prediction of handball playing ability from selected

PREDICTION OF HANDBALL PLAYING ABILITY FROM SELECTED ANTHROPOMETRICAL, PHYSICAL,

PHYSIOLOGICAL AND PSYCHOLOGICAL VARIABLES AMONG COLLEGE

LEVEL PLAYERS

A thesis submitted to Bharathidasan University for the award of the Degree of

DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY IN PHYSICAL EDUCATION

By A. NEEDHIRAJA (Reg.No.PHFT4)

Under the Guidance of Dr. R. KALIDASAN

Assistant Professor & Head i/c

Department of Physical Education BHARATHIDASAN UNIVERSITY

Tiruchirappalli – 620 024 Tamilnadu, INDIA

NOVEMBER 2011

ii

BHARATHIDASAN UNIVERSITY Department of Physical Education

Tiruchirappalli - 620 024

Dr. R. KALIDASAN B.Sc., M.P.Ed., M.Phil., Ph.D., PGDFM., PGDYE., PGDSM., NIS Dip. in Sports Coaching (Cricket)

Assistant Professor and Head i/c

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the thesis entitled “PREDICTION OF

HANDBALL PLAYING ABILITY FROM SELECTED

ANTHROPOMETRICAL, PHYSICAL, PHYSIOLOGICAL AND

PSYCHOLOGICAL VARIABLES AMONG COLLEGE LEVEL

PLAYERS” submitted by A. NEEDHIRAJA for the award of the

degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Physical Education, through the

Department of Physical Education, Bharathidasan University,

Tiruchirappalli, is a bonafide record of research work carried out

under my guidance and supervision. It is further certified that to

the best of my knowledge this thesis does not form part of any other

thesis or dissertation or for the award of any other degree or

diploma.

Place: Tiruchirappalli Research guide Date:

iii

BHARATHIDASAN UNIVERSITY Department of Physical Education

Tiruchirappalli - 620 024 A. Needhiraja Research Scholar – Full Time

DECLARATION

I do here by declare that the thesis entitled “PREDICTION OF

HANDBALL PLAYING ABILITY FROM SELECTED

ANTHROPOMETRICAL, PHYSICAL, PHYSIOLOGICAL AND

PSYCHOLOGICAL VARIABLES AMONG COLLEGE LEVEL

PLAYERS” submitted for the award of the degree of Doctor of

Philosophy in Physical Education, through the Department of

Physical Education, Bharathidasan University, is the original work

carried out by me under the guidance and supervision of

Dr. R. KALIDASAN, Assistant Professor and Head i/c, Department

of Physical Education, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli.

I further declare that this work has not been submitted earlier in

full or in parts of any other thesis or dissertation of any university

for the award of any other degree or diploma.

Place: Tiruchirappalli (A. NEEDHIRAJA)

Date:

v

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

I gratefully acknowledge and sincerely appreciate my guide

Dr. R. Kalidasan, Assistant Professor and Head i/c, Department of

Physical Education Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli for

his generous guidance, constant encouragement, continuous

support and patience throughout the completion of this work.

Without his valuable guidance this work would not be a successful

one.

I sincerely thank Bharathidasan University Administration

for having given University Research Fellowship for my studies.

I am eternally grateful to Dr. K. Chandrasekaran, Former

Head, Department of Physical Education, Bharathidasan

University, Tiruchirappalli for his help rendered in the completion

of this study.

I extend my feelings of gratitude to my fellow scholars

Mr. J. Viswanathan, Mr. M. Suresh Kumar, Mr. K. Ivin

Jabakumar, Mr. P. Raj Kumar, Mr. K. Mohan and

Mr. S. Viswanath for their kind help at various stages of this

study and special appreciation to Mr. P. Jothimurugan and

Mr. P. Kamaraj for their support throughout my data collection.

I am deeply indebted to Dr. A. S. Nageswaran,

Dr. L. C. John, Dr. S. Chidambararaja, C. Kumaradas and

Dr. B. Chittibabu for their constructive suggestions and timely

help.

I extend my gratitude and sincere thanks to scholars from

other Departments of Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli

especially Dr. S. Ramakrishnan, Dr. K. Sundaravel, Mr. M. Arun,

vi

Mr. K. Rutharvel Murthy, Mr. Ebinesar Samual,

Mr. K. Karthickeyan, Mr. M. Chandrasekaran, Mr. D. Avinash

Gandi, Mr. R. Ramkumar, Dr. R. Prabhu, Mr. S. Arulganesh,

Mr. C. Sathisclaimer, Mr. N. Jeyaraj, Mr. M. Muthukumar,

Mr. S. Muthukrishnan, Mr. A. Pugazhendhi and Mr. S. Srimurali

for their constant encouragement throughout my doctoral

programme.

I extend my feelings of gratitude to Mr. T. K. Rajasekaran,

Mr. P. Prabakaran, Mr. M. Arumugam, Mr. K. Soundarrajan and

Mr. S. Rengasamy staff members, Department of Physical

Education, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli.

I express my sincere thanks to who actively involved as the

subjects for this study. Finally, I wish to thank to everybody who

participated directly or indirectly in the process of the completion of

this work.

A. Needhiraja

vii

Personal Details

Name : A. Needhiraja

Father’s Name : S. Annadurai

Mother’s Name : A. Valarmathi

Age and Date of Birth : 29 Years, 14-09-1982

Address:

For Communication Permanent Research Scholar Department of Physical Education Bharathidasan University Tiruchirappalli-620 024 Tamilnadu

5/14, Rose Nagar Appana nallur - (Post) Thottiyam - (T.K) Tiruchirappalli - (D.t) Pin code: 621 208

e-mail: [email protected] Mobile: (0) 99940 62340

Educational Qualifications: (Starting from the most recent degree)

Degree Subject Institution where studied

University / Board

Year of Passing

Percentage

M.Phil Physical

Education Bharathiar University

Bharathiar University

2007 69 %

M.P.Ed Physical

Education

Maruthi College of Physical Education


2006 71 %

B.P.Ed Physical

Education

Y.M.C.A College of Physical Education

University of Madras

2004 62 %

B.Sc Zoology P.S.G College of Arts and Science


2003 58 %

PGDY Yoga Annamalai University

Annamalai University

2008 65 %

VITA

viii

Teaching Experience:

Period of service Name & Address of Employer Designation

From To Length of Service

Ramakrishna Mission Vidyalaya Maruthi College of Physical Education SRKV Post Periyanaicken Palayam Coimbatore-641 020.

Lecturer 24-04-2006 30-04-2008 Two Years

Academic Distinction: Cleared University Grants Commission National Eligibility

Test for Lectureship in Physical Education (UGC-NET) during December 2007.

Sports Achievements: 1. Member of the P.S.G College of Arts and Science Basketball

team which bagged the Runners-up in the All India Inter Collegiate Basketball Tournament held at IIT, Chennai during the year 2003-2004.

2. Member of the P.S.G College of Arts and Science Basketball

team which bagged the Runners-up in the State Level Inter Collegiate Basketball Tournament held at Sri Bhagavan Mahaveer Jain College, Bangalore during the year 2002-2003.

3. Represented P.S.G College of Arts and Science Basketball

team which bagged the 3rd place in State level Inter Collegiate Betram Basketball tournament held at Loyola College, Chennai during the year 2002-2003.

4. Member of the M.C.P.E Basketball team which won the

Bishop Ambrose Inter Collegiate Basketball Tournament, Coimbatore during the year 2004 – 2005.

5. Represented Y.M.C.A. College of Physical Education

Basketball team which got Runner – up place in Tamilnadu & Pondicherry State level Inter-Collegiate Physical Education Tournament held at Chidambaram, during the year 2003 – 2004.

ix

6. Member of the M.C.P.E Handball team which participated in Bharathiar University Inter Collegiate Handball Tournament and bagged Runners - up position during the year 2005 – 2006.

7. Represented Y.M.C.A. College of Physical Education

Basketball team which got Runner – up place in University of Madras Inter Collegiate Basketball Tournament during the year 2003 – 2004.

Other Qualifications: Participated in UGC Sponsored Interaction Programme for

Ph.D. Scholars conducted by Academic Staff College, Pondicherry University, Pondicherry during 17 & 18 September 2009.

Technical Qualification: Qualified level one Anthropometrist technician of

International Society for the Advancement of Kinanthropometry.

x

Technical Qualification in Sports & Games officiating

S.No Game Organised by Venue Date & year of Passing

1 Basketball Tamil Nadu Basketball Association

Sri Kamala Subramanian

Matriculation Higher Secondary School

Thanjavur

15-10-2005

2 Handball

Tamil Nadu Handball Association &

Thiruvannamalai Handball Association

Government Higher Secondary School Thiruvannamalai

July 2005

3 Kho-Kho Tamil Nadu State

Kho-Kho Association


Coimbatore 28-12-2007

4 Athletics Tamil Nadu Athletics

Association


Coimbatore 5-8-2006

Research Publications:

Research articles published in Journals:

S.No Authors Title Name of the

Journal Year, Vol. &

Page No

1 A. Needhiraja

& Dr. R. Kalidasan

Position – wise Anthropometrical profile of Handball

Players

Journal of Teacher Education and

Research (ISSN: 0976 - 3678)

2010 Volume. 5

No.1 PP: 66 to 74

2 A. Needhiraja

& Dr. R. Kalidasan

Playing Position – wise analysis of

Selected Anthropometrical

Physical and Performance

variables among Handball Players

Bharathiar National Journal of Physical

Education And Exercise Sciences

(BNJPEES) (ISSN: 0974 – 8210)

2010 Volume. 1

No.1 PP: 73 to 80

3 A. Needhiraja

& Dr. R. Kalidasan

Regional – wise analysis of

Anthropometrical and Performance Factors among Sub – Junior

Handball Players

Journal of Sports and Sports Science

(SAI)

2011 Volume. 34

No. 1 PP: 12 to 19

xi

Research articles published in conference proceedings

S.No Title of the Article Name of the Programme

Organiser & Date

Year

1

Various position – wise analysis of

selected psychological


India International

congress in sport psychology

Department of Teacher

Education, Lakshmibai

National University of

Physical Education,

Gwalior

21 - 24 Dec

2009

2

e – Content based learning in physical

education – with special reference to

Hockey

International Conference

e – resources in Higher Education

ISBN : 978-81-908078-9-0

Department of Education

Technology & Library

information science,

Bharathidasan University,

Tiruchirappalli

19, 20 Feb

2010

3

Topographical analysis of

Anthropometric and performance factors among sub-junior Handball players

International Conference on Modern

trends in sports technology,

management & Allied science

ISBN : 978-93-80400-11-2

Association of sports

technology management & allied sciences

& School of Physical

Education, Alagappa University

8, 9 Mar 2010

4

Prediction of Playing Ability From Selected

Anthropometric Characteristics of

Elite Indian Handball Players

Emerging trends in Physical

Education and sports sciences

ISBN: 978-81-908078-6-9

Department of Physical

Education, Bharathidasan

University, Tiruchirappalli

12 Mar 2011

5

Prediction of Playing Ability from Selected Anthropometrical,

Physical and Physiological

Characteristics of Inter Collegiate

Handball Players

Recent trends in yoga and physical

education ISBN:

97881-910426-8-9

Department of Physical

Education, V.H.N.S College Virudhunagar

11,12 Aug 2011

xii

Details of Paper Presented in International / National level Conferences / Seminar:

