iùqofzu|. {ufg|nfqùf `juftib{u bifc {ljubq` jbhf gbm| i`haqol ebpqfifhluf

pbq`{u| MI_'`. pb{laib {ljubq` {` xiùifhfg {èqo`hlg ebg`wfc ql{|q{`)

B{ibtil ban`{uf fgpnlgliu`kfhl fie|{uqfh{jl pbnfufjl gbmnl af afuf8

‛ pbefxìhl jbij|qluib{uf ljbibgfhl pbabnhz`tìhlg ulcibnbzjfcj`p`kfulu`:

‛ pqbgbkfh` fxtbx` f ljbibg{jbm q`xtbh` pqlupb{u`tnh` dbqgfqìhlfi{ufu|kfh` x` pqbgbkfh| fxtbx` f pqfj|pnhìhl fidbqg`kfh`:

‛ `juftib{uf | {dlqf pqbgbkfhl fxtbx` pbeq`x|ghlt`h| f ilpb{qlei| pbgbw dfqg`g`. pb{laib [GL{ | kfnh| q`xtbh` lj{pbquifc {uq`'ulmfh` f eb{lxìh` fibxlgifc uqofzu`:

‛ pqbgbtfqìhl Q$E. pb{laib q`xtbh` ulcibnbmfh` f ihlibm uqì{'dlq`:

‛ pbefxìhl ldljuftib{uf pqbkl{` uqì{dlq` ulcibnbmfhl fx fibxlg{ut` f

‛ q`xtfhìhl fie|{uqfh{jfc jn`{ulq` f ihfcbtb pbtlxftìhl {` fibxlg'ifg dfqg`g`)

_bnfufj` x`pb{nlib{uf

Tlnfjf aqbh ilx`pb{nlifc. bifc jbhf {| qlmf{uqfqìf j`b x`pb{nlif `nfil qèl. j`b f bifc jbhf wl pb{uùf ilx`pb{nlif | pqbkl{| uqìxfkfhl. yfif

pfuìhl pbnfufjl x`pb{nlib{uf fx|xluib ulzjfg)

Tlnfyfi` pqbanlg` xi`yf e` {l bi il gbol qhlz`tùf j`b efb ibqg`nil{bkfh`nil pbnfufjl) _fuìhl ilx`pb{nlib{uf j`b f x`zufu` be ilx`pb{nlib{ufubjbg pqbkl{` uqìxfkfhl uqla`nf af afuf uqlufqìf j`b fiulmq`nif efb |j|pibmljbibg{jbm ql{uq|ju|qfqìh`) [f{ulg {bkfh`nil x`zuful x` ilx`pb{nlil gbq`

afuf efb qlm|nfqìh` uqofzu` qè`)

X`zufu` be pbq`{u` ilx`pb{nlib{uf j`b f pbnfufj` {gìhlih` ilx`pb'{nlib{uf x`cufhlt`h| `juftì i`yfi pqbgbkfhl x`pbznh`tìh`) Bi` af gbmn`|jnh|yfuf8

0?4



‛ pqbkl{ pqljt`nfdfj`kfhl. {ufkìh` ibtfc xiìh` ul plqgìliuib ba'q`xbtìhl:

‛ pqbmq`gl pbgbwf {`gbx`pbznh`tìh| f

‛ ghlql x` pbe{ufkìhl x`pb{nlib{uf. pb{laib | pqftùibg {ljubq|)

\ fgpnlgliu`kfhf btfc `juftib{uf xi`y`hib hl h`yùf |nbm| elkliuq`nf'x`kfhl tn`{uf | liufulufg` j`b zub {|8 mqè fnf pqbtfikfh`) F{ubtqlglib.i`kfbi`ni` gqlo` `juftib{uf gbq` ehlnbtùf jbgplnlgliu`qib {|ai`kfb'i`nifg fifkfhùft`g` f {kclg`g`)

Ljbibg{j` jbbplq`kfh` i` pqb{ubq| aftzl H|mb{n`tfhl

Fgpnlgliu`kfh` {uqùlmfhl pbeq`x|gfhlt` pb{ulplib boftnh`tìhl `nff lj{pìxfh| ljbibg{jl f pbnfufyjl {`qèihl gl~| ilbtf{ifg eqo`t`g`

pqb{ubq` aftzl H|mb{n`tfhl. j`b hleibm be pbulikfh`n` jbhf gbm| pb{laibebpqfifhluf ljbibg{jbg pqbmql{|)

_b{laì {ufg|nì{ boftnh`tìh| pqftqlel nlof | {dlqf gl~|{bail uqmb'tfil) Xùb hl {t`jf jbq`j | pq`tk| pbe{ufkìh`{ut`qìh` {nbabeil uqmbtfilgl~| ibtfg eqo`t`g` pbuqlaì f pbolnhì)

Lj{pìxfh` uqmbtfil gl~| xlgnh`g` gbol afuf |{pbqli` alx bemb't`q`h|wfc fi{ufu|kfh` j`b zub hl g|nufnùlq`nif pnùif glcìfx`g)Bi af {lgbm`b jbi{uq|fq uf {nfyib Ltqbp{jbh _nùibh |ifhf pbylujbg 06<?'fc)

\nbm` {uqìfc efqljuifc fitl{ufkfh`

[uqùlmfh` pbn`xf be ubm` e` il uqla` m`hfuf fn|xfhl bjb q`{pbnboftb{ufDEF) Bil {| pbuqlail. bil {| ebaqbebznl ul {l gbq`h| pbe|xluf {tl ghlqli` ihfcbtbg pqftn`ylih|) I` eq|mbh {uqìf. f{j|{ut` pbj`x|h| e` y`j fxlgnhl jbhl {l {gùq`h| e`nljb gìhl qfxfyifg be AfC. DEF ifuf ebn`xl

aqxb ifuf | olnhlifg fxib{fg`)

Tlnfjfefb dfiì{fh{jl pbeqzjl AfC. gbq`wl fe`nhl ebn`xfuf fx hleibm hlefi{utlibm f jbbqefifqìbm pqbmq`g` jbhf wl bgbm|wfuf ebtbnhil dfiì'{fh{jl ql{|q{l x` qlnùftib pbeibznhft x`bjqlu fx ljbibg{jl afhlel j`ljbibg{jbg pqb{plqfulu|)

_qbmq`g af {l gbm`b jbbqefifqùf be {uqìl Mq|pl 15 tb~li be{uqìl L\) U`j`t pqbmq`g hl pbuqlaì il {`gb AfC. ilmb f xlgnh`g` {`

pqb{ubq` aftzl H|mb{n`tfhl)

Bi il {`gb e` af ebpqfifb ljbibg{jbg bpbq`tj|. ilmb afb {pqf' hlyfb pbi`tnhìhl jbidqbiu`kfh` fx pqbznb{uf. ` xlgnhl pqfpqlgfb x` ldfj`{ib pqfeq|oftìhl L\)

0?=



X`jnh|yi` q`xgùqìh`

E` af pqlofthln` j`b eqo`t`. AfC {l gbq` mqèfuf eld`jub fx plpln`.` ihli` ljbibgfh` gbq` afuf ùq`juftifh` be pqftqlel {|{hle`)

[le`g mbefi` i`jbi jq`h` qùÀfC hl | x`gkf ihlifc pbnfufy`q`.jbhf{| pqtb afnf i`kfbi`nf{uf. ` pbubg {| pb{u`nf jqùjbtfef f tlnfjfg efhlnbgjbq|gpfqìf) I` eq|mbh {uqìf. AfC hl | x`gkf g`fi'{uql`g ljbibgfhlf ebmgù{jbm pqf{u|p` uqofzu| f uqìxfkfhf)

Xùb hl {fqbg`zutb pqfhlulwf dlibgli | AfC) AfC u`h pqbanlg qìfhlifhl pbxi`t`n`)

Xlgnh` hl | pqleq`xtbhibh d`xf. ljbibg{jf hl ilbeqoft`)AfC uqla` ibtb qhlzlihl) Gf gf{nfgb e` {l u`jtb qhlzlihl | ebgli|ljbibgfhl gbol uqòfuf | jbiulj{u| ilbjlhixfhì{jl f ljbibgfhl pbi|eljbh` af {l gbmn` ql`nfxfqùf |x xi`y`hi| gl~|i`qbei| pbeqzj|) Hbz |tfhlj

pb{ubhf pbuqla` x` {iòifg gl~|i`qbeifg ièxbqbg pqbkl{` uqìxfkfhl |AfC)

Ubgl gbq`gb ebeùf tòi| i`pbgli| jbh` {l ufyl |uhlk`h` mnba`nf'x`kfhl i` {thlu{j` ljbibg{j` jqluìh`) Mnba`nfx`kfh` {l x` {è` betfh` |be{|{ut| {thlu{jl ljbibg{jl f q`xtbhil pbnfufjl) G`nl f xlgnhl | q`xtbh|#NEK{& {| {|bylil{` pbup|ifg m|afujbg ljbibg{jbm {|tlqlifulu`. ul {|{ubm` q`xbq|oìl f alx fi{uq|gliù` ljbibg{jl f q`xtbhil pbnfufjl)

Gf{nfgbe` alx ibtbm ljbibgjbm pqf{u|p`q`xtbh|.{tf gbolgb afufx`qbanhlifkf {u`qfc ljbibg{jfc ulbqfh` x` e|ol tqfhlgl)

F a|e|wib{u AfC tlbg` x`tf{f be ibtbm f ql`nifhlm {thlu{jbm pqf{'u|p` pqbkl{| mnba`nfx`kfhl)

Nfulqù|q`

Cbqtù. A) #0666)&.Ucl Uclbqv bd Fiulqiùfbi`n Uqèl. G`kgfnnìDbie Butbqlib Eq|zutb #1??1)&. [`q`hltb: Fiulqiùfbi`n [|ppbqu _bnfkfl{

ub [LLK{'Nl{{bi{ #ibu&Nl`qile fi AfC_fulnf{. K) #0663)& Fi{ufu|ufbi A|fnefim `{ ì Fie|{uqf`n [uqùlmv. _C@QL'

@KTL pqbhlku. h|il 0663)_fulnf{) K #1??0)& [|ppnv'[fel [uqùlmv dbq _qbe|kuftfuv. Kbgpluluftlil{{

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uqì{fufbi ub g`qjlu lkbibgv.fi8 @u Uclkqb{{qb{è{‛ef{`{ulq bq ibqg`nfxùfbi2_lulq Nìm

0?3



[ubhìbt. E) #1??0)& AfC fi ucl _qbkl{{ bd Uqìxfufbi. fi B}ilq{cfp pqbk'l{{ fi AfC. le) av K) [bnfbx

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[`kc{. H) #063=)& Uqèl ìe Lskcìml Qùl _bnfkfl{ fi Mqb}uc'Bqfliule@eh|{ugliu _qbkl{{. fi Mqb}uc'Bqfliule @eh|{ugliu pqbkl{{) FGD

Ucl Il} Q|{{f` #1??0)& le) av N) Jnlfi. ìe G) _bglq. [uìdbqe \i._ql{{)Ucl ]bqne Aìj #0664)& AfC Ub}`qe{ Lkbibgfk Qlkbtlqv. Ucl ]bqne

Aìj

\IE_ #066=)& Lkbibgfk Eltlnbpgliu [uqùlmv dbq AfC. \IE_) Tflii`

0?6



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ZLQFH@U[JF [\E[JF _B[U\_@J \ AB[IF F CLQKLMBTFIF

