Proceedings of the Internadonsl Serninar 6Advsnc$ in Blologieal$clenca: Cortributlon towards a Better Humrn Frosperity'

A 2W7 Rcspoctive Authons

EditorsA;rdhika Frrspifo Nugoho, Earabang Reeroaji, Eudi Setiadi Daryono,Kurtrda Dewi" Maryini,Ratna Susandarini, Siti Nurleily Marliana

Cover Ilerign end LayoutSiti Nurleily Marliana

PublhhcrFactr$ of Biolqg/ Csdjat! Mada University,Yogya*arta

Printed bySari Kusumq Jl. Kefuun RayaNo. 7, Yogyakarta 55171

December 2007

rsBN 97&979{969-{12-7

Tho suthors of thc articlcs are solcly responsible for the content of their@ntrihsim. Ail rigbs rceerved" No part of this publication may bereproducod, stored in a refiicrral system, or transmitted in any form orby any means witbout prior pcrrrission sf the copyright ownersl.

PREFACE

This publication reports selected paperc presented at the International Seminar "Advances in

Biological Sciince: Contribution Towards a Betuer Human Prosperity" or^ganized by_pd held at the

Faculiy of Biology, Gadjah Mada University, Yogyakarta, Indonesia on September 7n - 8 rh, 2007.

ettendeO Uy 2Ot [a*icipants from 5 countries, the seminar addressed a range of important research from

various lieids in Liological science likely to play role in the improvement of human prosperity. Three

kinds of session were held at the seminar: pienary session featuring keynote papeHi, oral presentation

session, and poster preseniation session. Thii pmciedings features a number of papers prlsented in thesb

sessions, which represent 5 them€s covered in the seminar, i.e. genetics and molecular biology, ecology

and conserrration, systematics and evolutiorq physiology and developmental biology, and biomedics.

I wish to itrant my fellow Organizing C.ommittce for their efforts towards the success of the

seminar. On behalf of the OrganizingCommittee, I wish also to ttrank all keynote speakers, paper

presentss, academic reviewersl participane, and sponsots who h3-ve made this seminar a success. Last

Lut not least, I hope that the ieminar leaves us and all participants with memorable and fruitful

experieirce.

MARYANTChair of the Organizing Committee

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Contents

ItlPreface

Opening CeremonY SPeeches- Chair ofthe Organizing CommitteeDean of the FaCulty of Biology Gadjah Mada University

Seminar Committee

Plenary SessionsConsfuction of Screening System for Inhibitory Peptide using Peptide Array

Takeshi Kobayashi (Chubu University, Japan)

Biodivenity of lrpidoptera: Disnibution and conservation in ttre Malay Peninsula

Norela Satiinan (ii"itty of Scieace md T*hnalogt, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia)

Stem Cell: New Approach on Future Medical Treamcnt

Sukarti Moetiopaiiro (Faculty of Biologt, Gadiah Mada University, Yogtakarta)

Systematic and Evolution: A Case of Study on Trichosanthx *pp'

iugayah (Herbarium Bogoriense, Indonesian Institute of Science)

ChangingGlobalHealthfromEvolutionaryBiologyPerspectivesirty i.d;ira (Facutty of Medicine, Gadiah Mada University' Yoglafurta)

Genetic Susceptibility to lnfectious Diseases

Timothy*. Burgess (Yirolog Program, tJS NAMRU'2' Jaknrta))

Extended Abstracts: Oral Sesslon

Phenotype Analysis of oculocutaneus Albinism (ocA) in Indonesian Farnilies

tt"*ilio"tlv.SiV., Agustin, H-8., Ramadhani, R, and Pratiwi' R'

The Use of EST and MDH Isozyrnes to Detect the Most-similar Spore Size of AMF Glomus

Sancayaningsih, R-P, and Dodd, J.