1. Research articles/Papers Presented in International Level

Conferences / Seminars:

S.No Title of the paper Organized by Theme & Date

1

Position - wise Anthropometric

profile of Handball Players

M.A.M College of Engineering

Tiruchirappalli

International conference on Application of science,

Engineering & Technology in sports

& 7 & 8 Dec - 2009

2

Various position – wise analysis of

selected psychological


Department of Teacher Education

Lakshmibai National University

of Physical Education Gwalior

India international congress in sport

psychology &

21 to 24 Dec - 2009

3

Various position-wise analysis of

selected Anthropometrical and performance variables Among Handball players

Department of Physical Education

Banaras Hindu University Varanasi

International Conference On Recent Technological

Advancement & Entrepreneurship

in Sports &

16, 17 Jan – 2010

4

e – Content based learning in

physical education – with special reference to

Hockey

Department of Education

Technology & Library information

science Bharathidasan

University Tiruchirappalli

International Conference e – resources in Higher

Education ISBN : 978-81-908078-9-0

& 19, 20

Feb – 2010

5

Topographical analysis of

Anthropometric and performance

factors among sub-junior Handball

players

Association of sports technology management &

allied sciences & School of Physical

Education Alagappa University

International Conference On Modern trends in

sports technology, management & Allied

science ISBN : 978-93-80400-11-2

& 8, 9

Mar - 2010

xiii

2. Research articles/Papers Presented in National Level Conferences / Seminars:

S.No Title of the Paper Organised by Theme & Date

1 An Overview of Yoga and its Outcome on

Health

Alagappa University Karaikudi

Healthy Ageing Through Yoga

Therapeutic Means and Sports

& 18-09-08

2 Therapy for Respiratory Allergies through Yoga

Koviloor Andavar Yoga Research

Centre

Yoga Therapy &

15-11-08

3 Biomechanical Analysis of Penalty Shooting on

Handball TNPE & SU Chennai

Impact of Biomechanics on

Excellence in Sports &

30-10-08

4

Position – wise analysis of Anthropometrical

Physical and Performance Variables

among Handball Players

Department of Physical Education,

Bishop College Tiruchirappalli

Physical Education, Sports and Art of

Well Being &

20-03-09

5 Anthropometric Evaluation and Building Blocks


Bharathidasan University

Tiruchirappalli

Role of Sports Sciences and Technology in

Enhancing Sports Performance

& 21-03-09

6

Effect of Specific Drills on Selected Skills

Variables of Junior level Basketball Players

Bangalore University Bangalore

Physical Education and Sports

& 4,6-04-09

7 Power Yoga and its outcome on Health

Alagappa University Karaikudi

Modern Multidimensional Approaches for

Excellence in Sports &

25-09-09

8 Modern perspectives of

obese women

Indian Institute of Yoga and

Naturopathy

Modern Trends in Yoga and

Naturopathy &

11-10-09

xiv

9

Comparative Analysis of Selected Physical fitness

components among Rural and Urban Handball

Players

Annamalai University

Fitness for Urban and Rural Youth and

for Special Population

& 16,17-12-2009

10 Psychological differential among male and female

volleyball players

Department of Physical Education

Meenaakshi Ramasamy arts &

science college &

Meenaakshi Physical Education college

Thathanur

First National Conference on Role

of Science Technology and Yoga in Enhancing Sports

Performance and Health

& 6- 02 – 2010

11 Team cohesion in sport

Dept.of.sports Psychology &

Sociology Tamilnadu Physical Education & sports

University Chennai

Social Aspects of Sports in Indian

Context &

12-03-2010

12

Comparison of selected anthropometric

characteristics among India, Kazakhastan,

Pakistan and Uzbekistan Handball players


Bishop College Tiruchirappalli

The Felicitous Intertwined Trio of Physical Activities,

Wellness and Sports &

5-02-2011

13

Comparative Analysis of Body Fat Among Handball

Players In Reference To The Playing Positions

Selvam College of Physical Education,

Namakkal

Scientific Innovation in Sports Sciences

and Technology &

05-03-11

14

Prediction of Playing Ability From Selected

Anthropometric Characteristics of Elite

Indian Handball Players


Bharathidasan University

Tiruchirappalli

Emerging trends in Physical Education and Sports Sciences

& 12-03-2011

15

Prediction of Playing Ability from Selected Anthropometrical,

Physical and Physiological Characteristics of Inter

Collegiate Handball Players


V.H.N.S College Virudhunagar

Recent trends in Yoga and Physical

Education &

11,12-08-2011

xv

3. Participated in National Level Conferences / Seminars:

S.No Organised by Theme Date

1

Ramakrishna Mission Vidyalaya


Preservation and Propagation of Indigenous Sports and games of India

28, 29-Feb-08

2



To Evolve a standardised age test and age related

changes in factors affecting sports performance

12, 14-Mar-07

3



Multi - dimensional approach for excellence on sport: Talent identification

28 to 30-Mar-06

4. Details of Workshops attended at National Level:

S.No Organised by Topic Date

1 YMCA College of Physical

Education, Chennai Physical Education for

Primary School 5, 6-

Nov-03

2 Bharathiar University

Coimbatore

Research Methodology and Statistics in Physical

Education

16,17-Feb-09

3 Bharathidasan


Scholarly Information Access

23, 24-Oct-09

4 Bharathidasan


Strategies for Empowerment of Women

for Social Inclusion 27-Jan-11

5 Koviloor Andavar Yoga

Research Centre

National Workshop on Yoga Therapy, Exercises Therapy & Allied Therapy

29-Jan-11

6 Thiru. Vi. Ka. Govt. Arts

College Thiruvarur

Yoga for health and social transformation

14-Mar-11

xvi

LIST OF CONTENTS

Certificate by the supervisor ii

Declaration by the scholar iii

Dedication iv

Acknowledgements v

Vita vii

List of contents xvi

List of chart xix

List of tables xx

Abstract xxi

Chapter I

Introduction 1 - 20

Prediction

Sports science and Handball

Anthropometric characteristics and Handball

Physical characteristics and Handball

Physiological characteristics and Handball

Psychological characteristics and Handball

Justification for taking-up this study

Statement of the problem

Hypothesis

Significance of the study

Delimitations

Limitations

Operational definition of the terms

Chapter II

Review of Related Literature 21 - 51

xvii

Chapter III

Methodology 52 - 86

Selection of subjects

Selection of variables

Independent variables

Dependent variables

Justification for taking up the variables

Research design

Selection of test

Pilot study

Reliability of data

Instrumental reliability

Tester’s reliability

Reliability of the subjects

Orientation of the subjects

Collection of data

Administration of the Test

Anthropometrical variables

Physical variables

Physiological variables

Psychological variables

Overall playing ability

Statistical analysis

Chapter IV

Analysis of Data and Results of the Study 87 - 112

Over view

Test of significance

Level of significance

Analysis of data

Discussion on findings

Discussion on hypothesis

xviii

Chapter V

Summary, Conclusions and Recommendations 113 - 117

Summary

Conclusions

Recommendations

Bibliography 118 - 127

Appendices 128 - 133

xix

LIST OF CHART

Chart Title of the Chart Page

I Research Flow Chart 56

xx

LIST OF TABLES

Table Title Page No

I Selection of tests 57

II

Reliability coefficient of the subjects in anthropometrical, physical, physiological and psychological variables by test and re-test methods

61

III

Descriptive statistics of selected anthropometrical, physical, physiological, psychological variables and playing ability among Handball players

90

IV

Inter-correlation of selected anthropometrical, physical, physiological, psychological and playing ability of inter-collegiate Handball players

92

V Analysis of variance for the influence of independent variables on playing ability of Handball players

95

VI Step-wise multiple regression between playing ability and independent variables of Handball players

97

VII Regression analysis of prediction equation of Handball players

102

xxi

ABSTRACT

The purpose of the study was to predict the Handball playing

ability from selected Anthropometrical, Physical, Physiological, and

Psychological variables among College level Players. Three hundred

and four male inter - collegiate Handball players were randomly

selected from various colleges in Tamilnadu state, India and their

age ranged between 17 and 25 years. The subjects had past playing

experience of at least three years in Handball and only those who

represented their respective college teams were taken as subjects. A

series of anthropometrical measurements was carried out on each

participant. These included Body weight measured by weighing

machine, Standing height measured by Stadiometer; seven

Length measurements (cm) - Arm length, Arm span, Leg length,

Hand length, Hand breadth, Palm length and Palm breadth; eight

Girth measurements (cm) - Arm girth relaxed, Arm girth flexed,

Forearm, Chest girth, Waist girth, Hip girth, Thigh girth and Calf girth

measured by Lufkin Anthropometric Tape; two Breadth

measurements (cm) - Humerus breadth and Femur breadth by

small bone caliper. The data were collected by following standard

testing protocol of International Society for the Advancement of

Kinanthropometry. Physical fitness components were measured by

the following tests. Speed were assessed by 50 meter dash, Agility

assessed by Shuttle run, Flexibility assessed by Sit and reach test,

Leg explosive power by Sargent vertical jump, Leg explosive strength

assessed by Standing broad jump and Muscular endurance by

Modified sit ups. The Physiological parameters namely

Cardiovascular endurance were assessed by 20 meter multistage

beep test, Resting heart rate by Digitalized Heart Rate Monitor, Peak

expiratory flow rate was assessed by Peak flow meter and Breath

holding time was assessed by Manual Nose Clip method.

xxii

Psychological factors namely Somatic anxiety, Cognitive anxiety and

Self confidence were assessed by Competitive Sports Anxiety

Inventory – II (CSAI - 2) questionnaire developed by Martens, Burton,

Vealey, Bump and Smith (1990) and Sports Achievement Motivation

level was assessed by Kamlesh (1983) SAMT questionnaire. The

playing ability which was taken as the performance factor was

subjectively assessed by three qualified Handball coaches. All

testing was done two day before inter - collegiate competition by

using scientifically approved equipments. Mean and Standard

deviations were calculated for each of the selected variables. The

inter-relationship among the selected anthropometrical, physical,

physiological, psychological variables and Handball playing ability,

were computed by using Pearson’ product-moment correlation

coefficients. All selected anthropometrical, physical, physiological

and psychological variables that statistically correlated with

performance were used to form respective linear predictive models

(step-wise argument selection). The results revealed that an Inter–

relationship exists significantly between the anthropometrical,

physical, physiological, psychological and performance variables

among male inter-collegiate Handball players. The results also

revealed that arm span, speed, palm span, Cardiovascular

endurance, somatic anxiety, palm length, peak expiratory flow rate,

humerus breadth, hip girth, chest girth, arm length, waist girth, leg

explosive power, standing height, sports achievement motivation

and hand breadth become the common characteristics which can

predict the playing ability in Handball players.

CHAPTER – I

INTRODUCTION

CHAPTER – I

INTRODUCTION

Handball is an ideal synthesis of the three fundamental

athletic disciplines of running, jumping and throwing. Therefore it

is not only a purely competitive sport but also a fine sport to be

taken up with advantage by many for purposes of training and

health. The player must be able to start quickly, he must be a

persevering runner, he must be able to skillfully deceive his

opponent, he must be able to swiftly pick up the ball or catch it in

the air, he must pass the ball with precision to his team-mates

and he must be able to execute all sorts of throws; in short, his

body, his arms and his legs will have to be harmoniously trained.