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_q`tb ‛ dfjc {l x`{ift`nb i` ylufqf pqfxiù` fxtbq`8 pqtb. J|q‖ì.jbhf hl b{ibtif fxtbq f{n`g{jbm pq`t`) Gè` J|q‖ì ifhl pq`tif x`jbifj.bi pb{u`tnh` fxthl{il bpzul pqfikfpl f pq`tfn` pq`til pqfqbel. i`qbyfub |

pbmnle| pbqbefkl f pbqbefyifc beib{`)0

UqèfkfhÀbofhlm _b{nìfj` ‛ cèf{f. {| eq|mf tlnfjf fxtbq f{n`g{jbm pq`t`) Cèf{f {|. i`fgl. zlqfhù{jl tqfhleib{uf #`cj`g& ‛ f{ub j`b f {|iilu.f{n`g{j` uqèfkfh`)

Feog` hl uqlwf fxtbq f{n`g{jbm pq`t`) Iljf ulbqlufy`qf f pq`tifkf jò|„i`htòifhf pq`tif pbh`g | f{n`g|‗) 1 Feog` hl pqtbafuib xi`yfn` {`mn`{ib{u|nnlgl b pbhlefifg pq`tifg pfuìhfg`. ` | j`{ifhlg plqfbe| {`mn`{ilben|jl F{n`g{jl thlq{jl x`hleifkl b beql~libh pq`tibh pqbanlgùfkf)

Ylutqu` b{ibt` dfjc` hl jfh`{. uh) pqfghli` ì`nbmibm x`jnh|yftìh`| x`jbibe`t{ut|) Fxtbqib. | ulqgfibnbmfhf f{n`g{jbm pq`t` xi`yf uq|efuf

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pqf{u|p` f {u`t` pqlg` f{n`g|. jbhf hl afb bpzul'tnè`h|wf | {bkfh`nf{ufyjbgeq|zutlib ‛ pbnfufyjbg |ql~lih|)

J`b u`j`t ljnùìuì pqfghlq i`tbefgb pbh`g zlqfhù` | Qhlyifj|cf{ubqfhl eqo`tl f pq`t`.0i`gfhlihlibm j`b |iftlqxfulu{jb pbg`m`nb {u|'eliu{jbg f pb{uefpnbg{jbg `|efubqfh|g|. mehl pqbd) eq) Jbi{uìufi A`{'u`fw eldfifzl zlqfhù j`b „{j|p pq`tfn` ebmgù{jbm f baqleibm j`q`julq`f{n`g`‗) \pqjb{ ebp|i`g`. bah`zih`t` e`nhl bt`h `|ubq. zlqfhù hl fg`b ‛

i`qbyfub | pbmnle| pq`tifc pqbpf{` ‛ pqluloib {u`miìuì j`q`julq. ` pb{tbhfg fxtbqfg` ulbjq u{jf j`q`julq) Zlqfh u{jb hl pq`tb. x`jnh|y|hl pqbd)A`{u`fw. afnb f b{u`nb ulbjqù{jb |x {u`miìuì j`q`julq! X` J|q‖ì j`bi`htòifhffxtbq zlqfhù`. bt`h `|ubq jòl e` hl „p|i pbi`tnhìh`. ilh`{ibw`.

p` f pqbuftqhlyib{uf f alx fj`jtl {f{ulgùfjl‗) #fafelg&Bt`j`t ilmùftì {u`t pqlg` zlqfhù{jbg pq`t| hl pb{nhlefk` il'

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x` ybthlj`. hl ulglnhli |mn`tibg i` gfnb{uf f nh|a`tf. hlq ybthljbt e|zltifoftbu ifhl betbhlif. tlw {hlefihlif efb pqfqbeibm qle`. ` b{ibtif ulglnhubm qle` hl Aboì{j` gfnb{u ‛ pfzl C|{lhi Lzd`j | [|zufif f{n`g`) 1

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pq`tibg {f{ulg|) Zlqfhù xàqìh|hl xnb|pbuqla| pq`t` f pq`tifc btn`z'ulih . x`nòl {l x` beqo`tìhl x`jbifub{uf. x`{u|p` i`ylnb fieftfe|`nil. ìl jbnljuftil bembtbqib{uf. fg` tfzl plq{bi`nif ilmb ulqfubqfh`nif j`q`julq.

pqfxi`hl ltbn|kfh| pq`t` f i`qbeil bafy`hl) #áelu&;

001

0 Cbqt u ‛ A`{u`fw ‛ [fqbujbtfw8 Qhlyifj cf{ubqfhl eqo`tl f pq`t`. „Fidbqgùbq‗ X`mqla.06=<)1 C|{lhi Lzd j8 [|zufi` f{n`g` ‛ Jbgliu`q Dùfcl. FFF fxeìhl. [`q`hltb 0633). {uq) 56)

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1)& Zlqfhù{jf {|ebtf f pb{u|p`j

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pfuìh| f {n|y`h|) 1 \ zlqfhù{jbg p`qifyibg pb{u|pj| {l b{ut`qft`n` x`zufu`{|ahljuftifc #pqftùifc& pq`t` jbhl hl ibqgfq`nb gùlqfh`nib pq`tb)

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00;

0 Fxeìhl pfzyltb. F{n`g{j` efbifyj` zu`gp`qfh` | [`q`hlt|. 061=). {uq) 4)1 A|zùnfw8 bp) kfu) 1<)

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[uqì`yj| {pb{baib{u {| fg`n` dfxfyj`. `nf f pq`ti` nfk` #t`j|df.i`pqfghlq&) _`qifyi` {pb{baib{u #{`n`ccfhlu& {l pbjn`p`n` {` pb{nbtibg{pb{baibzw| zlqfhù{jbm pq`t`) _qlg` X`jbi| be 04) Xfnjèl 0134) Cfeo'qlu{jl mbefil. bi` hl pqfpè`n` {t`jbg nfk| jbhl hl p|ibnhluib #abn|m&. ub

hl{ul. jbhl hl i`p|ifnb 1? mbefi` oftbu`. |x |{nbt e` hl `jfn. beib{ibe|zltib xeq`tb f q`x|gib xqlnb #g|glhfx& f {pb{baib q`xnfjbtùf ebaqbbe xn` f zuluib be jbqf{ibm)

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tlnfhl fnf t`{fhl. ` ub {| | pq`tfn| u|ubqf. {jqaifkf f {u`qùlnhf) T`j|dl {|x`{u|p`nf g|ultlnfhl. ` b{u`n` pq`ti` nfk` f ihfcbtf {uù|u`qif bqmìf) 0

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;)& I`yln` zlqfhù{jbm p`qifyibm pb{u|pj`

B{ibti` i`yln` zlqfhù{jbm p`qifyibm {|ebtìh` {| afn`80) E`t` ‛ u|oalib i`ylnb. b jbgl hl tlw afnb qfhlyf)1) I`ylnb {|bylih` f {`{n|zìh` bafh| {uqì`j` #g|tèolclf u`q`dlhi&)

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alnf{ul& fx|xlt cìldfu{jbm g`xcla`. `nf e` f gl~| ulbqlufy`qfg`

btbm` qle` pqbtlh`t` felh` b i|oib{uf fgpnlgliu`kfhl fi{ufu|u` jbi'u|g`kfhl | zlqfhù{jbg p`qifyibg pb{u|pj|) ;

005

0 A|zùnfw8 bp) kfu) {uq) 13)1 Zu`gp n` Efbifyj` uf{j`q` X`mqla. 060=) ‛ {uq) 10)

; F{uf`|ubq i`{uq) 41 i`tlelibm ehlnì`tbef8„Ilebp|{uftb{u bmn|zibm pb{u|pj` pqbuftu|olil b{bal hl { hleil {uqìl ebaq` {ut`q. hlq x`zufw|hl u|olifj`. ib { eq|ml {uqìl hlub ilxmbeib. hlq |xqbj|hl u|ofulnh| zulu| f zfjì|. zub p`j ifhl ebp|zulib) A|e|wf e`



\ tlxf {` btfg pqbanlgbg. | zlqfhù{jbg x`jbifj|8 Gleolnnl f`cjh`gf zlqfhl.0 jbhf hl afb | pqfghlif | Ab{if f Clqklmbtfif #|e`nhlg ulj{u|8 Gleolnnl&. hl tfenhftb e` {l | AfC bmn|zif pb{u|p`jifhl gbm`b pq`jufjbtùf | aq`yifg {pbqbtfg` #xtèofhlu&. {pbqb'tfg`. b {qbe{ut| #il{la. tlql{lu& f b{u`nfg ilfgbtfi{jfg {pbqbtfg`.` afb hl gbm|w | fgbtfi{jfgp`qifk`g` f iljfg tìp`qifyifg{ut`qfg`)1

;) Q`{pq`tib i`ylnb hl | pbup|ib{uf {èqoìb | Gleolnnfg`) [uqìjl{| gbmnl pbi|efuf fxtb~lihl {tfc ebj`x` f ebj`xifc {qle{u`t` #l{'

aàf i|j|g& fx|xlt jlzd` #|tf~`h`& jbhf ifhl pq`jufjbtì | zlqfhù'

{jbh p`qifkf) _b{lai` {fu|`kfh` hl bpf{ì` | p`q`mq`d| 0=54) Gleolnn`| jbgl hl pqbpf{ìb < {n|y`hlt` | jbhfg` hl zlqfhù{jf {|efh` gbm`bf alx x`cuhlt` {uqìjl beqlefuf e` {l pqfgfhlif x`jnlut` #hlgfi& be'ib{ib pql{n|zìhl p`qifyil {uqìjl pbe x`jnlutbg #ulcjfgf c`n&)

5) I`ylnb ilpb{qleib{uf f |{glib{uf hl pqfghlihftìb | pb{u|pj| pqle pqtb{ulplifg zlqfhù{jfg {|ebtfg`) \ p`q`mq`d| 03?4) Gleolnn` {li`tbef hleì fx|xlu`j be i`yln` ilpb{qleib{uf8 jè` hl ebj`x fx'tleli pqle x`ghlifjbg {|efhl. | e`nhlg pb{u|pj| {l pqfctù` j`be` hl fxtleli ilpb{qleib pqle {`gfg {|efhbg. f baqùib) [`g pb{'u|p`j {l tbef |{glib i` x`pf{ifj jbe {|e`. pqbpf{|h| beqleal p`q)030<) ‛ 0314) Gleolnn`)

<) I`ylnb h`tib{uf #`nlif&Gleolnnl fxqfyfub beql~|h| | p`q`mq`d| 030< e` {l pb{u|p`j gbq`tbefuf h`tib | pqf{|{ut| {uqì`j` f p|anfjl)

4) I`ylnb dbqg`nil f{ufil f nlm`nil ulbqfhl ebj`x`\ zlqfhù{jbg p`qifyibg pb{u|pj| {l ifhl pq`jufjbt`n` {nbabei`

bkhli` ebj`x` f pqfghli` ebj`xifc {qle{u`t`. j`b if {nbabeib {|efh{jb|thlqlihl. zub hl tfenhftb fx p`q`mq`d` 0313 Gleolnn`8 Jè {l i`~| pbup|ib{tf q`xnbxf f |{nbtf x` b{|~lihl. il {gfhl {|e`k bulxùf {` fxqfkìhlg

pql{|el ‛ pbzub hl {|efh` tlxì | pbmnle| bkhlil ebj`x` x`jbi{jfg pqb' pf{bg) Ebj`xftìhl #f{aù& {l tqzfnb {nhlelwfg ebj`xifg {qle{utfg`8

`& fjq`q #pqfxiìhl&:

00<

hl {tqc` zlqfhù{jbm pb{u|pj` |{pb{u`t` pq`tibm pbqluj`. ul pqlg` ubgl f x`zufu`bpq`teìfc f x`jbi{jfc pq`t` u|ofulnh`. eqofg e` af uqla`nb f jbe #i`zfc& zlqfhù{jfc{|ebt` |tl{uf bmn|zib pb{u|pìhl | pqleglufg` fgbtfi{jb'pq`til pqfqbel. hlq ul'glnhif pqbpf{f zlqfhù` ifhl{| | pqfikfp| pqbuftif bmnbzibg pb{u|pj| #c|jgf mfhàf&.j`jb hl ub i`tlelib․‗)