Novel Desipand Assembly of Synthetic Fused DoubleGenes of l-Aminocyclopropane-l-

Cartoxyliclcid sy.nthase (ro2\'utdPapaya Ringspot Vinrs Coat Protein (cpPRSV) for

RNAlnterferense (RNA!Tan G4n4, N.H., i,aurena, A.C-, Garcia, R'N', and Mendora' E'M'T'

Idsntifrsatim of Asphattic Hydrooa$on'degrading Easteda by 165 rDN'd Sequences

AnalYsisFdl*anid,, N, Priianbada, LD.' Sanbirtug, L', and Widianto' D'

Isolation of Thormophiles &om Gedongsongo Hot Spring u*ing a sinrple Emichment

MediumAn inin, ALN,, Madayanti, F., Adittowati, P', and A&Iunalofu

Isolatkm aud Charasterization of Flant Antibaclerial Polipeptide from Meliojo W (Gnetum

gnemon)}ft *yr, T.,*, Ananta, Y-, ,4rdyatl T., and Sagiharn, B'

RSIIg armng Bccillas thuringiensis $rains byUsing BL var k$sta$ and 8f' var'

irraeJet$s DNA Probes

Suuann;i,5,, Dancer, 8., and Slater, J-H'

cloning of cDNAs Encoding suqose Transporter Prcteins from sugarcane (saccharum

oficinarumL.\{lan*, Sulis$owati' L., Balrrrki, N., and Sugiharto, B'

Chrsrnosome Ctlar,aat€fization of Gcnjah Kemlcko Tobacco (Nicotiana tabacumL' w'A€qiah Kemloko) Collected &omTernanggung C;enral Jave' Idon€sia

Deryoao, B.S. and Eridasai, D.P-

Secondary Metabolitcs and Anatomical Structures of Roots, Sterns, L€aves, Corolla and

Fruits sf Tembelakan $nntana camara L.)Harlini, Y.S. and Nugroho, LH.

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The Important of lnocuhmr's Standardization in Effectiveness Studies of Arbuscular

Myconhizal Fungi (AMF)Sanctyaningsih, fr"P. and Setiadi, Y.

The Role ofGibberellin in Breaking Seed Dormancy in Barley (Hordeum vulgareL.)Dewi, K and Chandler, P.M.

The Use of Trichoderma harzianum in Reducing Disease Severity of Pepper Caused byRhizoctonia solaniKasiarrldari RS. and Esthi Widiastuti

Growth Pattems and Survival Rate of Coral Rockcod (Epinephelus corallicola\ CultureRelated to Function of Swim BladderEalapea, LIL, Gunawan, and Pennana, G.N.

Effectof Time of Artificiat lnsemination on Pregmncy Rates and Sex Ratio afterSynchmnization of Estrus in Etawa Crossbred Goats

Saharea, X.r,lunaidi, A., Kusumawati, A., snd Widayati, D.T.

Vaccination against Viral Nervous Necrosis (VNN) in Juvenile Humpback Grouper(Cromileptes a lt ivelis\Zofran, Roza, D' andJohnny, F.

The Natural Biomolluscioiils Tte Effect of tevesia sundaica Miq. on Non-target Organism

{Cyprinas caryio Linnaeus, l?58)Ranosji,BTtre Effectivity of Gracilaria vvrrucosa asForcing Function in Increasing Water Clarity ofShrinp Pond and Prodrntiviry of Tiger Shrimp {Penaeus monodonFabr.\Iuuft,M.Effect of Sappan Wood (Caesa lpinia sappan L.) Extract on tlre Blood Antioxidant Profiles ofAfl atoxin-Exposured MiceSaf*i,RTlle Toxicity ofTembelekang,aataila canara f,.) Leaf Ethanol ExtractIfglrdni, Y.S, Dwiatnalw, Y.,$ugianli, N-, afid Krismrwan, R.H.

Peresitic Nermtodq Infsction in Long Tailed Macaqm (llfaccca fascieularisl from The Area

of 0unurg Fengsoag Wcst Lombokb*ton$ G., I{adi, 1., ard &ryriadi

ToxL'ity ofBiodi€sel Made &om Used Cooking Oil (from Roast MerchanQ on Mujair Fish

{Otwhram: b mass amb ictu'1Ptfi,LS,EConearation Status of tlre Belitung Island Tarsier Tarsius bancantrs saltator Home Range

Size and Population DensityY*#aar L, Mgrker, S.,std Muehlenberg, M.

BiodqgfsdstionofCa&*rnateby Soil Micmorganisrns: Isolatior\ Biochemical Properties and

Chancterization of Brcterial Degradiog CarbarylAdoai*s, &, Kustiariai, D.A., Saepudin, E, and Sulistiani, RPalcoreeonstnrction of Ecological Changes in Mangrove Ecoslatenrs, Northern Coast ofCe,ntral Java, Based on Diatorns CommunitiesSoqtdfuwad, t &,$uedy, S.W.A., Ralrurdio, A,T, and Maryunani, KA.