As the name of the game suggests, hands play the most important

role; hands being naturally the deftest members of the body, the

growing popularity of Handball is easily explained. Many kinds of

throws to score a goal are possible. The Handball player is

inspired to use his hands as a means of carrying out his ideas.

The game is, of course, also faster than other ball-games.

Technique and elegance combine with courage and physical

strength, anthropometric characteristics, physiological

parameters and psychological status, the dynamic nature of this

manly sport makes it exciting to watch. Handball can be played

by everybody and everywhere, nothing more being needed than a

ball, a playing-field and two goal posts. Handball is not an

expensive sport. They need small playing fields or gymnasiums

may be used, there is a comparatively smaller number of players

and a simple outfit will do. Basically it is a game played by two

Introduction 2

teams of seven (six ground player and one goal keeper) whose

object is to score goals by throwing a small ball towards a

goalkeeper into the goal. The ball is passed around by players

using their upper body only - any contact with the ball below the

knee is a foul.

A player can run with the ball, as long as they bounce it, -

as in Basketball. However, they can take three steps without

bouncing the ball. Players can not cross the D shaped goal area,

and generally the goalkeeper stays within this D circle. This often

results in players attempting to take their three steps and

jumping into this area to shoot, which is allowed as long as they

are off the ground when the shot is taken. Handball is mainly a

contact sport, where defenders can block an opposing attacker to

prevent them shooting. This tactic means that the defending team

tends to guard their own D circle, whilst the attacking team

passes the ball around to try to find a way to attack and run in to

get a clear shot on goal. Once an attack breaks down, due

perhaps to the defense intercepting a pass or the goalkeeper

saving a shot, then the situation is reversed and players quickly

counter attack to try to score a goal before the opposing team has

had sufficient time to organise their defense.

Handball is one of the fastest indoor sports. It has developed

from a number of similar games, which were in existence at the

start of the 20th century. Handball is a popular team sport played

at International level and has been played by both men and

women throughout the world. In year of 1898 the Dane Holger

Nielson drew up the rules and regulation for modern Handball

Introduction 3

and published them in 1906, who is known as the “Father of

Handball” and he invented the game. These games were played in

Central and Northern Europe and in 1926 Standard International

Rules were established. In 1928 the International Amateur

Handball Federation was established by 11 countries during the

Summer Olympic Games. This body later became the present

International Handball Federation.

The fact that the human being also differs from the animals

in its ability to use its hands in an extremely skilled way leads to

amazing phenomena. Probably the most beautiful one when it

comes to sports is Handball. In year of 1928, the International

Amateur Handball Federation (IAHF) was founded in Amsterdam

on the occasion of the IX Olympic Games. One of the member of

the foundation was Avery. Brundage (USA) who later became IOC

President in 1933, Handball was included in the Olympic

Programme. At the XI Olympic Games in Berlin, host Germany

won the final – and therefore the gold medal was received by them

– in the pouring rain in front of an audience of 100.000 people,

beating Austria 10:6. During the Olympic Games, the

International Amateur Handball Federation held at a congress in

which delegates of the 40 nations represented in the federation.

Two years later at the first Field Handball World Championship,

the German team – benefiting again from home advantage, also

won this title. Once again, Austria came in second best. Then

Germany started to impose a disastrous war on the nations of the

world – resulting in immeasurable consequences also for

Handball.

Introduction 4

One year after the end of World War II, representatives of

eight nations met in Copenhagen, the capital of Denmark, and

launched the International Handball Federation (IHF). The

International Handball Federation (IHF) came into existence in

July 11, 1946. Denmark and Sweden were the initiators of this

association. The International amateur Handball federation,

which came about in 1928, was the precursor of the International

Handball Federation. This federation gained its popularity in the

Berlin Olympic Games. The sport’s International governing body

was first formed in 1928 as the Federation International Handball

Amateur, and took its current name in Copenhagen, Denmark in

1946 as the International Handball Federation (IHF).

The International Handball Federation has also planned to

allocate more funds to the developing and under-developed

countries as they do not have the facilities to develop Handball.

Records show that many members have profited from the

development aid given to them by the federation. The

International Handball Federation announces the financial

conditions before organising a competition. The dates and the

location shall be left for a public draw which shall be supervised

by an International Handball Federation representative. It is also

necessary to display the flags of the International Handball

Federation, the member federation and the participants in the

world championships. Today 183 national countries are member

of the sport in International Handball federations representing

approximately 800,000 teams and more than nearly 19 million

sportsmen and women.

Introduction 5

Prediction

One of the goals of scientific research is to predict future

events or results from present or past data. There are different

types of prediction that we come across in our daily life, such as

wealth-forecast, market-forecast, share market-forecast, election

trends etcetera. These are based upon some known facts and so

they are reliable prediction.

Research in the field of sports and games had proved that

the future performance of an individual or team could be

predicted through the analysis of certain variables, which are

found to be the basis for total performance. Among many factors

the following variables such as anthropometrical, physical,

physiological, psychological and skill performance that decide the

playing ability of an individual are more important.

Team Handball is one of the team based sports and it is

played both men and women throughout the world. Handball is

growing game in India especially in north and south India. In

India every year All India Inter-University Handball tournament

for both men and women were organised by Association of Indian

Universities.

In Tamilnadu state, Handball is one of the developing games

at gross root level (rural to state level). The State Government of

Tamilnadu organised State Level tournament namely Republic

Day Sports (RDS) and Bharathiyar Day Sports (BDS) for school

level through the School Education Department every year. It

indicates that Handball is one of the new games recently getting

Introduction 6

popularity in India. Only few studies are available in prediction on

Handball players.

Sports Science and Handball

Sports science plays a critical role in Handball performance.

The game Handball is a team based sport and it demands number

of external and internal factors like anthropometrical, physical,

physiological and psychological characteristics to play the game at

elite level. The role of sports science in Handball is elaborated

hereunder.

Anthropometric characteristics and Handball

Anthropometric measurements relevant to human

movement gained formal recognition as a discipline with the

inauguration of the International Society for Advancement of

Kinanthropometry in 1986. Anthropometrists of all continents

have participated in several major multidisciplinary studies that

are being or have been conducted to assess the physical

characteristics of people. Kinanthropometry has been defined as

the quantitative interface between human structure and function.

(Ross, Drinkwater, Bailey, Marshall, Leahy, 1980). This interface

is examined through the measurement and analysis of age, body

size, shape, proportion, composition and maturation as they

relate to gross body function. Previous reports have shown that

body structure and morphological characteristics are important

determinants of performance in many sports and certain physical

impressions such as body composition (body fat, body mass,

muscle mass) and physique (somatotype) can significantly

Introduction 7

influence athletic performance (Carter, 1970 and Duquet &

Carter, 2001).

Handball is one of the Olympic Games team sports which

requires a high standard of preparation in order to complete 60

minutes of competitive play and to achieve success. In this game

movement patterns are characterised as intermittent and change

continuously in response to different offensive and defensive

situations. Anthropometric factors and morphological

characteristics can influence the effectiveness of such responses,

as has been observed in other sports (Deng, Lin, Xia, Cheng,

1990). Therefore, anthropometric profiles may contribute to

understanding the suitability of players for the sport of Handball,

particularly elite level.

Previous bunch of anthropometrical studies reports have

shown that body structure and morphological characteristics can

determine the selection of participants in many sports. Results of

cross-sectional anthropometric studies have tended to suggest

that certain physical factors including body composition (body fat,

body mass, muscle mass) and physique (somatotype) significantly

influence athletic performance (Carter, 1984). The knowledge of

the physical characteristics of Handball players could provide

insight into those individual factors which influence the players

performance in the game. Anthropometric characteristics are very

relevant for Handball players because the game of Handball

entails physical contact in which specific physiques with a high

level of strength and power may provide an advantage. The

Introduction 8

Anthropometric characteristics of Handballers are considered in

the choice of players to implement the game plan.

In modern sports, successful performance is determined by

number of factors. For optimum performance at elite level, variety

of areas must be addressed. Further, Handball is the game where

size, shape and body composition play an important part in

providing distinct advantage for specific playing positions. These

include the skill level, flexibility, endurance and most importantly

the specific use of anthropometric measurements which plays a

vital role in complex team based games. Since success in the

game depends among other things, on how the individual

characteristics of some players fit in to the whole, thus creating a

coherent team. Handball is one of the complex technical team

based game and performance differences between players of

varying ability levels are different.

Physical characteristics and Handball

In performance and high performance sport, a great

importance is given to the physical condition. It is in fact the

preoccupation for the adaptation of the sportsman’s body to

growing physical and mental efforts, to which all the parts of the

human body participate. The contemporary Handball game,

characterised by high intensity motor activities, places upon

players a wide spectrum of requirements on all their capabilities.

One can hardly single out any ability or a characteristic which is

not engaged in the performance of Handball players. Basic and

specific motor abilities and cardio-respiratory capacities, such as

explosive strength, required at the start line, a paramount

Introduction 9

amount of sprinting and maximum jumping in defense and

attack, are specifically significant, or coordination, necessary for

the performance of specific motor assignments and space

orientation, as well as agility and speed which are indispensable

for the efficient solving of game situations. A high level of aerobic

capacity ensures the slower onset of fatigue and a fast recovery,

whereas anaerobic capacity is responsible for endurance in high

intensity repetitive activities.

Team Handball is a complex intermittent game, which

requires players to have well developed aerobic and anaerobic

capacities. Motor ability, sprinting, jumping, flexibility and

throwing velocity represent physical activities that are considered

as important aspects of the game and contribute to the high

performance of the team. Successful performance requires

explosive power of the legs and arms, sprint velocity and

kinesthetic feeling in ball control (Sibila, 1997).

The specific characteristic of Handball demands from

players an effective participation in activities that need a good

aerobic and anaerobic response. However, some authors report

that Handball is a sport that demands predominantly the motor

capacities that depend on the anaerobic metabolism. Thus, it

seems reasonable to affirm that the motor capacities strength &

velocity and their ways of manifestation are crucial, since the

technical and tactical capacities can be consistently superior

when the Handball players present high levels of adaptation of the

anaerobic metabolism (Rannou, et. al 2001).

Introduction 10

Handball is an endurance game. Without endurance the

player cannot perform well, in the same time the player’s need all

the characteristics i.e. speed, agility, flexibility etcetera. Nowadays

most of the players having good height can perform well in the

game situation. Without physical characteristics players cannot

achieve the aim of the game, so physical characteristics is very

essential for the better performance of Handball.

Physiological characteristics and Handball

Handball is a complete collective sporting modality,

characterized by the great amount and variety in its movements,

ball manipulations and interaction with other athletes. Looking

for a better dynamic and objectivity, Handball passed through

several evolutionary processes that, consequently, started to

demand from the athlete’s larger physiological adaptations and

other characteristics. The athlete’s income in the Handball of high

level depends directly on several variables. There are not

differentiated levels as to the importance of those variables linked

directly to the high level Handball (Glaner, 1997). The evaluation

of the performance implicates the recognition and denomination

of the individual level of the components of the sporting

performance or of a conditioning situation. (Weineck, 1999). It is

essential that all the variables related to the athlete’s performance

be evaluated. Even with that importance, it is still noticed a lack

of studies that use evaluations and analysis with direct measures,

seeking to determine the maximum aerobic potency the maximum

anaerobic potency, the anaerobic threshold and the lactate

threshold, in athletes of the feminine Handball.