0 Uf{`j f i`jnè` Eìfln` @) J`hbi . [`q`hltb 06?4)

1 _`q`mq`d 0304). 03;;) f 03;5) Gleolnn`)



a& ebj`x #f{aù. alhfil&:k& hlgfi #x`jnlut`&:e& beafhìhl x`jnlutl #hlgfieli g|j|n&:l& byfuf xi`jbtf f uq`mbtf #j`qfilf jùf`&. fd& fnnfgf jèf #xiìhl f |thlqlihl {|efhl&)Ebj`xftìhl{l ifhlfxtbefnb|{nhlelwfg {n|y`hltfg`8pqtb. jbe uxt)

byltfeifc yfihlifk` #i`c{|{&: eq|mb. jbe ibubqifc yfihlifk` #ultù|q& fuqlwl. jbe pqfxiìh` yfihlifk` #fjq`q&)

[`gb ebj`xftìhl {l gbmnb fxtbefuf i` iljbnfjb i`yfi`) Ebj`xf'tìhl {thlebkfg` #z|c|efl f{aù& hl pqle{u`tnh`nb u`jbxtìf utqef ebj`x#c|eoluf j`tfh`&. ` fxtbefnb {l8

F& j`b byltfeib {thlebylihl f {thlebylihl pb y|tlih| #zlcèlu afuul{`g|&:

FF& j`b {thlebylihl i` b{ibt| {thlebylih` #zlcèlu `nlz zlcèl& fFFF& u`jbxtìb ebaqbw|eib {thlebylihl #zlcèluf c`{al&)

_b{laì pqbkl{if fi{ufu|u jbhf hl afb | |pbuqlaf jbe ebj`xftìh`{thlebkfg` hl afb ulxjfhlf z|c|ce. fnf pqbthlqlihl {thlebj` jbhl {l tqzfnb

h`tib #`nlili& f u`hib #{fqli&. ` bpf{ìb hl | p`q`mq`d| 0=04) Gleolnn`)Eq|mf tfe ebj`xftìh` hl afb f{pq`t`g` #c|eoleof cùfhl&. jbhl hl

pqbpf{ìb beqlea`g` p`q) 0=;4)'0=;6) Gleolnn`. f ub pqftùifg f h`tifg)

Ebj`xftìhl x`jnlutbg #u`cnfd&f pql{n|z`tìhl p`qifyil{uqìjl pbex`jnlutbg #u`cjfgf c`n& hl afb pb{laì banfj ebj`x`)

_b{nhleihf banfj ebj`xftìh`jbhf hl pbxi`t`b zlqfhù{jf p`qifyif pb{u|p`j hl afb ebj`x thlzu`kfg`. jbhl hl fglibt`b zlqfhù{jf {|e)

Mbtbqlwf b i`ylnfg` zlqfhù{jbm pb{u|pj`. ltfeliuib hl e` pqbkl{|'`nf{uf ubm tqlgli` j`b if Gleolnnl il pbgfih| fxqfyfub ef{pbxfkfbi| g`j'{fg|. `nf hl xùbyfu`tifx fi{ufu|u` jbhf|j`x|h|i` pqf{|uib{u btbm pqfikfp`| pqbkle|qf p`qifkl)

Jbi{uùbt`nf {gb e` hl pq`tb i` u|oa| #e`t`& gbm|wib{u {t`jbmnfk` yfhl hl {|ahljuftib pq`tb |mqbolib) Gbm|wib{u {uqì`j` e` | pb{u|pj||yl{ut|h| nfyib fnf p|ulg tljfn` ‛ bp|ibgbwlifj` hl u`jb~lq ef{pbxfkfbibbtn`zulihl jbhl pqletf~l Gleolnn`)

Xùfg beaqì` u|olibm #eldf e`t`& hl qèih` jbh` {l pqle|xfg`n` iùqf `nulqiùfti` i`yfi`8

`& |n`mìhlg pqfmbtbq`: a& pbqfkìhlg #fij`q& fk& |n`mìhlg lj{klpkfhl {` elh{utbg pqbuftu|oal ‛ p`q`mq`d 04;0)

Gleolnn`)

004



Jè af u|olif |ghl{ub pqfxiìh` fnf pbqfkìh` pbefm`b u|oa| #uh) ilzubutqefb e` ufgl ebafhl be u|ofulnh`&. pb{u|p`nb {l pb pq`tfnfg` b u|oaf febj`xfg` ‛ {nfyib j`b jbe eì`zihl pqbuftu|oal)

Ubj p`qifyil q`{pq`tl Jq|{xlifkjf | i`tlelibg ehln| bpf{|hl bt`'jb8 i` qbyfzu| {|efh` yfu` u|oa| f pbxft` u|ofulnh` e` {l byfu|hl e` nf hlbt`jt| u|oa| x`f{u` pbefm`b. ` | jbnfjb u|oa| e`hl |{glib i` x`pf{ifj.{|e wl pbxtùf u|ofulnh` e` baq`xnbof u|oa|)

_bubg af {|efh` pbxt`b u|olibm e` {l fxh`{if b u|oalifg i`tbefg`. p`q) 0304) Gleolnn`) [|efh` hl afb ba`tlxì e` pbj|z` i`tl{uf p`qify`qle` x`jnh|yl pqle {|ebg pbq`tiìhl #{|nc&. i`qbyfub |jbnfjb {| {uqìjlqbeafi` #p`q) 0314) Gleolnn`&) [|e{j| i`mbea| hl zlqfhù{jf {|efh` x`'

pf{ifyjf jbi{uùbt`b)

Xìfgnhftb hl e` {| Gleolnnl pqletf~`nl pqf{fnib pqftb~lihl u|olibm pqle {|e i` x`cuhlt u|ofulnh`. |jbnfjb af {l bmn|zfb b pbxft {|e` #p`q) 03;;)Gleolnn`&) @nf |jbnfjb pqf{fnib pqftb~lihl il af |{phlnb. {|e af i` x`cuhltu|ofulnh` | uqf i`tqù` pbibtib pbj|z`b pbxtùf u|olibm e` pqf{u|pf. pbe

pqfhluihbg beql~ftìh` g| x`{u|pifj` #tljfnf g|{`c`q& x` pqlegluif {pbq #p`q) 03;5) Gleolnn`&. hlq {l ifhl gbmnb {|efuf fx bmn|cl ‛ n` h|cjlg| `nlnm`faf) @jb af u|olif i` bt`h i`yfi fxm|afb p`qifk|. gbm`b hl x` ihlmìlpbtbnhi| ben|j| pbafhùf lj{klpkfhbg eldf e`t`. jbh` hl fg`n` ldljù

pqbuftu|oal | p`qifkf)Tfefgb e` {l btehl il af gbmnb mbtbqfuf b jn`{fyifg jbiu|g`kfbifg

pb{nhlefk`g` |{nhle bmn|cl u|olibm.xabm pqfghlil fi{ufu|u` i|oibmp|ib'gbw{ut` | jbijqluibg {n|y`h|. f`jb Be{hlj FF eq|mbm pbmn`tnh` JihfmlSTF Gleolnn` ib{f i`xft Kbiu|g`x. jbhf {| g| byfmnleib fiulqpb`nkfhbgebe`nf qle`jubqf x`jbi{jbm fxtbqibm ulj{u`)

E`nhl ef{pbxfkfbil qèihl | pb{u|pj| {| {l bmnle`nl | gbm|wib{uf pqfxiìh` u|oalibm x`cuhlt` #fjq`q& be {uqìl u|olibm #g|jfq&. beqfkìhl#ildh gfnj&. i`mbeaf #{|nc& f bpqb{u| #faq`&) F`jb {l | afuf qèf b gùlqfh`n'ibpq`tifg ef{pbifqìhfg` {uqì`j`. p`qifyil qlpqlj|{fhl ufc qèihf {| afnl{nhlelwl8

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003

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@jb af ba` p`qify`q` ebj`x`n` {tbhl utqeihl. pb{u|p`nb af {l pb pq`tfnfg b uxt) pqluloib{uf ebj`x` #ulqeofcf alhfiù&. ub hl{u. b e`tìh| pqtli{ut` beql~lifg ebj`xfg`)1

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pbe |{nbtbg e` hl pbxft |qleib pqfgfb. ` ifhl bpq`te`b {tbh fxb{uì`j.ifuf pqlenbofb e` {l qbyfzul bembef) \ ubg {n|y`h| af pb{u|p`j gfqbt`b. bylg| {| {l ba`thlzu`t`nl bahl {uqìjl) \ e`nhlg ubj| pb{u|pj` {l gbm`bu|ofulnh pqfgbqùf e` pqf{u|pf i` ibtbx`j`xib qbyfzul. i` f{uf i`yfi j`b fu|olif);

[pbqib hl pfuìhl e` nf hl | zlqfhù{jbg pqbkl{ibg pq`t| pqfghlihf'tì fi{ufu|u pbtqùj` | pql~`zihl {uìhl) \ Gleolnn`g` if{gb i`znf fxq`ti|

gbm|wib{u pqfghlil ql{ufu|kfhl | zlqfhù{jbg pb{u|pj|) Cèof'c`dfx ld)A|zùnfw | i`tlelibg ehln| mbtbqf b pbtqùj| | pqfh`zihl {uìhl `nf hl pbebtfg pbhgbg byfmnleib pbeq`x|gfhlt`b ql{ufu|kfbib elh{utb u|oal x`baibt| pb{u|pj` #f{ufi`df e`t`& j`b tìqleibm pq`tibm nfhlj`) Jq|{xln'

006

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010

0 _`q`mq`d 035;) Gleolnn`)



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011



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‛ zub bgbm|w|hl eùf {jbj be hleil q`xfil qlpqbe|jkfhl eb eq|ml f jbnfjb pbgli|ul ªjù`{uqbdlº pf{g`. zu`gpìl jihfml f jbgph|ulq` {uqzl tìbjtfq` eq|zutlibm {f{ulg`2 N|cgìi i`mbthlzu`t` e` {l ulbqfh{jf baq`{kfq`xtbh` eq|zut` f j|nu|ql gbm| pqlebyfuf j`b d`jubqf il{u`zfkl #Limp`{{'d`jubqli&) I`fgl. {` {t`jfg ibtfg pqbzfqlihlg glefh 8 qln`kfh` pf{gb ‛ zu`gpì` jihfm` ‛ jbgph|ulq. ebn`xf eb ªlj{pnbxfhlº | |j`xftìhfg` i`{fgabnfyjf {gf{`b8 | bq`nifg eq|zutfg` jbg|ifj`kfh` pbyft` i` qlnfmf'bxibh u`hif f gbq`nifg uà|fg`. u`jb e` p`qèfmg` j|nu|ql pf{g` f{j`ylfx {tfhlu` qlnfmfbxifc u`hif kfqj|nfq`h|wf xi`jbtfg`. jbhf ièfn`xl eb{`'e`zihl mqìfkl)

0;3



efi`gfj|. uqlie f ulielikfh| pqbuft jbhl pqbul{ufq` ul tn`{ufu| j|nu|qi|dbqg| {ufnfxfq` j`b pbtqzfi|. y|elwf {l pqf ubg {uq|ju|q`g` jbhl gqxf fil{jqftlib tlnfy` ilgfq)