Ctra;rastcrization and Identificationof 2-(Thiocyawmethytthio) Bewathiazole (TCMTB)Degrading Bacteria Aom Industrial Tarming \[asteSustlalpaL L, fumblrlng L, and Suhaftanti, D.

Numerical Taxonomic Study of Cffrus Accessions in Yogyakarta, Indonesia Based on

Morphological CharactersSasandartni, R., Purnamo, Rusydah, A., atd Tanuiaya, B.

Inwntory Study of LoOal Variety of Gwva(Psidium guqiava L.) in Sleman and Bantul,

Yogyakarta, Indonesia and Their Phenetic Relationship tsased on Morphological Characters

Purnomo, Susandarini, R., and Fanani, J.

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Morphological variability and Phenetic Relationships of Teak (Tectona spp.)

Chasani,A.RPtraetic Relationship qfTomato (Solanun lyeopersicum L') Germplasm in Yogyakarta

Based on Morphological Characters

Subositi, D. and Purnomo

Biodiversityof Potential tocal Herbal in Sembilan Islands, No*h sinjai, south Sulawesi

Sahadiyah,5., Tambant, 8., and Soekendarsi, E'

The Effect ofHigh carboa Dioxide (co:) Level to Growth Rate and Biomass of spirulina

datensis Gornont in Photobioreactor'Nugrohq A.P., Suyono, 8.A., and Anggadhania, L'

Bioaccumulation of Chromium (Cr) on Tilapia nilotica L'

Nugroho, A.P.

The Influence of Slope on the Growth of Rehabilitated Mangrove Vegetation on the North

shors of coatral rava (.e, case study on the Nsrth shore of Brebes and Jepara)

Po$inhaioe,E.Tbs Abuodance ofEarthworms r,rnder Different Ages of Pine (Pyt-r11y*kusir', Jung' et de

yrisel Stands (A Case it UV ",

f*.gt3ols, RPH {u*ogunyo, BKPH Sumber Wringin,KPH

Bonibumso, EastJava)iuprty,II.,Muq,qf*, Wulandari, D, and Handhayani' E'

Soft Cheese frorn Sheep" Croat and Cow Milk 163

ffiXffiXhrand House Density Index Retationship: using the Results of t65

erdu *bf, Bioaomic Study Held in Jakarta

Hasyirr,r, A.Gfoutlh Inhibition of Nanrospora sitophila, tCoatarrunant Fungus on Auricularia polytricha ' 168

Grltiration by Aqmus Garlic Extract

f,sfufut| R.8. and Selmrut, D-

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WELCOMESPEECII

Distinguish guests, speakers, participants, sponsorships, ladies and gentleman,

I! is my great privilege to greel you all to the Intemational Seminar *Advances of Biological Science:Contribution towards a Better Human Prosperity'', held in Faculty of Biologn Gadjah MaIa University.I realize that you all fulty dedicated to the sessions that wilt foltow, but I do hope you all will also taketime to anjoy our fascinating Yogyakarta, Indonesia with its education city trade name andmulticultural people.

I recognize that this seminar is principally designed to enhance the contribution of biological science tothe development of other applied sciences related towards a more sustainable use of natural resources.There is still recognition on biology as a basic science. However, with this fast development of studiesand rmearch on biological topics, we realize that biology highly contribute to applied sciences andsectors, including medicine, pharmacy, agriculture, veterinary, food and health industries.

I am very alert to the increasing needs io understand biology, from ftrndamental research to nndemmolecular techniques beneficial in the improvements of human life and prosperity. And also, I wishthis event will b€ a great opportunity and a wonderful venue for us to meet scientistq expfis, andindus@ executiveq to share biological science information. I hope that this Seminar will 6e a gr€atchance to lay down a cooperative framework and to establish scientific collaboration between scientistsaround Asian countries and Indonesia, particularly to increase effective implementation of biologicalknowledge in the firlfillment of human need to maintain sustainable natural resources.