Introduction 11

For our country to be successful in sports, to distinguish

the representing sportsman much earlier is indisputably required.

As in all sports, technical, tactics, capacity as well as condition of

a team are the basic elements to be successful in Handball. Main

discussion in this manner seems to continue in terminological

concepts. If it is so, the basic terminological concept is to point

out the vertical jump and 30 mt sprint as dependant variable.

Physical variables as age, height, weight, taking role in Handball

sport branch were taken into consideration. As selection of a

proper person for Handball is performed in early ages,

physiological properties with physical profile should be learned.

Variables to determine physical profile were observed. The

observed variables comprise of respiration parameters, blood

pressures, aerobic and anaerobic capacity. Aerobic exercise

shortly means a work with oxygen. It is realized with working of

large muscle groups in the presence of abundant oxygen, at 60% -

80% level of maximum pulse for at least 12 minutes or long

period. The indicated period, 12 minutes, is very essential, here.

Because, at the end of this period, the enzymes to burn the fat of

body are produced then. In addition, aerobic exercise causes to

increase the intake amount of oxygen into body, to provide heart

to consume much oxygen and increase condition level of heart as

well as lungs. Anaerobic means lack of oxygen muscles work with

needed to oxygen. This case also activates the sugar consuming

enzymes. In this activation, more energy is consumed than the

body may produce with metabolizing oxygen.

Introduction 12

Psychological characteristics and Handball

The ability to cope with pressure and anxiety is an integral

part of sports, particularly among elite athletes (Hardy, Jones &

Gould, 1996; Orlick & Partington, 1988). Researchers have

reported that consultations among 50 athletes at an Olympic

festival were related to stress or anxiety related problems

(Murphy, 1988). A great deal of research has been conducted

examining the relationship between anxiety and performance

among the players.

It is generally recognized that psychological factors are of

crucial importance in high-level competitive sports. The relation

between anxiety and performance has been the subject of many

thorough researches (Craft, Magyar, Becker & Feltz, 2003; Parfitt

& Pates, 1999; Martens, Vealey & Burton, 1990). Cognitive

anxiety is characterised by negative concerns and worries about

performance, inability to concentrate, and disrupted attention

(Krane & Williams, 1994). Somatic anxiety consists of an

individual’s perceptions, which are characterised by indications

such as sweaty palms, butterflies, and shakiness (Martens,

Burton, Vealey, Bump & Smith, 1990). Research has also been

done on the gender differences concerning state anxiety levels.

Self-confidence tends to decrease in females on the day a

competitive event is to occur. Male young athletes typically

display lower levels of anxiety and higher self-confidence than

female athletes (Scanlan & Passer, 1979); Wark &Witting, (1979).

Krane and Williams (1994) found no gender differences for

cognitive anxiety. They also demonstrated that the more

experienced college player would show lower levels of cognitive

Introduction 13

and somatic anxiety than the less experienced player. As far as

Handball is concerned, Roguli, Nazor, Srhoj and Bozin (2006)

supported that it is a sport, which includes complex and accurate

motor skills, and they suggested that psychological factors play

an even more decisive role in a competition, differentiating

between successful and less successful teams.

In recent years, there has been growing concern that

competitive sport has become more violent and aggressive.

Aggressive behaviour and acts of cheating occur regularly at all

levels of sports participation, and there is evidence that a great

deal of such illegal aggressive behaviour in sport goes completely

unpenalised (Sheldon & Aimer, 2001).

Justification for taking-up this study

In India, Handball is an upcoming sport, played by men and

women almost in all states and union territories. Since, the

researcher is a player, official and coach in Handball game; he felt

that there is a need for an analytical study in order to

discriminate the factors associated in predicting the success in

Handball at inter-collegiate level. Moreover, very little research

had been done on Handball players, which motivated the

investigator to take up the study.

Statement of the problem

The purpose of the study was to predict the Handball

playing ability from selected anthropometrical, physical,

physiological, and psychological variables among college level

players.

Introduction 14

Hypothesis

It was hypothesised that Handball playing ability might be

predicted from selected anthropometrical characteristics, physical

fitness components, physiological parameters and psychological

factors among college level players.

Significance of the study

1. This study will help the physical education teachers and

coaches to design a specific programme to identify the

talents, which are closely associated with the better

Handball performance.

2. Study will reveal the influence of anthropometrical, physical,

physiological and psychological characteristics on the

overall playing ability of Handball players.

3. This result might be utilized as a screening instruments in

analyzing and classification the Handball players.

4. The result of this study will help the young budding

researchers to take up similar studies in other areas and

disciplines.

Delimitations

The study was confined to the following aspects,

1. This study was confined to only male intercollegiate

Handball players from various colleges within the Tamil

Nadu state, India.

Introduction 15

2. The subjects for the present study have been delimited to

the 304 inter-collegiate Handball players only.

3. The age of the subjects ranged from 17 to 25 years.

4. The study was delimited to the following independent

variables.

Anthropometrical – Body weight; Length measurements –

Height, Arm length, Arm span, Leg length, Hand length,

Hand breadth, Palm length, Palm span; Breadth

measurements – Humerus breadth and Femur breadth;

Girth measurements – Arm girth relaxed, Arm girth flexed,

Forearm girth, Chest girth, Waist girth, Hip girth, Thigh

girth, and Calf girth.

Physical – Speed, Agility, Flexibility, Leg explosive power,

Leg explosive strength and Muscular endurance.

Physiological – Cardiovascular endurance, Resting heart

rate, Peak expiratory flow rate and Breath holding time.

Psychological – Somatic anxiety, Cognitive anxiety, Self

confidence and Sports achievement motivation.

Limitations

1. The variance in playing experience among players due to the

participation in tournaments will be considered as a

limitation of the study.

Introduction 16

2. Similarly the playing ability difference due to their

participation in the coaching programme, if any, will also be

added to the limitations.

3. Certain factors like food habits, life style, climatic condition,

and other environmental factors could not be controlled

which may influence the results and hence they may be

considered as one of the limitations of the study.

4. The students were from different social cultural and

economical status which was considered as a limitation for

this study.

5. The response of the subjects to the statements in the

questionnaires would depend upon various factors such as

understanding of the statements, seriousness and sincerity

of the subjects.

6. No specific motivational techniques were used to encourage

the subjects to attain their maximum performance during

testing.

Operational definition of the terms

Handball

According to Wikipedia, (2011) Handball is a team sport in

which two teams of seven players each. The purpose of the two

teams is to pass and bounce a ball, to throw it into the goal of the

opposing team. The team with the most goals after two periods of

30 minute wins.

Introduction 17

Anthropometry

Anthropometry is the study of the human body in the terms

of the dimensions of bone, muscle, and adipose tissue. It is the

measurements of the human body to discover its exact

dimensions and the proportion of its parts. (Surinder, 1993).

Body weight

Mass is the quantity of matter in the body. Mass is

calculated through the measurement of weight, i.e. the force the

matter exerts in a standard gravitational field. (Michael, 2006).

Standing height

The perpendicular distance between the transverse planes of

the planes of the vertex and the inferior aspects of the feet.

(Michael, 2006).

Arm length

The linear distance between the Acromial and Dactylion

sites of the lateral view. (Michael, 2006).

Arm span

The linear horizontal distance between the dactylion sites

(tip of the middle fingers) with the arms extended laterally and at

shoulder level. It includes the width of the shoulders and length of

both the upper limps. (Michael, 2006).

Introduction 18

Leg length

The vertical distance between the Trochanterion lateral site

to the standing surface. (Michael, 2006).

Hand length

The linear distance between the Mid - stylion and Dactylion

sites. (Michael, 2006).

Speed

According to Corbin, (2007), speed is an ability to perform a

movement or cover a distance in a short time.

Agility

According to Elizabeth, (2007) agility is the ability to move

and change direction and position of the body quickly and

effectively while under control.

Flexibility

A person's flexibility refers to the ability of his joints to move

through a full range of motion. (Paige, 2008).

Strength

Strength is the ability to overcome resistance or to act

against resistance. (Singh, 1991).

Introduction 19

Cardiovascular endurance

Cardiovascular endurance is the ability of the heart to

provide oxygen to muscles during physical activity for a prolonged

period of time. (Jonson, 2010).

Resting heart rate

This is a person's heart rate at rest. The best time to find

out your resting heart rate is in the morning, after a good night's

sleep, and before you get out of bed in the morning. (Jonson,

2010).

Peak expiratory flow rate

Peak Expiratory flow is the maximal flow achieved during

the maximally forced expiration initiated at full inspiration,

measured in liters per minute. (William, 2003).

Breath holding time

It is defined as the duration of time through which one can

hold his breath without inhaling or exhaling after a deep

inhalation. (Strukic, 1981).

Somatic anxiety

Somatic anxiety refers to the physiological and affective

elements of the anxiety experience that develop directly from

autonomic arousal. (Martens, et. al 1990).

Introduction 20

Cognitive anxiety

Cognitive anxiety is the mental component of anxiety caused

by negative expectations about success or by negative self

evaluation. (Martens, et. al 1990).

Self confidence

Self confidence is the belief that you can successfully

perform a desired behaviour. (Weinberg & Gould, 2003).

Achievement motivation

Motivation is based on your emotions and achievement-

related goals. Achievement motivation is based on reaching

success and achieving all of our aspirations in life. (Griffin, 1999).

CHAPTER – II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

CHAPTER – II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

A literature review is a body of text that aims to review the

critical points of current knowledge including substantive findings

as well as theoretical and methodological contributions to a

particular topic. Its ultimate goal is to bring the reader up to date

with current literature on a topic and forms the basis for another

goal, such as future research that may be needed in the area. It

gives an overview of what has been said, who the key writers are,

what the prevailing theories are and hypotheses, what questions

are being asked, what methods and methodologies are

appropriate and useful. As such, it is not in itself primary

research, but rather it reports on other findings.

The present reviews are based upon the available literature

in respect to the study under investigation and therefore confined

to the studies to which the investigator has accessed. All the

relevant literature thus obtained by the researcher has been

presented in this chapter to furnish necessary background

material to evaluate the significance of the study. The research

scholar visited Lakshmibai National University of Physical

Education, Gwalior, Y.M.C.A College of Physical Education,

Chennai, Department of Physical Educations, Annamalai

University, Annamalai Nagar and Department of Physical

Educations, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli for

collecting the reviews related to this study. The scholar has

gleaned through almost every source like research quarterly,

journals of various kinds, periodicals, encyclopedias, relevant

Review of Related Literature 22

books and e-resources on prediction of Handball and other games

to pick up related material.

The purpose of this section was to relate the studies

pertaining to the under study and to organise the collected review

into meaningful sub sections as listed below:

a) Prediction and other related Studies in Handball.

b) Prediction Studies in Other Sports Disciplines.

Prediction and other related Studies in Handball

Debanne and Laffaye (2011) conducted a study to predict

the throwing velocity of the ball in Handball with anthropometric

variables and isotonic tests. The aims of this study were to (1)

investigate the influence of general anthropometric variables,

Handball specific anthropometric variables, and upper-limb power

and strength on ball-throwing velocity in a standing position and

(2) predict this velocity using multiple regression methods. Forty-

two skilled male Handball players (age 21.0 ± 3.0 years; height =

1.81 ± 0.07 m; body mass = 78.3+11.3 kg) participated in the

study. We measured general anthropometric variables (height,

body mass, lean mass, body mass index) and Handball specific

anthropometric parameters (hand size, arm span). Upper-limb

dynamic strength was assessed using a medicine ball (2 kg)

throwing test, and power using a one repetition maximum bench

press test. All the variables studied were correlated with ball

velocity. Medicine ball throwing performance was the best

predictor (r = 0.80). General anthropometric variables were better

predictors (r = 0.55–0.70) than Handball specific anthropometric

variables (r = 0.35–0.51). The best multiple regression model

accounted for 74% of the total variance and included body mass,


medicine ball throwing performance, and power output in the

20kg bench press. The equation formulated could help trainers,

athletes, and professionals detect future talent and test athletes’

current fitness.