Eq|zutb jbgph|ulq` zub m` N|cgìi i`{ubhf pqle{u`tfuf j`b ªjù`{'uqbd|º. i` ibt i`yfi ql'{uàfnfxfq` pb{ubhlwl eq|zutlil {uq|ju|ql. f j`beftlqxif ulbqlu{jf baq`x`k. bib {l eldfifq` jqbx dbqgl pqfhln`x` be pql'ucbeil j|nu|qil jbg|ifj`kfhl eb btl ‛ a|e|wf e` ªjù`{uqbd|º eboft'nh`t`gb j`b {|tqlglifkf. gboe` f il gbolgb {ctùfuf i` jbhf {l i`yfieq|zutb bpcbef { ihbg) E`jnl. N|cgìi eq|zutb jbgph|ulq` pb{gùq` iìl{plju`j|n`qì i`yfi. hlq {l glefh|g jbgph|ulq` ubnfjb q`zfqfb #gfu bgle|xf&. e` bi ebefq|hl {`gb {qo jbg|ifj`kfhl. ul hl |thlqlih` e` fief'tfe|`nib pb{gùqìhl f q`xgfznhìhl ifhl | {uìh| pb{uùf ulbqfhbg ibtlj|nu|qil dbqgl. ilmb hl ub | {uìh| hlefib q`{pqzli`. eftlqxi` fiulnfmlikfh`)

Fi{f{ufqìhl i` ulbqfhf {f{ulg` tbef m` eb pbn`xfzu` e` ulbqfh` efdlqli'kfhl il {`gb e` i|ef ulbqfh| jbgph|ulq`. ilmb xiùib tfzl ‛ i|ef ulbqfh|jbgph|ulq` ‛ | ‛ eq|zut|)

Uqì{jn`{fyi` g`zfi`. j`jt` jbgph|ulq hl{ul. ubnfjb |aqx`t` bpl'q`kfhl eq|zutlil jbiuqbnl. e` j|nu|q` i` ub gbq` ql`mfqùf. ul {|jnèibubglbi uqòf. ªe` {l beib{f |jnh|ylih` f f{jnh|ylih` qlm|nfq`h| {bkfh`nifg {f{ul'gbg: f e`. |b{u`nbg. |pbuqla` {fgabn` f { ihfg pbtlxì` |pbuqla` xi`'ylih` f {gf{n | {bkfh nifg {f{ulgfg`. tbef {` {babg |tfhlj f |p|wftìhli` ilpbxiùb. i` f{jnh|ylib. i` ilbeql~lib. i` pqbp|{ul | fidbqg`kfhf. i`tn`{ufub ilxiìhlº)

[|pqbu{u`tnh`h|wf {l Zlibibtbh f Tftlqbtbh eldfifkfhf ba`tfhl{uf j`byfu`yjbm fxabq` fx {j|p` gbm|wfc eq|mfc ba`tfhl{uf. N|cgìi x` {tbh|ulbqfh| eq|zut`. ` ufgl pb{qleib f x` ulbqfh| j|nu|ql. beàfql pbh`g dbqglzub h| hl fxnbofb gùlgùfy`q Mlbqml [pliklq ‛ Aqb}i | ehln| ªX`jbidbqglº #ºN`}{ bd Dbqgº. 066=)&. pqlg` jbhbh jbgph|ulq. j`b uqì{jn`'{fyi` g`zfi`. il qèf {` {uq|ju|q`g`. ilmb ihfg` efqfmfq` f jqfufyjf |pq`tnh`.

p` {l j|nu|qi` dbqg`. fxq`{n` | jbgph|ulq{jbg eq|zut|. {`{ubhf {`gb | pb{gùq`yjbg {u`t| pqlg` ba`tfhl{uf ‛ xabm ubm` {l pbh`g dbqgl iljbqf{uf x` q`xnfjbtìhl dbqgl be gùlqfhl #@qf{ubuln&. ifuf dbqgl f {èqo`h`#l{ulufj` 03) {ubnhlw`&. ilmb {l | efglixfh| ulgpbq`nib{uf {`gl dbqglef{nbkfq`h| bplq`kfhl {`gbqldlqlikfhl. jbe ylm` gbelqì pbh`g {è`zihb{uff j|nu|qi` dbqg` ihlg| pqfghlqli . uqla` e` bgbm|wf bpcb~lihl {` jbg'

ph|ulqbg. ul u`jb gbelqì pbh`g j|nu|qil dbqgl {u`tl i` f{j|zlihl {nfyibElqqfefi| pbhg| pf{g`)

05?



Lj{pnbxfh` bj`8 tqfhlgl a`{u`qe`

_bzub hl | glefh{jbg eq|zut| fnf pb{um|ulgalqmbt{jfg glefhfg`jihfm` eb{nbtib pb{u`n` lj{kliuqfyi`. pqfy` b pbtfhl{uf fxn`{j` fx M|ulg'

alqmbtbm eba` gbm|w` hl hbz {`gb j`b pbtfhl{u qlmql{fhl hleil ìbg`nfhl ‛ j`b cfplquqbdfqìb q`xtfhli bqmì. bi` m|af {uù|{ j|nu|qil ebgfi`kfhl)@|efbtfx|lnif glefhf f jbgph|ulq |aqx`nf {| q`{pè btl ebgfi`kfhl ul fxtlnfihli| eluqbifx`kfh| j`b tbelwlm glefh` j|nu|ql8 ºJihfm` pb{u`hl ‛ | eb{'nbtibg {gf{n| qfhlyf ‛ lj{kliuqfyi`8 bi` e|mb ilg` kliuq`ni| fnf p`jilx`ghlihft| d|ijkfh| #x` jbg|ifj`kfh| f eq|zutb&. f i` ub yl{ub ql`mfq`

i` lj{kliuqfyì i`yfi #uh) jihfoltib{u pb{u`hl ulzj`. ilpqfqbei`. i`{uqì`.`'ibqg`ni`º& #Hb`kcfg Cblqf{kc. ªJq`h pqle{u tl) _blxfh glefh º "ºLiel elq Tbq{ulnn|im) Efl _bl{fl elq Glefliº. Dqìjd|qu. [|cqj`gp.0666)&) Fx btl efh`mibxl glefh{jbm eq|zut` j`b mqba`q` jihfml. pqbfxn`xfulx` e` {| mn`{btf f pf{gb qìfhfc glefh` afnf jbikliuqf{ìf i` hleì {gf{`b.i` hleib xi`ylihl. ebj pb{um|ulgalqmbt{j` ulcifj` `|efbtfx|`nifc glefh`

pòih| |tfhlj h`yl |{ghlq`t` pqlg` gibzut| xi`ywlih`) _K pqfjnh|yli i`fiulqilu hl cfaqfei` utbqltfi`. jbh| yfil `|efbtfx|lnil ulcibnbmfhl. jihfm`.ulnldbi. q`y|i`q. {tl {| btl d|ijkfhl | ihbh fiulmqfqìl)

\i`pql~lihl hleibm {fgabnfyibm {|{u`t`. hleibm xi`ylih` | gib'zutlib{u xi`ylih`. zub m` {` {babg ebib{f ulcibnbmfh` jbgph|ulq`. |xqb'

j|hl f pqbghli| | {uq|ju|qf f i`yfi| pbfgìh` {tfhlu`. hlq {l {è` bpò` i`g|nufpnì i`yfi. p` {l | ubh plq{pljuftf ibtb glefh{jb eq|zutb. f { ihfg

pbtlxìl j|nu|qil dbqgl. pbh`tnh|hl j`b qlx|nuìu` lj{plqfgliufqìh` {`gbm|wib{ufg` f mqìfk`g` nh|e{jl {pb{baib{uf bpòìh` #`f{ucl{f{ f ilxi`yf eq|mb eb bpòìhl&) G|nufpnìb bpòìhl {tfhlu` f g|nufpnìf glefhfbut`q`h| p|u x` `tìu|q| | {thlu{jb eq|zutb. p` {l pqljb g|nufglefh`.g|nufef{kfpnfi`qib{uf. g|nufplq{pljuftl. g|nufj|nu|ql. |{pb{u`tnh` tfzljqù'i` jbi{uln`kfh` xi`ylih` f {fgabnfyjfc pbqle`j`. jbh` ebtbef eb q`{pèìh`kliuqf{ufyjfc jbg|ifj`kfbifc beib{`. xabm ylm` uqèfqìf gbeln jbg|if'j`kfhl ªkliuq`nl i` plqfdlqfhfº. | jbhbh hl {qlefzihf lgfulq Abm {` kliuq`nifg

ulj{ubg b El{lu x`pbtfhlef ‛ kliuqf{ufyjf tn`{ifj glefh{jbm gbibpbn`.Qbg` nbk|u`. k`|{` dfifu` #Qfg pqbmbtbqf. pqfhlpbq pql{uèl& '. {è` {lx`ghlih|hl f ièbgfhlzu` pbfiu'pbfiu'jbg|ifj`kfhbg) X`ct`nh|h|wf gqloff cugn'kbe|. jbhf pb{u`h| i`tfmùbqbg lgfufqìh` btl gqlol eb ihfcbtfcjbi{|gliù`. j|nu{jf glefh{jf ebm`~`hf {` {thlu{jl pbxbqifkl betfh`h| {l

pqle byfg` gfnfbi{jbm gibzut`'ebm`~`hf pbp|u q|zlih` Alqnfi{jbm xfe`.qù` | Ab{if. pè` [qlaqlifkl. ulqbqf{ufyjbm i`pè` i` ih|hbqzjl tfzljù'ifkl. mn`g|qbxifc {plju`jn`B{j`q` f Mqlgfh`. Ebk|gliù` | Alqnfi|. luk)

050



[`glefh`nibgjihfoltibzw|. yfhf {|b{ibtif oìqbtf cfplqulj{u.cfplqglefh`nib ehlnb. cfplqdfng #Gfkc`ln Vbvkl. Qbalqu Kbbtlq. H`v E`tfkAbnulq. Q`fi`ne Mblux. E`tfe Jibaln {` {tbhbg pblufjbg knfkj` ql`nfxf'qìbg | jbgè| ª@ Dfil Tfl}º. luk)&. j`b lj{pbiliu` glefh{jbm eq|zut`.eldfifuftib {l |jnìh`h| elgbif {|gihl | pqfpbthleib{ugbelqibm{tfhlu`.elgbif zub fc hl fx {tbhl lj{plqfgliu`nil nàbqùbqfhl p|{ufn` jihfolti`@tìm`qe`) @nf. {|pqbuib glefh`nibg pqfpbtfhleìh|. pqbuftib qèfj`nibgªpbu`pìh|º i` jihfxf kliuqfqìbm jihfoltibm pf{g`. gibmf {|tqlglif

pf{kf i`h`tnh|h| ªpbtqù`j pqfpbtfhleìh`º. f ub p|ulg h`tifc yfuìh` fq`xmbtbq` i` KE'| bmn`z`t`h| ilj| tq{u| pbaboib{uf pqlg` zu`gpìbg

ulj{u|. utqelwf e` {tl zub be ihfc pb{ubhf. pb{ubhf {`gb jqbx jihfm|. ul e`{`gf {lal il gbm| {ctùfuf fxtì pf{g` j`b j|nu|qil dbqgl fxqò`tìh`) I` u`h {l i`yfi {|pufni` glefh{j` {uqùlmfh` fiefqljuil pqlxliuib{uf i`nfxfq`f pqleby`t` j`b dfm|q` be{|{uib{uf f be{uqìhlih` fx glefh{jf lj{pbifqìbm{tfhlu` ‛ Abucb [uq`|{{ fnf El Nfnnb qle|kfq`h| {tbhl ehlnb i` pf{gb f jihfm|.ebj | f{ub tqfhlgl iljf be pf{`k` #Mblux& i`{ubhl p|ulg plqdbqgì{`#qbgì ªBupè x` {tl) Qbgì Mbefilº"º@ad`nn dþq `nnl) Qbgì lfil{H`cql{º. 0666)&. pqltl{uf lilqmfh| fmql. uqì{` f ulkci` | jihfoltib{u. ulu`jb pbgfqfuf dfxfyj| `juftib{u {` `juftib{uf i` gqlof)

_btlxftìhl fiulqilu` j`b glefh` tfqu|`nfx`kfhl f il{u`hìh`. f{cn`p'nhlih` dfxfyjbm ufhln`{` jihfmbg. pqle{u`tnhìlj|tq{u| fqbifh{jbm {`gbfi'