Hereby, on behalf of the Organizing Committee, I acknowledge these following keynote speakers, Prof.Takeshi Kobayashi (Chubu University, Japan), Norela Sulaima& Ph.D. (University KebangsaanMalaysia), dr. Timothy Burgess MD, MPH (US NAMRU 2, Jakarta), Pmf. drg. Euy indriati, Ph.D.(Faculty of Medicine. Gadjah Mada University), Dr. Rugayah (Ilerbarium oogoriinsa IndonesianInstitutc of Science, Bogor), and Prof, Dr. Sukarti Moeljopcwiro, M.App.Sc. (Faculty of Biology,Gadjah Mada university) for delivering their valuable scientific information.

I also gratefully acknowledge valuable conhibutions from pcrsonal and institutional spomorship andfunding inctudiag Institute for &esi:arch end Community $enices Cadjah Mada Univecsity, i,osanKencana Surabap, e.V. Indogarnt Yogyakarta, Pf Book Bardung Drs. Maryadi Broto iuwa6di,M.Kcs. Yogpkarta Ir. Bambang Sumardiko from RNI Jalmrt& anA ff Roche Jakarta, to rnake thisprogram happen.

l.also gratefully thank to th€ Dean and Vice Dean of Biology Facutty, Gadjah Mada University forqving-us opprtunity and support to organize this speeiativenr Hea*felithanks to The SteeringCommittce, Tho Acadcmic Reviewere, mernbem of The Organizing Committee for their strong $upport,active participation, eoopcration and iard wodcs rhroughoit rhh iear in preparing and organizi"g ,friinrcaningfirl meeting ad to those wh have contribrM their untiring Jffoit in matingihis serninar$uccess. lVe have received thc tofisl numher of papcre ever presented and the total number of peopleever registered. An impressive roster of distinguish speakers from Japan, Malaysiq the Philippine,Eangladeh *rd lridan€sia has been gathered in this seminar. We also have managjd the whols scminarprs-gtP dth

_" cornprehensive online lxoc€ss for abshact and paper subrnissioq seminar registration

and otherservices.

Despite our best efforts, it is inevitable that there is a lack in organizing this seminar and I profoundlyapologize to all speaken, posterpresenters, participants, donators, committee members.

Finally, I would like to offer my best wishes for a highly emjoyable, successfut and productive seminar.

Thank you

MaryaniChairof the Organizing Committee

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SEMINAB COIYI!VI}.rIE.E

*:t#tf#Hffi* of the Faculty of Biology, Gadjah Mada universitv, Yoevakarta)

ilt"r. i"I"tr,t i;&vashi (Chubu Universitv' Jpan)

Dr. Norela Sulairnan tr"iift i"rr J* i"iit"r;gi, Unlveryiti,r3ban.s:aan Malavsia)

Prof. Dr. Issirep t"r*ift'*'it, orgiology' Giiiatr Mada university' Yosvakarta)

prof. Dr. shalihuddin Djalal rmdjuls, M..S", till'"?#;iBt"rrs.v, grdiarr naaaa universitv' Yogvskarta)

Dr. Yayuk R. Sunu'A;oio (Zoob6y P"pry*' fnaonesi"n Institute of Sciences)

Dr. drh. wapn rrra, l'tl" irilu*v orv"*#;M;qi"i{' 93ai* u"0' universitv' Yogvakarta)

Dr. R.c. Hidayat s"*ififfi;lffi' G;"'hv oilif,ii* G;ij* naaia universitv' Yogvakarta)

Dra. Ertin Listysnine'it'ffiS". iUi'N"ral ivtcdical ResEareh Unit No'2)

ffii$f,*i,f Sffi qMsc.(Facurtv'l'':*fdr1fl *,tffi J'U"t3"#itrf;iyakarta)llrmn'g*ruw;'s'li;11*'&""i?*#'i'v"i#";'b;j'h#'tuiiversrtv'ffimr- Gaculty of Biology, Gadjah Mada university' Yogplcarta)

OrganizlugCommlttceDr. Msr''ani' tvl$c'Dr. Kurnate Dcvi, M'Sc'St'

Dr. Budi S€*isdi DarSouo

Dra. Rn&a Susffi&dni, M'Sc'

Banrbang Rotnoaji, M'Sc'Eko Asus Suyono, M'APP'Sc'

Siti Ntlrlcily Marlians, M'Sc'

*r*ftih f ri,ryitu !Sry@-' M'S-i'

Abdul nasaECt sani, 'Si' - - -a*. HWYt"S,B.G' Ssr&gih' M'P'

Rury Eprihrahrmn' S'Si'

THE INFLUENCE OF SLOPE ON THE GROWTH OF

REHABILITATED MANGROVE VEGETATION

ON THE NORTH SHORE OF CENTRAL JAVA

(A Case Study on the North Shore of Brebes and Jepara)

by :

Erny Poedjirahajoe *)

INTRODUCTION

The creation of green belt width is highly determined by several factors, such as the shore topography [1].