Needhiraja and Kalidasan (2011) predicted the playing

ability from selected anthropometrical, physical and physiological

characteristics of Inter collegiate Handball Players. For this

purpose one hundred and fifty eight male inter collegiate

Handball players from various colleges in Tamilnadu in the year

2009 to 2011 selected as a subjects for this study and their age

ranged between 17 and 25 years. The anthropometrical variables

namely Body weight, Length measurements (cm) - Standing

height, Arm length, Arm span, Leg length, Hand length, Hand

breadth, Palm length and Palm breadth; Breadth measurements

(cm) - Humerus breadth and Femur breadth; Girth measurements

(cm) - Arm girth relaxed, Arm girth flexed, Fore arm, Chest, Waist,

Hip, Thigh and Calf were selected. Physical variables namely

Speed, Agility, Flexibility, Leg explosive power and Muscular

strength were selected and Physiological variables namely Vital

Capacity, Resting heart rate, Diastolic blood pressure, Systolic

blood pressure, Peak expiratory flow rate and Breath holding time

were chosen as variables taken for this study. The playing ability

was assessed by three qualified Handball coaches as taken as the

performance factor. The data were collected by following standard

techniques of International Society for the Advancement of

Kinanthropometry (ISAK) during the competition using

scientifically approved equipments. To determine the relationship

between the selected anthropometrical, physical and physiological


variables and the coaches rating on playing ability, the coefficient

of correlation was used. Anthropometrical, physical and

physiological variables that statistically correlated with

performance were used to form respective linear predictive models

(stepwise argument selection). The results revealed that there

exits relationship among selected anthropometrical, physical and

physiological characteristics and playing ability among inter

collegiate Handball players. The results also revealed that arm

span, diastolic blood pressure, palm span, Peak expiratory flow

rate, resting heart rate, palm length, flexibility, systolic blood

pressure, agility, leg explosive power and breadth holding time

were common anthropometrical, physical and physiological

characteristics which can predict the playing ability in Handball

players.

Natarajan and Vijayaragavan (2011) predicted the Handball

playing ability from selected psychological variables among college

level Handball players. To achieve the purpose of the study, the

investigator selected 100 College Handball Players from different

colleges. In this study the Handball playing ability was predicted

from 100 College Handball Players with the help of selected

Predictor variables namely Psychological Variables such as

Anxiety, Aggression, Achievement Motivation and Self Confidence.

The Handball playing ability was determined by subjective rating

by 3 experts and was use as the Criterion variables. The

Backward multiple regression method was used to determine the

prediction equation (Thomas and Nelson, 1990). Based on the

limitation and delimitation of the present Research study, it was

concluded that 1. The Handball playing ability could be best


predicted from psychological variables namely Anxiety,

Aggression, Achievement Motivation and Self Confidence.

Needhiraja (2011) predicted the Playing ability from selected

anthropometric characteristics of elite Indian Handball players.

Eighty two male Junior Handball players from 13 states of India

participated in the 33rd Junior National Handball Boys

Championship held at Chennai during 22nd to 27th June 2010,

were randomly selected as the subjects. The mean age of the

subject was 18.1 (±0.83) years, and 3.41(±1.67) years of playing

experience. Body mass, Length measurements namely Body

height, arm span, arm length & hand span and Girth

measurements upper arm, fore arm, chest, waist, hip and thigh

were selected as anthropometrical variables for this study. The

playing ability was assessed by three qualified Handball coaches

as taken as the performance factor. The data were collected by

following standard techniques of International Society for the

Advancement of Kinanthropometry (ISAK) during the competition

using scientifically approved equipments. To determine the

relationship between the selected anthropometric variables and

the coaches rating on playing ability, the coefficient of correlation

was used. Anthropometric variables that statistically correlated

with performance were used to form respective linear predictive

models (stepwise argument selection). The results revealed that

there exits relationship among selected anthropometric

characteristics and playing ability among elite Indian Handball

players. The results also revealed that height, arm span, arm

length and hand span becomes the common anthropometrical


characteristics which can predict the playing ability in Handball

players.

Needhiraja and Kalidasan (2010) analysed the

anthropometric profile of Handball players on different playing

position. The Handball players were classified according to their

playing position. Those playing positions were Back court, Wing

and Pivot positions. Thirty players each from back court (BC),

wing (W) and pivot (PP) were chosen as subject for this study. The

data were collected during 26th National Sub – Junior Handball

Championship held at Chennai from 25 to 31 October 2009. The

subjects were randomly selected from various states and mean

age of subject was 14.12 (±1.09) years, and had playing

experience 3.41(±1.67) years. Body height, body mass, arm span,

arm length, palm length and palm span were selected as a

anthropometrical variables for this study. The collected data was

statistically analysed by using analysis of variance. The scheffe’s

test was used as a post hoc test to determine which of the paired

mean differ significantly. The result reveals that there was

significant differences between the playing position on the

following variables namely Body height, body mass, arm span,

arm length, palm length and palm span was observed among the

Handball players and Backcourt players were taller, with the

bigger arm span & palm span and palm length among the playing

positions.

Jaber (2010) examined the psychological atmosphere

phenomenon of Handball Teams and its relation with their

achievement in top tournament in Palestine. This study aims at


identifying the psychological atmosphere of Handball teams and

its relation. With their achievement in top tournament in

Palestine according to the following variables: The playing centre

and the hand used. The study has been applied to a sample of

(60) Top Handball players, namely (40%) of the Target population

estimated to (150) players. The researcher has employed a

descriptive approach and the standard of psychological

atmosphere required for sporting teams designed in (1998) to

gather data and achieve the objectives of the study. The findings

of the study have showed that the psychological atmosphere of

Handball teams is highly positive. Their response has reached

(77.5%). The findings of the study have also indicated that there

are no statistically significant differences in the psychological

atmosphere of Handball players and relation with their

achievement in Top tournament in Palestine. This is due to the

variables of the playing centre and the hand used.

Chaouachi, et al. (2009) studied anthropometric,

physiological and performance characteristics of an elite

international Handball team. Twenty one elite Handball players

were tested and categorized according to their playing positions

(goalkeepers, backs, pivots, and wings). Testing consisted of

anthropometric and physiological measures of height, body mass,

percentage body fat and endurance (VO2 max), performance

measures of speed (5, 10, and 30 m), strength (bench press and

squat), unilateral and bilateral horizontal jumping ability, and a

5-jump horizontal test. Significant differences were found between

player positions for some anthropometric characteristics (height

and percentage body fat) but not for the physiological or


performance characteristics. Strong correlations were noted

between single leg horizontal jumping distances with 5, 1, and 30-

m sprint times (r = 0.51-0.80; P < 0.01). The best predictors of

sprint times were single leg horizontal jumping with the dominant

leg and the distance measured for the 5-jump test, which when

combined accounted for 72% of the common variance associated

with sprint ability. In conclusion, performance abilities between

positions in elite team-Handball players appear to be very similar.

Single leg horizontal jumping distance could be a specific

standardized test for predicting sprinting ability in elite Handball

players.

Mohamed, et al. (2009) examined in which basic

morphological and fitness measures Under-14 (n = 34) and

Under-16 (n = 47) male youth Handball players differ from

reference samples of the same age (n = 430 and n = 570,

respectively). To help develop a talent identification model, the

second part of the study investigated which specific morphological

and performance measures describe differences between elite (n =

18) and non-elite (n = 29) Under-16 youth Handball players. The

results showed that Under-16 Handball players were significantly

taller than the reference group; this was not the case in the

Under-14 age group. Physical fitness in Handball players was

significantly better than in the reference groups. Multivariate

analysis of covariance (maturation and chronological age as

covariates) showed that the Under-16 elite players were heavier

and had greater muscle circumferences than their non-elite peers.

Elite players scored significantly better on strength, speed and

agility, and cardio respiratory endurance but not on balance,


upper limb speed, flexibility or upper body muscular endurance.

Maturation was a significant covariate in anthropometric

measures but not in physical performance. Discriminant analysis

between elite and non-elite players revealed that height, running

speed, and agility are important parameters for talent

identification. Specific anthropometric measures, in addition to

some performance measures, are useful for talent identification in

youth Handball.

Rokka, et al. (2009) evaluated the levels of intensity and

direction of the competitive state anxiety in junior Handball

players prior to a competition and to investigate any possible

differences between male and female players, as well as in relation

to their athletic experience. The sample of the study consisted of

115 Handball players, members of eight Handball teams (four

male and four female), which participated in the Greek Junior

Handball Championships finals held in Athens in 2008. For the

data collection, the model used was the Competitive State Anxiety

Inventory-II (CSAI-II, Martens, Burton, Vealey, Bump & Smith,

1983; Martens et al., 1990; Jones & Swain, 1992), which was

modified for the Greek population by Stavrou, Zervas, Kakkos &

Phychoudaki (1998). All players filled in the questionnaire 30

minutes before the competition. The results showed that male

junior Handball players reported lower scores of cognitive anxiety,

which was facilitative to performance. On the other hand, females

displayed a higher score in cognitive anxiety, which was rather

debilitative to performance. Furthermore, junior male Handball

players displayed higher self-confidence, with positive effects on

their performance, while female Handball players stated lower self


confidence, which was neither facilitative nor debilitative to

performance. In relation to years of experience, the results

revealed that players with four to six years of experience showed

higher self-confidence with facilitating direction, while players

with less years of experience displayed lower self-confidence, with

neither facilitative nor debilitative effects on their performance. In

conclusion, the psychological preparation of junior Handball

players must be taken into serious consideration, during the

coaching procedure. Nonetheless, further investigation is needed

for the generalisation of the results in Greek Handball.

Sibila and Pori (2009) established the main morphological

characteristics of slovenian junior and senior national Handball

team players. Morphological characteristics for various player

subgroups (goalkeepers, wings, back players and pivots) were also

determined so as to establish whether they had distinct profiles.

The subjects were 78 Handball players who were members of the

Slovenian junior and senior national team in the period from

2000 to 2007. A standardised anthropometric protocol was used

to assess the subjects' morphological characteristics. The

measurements included 23 different anthropometric measures.

Data were processed with the SPSS computer programme. First,

basic statistical characteristics of anthropometric measures were

obtained for all subjects together and then for each group

separately. Somatotypes were determined using Heath-Carter's

method. Endomorphic, mesomorphic and ectomorphic

components were calculated by computer on the basis of

formulas. In order to determine differences in the body

composition and anthropometric data of the subjects playing in


different positions, a one-way analysis of variance was employed.