{klifqìh`. ul {l pqbebq f pqbt`n` jihfoltib{uf i` pbxbqifk| {|gihfyf j`bil{|gihft` {jnbib{u j` lmxfafkfbifxg| i` q`y|i qè` i` ulj{u|. ebj ibt` pblufj` pq`tfn` pqfpbtfhleìh` | i`{u`hìh| #ebaqf ª[cbqu {ubqfl{º `gl'qfyjbm pqfpbthle`y` Q`vgbie` K`qtlq`&. pblufj` ª{uq|ju|qfqìfcº. ebaqbf{pqfyìfc jihfm`. ulj beile`tib b{t`h` glefh{jf pqb{ubq) \x btb. pè` |byf e` {| banfkf g`qmfi`nifc. q|aifc jihfoltib{uf. uxt) xa|ih|h|wl. iljn`{f'dfkfqìl dbqgl. a`{u`qef {`{u`tnhlif be pqfyl f l{lh`. p|ubpf{` f ulbqfhl.ilebtbnhib fnf {`gb {pbqèfyib x`{u|pnhlif i` jihfoltibh pfh`kf) I`hpbu'

p|ifhf a`{u`qe hl qbgì. _qbulh gl~|jihfoltifg dbqg`g`. jbhf hl pqlucbe'ifc mbefi` q`xtfb aboì{jf x`y|eil l{ulufyjl {uqùlmfhl qldnlj{ftib {nb'olibm pqfpbtfhleìh` #_vikcbi. A`quc. K`ntfib. Lkb&. | i`{ubhìh| e` x`'

ebtbnhf`jèlg{jf ef{j|q{. jbhlghl yfu`n`yjf fel`n afanfbulj`| jbhbh`tìu|q` e|c` {tbh| {uq`{u xèbtbnh`t` pb{gùqìhlg qft`nfulu` fxgl~|dfnbxbdfhl. ìuqbpbnbmfhl. ulbqfhl. i`|jl)

E` nf {| pf{gb f jihfm` glulbqf jbhfg` {l m|af uq`m i` xthlxeìbgila| {|tqlglil j|nu|ql. pbj|z`b hl bembtbqfuf G`q{c`nn GkN|cì | jihfxfªG`mfh{jf jì`nfº #º\ielq{uìefim Glef`º. 066<)&. x`ghlih|h|wf f q`xqhl'z|h|wf gbeln nfil`qibm {ulplibtìh` jbitlikfbi`nibm j|nu|qibm i`qùftùlbqfhbg cfaqfeibm gfhlzìh` f |x`h`gibm x`ctùìh` glefh` hleì | eq|'

051



mf) [gùq`h|wf e` hl x` pqfhln`xif plqfbe. j`j`t hl i`z. ùq`juftifh` {ficqbibbqfhliufqì` ulbqfh` ªlilqmfhl fx a`{u`qe`º be efh`cqbifc pqfy` b |{pbi| f

pè| pbhlefifc tbelwfc glefh`. bi {l pfu`. ªj`jb {l glefh gbol |pbuqfhl' afuf. e` af {l q`xtfb | {i`m| eq|mbm glefh`2º. i`tbelwf j`b pqfghlq Kc`pnf'ibt| ulcifj|. jbh` dbqg| a`nlu` fiulmqfq` | a|qnl{j|. | mqbul{jib z`nhft|fgpqbtfx`kfh| ifhlgbm dfng`. fnf U)[) Lnfbubtb pb{lxìhl x` baq`{klg fxdfng` f eolx` | ihlmbtbh pblgf ªNh|a`ti` phl{g` H) @ndqle` _qfdqbj`º)J`b i`htòifhf qlplqub`q ebj`x` x` {tbh| ulbqfh| Gljn|ì i`n`xf | pbtl'xìb{uf `ndàlu{jl {` bq`nibg j|nu|qbg. | {pbh| gbelqifc x`pèifc kftf'nfx`kfh` {` `dqfyjfg lufgbnbzjfg #jbqfhli{jfg. pqfgfuftifg& j|nu|q`g`.pqf

ylg| {l bx`pèih`ylihl pqfgfuftifc j|nu|q` pbh`tnh|hl j`b ªlj{pnbxfh`bj`º8 lilqmfh` a`{u`qe` pqbf{uljn` fx eq`gùfjl btl dbqg|nl xi`yf e` {l|jqzuìhlg fnf cfaqfefx`kfhbg glefh` b{nba`~`h| ibtl {i`ml f lilqmfhl.{nfyib j`b jbe kfhlpìh` fnf d|xfhl ùbg`)

Ibtf glefhf fiulqilu`. j`b elkliuqfqì` f `gbqdi` {uq|ju|q`. | {lal pqfg` jihfm| i` {lnljuftì f dq`mgliu`qì i`yfi) Bi gbol pqfctùfuf nlj'{fjbmq`d{jl yfihlifkl. il|p`jbtìl xafqjl nf{ubt`. {j|pbtl fidbqg`kfh`.`nf hl yfuìhl qbgì` tlnfjbm dbqgù` i` ihlg| ilx`gf{nftb. p` b Glj'n|ìbtbg dfj{fqìh| `juftibm x`ct`wìh` fnf p`j {|e`q` fnf {|jba` glefh`

hleì | eq|mf fnf hleibm {` eq|mfg. j`b jbgpnlgliu`qifc tqfhleib{uf. hletè` fuqla` q`{pq`tnhùf) A|e|wfe`{l eì`{ il yfu`h| {`gbqbgìf {`

jbgpnfkfqìfg pqfpbtfhleìhlg #glu`dfjkfbi`nif ulj{u&. mehl hl ufqìfh` yf'u`bk` byfu`. uxt) glu`nlpufyì pb{u|p`j j`b ªi`qùftif jqùjf {pbhº {` yfu`b'klg fitbntfqìfg | qèih| fnf {` nfjbtfg` zub q`{pq`tnh`h| b `|ubq| ul {`gfi`{u`tnh`h| ebpf{ftùf fnf `mfqùf qèih| i` ghl{u| mehl hl `|ubq x`plb fnffxm|afb gbw dfjkfbi`nfxfqìh` #Gùcf`{ G`qufilx"Gfkc`ln [kclddln º\tbe| ulbqfh| pqfpbtfhleìh`º " ªLfid|lcq|im fi elq Lqx`lnuclbqflº. Gþikcli.Alkj. 0666)&. f pqlge` {l pqfg`h| | dbqgf {uìbtful iln`mbel. pqlg` jbhlggbelqif yfu`n`k pbj`x|hl ml{u| |nh|eib{uf. gbm|wl hl |{utqefuf e` {t`j`jihfoltib{u x`tfef {|{qlu| q`xnfyfufc pqbulh{jfc banfj`. i` i`yfi j`jb {l ubb{ut`q|hl | ªcfaqfefx`kfhfº glefhf pb gbeln| G`q{c`nn` GkN|cì`)

Oftbu i` mqìfkf

Ilj`jb pb {uqìf fnf j`b h`nbtb f ilg`zubtfub tb~lihl elaù`. jbhl{l betfh`nb j`{ifc eltlel{lufc mbefi` fx` glefh{jfc ljqì`. {t`~` fnf pql'

pfqj` j|nu|qifc i`|j` fxqbefn` hl f | pqtf pnì f{u`ji|n` pbh`g j|nu|qlfxhlei`ylil {` j|nu|q`nifg {u|efhfg` #k|nu|q`n {u|efl{&) J|nu|q`nil {| i`'

05;



|jl {uq`cbt`nl be ubm` e` {l jihfoltib{u {tlel i` yf{uf ebj|gliu j|nu|qilf {bkfh`nil cf{ubqfhl. beib{ib afnl {| pqbuft q`{u|wl ulielikfhl | iljfgi`|j`g`. e` {l jn`{fyi` ehln` {thlu{jl jihfoltib{uf {tq{u`h| i` f{u| q`xfi|{` kbgfk {uqfpbg #tfehluf8 ]fnn Aqbbjlq. ªJ|nu|q`nil {u|efhlº " ºK|nu|q`n[u|efl{º. Nbiebi. Cbelq [b|mcubi. 0663)&) Bujqfwl ulqgfi` ªj|nu|q`º.j`jb {l {gùq`. il |p|w|hl ubnfjb i` pbup|ib ibt pqbhljù | c|gìf{ufyjfgi`|j`g`. jbnfjb i` ulbqlu{jb pqbofgìhl f pqluql{ìhl ihlil tn`{uful pq`j{l

‛ bi` bpf{|hl pqbgfhlihlif pbnbo`h {tfhl{uf. ql`ni| pqbghli| x`pèibmeq|zut`. mehl {l x`pò` ilxèqoft |{pbi pbp|n`qifc j|nu|q` f pbp|n`qilg|xfjl) B{fg ubm`. ibtf pbh`g j|nu|ql |jnh|yft`b hl gl~|{baif {|{qlu

q`xnfyfufc j|nu|q`. j`jb i` mnba`nibg. u`jb f i` nbj`nibg pbeq|yh|. yfglbi` pqljb ibwf pb{u`hl ilx`bafn`xifg pqleglubg ulbqlu{jfc qldnlj{fh`)\pq`tb ulbqlu{jl qldnlj{fhl hleibm Ulqqv L`mnlubi` #ºFelh` j|nu|qlº " ºUclFel` be K|nu|qº. Bsdbqe. An`kj}lnn. 1???)&. Mlbddqlv` C`qugì` #ºQhlyfu`z|uih` jihfoltib{ufº " ºE`{ alqleul [kc}lfmli elq Nfulqù|qº. Dqìjd|qu.[|cqj`gp. 1???)& fnf Q`hgbie` ]fnnf`g{`. |j`x|h| i` ub jbnfjb hl {nboli

pbh`g j|nu|ql ‛ pqtf mbtbqf b i`{lnh`tìh| {lb{jbm {uìbtifzut` | gbelqif{tfhlu mqè`. ebj eq|mf j|nu|q| il {`gb e` {|pqbu{u`tnh` ethlg` eq|mfgulqgfibnbzjfg tlnfyfi`g . ªpqfqbefº f ªeq|zut|º. ilmb hl bpf{|hl j`b ì'uqbpbnbzjf beib{ pqlg` {laf {`gbh. p`j|nu|q| i`n`xfgb | jbikliuqfqìbg

{uqlgnhlih|. | pqf{u|p| ª{tfhlu|º. mehl {l g|yi` il|ebg`wlib{u {fgabnfyjfbaq`~|hl f |pbuqlanh`t` j`b p`qufkfp`kfh`)Byfub hl e` j|nu|qif ef{j|q{ bplqfq` {` q`xnfyfufg xi`ylihfg` ibtbm.

tbelwlm pbhg`. ` ilmehl i`hj`{ifhl be pqb{thlufulnh{ut`. j|nu|q` {l pbxf'uftib tqhlei|hl. hlq `julqfg`. pqbe|kliufg` j`b f qlkfpfhliufg` pqfa`tnh``|q| ilx`ghlihftb{uf) Gl~|ufg. j`jb hl j|nu|q` glefh|g. bi` pqbfxtbeffeliufulu u`jb zub pb{u`tnh` efdlqlikfh| ‛ bib zub j|nu|ql q`xnfj|hl hl{ulihfcbt |j|pif. ifjè eb jq`h` cbgbmlifxfqì càfu|{) @jb pbh`g j|nu|qleldfifq`gb j`b |j|pib{u oftbuifc {u`tbt` #U) [) Lnfbu. Q) ]fnnf`g{&. bie`bupè` pqle{u`t` b ebaqbh j|nu|qf. ` i` ihlib ghl{ub {u|p`h| qèfj`nifqlnùftf{ufyjf j|nu|q`nfxgf. p` | ubg jbiulj{u| pb{ugbelqif j|nu|q`nfx`g

pqlz|uib xèqo`t` |ubpfh|. zub hl qhlyfub fxqòli` | {tfg ehlnfg` ìmnb{`j'{bi{jfc k|nu|q`n {u|efl{. |ubpfh| g|nufj|nu|q`nib{uf) I`fgl. qhlyfub {l fxq`'o`t` i` `mql{fti` beafhìh` eq|mfc. f eq|jyfhl be jn`{fyibm g|nufj|nu|'q`nfxg`. pb{ugbelqif g|nufj|nu|q`nfx`g pqbp`mfq` ibtf ufp g|nufj|nu|qibmybthlj`. jbhf {uqìb. u|~l | {laf fiulqi`nfxfq` u`jb zub {l { btfg pbf{'ubthlw|hl. ` tn`{ufub qlnùftfxfq`) Ibt` pqlgf{` mn`{f8 |tfhlj hl abnhl gf'

hlzìhl be ilgbm|wl yf{ubul)