The more even the shore is, the larger the rise and fall of tides green belt and the wider the mangrove which will

be planted. Based on several researches and supported by theories concerning the influence of shore topography

on habitat factor, which also influences the vegetation growth, then this research is conducted. The selection of

research location was conducted based on the difference on the generated alluvial mainland (West and East

area), as well as the green belt width which visually looks different. On the North Shore of Jepara, mangrove

green belt is not very wide, so that the effective rise and fall tide zone for mangrove vegetation growth is also

relatively narrow. On the other hand, on the North Shore of Brebes Regency, the green belt seems very wide so

that the effective rise and fall tide zone is also very wide, in fact, the embankment which have been constructed

by the community in mangrove area are within the effective rise and fall tide zone. It can be proved why in the

mangrove area in Brebes Regency there are many embankments which use the embankment type, it is by

planting mangrove in the middle of the embankment. By knowing the approximate effective rise and fall tide zone (the green belt width) through slope, it is

expected that the mortality percentage of the rehabilitated vegetation can be decreased, and on contrary it will

increase the growth percentage. Therefore, this result can be used as a reference/indicator in managing mangrove

area, especially concerning the rehabilitation activity. Planting can be syncronized activity will be more effective

because it will be able to save the cost and the energy, as well as increasing the success of vegetation growth.

Therefore, this research will play an important role in the country development, especially in forestry.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The research location is situated in mangrove rehabilitation area on the North Shore of Brebes and Jepara

Regency. In each area, the same mangrove planting year is investigated. In mangrove rehabilitation area on the

North Shore of Brebes and Jepara Regency, mangrove planting year was determined, which was planting year

2000. The width is 6.5 ha for Brebes Regency and 5 ha for Jepara Regency. The data sample was taken on the

same width, 2 ha. In that area, measurement towards the slope was conducted, it was repeated several times

along that area. And then, plot was developed and vegetation density and height were measured. The

measurement was conducted by dividing the area into 3 zones. The interval with the next measurement was 100

m. In each zone, besides measuring the vegetation density and height, measurement towards pH, salinity, mud

thickness, DO was also conducted, and soil sample was taken to analyze the organic substance of N, P, K

element. The result analysis used was the multiple regression[2]

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Mangrove rehabilitation area on the North Shore of Brebes and Jepara Regency was planted with

mangrove species R.mucronata with the same planting interval, 2 x 1 meter. Planting the same species was

conducted because R.mucronata is tolerant to the backup of water class on rise and fall tide zone [3]. Besides

that, based on the root structure, R.mucronata roots are stronger compared to that of the other dominant species.

The specific anchoring root structure is the manifestation of the function which mangrove possesses, among

others it is capable of holding mud substrate and becomes the place for sea biota to lean on during the fall of the

tides.

In both areas Brebes and Jepara, R.mucronata was used as the rehabilitation vegetation. Vegetations which

were planted in 2000 with planting interval 2 x 1 m turned out to visually show the different morphology. At a

glance this difference is on the vegetation density and height.

*) Dr. Erny Poedjirahajoe, Faculty of Forestry Gadjah Mada University. Email : er_pjr@yahoo.com

The average slope in Brebes and Jepara is 1.45% and 4.27 %. At a glance, this difference is not significant.

However, it influences the environment factor. In general, on the shore in which mangrove is planted, the slope

is almost even. It is because on a shore which slopes slightly, mud substrate accumulation can be generated,

besides that it is supported by the movement of rise and fall of the tides which tends to be subtle. It is different

from the shore which slopes considerably (more than slopes slightly up to steep). On such shore, usually mud

substrate accumulation cannot be found, because on a shore which slopes considerably, river mouth is hardly

found so that this type of habitat is not suitable for mangrove. Steep shores have high rise and fall of the tides

current, consequently mangrove is hardly found. X2 analysis which was used to differentiate slope rating in

Brebes and Jepara area shows that there is significant difference between slope in Brebes and that of in Jepara.