The results show that on average the wings differ the most from

the other player groups in terms of their morphological body

characteristics. The values of their body height, body mass and

the quantity of subcutaneous fat are statistically significantly

lower than those of players in the other groups. Goalkeepers are

relatively tall, with high values of body mass and low values of

transuersal measures. Their skin folds are the most pronounced

among all groups on average and their share of subcutaneous fat

in total body mass is the highest. Consequently, their

endomorphic component of the somatotype is pronounced. Pivots

and back players are becoming increasingly similar in terms of

their morphological body characteristics. Pivots maintain greater

robustness, have a higher quantity of muscle mass as well as

more pronounced transversal measures and a mesomorphic

component of the somatotype. The results of our study confirm

that groups of Handball players occupying different positions

differ amongst themselves in terms of many measurements. This

is a result of specific requirements of Handball play which are to

be fulfilled by players.

Zapartidis, et al. (2009) Identified differences in physical

fitness and anthropometric characteristics between the playing

positions in young female team Handball players. The sample

consisted of 181 female young Handball players with the mean

age of 14.12, ±1.09 yrs, and 3.41, ±1.67 yrs of playing experience.

Body height, body mass, body mass Index, arm span, palm

length and opening, standing long jump, 30m sprint, sit and

reach flexibility and estimated VO2max were measured and


throwing speed was assessed with a radar gun. Significant

differences were detected among individual positions for height

(p<0.001), body mass (p<0.001), BMI (p<0.001), arm span

(p<0.001), palm opening (p<0.001), palm length (p<0.001), broad

jump (p<0.001), ball throwing velocity (p<0.001), 30-m sprint

(p<0.001) and estimated VO2max (p<0.001). Back players were the

tallest, with the largest arm span, palm opening and palm length.

Wing players were the shortest, with the least weight, the lowest

BMI and the smallest palm opening and palm length among all

players. Wings showed better performance than all other players

in broad jump, 30-m sprint and VO2max. Back players achieved

the highest values among all players in ball throwing speed, while

goalkeepers' were the lowest. Goalkeepers underperformed in

relation to all motor abilities compared to all other playing

positions.

Zapartidis, et al. (2009) compared physical fitness and

selected anthropometric characteristics between selected (SP) and

non-selected (NSP) for the Greek preliminary national team male

(n=88) and female (n=73) young Handball players. Results

revealed that compared to SP players, male SP players presented

higher values in ball velocity (p=.001) standing long jump

(p=.016), 30-mt sprint (p=.034) and estimated VO2 max (p=.018),

while female SP players presented higher values only in ball

velocity (p=.009) and standing long jump (p=.045). Male SP

players were taller (p=.042) and had larger arm span (p=.031).

Taking into account the different playing positions, significant

differences (in favour of SP) were found between SP and NSP male

backs in stature (p=.008), hand spread (p=.042), arm span


(p=.019) and ball velocity (p=.005). Female SP revealed higher

values in stature (p=.041) and arm span (p=.046). For wings,

significant differences were found in ball velocity (p=.007), 30-m

sprint (p=.039) and estimated VO2max (p=.002) between SP and

NSP male players (in favour of SP) and in estimated VO2max

(p=.019) between SP and NSP female players. For pivots,

significant differences were found only in ball velocity (p=.001)

between SP and NSP females (in favour of SP). Finally, no

statistically significant differences were found between SP and

NSP male and female goalkeepers. Current results suggest that

physical and anthropometric characteristics should be included

in any testing procedure of junior Handball players.

Zapartidis, et al. (2009) examined the relationship between

throwing ball velocity and specific anthropometric and physical

fitness characteristics of young female team Handball players (n =

220, mean ± SD age 13.99 ± 1.06 yrs and playing experience 3.66

± 1.66 yrs). Throwing velocity was assessed with a radar gun

while body height, body mass, body mass index, arm span, hand

length and spread, standing long jump, 30m sprint, sit and reach

flexibility and estimated maximal oxygen uptake were also

measured. The results showed that throwing performance is

significantly (p<0.05) correlated with all variables calculated in

this study except of the body mass index. This suggests that high

performance requires advanced motor abilities and

anthropometric features for these ages.

Ziv and Lidor (2009) studied physical characteristics,

physiological attributes, throwing velocity, accuracy and on court


performances of male Handball players. For this purpose amateur

player, experienced players, professional and national team

players were selected. Five main findings emerged from our

review: (1) Elite players are heavier and have higher fat-free mass

than amateur players. (2) The maximal oxygen uptake of male

players is between 50 and 60 ml kg -1 min -1. (3) Throwing

velocity is higher by as much as 9% in elite male players

compared with amateur male players. (4) Heart rates can rise

above 160 beats min - 1 in male players during a game. (5) On-

court distance covered in a game averaged approximately 4 km

and ranged between 2 and 5 km, depending on playing position.

Our methodological concerns based on the reviewed studies are:

(a) a lack of on-court physiological data; (b) a lack of

experimental/manipulative studies; (c) limited data on throwing

accuracy; and (d) a lack of longitudinal studies. The practical

implications include: (a) strength and power exercises should be

emphasized in conditioning programmes, as they are associated

with both sprint performance and throwing velocity; (b) speed and

agility drills should also be implemented in conditioning

programmes; and (c) specificity of training based upon the

position of the player is of great importance when planning

strength and conditioning programmes.

Cavala, et al. (2008) identified the structures of

morphological characteristics and basic motor abilities, and of

variables evaluating situation motor abilities of elite female

Handball players (n = 53) were determined first, followed by

determination of differences and relations of the morphological,

motor and specific motor space according to Handball


performance. Factor analysis of 16 morphological measures

produced three morphological factors, i.e. factor of absolute

voluminosity, i.e. mesoendomorphy, factor of longitudinal

skeleton dimensionality, and factor of transverse hand

dimensionality. Factor analysis of 15 motor variables yielded five

basic motor dimensions, i.e. factor of agility, factor of throwing

explosive strength, factor of running explosive strength (sprint),

factor of jumping explosive strength and factor of movement

frequency rate. Factor analysis of 5 situation motor variables

produced two dimensions: factor of specific agility with

explosiveness and factor of specific precision with ball

manipulation. Analysis of variance yielded greatest differences

relative to Handball performance in the factor of specific agility

and throwing strength, and the factor of basic motoricity that

integrates the ability of coordination (agility) with upper extremity

throwing explosiveness and lower extremity sprint (30-m sprint)

and jumping (standing triple jump). Considering morphological

factors, the factor of voluminosity, i.e. meso-endomorphy, which

is defined by muscle mass rather than adipose tissue, was found

to contribute significantly to the players' performance. Results of

regression analysis indicated the Handball performance to be

predominantly determined by the general specific motor factor

based on specific agility and explosiveness, and by the

morphological factor based on body mass and volume, i.e. muscle

mass. Concerning basic motor abilities, the factor of movement

frequency rate, which is associated with the ability of ball

manipulation, was observed to predict significantly the Handball

players' performance.


Oxyzoglou, et al. (2008) assessed the motor abilities of elite

athletes according to their playing position in the team. The

sample consisted of 46 Handballers aged 18-21 years (M=19.5,

SD ± .4.5), belonging to national teams from Greece and Serbia.

Afterward, the sample was divided into subgroups, representing

their unique position in the team. More specifically the subgroups

consisted of eight goalkeepers, fourteen extreme players, sixteen

peripheral players and eight pivotal players. The motor abilities of

power, agility and flexibility were assessed. The Kruskal-Wallis

and Mann-Whitney U analysis were used for the comparison

among groups. The results revealed that the goalkeepers have a

highly developed level of pelvis flexibility and a well developed

level of explosive force. The peripheral players have high vertical

jump and a high degree of wrist flexibility. Extreme players have a

developed level of explosive force and big width of wrist

movement. Finally, pivotal players are less flexible but very agile.

Every playing position developed specific motor abilities which

contribute to team performance.

Granados, et al. (2007) compared physical characteristics

(body height [BH], body mass [BM], body fat [BF], and fat free

mass [FFM]), one repetition maximum bench press (1RMBP),

jumping explosive power (VJ), Handball throwing velocity, power-

load relationship of the leg and arm extensor muscles, 5- and 15-

m sprint running time, and running endurance in elite (n = 16;

EF) and amateur (n = 15; AF) female Handball players aged 17–

38. Results revealed that, compared to AF, EF players presented

similar values in body mass and percent body fat, but higher

values (p < 0.001–0.05) in BH (6%), FFM (10%), 1RMBP (23%), VJ


(10%), Handball throwing velocity (11%), power-load relationship

of the arm (25%) and leg (12%) extensors, as well as 5- and 15-m

sprint (3–4%) and endurance running velocities (13%). Univariate

regression analyses showed that 1RMBP was associated with

throwing velocity (R2 = 0.64). The higher absolute values of

maximal strength and muscle power, although explained by the

differences in fat free mass, will give EF an advantage to sustain

certain Handball game actions. The association between 1RMBP

and throwing velocity suggests that throwing velocity values in

female Handball players depend more on maximal strength than

on the capacity to move low loads at high velocities, during elbow

extension actions.

Hasan, et al. (2007) conducted a study to identify the

Anthropometric profiles of elite athletes provide insights into the

requirements for competing at top level in particular sports. Due

to the comparative lack of data for contemporary Handball

players, the present study was conducted to describe the

anthropometric characteristics of international male Asian

Handball players and identify any positional differences existing.

Sixty three players from five different countries were measured in

the 12th Asian Games in Hiroshima for height, mass, skinfold

thicknesses and estimates of body fat and muscle mass. Results

were compared with data for the English Handball squad for

reference purposes. Significant differences were evident among

the Asian teams, the group from East Asia being taller and lower

in adiposity than the teams from West Asia. A relative

homogeneity was observed among positional roles. The more

successful teams were taller and had lower body fat than the less


successful teams. It is concluded that Asian Handball players

differ in anthropometric characteristics from European players

previously studied and that specific anthropometric variables are

associated with successful tournament performance at

international level in Asia.

Ikeda, et al. (2007) investigated the physical characteristics

and motor performance of the college women Handball players. To

this end, they compared the physique and motor performances of

the college women Handball players to college women Basketball

players and college women Volleyball players. Basic

anthropometric indices and physical fitness such as 20M shuttle-

running, vertical jump, standing jump, Handball-throw for

distance, trunk flexion, side step, grip strength and back strength

were determined for 6 Handball players, 7 Basketball players and

8 Volleyball players aged from 19 to 22 years. All of these ball

game teams were a top level of the university in Japan and all

subjects were the regular players in each team. The difference in

girth of upper arm, skinfold thickness of upper arm and

percentage of body fat (%Fat) among 3 ball game teams were

statistically significant. The girth of upper arm of the Handball

players was significantly higher than that of Basketball players,

and the skinfold thickness of upper arm and %Fat was

significantly lower in Handball players than in Volleyball players.

The Handball throw for distance, side step and back strength

were significantly higher in Handball players than in Basketball

players and Volleyball players. In Handball game, the transition

from defense to offense occurs in about every 25-30 sec. and the

transition is very speedy and the considerable body contact to the


opponent is allowed, so that muscular strength, power, agility and

aerobic power are strongly required for each player. When the

Handball game is compared with Basketball game, the playing

time is longer and the charged time-out is shorter, and the

shooting motion is more dynamic. In comparison with Volleyball,

the considerable body contact to the opponent is allowed in

Handball game but that is not allowed in Volleyball and the ball is

very heavier. Therefore, they conclude that the results of this

study as stated above show the characteristics of female Handball

player.