055



[nfhlebg btbm` ef{j|q{` b j|nu|qf. ebn`xf {l eb pqbjn`gfqìbm kfnh`j|nu|ql. { hleil {uqìl. eb p`qufj|n`qib{uf8 j|nu|q` pb{ubhf |tfhlj {`gb |gibofif. f j|nu|qil efdlqlikfhl {l pbh`tnh|h| {u`nib | {|{qlu| {` {uqìfg.{` u|~fg. ` { eq|ml {uqìl ebn`xf eb ubm`. e` {l tqfhleib{i` |ulglnhlib{utfzlj|nu|q`nib{uf il gbol fxtl{uf fx p`qufj|n`qibm ef{j|q{` #Tfkb. Clqelq&.ilmb fx |iftlqx`nf{ufyjbm. fx ef{j|q{` nh|e{jbm eb{ubhì{ut` #Gbiul{|'fl|&) Bt`h ef{j|q{ nh|e{jbm eb{ubhì{ut` ifhl x`{ibt` x` ub. e` {| tfzl'{uq|jb jbefqìf nh|ef pqfqbeif ib{fbkf bibm {u`t`. jbhf {babg bahlefih|hlj|nu|qil efdlqlikfhl)

Gl~|ufg. j|nu|ql pb{u`h| pqbanlg u`gb mehl {| bil {|ylnhlil hlei`

eq|mbh f mehl ebn`xf eb x`pb{u`tnhìh`. xìlg`qftìh`. pbuf{jftìh`. `{f'gluqfhl. jè` ilqfhlujb ebn`xf eb i`pè` {u`qb{hlefn`yjl i` eb{lnhlifyj|j|nu|q|. yfgl {l pbujbp`t` fefnfyi` {nfj` b j|nu|qf j`b pqfhùlnh{jbg pbe|'ctù|) [nfj` c`qgbifyibm hlefi{ut` | {|pqbuib{uf |j`x|hl {l j`b t`qnhft`.

hlq {l abqa` x` eq|zutlifg f pbnfufyjfg |ufk`hlg tbef {fgabnfyifg {qle'{utfg` ªj|nu|qil clmlgbifhlº. ` eb{lnhlifyjl x`hleifkl. uxt) efh`{pbqi`j|nu|q`. | x`pèifg eq|zutfg` #ihlg`yjf U|qkf #@ngìfkjf&. aqfuì{jf Fi'efhkf. _`jf{uìkf. `|{uqfh{jf. ztle{jf. eì{jf Ab{ìkf&. fi{uq|gliu`nfxfq`h|tn`{ufu| j|nu|q| { kfnhlg |ytqzwlih` pqlegbelqifc eq|zutlifc f pbqbefyifcbaq`x`k` oftnhlih`) F{ub u`jb. pqljfeìhl fnf q`{fhlkìhl. jbgèìhl j|nu|q'ibm feliufulu` j|nu|qibg pbnfufjbg fiulmq`kfhl {uqì`k`. ebtbef eb ì'

u`mbif{ufyjfc beib{` gl~| j|nu|q`g`. eb ihfcbt` ilpqf{u`hìh` i` gb'elqi`. {lj|n`qi` eq|zut`. hlq bi` pqbjn`gfq`h| gbeln j|nu|qibm {q`x`#kc`{c bd k|nu|ql{&. jbhf eb{lnhlifyjfg fnf gìhfi{jfg j|nu|q`g` il b{u`t'nh`h| pqb{ubq j|nu|qibm pqloftnh`tìh`)

E` af {l fxahlm`b pqljfe j|nu|qibm feliufulu`. fx|gnhli hl ibtf cf{'ubqfh{jf ª{|ahljuº. jbhf hl |mnle`b {thlunb eì` j`b ªcfaqfeib afwl'ghl'zì`kº. jbhl if btehl if u`gb ifhl jbe j|wl f ilg` {ut`qi| ebgbtfi|. ìljf ulbqlufy`qf f gf{nfbkf. il alx pqfjqftlibm {`qj`xg . mbtbql b ibtbgièybthlj|. nfzlibm luifyjbm f {lj{|`nibm feliufulu`)

_b{ugbelqif {l oftbu ilqfhlujb bpf{|hl j`b oftbu i` mqìfkf. b ylg|

pqbmbt`q` ulbqlufy`q j|nu|ql Cbgf J) Acàc` | jihfxf ªEf{nbkfqìhl j|n'u|qlº #ºEfl Tlqbqu|im elq J|nu|qº. U|lafimli. [u`|ddlia|qm. 1???)&. u`h hl oftbu pbkfhlpì pb {tfg b{ibt`g`. oftbu pqfhln`x` f |jqzuìh`. | jbhlg{l i` jbgpnlj{ì i`yfi bmqìfy`t`h| |i|uq`zihl f tìh{jb. pqbznb{u f {`'e`zihb{u. q`xnfj` f feliufulu. fiulmq`kfh` f fxmqìfylihl) \{ghlqi` pqbuftjihfml H|nfhl Jqf{ultl. jbh` ulg| {uqìb{uf f ef{felikfhl bjqlwl | pq`tk|j`{ibm jb{gbpbnfufxg`. Acàcbt` jihfm` bmn`z`t` ªxèbtbnh{utb | lmxf'n|º. `nf |hleib pb{u`hl ef{feliubg ib{fbk` pbtfhl{il ièl. hlq hl |pq`tb

05<



i`|yfb e` {l uqla` beqlwf dfj{ifc feliufulu` f j|nu|q`nifc ghl{u`) J`b `j`'elg{jf fiulnlju|`n`k zub pqfpè` |iftlqx`nibg {tfhlu| xiìh` #beqfyl {l

pqbdl{|ql i` C`qt`qe|&. bi jqlwl { gfnfbifg` lmxfnfhìù` pqlg` ªibtbhba`nfº. f ub {` pùifyjbg ml{ubg. hlq hl be{hlyli be j|nu|ql fx jbhl hl

pbulj`b ` ifjè` {ut`qib ilwl pqf{phluf ifuf afuf pqfct`wli | {u`qb{hlefn`yj|j|nu|q|) _qfctùftzf cfaqfeif u|'afu`j. bi il olnf afuf bmq`~li be {uqìltlwfi{jl j|nu|ql. ifuf i`{ubhf {pbhfuf bahl {uqùlmfhl. j`b {`gb{thl{if _`jf'{uìkf. Fiefhkf. Aìmnèloìf. i`fgl q`tibpq`tib {|'pb{ubhìhl {u`qb{hl'efn`yjbm f eb{lnhlifyjbm j|nu|qibm gbeln` #pqfghlq qbgì` Cìfd` J|'qlfzl&) Be eq|mfc {l q`xnfj|hl |ubnfjb zub kftfnibg eq|zut| f x`pèibh

lpf{ulgl il pqla`k|hl e` {| ltqbpbkliuqfyif. hlq pbp|u Hbci` [u|`qu` Gfn`f Cìi`c @qlieu. Acàc` pbn`xf be ubm`. e` hl {`gb kftfnib eq|zutb |{uìh| e` {l ib{f {` {uqìbzw| ul. gboe`. |pq`tb pbmnle {uqìk` i` {laluqla` j`b dfm|q| qldnlj{fhl8 pbìu` kftfnibm eq|zut` hl{ul f b{u`hl. u`jbAcàc`. e` {uqìkl il uqla` pbfgùf j`b {uqìkl. ilmb j`b eq|mb) Uqèf'kfbi`nf{ufyjf bembhli {u`qb{hlefn`k | gbelqifg x`pèifg eq|zutfg` pbi`z`{l q`tibe|zib pqlg` j|nu|qf j`b f pqlg` qlnfmfhf f {lj{|. p` nh|ef {uqìbm

pbqfhljn` oftl | btfg eq|zutfg` il{gluìb il xabm ubnlqìuibm j|nu|'q`nfxg` {u`qb{hlefn`yjfc x`hleifk`)

\ i`{ubhìh| e` pqfyf b g|nufj|nu|q`nib{uf ebe`gb ibtl efglixfhl.ilbpcbeib hl |j`xùf i` `gaft`nliuib{u g|nufqj|nu|q`nib{uf f {nbolifc be'ib{` j|nu|qil pbnfufjl f nfalq`nfxg`. hlq hl |pq`tb ìufi`kfbi`nf{ufyjf nfal'q`nfx`g fifkfq`b felh| b hlei`jb{uf | gibzut|. ul hl f{pbe i`qùft` b i`|y'ibg i`pqluj| f kftfnfx`kfhf. {fgabnfyjf g`qjfq`b q`xnfjl f u`jb pb{u`b d`j'ubqbg j|nu|qil ilhlei`jb{uf)J`b pqfghlqf.|hleib.lj{plqfgliug|nufj|n'u|q`nib{uf i`tbef {l Cà{a|qzj` gbi`qcfh`. | yfh| pqbznb{u Kn`|el G`mqf{#qbgì ªE|i`tº&. {ghlzu` gfu f |ubpfh| b fel`nibg {`mn`{h| j|nu|qifcq`xnfyfub{uf. ` Hb{lpc Qbuc | {tbhfgqbgìfg` i|ef {nfj| @|{uqfhl ltqbp{jlf pqlg` {tfhlu| butbqlil xlgnhl | jbhbh ybthlj gbol afuf ybthlj. hlq {lq`xnfyfub{u ebjfe` | tfzlg hlefi{ut|) Bt`h cà{a|qzjf gfu xiì{utlib hlbaqèfn` alyj` ulbqlufy`qj` j|nu|ql Kcqf{ufìl Xfiuxli | ehln| ª@|{uqb'|m`q'

{j` gbi`qcfh` | qfhlyf f {nfkfº #ºEfl bl{ulqlfkcf{kc'|im`qf{kcl Gbi`qkcflfi ]bqu |ie Afneº. ]fli. Ab`cn`|. 0666)&. jbh`. pb gfznhlih| |p|wlifc. pqle{u`tnh` pbnfufyj| gìfdl{u`kfh| g|nufj|nu|q`nfxg`) _bzub bt` jihfm` pqle{u`tnh` fxabq fx etèl{luylutlqbubgibm ehln`. jbhl {l pbh`tfnb | plqf'be| be 0334) eb 06?1) mbefil pb i`xftbg ªEhlnb pqfhl{ubnbi`{nhleifj`º#ºJqbipqfixli}lqjº&. f {èqof bafgi| ebj|gliu`kfh| {tfc liufulu`. j|n'u|q`. qlmfh` f pqbtfikfh`. | btbgl banfj| bib f{ufyl j|nu|qil d|ijkfhl g`nfci`qbe` ‛ Abzih`j` j`b gnèfk`. [nbt`j` j`b ªu|~fi{jfc Ufqbn`k`º f [nb'