Although slope on the North Shore of Jepara is high, there is still mud accumulation from the river mouth. Of

course the green belt of mangrove growth in Jepara is not as wide as that of in Brebes Regency. Therefore,

although it was planted with the same vegetation quantity with the same planting interval, in the end the density

of vegetation growth is different. A high slope means that the green belt width is smaller compared to that of a

slight slope. The growth substrate which is effective for vegetation growth is also fewer.

The physical-chemical aspects differ along with the vegetation growth. The higher the density is, DO, local

temperature and mud thickness will increase. A high density refers to the increase of phytoplankton because of

the increase of organic substance. Phytoplankton increases photosynthesis activity which generates oxygen.

Therefore, the contents of dissolved oxygen in the water increase. The role of mangrove roots can increase mud

substrate, so that the contents of organic elements especially N, P and K element will also increase [4].

Subsequently, the regression equation analysis shows that vegetation density and height are influenced

by waters physical-chemical aspects. In Brebes, the regression analysis shows that density is determined by all

waters physical aspects, except salinity. The regression equation formula is as follows:

Y = 368.3 - 5.28 X1 – 12.2 X2 + 3.5 X3 – 7.8 X4 + 0.7 X5 + 0.2 X6 + 0.7 X7 + 11.1 X8.. r value is 0.96

Y : Vegetation Density, X1: Slope, X2 : Temperature, X3 : Dissolved Oxygen, X4 : pH, X5 : Mud thickness, X6 :

N element, X7: P element, X8 : K element, X9 : Salinity. The regression equation shows that vegetation density is

influenced by slope (X1) and mud thickness (X5). Slope in Brebes on average is 1.45%. This slope is very slight

so that the green belt becomes wide. At the beginning of mangrove planting, a fine planting media is available,

consequently vegetation growth has a high life percentage. The result of regression equation on vegetation

growth is not different from that of vegetation height. The equation of regression correlation between vegetation

height and slope and waters physical-chemical aspects is as follows:

Y = 41.71 + 5.84X1 – 17.51X2 + 4.73X3 – 8.90X4 + 1.04X5 + 0.49X6 + 0.86X7 + 14.32X8. r value is 0.92

Although the result of regression equation between vegetation height and slope and waters physical-

chemical aspect is the same as the regression equation between density and slope and waters physical-chemical

aspect, but vegetation height is not parallel with density. Mangrove vegetations which are growing high are

accompanied with widening roots forming a strong stand. The wide of roots requires a wide space. Therefore,

vegetations which are growing high are usually accompanied with a decrease on the density because there is a

competition between individuals in the growth space.

In the waters in Jepara area, the regression equation analysis between vegetation density and height and

slope and waters physical-chemical aspects shows the same result as that of in Brebes area. The regression

correlation equation formula between vegetation density and slope and waters physical-chemical aspects is as

follows:

Y = 12.22 + 0.42X1 + 1.41X2 + 0.91X3 + 0.69X4 + 3.41X5 + 0.01X6 + 0.01X7 + 58.49X8, r value is 0.98

Meanwhile, the regression correlation analysis between vegetation height and slope and waters physical-

chemical aspects is:

Y = 971.80 + 4.72X1 – 12.03X2 + 4.39X3 + 67.37X4 + 1.47X5 + 1.17X6 + 0.16X7 + 61.8X8 + 5.36X9.

The analysis result and discussion shows that slope has significant influence on the growth of

rehabilitated mangrove vegetation on the North Shore of Central Java.

REFERENCES [1]. Anonimous, National Strategy for Indonesian Mangrove Ecosystem Management. Second Book Mangrove

Ecosystem in Indonesia. Departement of Forestry. Departement of Fishery and Marine. Ministry of

Environment. LIPI. JICA. Jakarta, 2003

[2]. Ludwig, JA and JF. Reynold, Statistical Ecology. John Wiley & Sons. New York. Chichester. Brisbane.

Toronto. Singapore, 1988.

[3]. Poedjirahajoe E, Peran Faktor Fisik Kimia Habitat terhadap Pertumbuhan Mangrove di Delta Cisanggarung.

DPP Fakultas Kehutanan UGM, 2002.

[4]. Poedjirahajoe E, Peran Faktor Fisik-Kimia Substrat pada Pertumbuhan Mangrove di Lahan Tambak Pantai

Utara Jawa Tengah. DPP Fakultas Kehutanan UGM, 2003.