Rogulj, et al. (2007) found the influence of some motor

abilities on Ball Speed during Shot in Handball. The influence of

basic motor abilities on the speed of ball during the jump shot

and the floor shot in Handball has been analyzed with the sample

consisting of 42 students of the first year of the Faculty of

kinesiology in Split. The predictory system consisted of 8 variables

intended to estimate speed, agility, movement frequences,

stamina & explosive and repetitive strength whereas the ball

movement speed as a criterion variable was measured by radar

pistol. The result of the regression analysis indicates that the ball

movement speed is determined in a great deal by motor ability

efficacy. Individually, the ball movement speed during the jump

shot and the floor shot is determined, at the level of statistical

importance, only by explosive strength in the form of throw. It is

acceptable because this very ability from the aspects of

kinesiology and anatomy requires, to the maximum extent, the

kinetic efficacy of the ball throw in Handball.


Schorer, et al. (2007) examined the movement patterns of 5

left handed Handball players (ranging from beginner to national

level) who threw a Handball to different sections of a goal as if a

goalkeeper were present. The authors used time continuous, 3 -

dimensional kinematic data to assess intraindividual movement

patterns and considered participants' intraindividual differences

relative to different targets. Cluster analysis yielded the highest

assignment rates for level of expertise; a mean of 92% of trials

was correctly assessed. The authors observed an interaction with

expertise for the intraindividual movement patterns. Variability in

the novice throwers was increased, whereas (a) advanced throwers

experienced a period of stability, and (b) the expert thrower's

variability was increased. The results indicate that random

variability characterizes novice motor performance, whereas active

functional variability may exemplify expert motor performance.

Gopinathan (2006) conducted a study on selected

anthropometric, physical and physiological variables as pre

requisites for Handball performance. To achieve the purpose, the

investigator selected eighty one university Handball players.

Handball playing ability was subjectively rated by three experts

during the competition. Anthropometric, physical fitness and

physiological variables were tested through objective tests.

Pearson product moment correlation and multiple regression

equation were used for data analysis. The result of the study

revealed that there was a significant relationship between selected

variables and playing ability. Handball playing ability could be

predicted from height, leg length, palm span, speed, agility,


explosive power, shoulder strength, resting heart rate and body

composition.

Srhoj, et al. (2006) assessed the basic motor abilities from

155 female attendants of the Split Handball School, mean age

12.5 years. Differences in the basic motor abilities between the

subjects that developed into elite Handball players after 7 year

training process and those that abandoned Handball for being

unable to meet the competition criteria were evaluated by use of

discriminative analysis. The former were found to have also been

superior initially in all variables analyzed, and in arm

coordination, overall body coordination, throw and jump explosive

strength, arm movement frequency and repetitive trunk strength

in particular. Motor superiority based on the abilities of

coordination, explosive strength and speed determines

performance in women’s Handball, qualifying these abilities as

reliable selection criteria. Based on this study results, a new

model of selection in women’s Handball, with fine arm

coordination as the major limiting factor of performance, has been

proposed.

Rogulj, et al. (2005) identified the differences in motor and

psychological variables according to playing positions from a

sample of 53 elite female junior and senior national Handball

players, Motor status included 8 variables for assessment of

explosive strength of landing and throwing, agility, speed

strength, movement frequency, and flexibility. Psychologic status

was analyzed through 4 dimensions according to Eysenck:

extroversion, psychotic behaviour, neurotic behaviour, and lie.


The anthropologic features analyzed showed statistically

significant differences. Considering motor abilities, differences

were recorded in the variables for assessment of speed strength,

agility and leg movement frequency, where wings predominated,

whereas goalkeepers showed predominance in flexibility. In

psychologic status, differeces were present in the variable for

assessment of extroversion, which was most pronounced in

wings, whereas psychotic behaviour was more expressed in those

at pivot position. The differences were primarily consequential to

the selection of players of a specific anthropologic profile for

particular playing positions. The hypothesis of the impact of

kinesiologic specificities of a particular playing position on the

formation of the players' anthropologic profile should be

scientifically tested. Study results may found application in

training and contest practice, especially in forming anthropologic

models for particular positions during the process of player

selection.

Srhoj, et al. (2002) determined the common morphological

features of senior male Handball players and of analyzing their

specificities i.e. the probable variation between the four playing

positions (back court players, wings, pivots, goalkeepers), 25

anthropometric measures were applied to the sample of 49

players, members of three top quality Handball teams. The basic

descriptive parameters were calculated and then an analysis of

variance and a cluster analysis were performed. A mesomorphic,

athletic body type was obtained with a marked longitudinal

skeleton dimensionality, but also with a balanced ratio between

the skeletal system and muscle mass and with low values of


subcutaneous fat tissue. Back court players and goalkeepers are

superior in terms of outstanding skeletal dimensions and

circumferences. Line players, i.e. wings and pivots, have

somewhat lower longitudinal measures, whereas pronounced

voluminosity and a slightly higher fat tissue value differentiate

pivots from players in other positions. Cluster analysis revealed a

greater homogeneity in the morphological profiles of the samples

of line players (wings and pivots) than in the profiles of backs or

goalkeepers. The obtained position related differences in

morphological characteristics of players suggest that the

experienced players from the sample were earlier successfully

subjected to the selection process and oriented to a particular

playing position because of the observed correspondence between

their body type and specific kinesiological demands of the position

in question. Therefore, in top quality team Handball it would be

recommendable to select players whose morphological profiles are

as compatible as possible with positional specificities in the

demand for the game.

Prediction Studies in Other Sports Disciplines

Jeyaraman (2011) conducted a study to find out the

predominance of selected anthropometric and Physical fitness

parameters on performance among university badminton players.

For this purpose fifty two male Badminton players from eight

universities were randomly selected as the subjects. Their age

ranges from 18 and 25 years. The selected Anthropometrical

variables namely weight, length measurements: standing height,

arm length, leg length & hand length Girth measurements: fore

arm, wrist, mid thigh and calf. Physical fitness parameters


namely speed, agility, explosive strength and explosive power were

taken as variables for this study. The playing ability was

assessed by three qualified Badminton coaches as taken as the

performance factor. The data were collected using standardised

tests. To determine the relationship between the selected

anthropometric, physical fitness parameters and the coaches

rating on playing ability, the coefficient of correlation was used.

Anthropometric and physical fitness parameters that statistically

correlated with performance were used to form respective linear

predictive models (stepwise argument selection). The results

revealed that there exits relationship among selected

anthropometric, physical fitness parameters and playing ability

among university Badminton players. The results also indicates

that the agility, mid thigh girth, explosive strength, height, length,

leg explosive power, wrist girth and hand length were

predominant factors among University Badminton Players.

Viswanathan and Chandrasekaran (2011). predicted the

playing ability from selected anthropometrical characteristics of

Elite Indian Basketball Players. Two hundred and seventy six

(age, 15.1 ± 1.3 years) youth elite male Basketball players from 23

states of India participated in the 26th Lakadawala Youth National

Basketball Championship at Mastan YMCA, Mumbai from 9th to

16th May 2009, were selected as the subjects. The selected

subjects were divided into three groups according to their playing

positions namely Guard (GD = 72), Forward (FD = 126) and

Centre (CR = 78). The selected anthropometric variables namely

Body weight, Skinfold measurements (mm) - Biceps, Subscapular,

Triceps, Supraspinale, Abdominal, Illiac Crest, Front Thigh and


Medial Calf; Girth measurements (cm) - Arm girth relaxed, Arm

girth flexed and Calf girth; Length measurements (cm) - Standing

height, Arm span, Arm length, Leg length and Breadth

measurements (cm) - Humerus breadth and Femur breadth as the

independent variables were taken for this study. The data were

collected by following standard testing protocal of International

Society for the Advancement of Kinanthropometry (ISAK) during

the competition by scientifically approved equipments. The

criterion variable, playing ability of the selected Basketball players

are assessed by three qualified Basketball coaches. To determine

the relationship between the selected anthropometric variables

and the coaches rating on playing ability, the coefficient of

correlation was used. Anthropometric variables that statistically

correlated with performance were used to form respective linear

predictive models (stepwise argument selection) with special

reference to their playing positions for predictive equation

development. The results revealed that there was a strong

correlations (r = 0.9) exists between the playing ability versus

height, weight, arm length, arm span, leg length and flexed arm

girth among all the playing positions.

Hoare (2000) predicted the success in junior elite

Basketball players the contribution of anthropometric and

physiological attributes. This study measured anthropometric and

physiological attributes of 125 male and 123 female junior

Basketball players competing at the Australian under 16

championships in 1998. In addition, experienced coaches rated

the performance of players during the championships.

Performance profiles were compared across playing positions and


by playing performance. Differences in anthropometric

characteristics were present across some playing positions for

both males and females. Speed and agility differences between

some playing positions were also present. Best players differed to

Rest players on a number of anthropometric and physiological

variables for both males and females. Regression analyses

indicated the test variables accounted for a significant proportion

of variance in playing performance for both females (41.3%) and

males (38.3%). A Z - score analysis indicated good alignment

between the test and coach ranking of the Best player in four out

of five positions for females and two out of five positions for males.

Anthropometric and physiological profiling can contribute to

selection procedures in junior Basketball, however determinants

of success are multi-factorial.

Visnapuu and Jurimae (2008) investigated the relationships

between basic body and specific hand anthropometric parameters

with some specific and non-specific throw test results in young

male Handball and Basketball players. The subjects included 34

Handball and 38 Basketball players of the 10-11 years old age

group, 39 Handball and 22 Basketball players of the 12-13 years

old age group and 39 Handball players of the 14-15 years old age

group. Body height and body mass, arm span, height with

outstretched hands and sitting height were the basic

anthropometric parameters to be measured. For hand

anthropometry, 15 specific hand parameters were measured

using the method presented by Visnapuu & Jurimae (2007).

Stepwise multiple regression analysis indicated that medicine ball

throw results in the youngest age group are highly dependent on


the body height (Handball players) and body mass (Basketball

players). In the middle age group, the most important parameter

from the hand anthropometry is TL (Handball) or height with

outstretched hands (Basketball). In the oldest group of Handball

players, the medicine ball throw results were dependent on the P2

from hand anthropometry and sitting height. Quite different

anthropometric parameters appeared to influence the Handball or

Basketball throw results. In the youngest age group, most

important were body height (Handball) or LFL (Basketball). In the

middle age group, the most important was height with

outstretched hands and in the oldest Handball players LFL and

sitting height. Handball or Basketball pass on speed depended on

the combination of body mass and FS5 and body height with

height with outstretched hands (even 61.40%, R2 x 100) in the

oldest age group. The results of passing the Handball or

Basketball on precision were dependent on body height and P3 or

P1 among Basketball players in the youngest group. In the middle

age group the combination of FS3 and body mass and LFL and

height with outstretched hands were the most influential.

Anthropometric parameters influence on the passing of the ball

on speed or precision is lower in Handball players compared with

Basketball players. Our conclusion is that the basic

anthropometric parameters are slightly more important than

hand anthropometry that influenced different throw tests results

in young Handball and Basketball players.

Davis, et al. (2004) investigated the physical characteristics

that predict functional performance in division I college Football

players. Investigator was to examine the relationship among 6


physical characteristics and 3 functional measures in college

Football players. Data were gathered on 46 NCAA Division I

college Football players. The 3 response variables were 36.6-m

sprint, 18.3-m shuttle run, and vertical jump. The 6 regressor

variables were height, weight, percentage of body fat, hamstring

length, bench press, and hang clean. A stepwise multiple

regression analysis was performed to screen for variables that

predict physical performance. Regression analysis revealed clear

prediction models for the 36.6-m sprint and 18.3- m shuttle run.