054



tli`k` | Jbq|zjbh f Jq`hfif) Jihfm` i` {thlunb eì` fxib{f pqfhùlnh{jf|iftlqx`nì {tfhlu zub oftf f bp{ubhf x`ct`nh|h|wf {tbhbh e|cbtib'pbnfufyjbhtfzl{nbhib{uf. ub hl tn`{ufu` {nfj` eqo`tl i`qbe` pqfhl ihlil pqbp`{uf f pqfhlilmb {| hl qluqb{pljuftib {p`{fnf pf{kf j`b Qbuc. D) ]lqd}ln. Q) G|{fn. C)Aqbkc. f | ihfcbtbg uqòlih| fxm|anhlibm tqlgli`. {hlwìhl i` ehlufih{utb

pqboft` f pqbujìb hl ªj|nu|qifg p`gwlihlgº)Gl~|ufg. ªEhlnb pqfhl{ubnbi`{nhleifj`º i` bdfkfhlnibh q`xfif ebib{f

{nfj| i`qbe` Gbi`qcfhl j`b j|nu|qib q`tibpq`tifc. `nf pqfj`xftìhl [nb't`j` | oftbpf{ibh dbnjnbqibh ibzihf fnf ab{ì{jfc G|{nfgì` j`b lmxbufyifcu|~fi`. | q`tif j|nu|qil pqlxliu`kfhl {uqìfc i`qbe` |j`x|hl i` `{fgluqfh|

fihfcbt jt`xf'jbnbifh`nif{uù|{. yfgl pbnfufyjf nfalq`ni` eq|zut`g`qjfq`h|tn`{ufu| efdlqlikfh| pqlg` eq|mfg j|nu|qifg liufulufg`) J`jb i`pbgfihldfnbxbd j|nu|ql. tfzli`kfbi`nil eqo`tl {l il gbm| uqì{dbqgfqùf | elgb'jqù{j| eqo`t| |jbnfjb {| q`tibe|zil pqlg` j|nu|qf. p` | ubh plq{pljuftfcà{a|qzjf gfu b q`tibpq`tib{uf i`qbe` f j|nu|q` efb hl pbtfhl{uf g|nufj|n'u|q`nibm lj{plqfgliufqìh` zub hl eboftfb jq`c. fx ylm` {l x`jnh|y|hl. e` hlj|nu|q`. pbnfufyjf pb{gùqìb. | {tbg ba|ctùibg {gf{n| tfzl pqbanlg.ilmb ib{fn`k ièl. hlq |utq~|hl efdlqlikfhl f feliufulul {fgabnfyjbg g`q'j`kfhbg {nfjlb{laff {nfjl b eq|mbg) [ baxfqbgi` {tl tlw| q`tibe|zib{uf pbnfufyj| ilx`fiulql{fqìb{u pqlg` j|nu|qf f j|nu|q`nifg i`|j`g`. yfif {lbpq`teì L`mnlubibt jqfufyjf ef{j|q{ | ªFelhf b j|nu|qfº. jbhfg bi {tq`w`

pbxbqib{u i` qlnùftfx`kfh| j|nu|ql j`b eq|zutlil tlnfyfil. i` pbnfufj| il' aqfml pqlg` j|nu|qf. xabm ylm` {l ihlmbt pqbhlju j|nu|ql bxi`y`t` |ubpf' hbg. hlq {n|of ªpbnfufyjbg q`xbq|o`tìh|º | ebglif ilubnlqìuifc pbnf'ufyjfc pq`j{`)

Lpf{ulgbnbzj` zlg` „tlnfjfc pqfy`‗

Fel`nfx`kfh| lmxbufyibm f c`qgbifx`kfh| j|nu|qib q`xnfyfubm. j`jt|{qlwlgb | iljfg tfzli`kfbi`nifg x`hleifk`g`. i`hpqfhl pqljfe` ltqbp{j`

f `glqfyj` @tìm`qe`. hlq {tbh |ghluifyjf {tfhlu babm`w|hl bujqft`n`yjfg pbmnlebg {uqìbm. eq|mbm8 Tfikliu tì Mbmc be|zltnh`t` {l h`pì{jfgeqtbqlxbg. _`|n M`|m|fi |{cfwli hl pqfqbeibg nhlpbubg nh|ef f jq`hbnfjì` U`cfufh|. ` _ànb _fk`{{b d`{kfifqì hl j|nu{jfg pqleglufg` f g`{j`g``dqfyjfcªpqfgfuft`k`º) E`j`jb. bt` d`{kfi`kfh`xìlpbxiùbpqle{u`tnh n`

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05=



{ubnhlw`. bt`h `tìm`qef{ufyjf d|qbq bgljzì hl |tfebg. e` eq|mb ifhl | pqbuftib{uf pqlg` j|nu|qf. tlw hl |pq`tb p|ibw` f bafnhl ªj|nu|q`º f ª{|a'j|nu|q`º bib zub e`hl f{ufi{jb bafnhlohl {|tqlglibg eq|zut|. zub hl pq`wlib|thlqlihlg e`{| {tlj|nu|ql hlei`jb tqfhleil f i`{tbhi`yfifiulql{ìuil)

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pbmnle {l pql|{ghlq`t` be eb{è`zihlm tf~lih` e`nhfil. | tf~lihl e`nhfil#uxt) eb{lnhlifyj`. efh {pbqi` tfx|q`& eq|zutlil f j|nu|qil {ut qib{uf | jbhbh{l ehln|hl) U| {l |by`t`h| f {|jbanh`t`h| et` q`xnfyfu` pqf{u|p`. hleì jbhf

ebn`xf fx jqfn` nfalq`nil dfnbxbdfhl Q|ebnm` A|qmlq` f A`xbi` Aqbkj`. pqb'u`mbif{ul pbjqlu` x` pqbghlil #Dn|s|{al}lm|im&. ` eq|mf fx An`kj Abs`zub hl{tbh| {thlu{j|pqbgbkfh| fg`bi`pqbznbmbefzihfg Ebk|gliufg` 00

‛ pnùdbqgl be 0 eb <. beqoìfg | Alqnfi| #Ebk|gliu` 00 ‛ _nùdddbqglitbi 0 af{ <. @|{{ulnn|im Jù`nbm. B{udfneli. Cùhl Kìux. 1??1)&)

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053



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056



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0=3



pqlpbxiùf f | i`{ubhìh| e` {l i` eq|m`yfhfg b{ibt`g` pb{u`tf a|e|wib{uqlmfbi` | bjtfq| bpwlpqfct`wlil p`qèfmgl b „Ltqbpf qlmfh`‗) Fx ubm q`x'nbm` {l `juftfq`n` beqleifk` „h|mbf{ubyi` Ltqbp`‗. j`b gboe` pqfghlqlifh`fnf il|uq`nifh` | {è`zihbh dn|feibh {fu|`kfhf be eb{è`zihlm pbetb~lih` pbeulqgfi „A`njì‗) Bi` hl i`zn` {tbh| mlbpbnfufyj| bjb{ifk| | _`ju| {uàfn'ib{uf. pbupf{ìbg pbujq`h h|n` 0666) |pq`tb | [`q`hlt|) Yfihlifk` hl e` u`felh` ulzjb f tlbg` {pbqb xòftnh`t` gbq` {l {ctùfuf f j`b qlx|nuù i`{'u`tnhìh` uq|{ifc pbuql{` | {`gbg qlmfbi|. `nf f ilmbtbg bjq|olih| {`.eb{nbtib. {tfc {uqì` {tfhlu`) Fx ufc q`xnbm` {l ulqgfi „A`njì‗ f e`nhljbqf{ufj`buqli|uib bpq`teìfhf x` {è`zih| {fu|`kfh|. ` „h|mbf{ubyi` Ltqb'

p`‗ hl gbm|wf gbeln x` a|e|wib{u) J`b zub hl qìfhl i`xi`ylib. qfhly hlb e`nhihlg {ctùìh| pbehln` i` xlgnhl x`pèibm f f{ubyibm A`njì`. pqfylg| {| pb{ujbg|if{ufyjl xlgnhl A|m`q{j`. Q|g|ifh` f Gbnebt` | {u`qu|f{jnh|ylilfxu`jtfc beql~lih`) [ eq|ml{uqìl. bilb{u`h||fmqf j`b a|e|wfxi`y`hif yfifbkf | {uq|ju|qf „h|mbf{ubyil Ltqbpl‗. |i|u`q jbhl {l pb{ulplibi`mn`z`t`|nbm` Mqyjl. j`b ynìfkl Ltqbp{jl |ifhl f I@UB'`. e`jnl.

hlefil xlgnhl jbh` hl qìfhl |{phlzib pbnbofn` {uqbml f{pful f jqfulqfhl x` pqftfnlmfqì| pqfpèib{u q`xtfhlibg {tfhlu| Ltqbpl i` pbyluj| 10) {ubnhlw ) I` {|pqbuibg jq`h| qlmfbi`. u| |nbm| pqfolnhj|hl f ebiljnl {l | ihbh tlwi`n`xf [nbtlifh`. j`b pqftqleib q`xtfhlifh` f eq|zutlib {uànifh` be {tfceq|mfc eqo`t` | qlmfbi|) Il y|ef. bie`. zub {l |pq`tb | Mqyjbh f [nbtlifhf

aqol q`xtfh`h| f pbe{ufy| fiuq`qlmfbi`nil fi{ufu|kfh.l jbhl. a|e|wf e` b{u`nlxlgnhl ilg`h| yfgl e` b{iòl {tbhl ltliu|`nil pqleib{uf i` ubg pnì|.i`{ubhl e` e`h| plyù|pq`tbi`q`xfif{`qèihl |ban`{ufg` j|nu|ql. i`|jl.baq`xbtìh` f {pbqu`)

[`gb pb {laf. ub il gbq` afuf pqbkl{ jbhf wl i` e|ol {u`xl zulufuf{ut`qìh| {ql~lifc f {uàfnifc pqfnfj` | qlmfbi|) \pbqleb {` ljbibg{jfg{iòlihlg {tfc xlg`nh` | tqlgli| mnba`nil uqìxfkfhl f ibtbm {thlu{jbm

pbqluj`. uqla`nb af e` {l {iòib pbe{u`ji| f pqbkl{f h`yìh` ibtfc b{ut`'qlih` | ebgli| j|nu|qifc mfaìh`) \ fxthl{ibh ghlqf bif {l tlw f{j`x|h|jqbx pbhlefi`yil f{j`xl iljfc {ut`q`n`k`. yfhf qlx|nuùf pnfhlil pòih| il

{`gb nh|effxxlg`nh`fxjbhfc{| pbuljnf. ilmb f {tfhlu` | khlnfif) Alx ibtfcehln` tqc|i{jl tqfhleib{uf fx jihfoltib{uf. `qcfulju|ql. nfjbtibm f g|xfyjbmf{j`x`. dfng`. UT f q`xifc {`tqlglifc g|nufglefh`nifc dbqgf. jbh` wl {lil{gluìb pqlnfhltùf f gl~|{baib jbg|ifkfqùf j`jb |i|u`q qlmfbi`. `

pbubg f | bjtfq| Ltqbpl f {tfhlu`: ilwl {l afuifhl pqbgfhlifuf j`q`julq ibtfctfxfh` abnhlm {tfhlu` | jbhlg af{gb cuhlnf e` oftfgb)

0=6



ulnlju|`nfxfqìh`‖. `q|zlihl f|ifzu`tìhltqleibu` i` jbhfg` Ab{i` pbyft`{| ql`ni` bp`{ib{u {|uq` x` iljf efb {tfhlu` jbhf i` {tbh i`yfi b{gfznh`t`{tbhl eq|zutb f {tbh| kftfnfxfqì| x`hleifk|) Ilxèbtbnh{ut` {` f{uqòft`'ihfg` ab{ì{jfc uq`mlefh` pqbd) Eb|au tfef | qle|nkfbifxgfg` pbhlefifceq|zutlifc i`|j`. | ilgbwf {t`jbm pqf{u|p` jbhf ifhl |ulglnhli |iftlq'x`nib. e`jnl. cbnf{ufyjf) Xèbtbnh`t`h|wF qlx|nuùf. pb ihlmbtbg gfznhlih|.fxb{u`h| xabm ubm` zub f{uqòftìh` ‖uqlufq`h| pbi`zìhl {|ahlju`. pqfhl ilmbehlnbtìhl ubm {|ahlju`) [|ahljù b{u`hl iltfenhft j`b ynì eq|zut`. f`jbihlmbtb fnf ihlxfib ynì{utb | eq|zut| pqle{u`tnh` pqleglu tlnfjbm fiul'ql{btìh`) I` jq`h|. fp`j hl ehlnbtìhl ` il pbi`zìhl. pbn`xfzul x` q`xtbh

gbq`nibm q`x|gfhltìh`)‖ #bp)kfu){)0;& Bt` ef{ufijkfh` hl afuif jqfulqfh |glubebnbmfhf f{uqòftìh` Jlfuc` Eb|au`. `nf hl | ihbh f jnh|y {tfc ghlqfnìhlmbtfc {|ebt`. afnhloli gbq`nifg pqlexi`jbg pbxfuftibm fnf ilmùftibm.ebaq` fnf xn`) Qljnf af{gb e` {l {nbolibg dlibgli| ab{ì{jfc uq`mlefh`

alx gbq`nifc pqlexi`j` f il gbol {|efuf. hlq {tl zub {l | Ab{if ebm`~`nbfg` {tbh pq`tib'gbq`nif pqlexi`j. ` i` jq`h| {l f f{uqòftìhl. u`jb~lq.x`tqz`t` | k`q{ut| ebaq` fnf xn`) Xabm ubm` hl Ab{i` u|oi` p`qèfmg` x`{t` gbm|w` ì`nbmi` xn` i` afnb jbhlg efhln| mnba|{`) \ pqlembtbq|jihfml `|ubq {`g b {tbhfg f{uqòftìhfg` mbtbqf {nfyib8 ‖Bt` jihfm` `q'ufj|nfq` hlefi| {bkfbnbmfh| x` Ab{i| j`b pbj|z`h q`x|gfhltìh` zu` {| ub.ubjbg qù` | Ab{if nh|ef | ihbh f tì ihl qèfnf f x`zub {| ub qèfnf. pbxft`h|wf

{l i` qldlqliuif bjtfq ehlnbtìh`)‖ #bp)kfu){)0;& Banfj ehlnbtìh`. ` il pbi`zìh`. fx|xluib hl tòi` ef{ufijkfh`. a`z | btbg jbiulj{u|. fg`h|wf pb{laib i` |g| qldlqliuib{upqbp`mìelf nfklghlq{ut` zub {l i` p`qèfm'gùfyifg pqfghlqfg` | jihfxf ebj`x|hl)

‖@jb |xglgb | baxfq ibqgùftil bqfhliu`kfhl jbhl {| cf{ubqfh{jf ab{ì{j|x`hleifk| eqo`nli`bj|p|.luifyjbyfzwlihl{lgbq`nb {pqbtbefufi` i`yfi jbhf hl afb jùlmbqfyì. ․`p{bn|uì f ilgfnb{qeì.․ Fi`yl. il'{fm|qib{u f `gaft`nliuib{u ab{ì{jfc [qa` il af {l gbmn` iètnèùf)‖#{)06&\ kfufqìbg {u`t| {òfg`h| {l yfihlifkl f pb{nhlefkl {uqùlmfhl q|zlihÀb{il. jbh` x` pqbd) Eb|au`. j`b {bkfbnbm` f{uqòft`y`. aft` {àqì` |

ilbnbmfxg| ‖{bkfbkfe'|gbq{utb eq|zut`)‖ Qèfj`nfx`g {t`jl q|zfn`yjl{uqùlmfhl. ` i`qbyfub qèfj`nfx`g q|zlih` eqo`tl f ihlxfibm {f{ulg` tqfhle'ib{uf. cf{ubqfh{jf hl |tfhlj gbm`b q`y|iùf i` |{phlc) I` pqfghlq| Ab{ildbqg`nib f {èqo`hib gbm|wl hl ebj`xùfqèfj`nib{u {pqbtb~lih` nùliuifckfnhlt` fxàqìfg {qle{utfg`. jbh` {| eq|mb fgl x` {uqùlmfh| eb kfnh`. |jbgl {| {t` {qle{ut` ebp|zuli` f pb{tlwli`) I`{fnhl luifyjbm yfzylih``|ubq il ebtbef. | {tbhlg tlqeibtìh|. eb b{|el i`q|z`tìh` b{ibtiltqleibul eq|zut` | jbgl {`g oftf. ` ub hl pqftùi` {tbhfi`. `nf qèfjnìb

031



b{|~|hl nùliuif kfnh luifyjbm yfzwlih` | pqbuhlqftìh| |tfhlj et` i`qbe`{` ulqfubqfh`. pnì{jf. pqletf~lifc x` b{t`hìhl qèf tn`{uf f {tbhfil {ulylil

pnh`yjbg) Jàfilu{jf f glgbqìe|g{jf {gfznhlif pnìbtf f j`qul gbq`nf{| xòfthluf g`{btib | i`qbe| e` af {l b{ut`qfn` ihfcbt` `p{uq`jui` dbqg`)Xabm ubm` hl uqla`nb {q|zfuf ab{ì{j| bafy`hib{u jbh` hl thljbtfg` ba`tl'xft`n` i`hzfql {nbhltl ab{i`{jfc i`qbe`) _qfghli` {fnl f i`h|o`{ifhfc dbqgfi`{fnh` pbj`x`n` {l {ubm` ldfjì{bg) Yfif {l e` bt`jtf |tfef pqle{u`tnh`h|nbmfyib f nlmfufgib pq`tb f{uqòft`y` i` x`jnh|y`j b tfzl{uq|jbh `mql{fhf iÀb{i| f Clqklmbtfi|) Iljl `{pljul `|ubq hl fxetbhfb qèf `qm|gliu`kfhltfzl{nbhib{uf|gbq{ut` ab{ì{jbm eq|zut` | gbq`nibgf i`qbyfubg `{plju|

mbubtb gfu{jl bafy`hib{uf i` pqfghlqfg` pnh`yjl ‛ bufg`yfil f {fnbtìh`.` bie` hl {tbhl i`nfxl tbefb eb q`kfbi`nfx`kfhl f q`x|gfhltìh`) I`pqfghlq.dlibgli {fnbtìh` g`nbnhluifc ehltbhyfk` i` i`haq|u`nifhf i`yfi pqfpè`

p{fcbnbmfhf xùfqìh` pbjbnhlih` f ihlmbtbm feliufulu`. elg`mbmfhf zfqlih`{uq`tlf |o`{`. fi` jq`h| {ut`qìh`{tfhl{uf jbe oqutl b ilpbtqùibgafhlm|.zub hl l|dlgfx`g x` luifyjb yfzwlihl. b{t`h`yjf qù x` ulqfubqfhl. mlibkfefnf x` `|ubqbt ilbnbmfx`g {bkfbkfe ‛ |gbq{utb ab{ì{jbm eq|zut`) \

pqbtlelifg f{uqòftìhfg` yfif {l nbmfyibg pbuq`m` x` jbiuq``qm|gliufg`| fgl thlql xiì{utlifj` | il|ifzuftb{u nhl{utfkl kftfnfx`kfh{jfc tqleibu`jbhl ybthlj` yfil ybthljbg) [ubm` pqbd) Eb|au pb{lol x` qlnùftib il'bafyibg yfihlifkbg. jbh| pqlut`q` | lufyjb'{bkfh`ni| dlibglibnbmfh|.

bebnfhltìh` gbq`nfulu` nh|e{jbm eb{ubhì{ut` y`j f | tqlglifg` i`h{uq`'tfyifhlm i`{fnh`) ‖Mbefil 0661) hleib eq|zutb {` beqoftfg eq|zutlifg pb'qlujbg f oftbg uqèfkfhbg ol{ubjb hl i`pèi|ub f {èf{ufyjf xnb{u`tnhìb)Ub eq|zutb. gl~|ufg. ifhl pbubi|nb | Cbaa{bt{jb pqle'eq|zutlib {uìhl‖qù` {tfc pqbuft {tfc‖) Yfihlifk` e` hl x` 0<)??? nh|ef balxafhl~lih` {`'cqì` | ilgbm|wfg. ilnh|e{jfg |{nbtfg` {n|of j`b pbutqe` btbm `qm|'gliu`) Lufyjf e|c x`hleifkl il {`gb e` {l beqo`b ilmb {l f q`xtfb) X`'

hleifk`hl b{u`n` ilu`ji|u`) [bkfh`nibujftb x`hleifkl ifhl pbjfeìb |pqjb{{tfg i`pbqfg` e` {l |pq`tb ub |yfif)‖ #{)16& Tlw f xabm ubm` `|ubq {l

pqfjnìh` lufkf bembtbqib{uf | `nulqiùftf {` lufjbg jbi`yibm kfnh`. pqlg'

e` wl qlxfmifqìb |{uìbtfuf yfihlifk| be{|uib{uf lufjl fx pbnfufjl eì`{.fg`h|wf | tfe| f{jnh|yftb{u fiulql{` j`b t`nlq` | tb~lih| pbnfufjl) Eb'{nhleib. |pbuqla` etbnfyibm ef{j|q{` | pbnfufkf f pbeql~lifg glefhfg`x`{n|oi` hl ulg` f{uqòftìh` il x`bafn`xlwf ifuf etbnfyib{u fnf nòib jbi'tlqufu{utb jbhl pb{u`hl | qùifg tqlglifg` j`q`julqi` b{bafi`. ` | btbgtqlgli|. qù` pb{nfhl qù` {tlbpzu` dq|{uq`kfh` | fgl nùliuifc kfnhlt` pql'

pbxiùnhftfc | fieftfe|`nifg fiulq{fg` pbhefi`k`. mìmbt` f pbnfufyjfc {uq`'i`j`) \ ubg jbiulj{u| `|ubq hl pqlmiùib pqfj`x`b glu`gbqdbx| albmqè'

03;



{jbm `jèlgfj` Gfc`fn` G`qjbtfw` be pq`jf{f{btk` f g`qj{f{ul eb felb'nbm` [nbabeì` Gfnbzltfw`)

Gf{nfgb e` {| f{uqòftìh` pqbd) Jlfuc` Eb|au` pbe ihlmbtfg ilbnb'mfxgbg [BKFBKFE pq`mgùfyi` f xabm ubm` zub {l. fxtleli` i` ab{ì'{jbg pqfghlq|. bahljuftib {tq{u`t`h| | mnba`ni| ulbqfh| b gbm|wlg k`q'{ut| pbtfhl{ib {ut`qìbm xn` | |{nbtfg` jbhl pqbfxtbel fiulql{f f kfnhltf|ulglnhlif i` pbqfkìh| eq|mbm) Mlibkfe | [qlaqlifkf. pb{nhleihf ml{uifzulih` AB[IL [QLAQLIL'AB[I@ @QMLIUFI@. bnfy`t` | {lafb{tluifyjb ifzulihl qbe` f pbqbe`. thlql eq|mbm`. cf{ubqfh{jbm j|nu` pqf'tùil {tbhfil fue) @|ubq ufg p|ulg {gfznhli| {uqùlmfh| pbehlnl Ab{il.

|jbqfhlihli| i` jb{bt{jbg gfu| f {fiu`mgf {qp{jl xlgnhl ebkbef eb gb'q`nibm bmnle`n` {thlu{jl x`hleifkl mbtbqlwf x`cufhltib b pbgfqlih| fbembtbqib{uf x` pbyfihli` xnbehln`)

pregled [godina 44, broj 1-2; april 2003.]

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