The results of this investigation will help strength and

conditioning specialists better understand the variables that

predict athletic performance in Division I college Football players.

Govindarajulu (2004) predicted the Basketball playing

ability from selected traits of men varsity players. Three experts

assessed the Basketball playing ability (criterion variable). The

independent variables were zig zag dribbling for 30 seconds,

Basketball shooting for 30 seconds, motor ability (vertical jump

and shuttle run), anthropometric measurements (standing height,

body weight, arm length and leg length) and physiological

variables (resting pulse rate and vital capasity). The Wherry Do

little method of multiple correlation analysis revealed that zig zag

dribbling for 30 seconds, Basketball shooting for 30 seconds and

standing height contributed in order of correlation to the

Basketball playing ability among university men players.

Someren and Palmer (2003) conducted a study to determine

the anthropometric and physiological profile of 200m sprint

kayakers and to examine relationships with 200-m race


performance. Twenty six male kayakers who were categorised in

two ability groups, international (Int) and national (Nat) level,

underwent a battery of anthropometric and physiological tests

and a 200-m race. Race time was significantly lower in

International than National (39.9 ± 0.8 s and 42.6 ± 0.9 s,

respectively). International demonstrated significantly greater

measures of mesomorphy, biepycondylar humeral breadth,

circumferences of the upper arm, forearm and chest, peak power

and total work in a modified Wingate test, total work in a 2-min

ergometry test, peak isokinetic power, and peak isometric force.

Significant relationships were found between 200m time and a

number of anthropometric variables and anaerobic and

dynamometric parameters. Stepwise multiple regression revealed

that total work in the modified Wingate alone predicted 200-m

race time (R2 = 0.53, SEE = 1.11 s) for all 26 subjects, while

biepycondylar humeral breadth alone predicted race time (R2 =

0.54, SEE = 0.52 s) in Int. These results demonstrate that

superior upper body dimensions and anaerobic capacities

distinguish international level kayakers from national level

athletes and may be used to predict 200 m performance.

Selvakumar (2002) predicted the soccer playing ability from

selected physical fitness, physiological, psychological and game

skill variables. To achieve the purpose, the investigator selected

hundred intercollegiate male Football players. The selected

physical fitness, physiological, psychological and skill variables

were tested through standardized objective tests and the playing

ability were subjectively rated by three expert during the inter -

collegiate matches. The obtained data were analysed statistically


by using multiple regression equation. The result of study shows

that soccer playing ability could be predicted from abdominal

strength, VO2 max, self concept, kicking for distance (left) and

kicking for distance (right), speed, agility, vital capacity,

achievement motivation and dribbling were good predictors of

Soccer playing ability.

Ugarkovic, et al. (2002) examined the relation between

jumping performance and standard strength, anthropometric, and

body composition variables in elite junior Basketball players. The

33 males were tested for maximal vertical jump, as well as for

maximal isometric voluntary force and rate of force development

of hip and knee extensors. Standard anthropometric and body

composition measures (body height, lean body mass, as well as

the percentage of fat and muscle tissue) were also taken. Except

for maximal isometric forces (0.38 and 0.52 N.kg (-1) for hip and

knee extensors, respectively), all correlation coefficients between

the selected variables and jump height were insignificant. As a

consequence, the corresponding multiple correlation coefficient, R

= 0.71, also suggested a moderate predictability of jumping

performance by the standard strength tests and anthropometric

and body composition variables. The results obtained dispute the

use of the examined tests in sport performance assessment, and

also question applying the tests for other purposes such as

evaluation of training procedures or selection of young athletes.

Therefore, the results are in line with the concept that a reliable

performance assessment in homogeneous groups of athletes

requires predominantly movement-specific testing.


Summary

In this chapter, totally 34 related literature (25 studies in

Handball and 9 studies in other games) were presented. From the

observations of above elicited literature it was observed that only

few prediction research studies were done on Handball. This

chapter also reveals that prediction research studies in other

sports discipline were very many, but only few have been added in

this chapter.

CHAPTER – III

METHODOLOGY

CHAPTER – III

METHODOLOGY

Research methodology involves the systematic procedure by

which the investigator starts from the initial identification of the

problem to its final conclusion. The role of the methodology was to

carry out the research work in a scientific and valid manner. This

part of the thesis explains the methods adopted in this study

which includes selection of subjects, selection and justification of

the variables, pilot study, orientation procedures, collection of

data, test administration and statistical methods in this study.

Selection of subjects


playing ability from the selected anthropometrical, physical,

physiological, and psychological variables among College level

players. To achieve the purpose three hundred and four male

inter - collegiate Handball players were randomly selected from

various colleges in Tamilnadu state, India and their age ranged

between 17 and 25 years. The subjects had past playing


represented their respective college teams were taken as subjects.

Selection of variables

The present study mainly focus on selected

anthropometrical, physical, physiological, and psychological

variables. As far as the performance of Handball team is

concerned above said variables are vital. The researcher reviewed

number of journals, books, e-resources, unpublished thesis,

Methodology 53

dissertations and coaching manuals in which he found that the

standard skills of Handball players are based on these selected

anthropometrical, physical, physiological, and psychological

variables. Based on these observations, the investigator selected

the following independent variables for this study.

Independent variables

The anthropometrical variables namely – Body weight;

Length measurements – Height, Arm length, Arm span, Leg

length, Hand length, Hand breadth, Palm length, Palm span;

Breadth measurements – Humerus breadth and Femur breadth;


Forearm girth, Chest girth, Waist girth, Hip girth, Thigh girth and

Calf girth. Physical variables namely – Speed, Agility, Flexibility,

Leg explosive power, Leg explosive strength and Muscular

endurance. Physiological variables namely – Cardiovascular

endurance, Resting heart rate, Peak expiratory flow rate and

Breath holding time. Psychological variables namely – Somatic

anxiety, Cognitive anxiety, Self confidence and Sports

achievement motivation.

Dependent variables

The playing ability of the players was taken as the

performance factor, which was subjectively assessed by three

qualified Handball coaches.

Methodology 54

Justification for taking - up the variables

One of the most dynamic team sports which are

distinguished for it is highly developed level of anthropometrical,

physical, physiological and a psychological characteristic is team

Handball. Anthropometric characteristics of athletes determine

the success in particular sports events in various ways. The

knowledge of these characteristics is necessary to establish their

importance for the success in competitive sport. The research on

the influence of these characteristics in sporting games is of

particular complexity, because the success in the game depends,

among other things, on how the individual characteristics of some

players fit into the whole, thus creating a coherent team.

Handball is a sport that consists of activities of short

duration but high intensity during the course of the game. There

are great physical demands on the functional capabilities of the

players. Great physiological demands necessarily influence the

morphological characteristics. Team Handball is a complex

intermittent game, which requires players to have well developed

aerobic and anaerobic capacities. Motor ability, sprinting,

jumping, flexibility and throwing velocity represent physical

activities that are considered as important aspects of the game

and contribute to the high performance of the team.

High level of performance of a Handball might be dependent

upon his physiological make up and recognized that physiological

fitness was needed for high level performance. Team Handball,

nowadays, is becoming a mind game. Despite excellent physical

condition, techniques and tactics, some player/ teams perform

Methodology 55

very badly, the reason being lack of mental fitness. In Handball,

several psychological parameters play role in performance. To

name a few are competitive state anxiety - somatic, cognitive, self

confidence, sports achievement motivation and sports competitive

anxiety test etcetera. Successful performance requires

combination of all variables like anthropometrical, physical,

physiological and psychological response. However, some authors

reported that Handball is a sport that demands predominately all

characteristics above mentioned. (Deng, 1990; Trninic, 2006).

Research design

A prospective research design was used with playing ability

in Handball as a criterion and selected anthropometrical,

physical, physiological, and psychological variables among college

level players. The methodology adopted in this study was given in

Chart – I as research flow chart.

Methodology 57

Table – I

SELECTION OF TESTS

The table below shows the variables, test / tools and the

unit of measurement of selected anthropometrical, physical,

physiological and psychological variables used in this study

Anthropometrical variables

S.No Variables Test/Equipment Needed Measuring Units

1 Body weight Electronic weighing machine Kilogram

Length Measurements

2 Height Stadiometer

3 Arm length

4 Arm span

5 Leg length

Lufkin anthropometric tape

6 Hand length

7 Hand breadth

8 Palm length

Small sliding caliper

9 Palm span Flat surface and ruler

Centimeter

Breadth Measurements

10 Humerus breadth

11 Femur breadth Small sliding caliper Centimeter

Girth Measurements

12 Arm girth relaxed

13 Arm girth flexed

14 Forearm girth

15 Chest girth

16 Waist girth

17 Hip girth

18 Thigh girth 19 Calf girth

Lufkin anthropometric tape Centimeter

Methodology 58

Physical variables

S.No Variables Test /Equipment Needed Measuring Units

1 Speed 50 Meter run Seconds

2 Agility Shuttle run Seconds

3 Flexibility Sit and reach Centimeter

4 Leg explosive power Sergeant vertical jump Centimeter

5 Leg explosive strength

Standing broad jump Meters

6 Muscular endurance Modified sit – ups Counts

Physiological variables

S.No Variables Equipment Needed Measuring Units

1 Cardiovascular endurance

20 mts multistage Beep test

mls/kg/min

2 Resting heart rate Digitalized heart rate monitor Beats per minute

3 Peak expiratory flow rate Peak flow meter Liters per minute

4 Breath holding time Manual nose clip Seconds

Psychological variables

S.No Variables Tools used Measuring Units

1 Somatic anxiety

2 Cognitive anxiety

3 Self confidence

Martens, Burton, Vealey, Bump and Smith (1990)

4 Sports achievement motivation Kamlesh (1983)

Scores

Methodology 59

Pilot study

Prior to the formal study sessions, a pilot study was

conducted on twenty players who were not subjected of the

research. These subjects from A.V.V.M Sri Pushpam College,

Poondi, Thanjavur District, Tamilnadu, State, India.

Reliability of data

The reliability of the data was ensured by establishing the

instrumental reliability, subject reliability and tester’s reliability.

Instrumental reliability

Rosscraft Electronic weighing machine, Rosscraft

Stadiometer, Lufkin anthropometry tape, Rosscraft Campbell

Small bone sliding caliper, Omron Digitalised heart rate monitor,

Racer Electronic stop watches and Vitalograph Peak flow meter

were used and these instruments were calibrated and

standardised one by using the equipments available in the

Department of Physical Education, Bharathidasan University,

Tiruchirappalli, Tamilnadu State, India. These equipments were

supplied by reputed scientific firms and the calibrations of the

instruments were accepted as accurate. All these said

instruments were sufficient for the purpose of the study.

Validity of the questionnaire

1. Competitive State Anxiety Inventory – 2 (CSAI – 2)

The American Psychological Association's (1974) standards

for educational and Psychological Tests recommends the self

report inventories be first validated by demonstrating concurrent

validity with previously validated tests. Thus concurrent validity

Methodology 60

was inferred when a new inventory was congruent with or

divergent from theoretically predicted relationships using

previously validated tests.

The concurrent validity of the CSAI – 2 was examined by

investigating the relationships between each of the CSAI – 2 sub

scales and eight selected A-state and A - trait inventories. The

same three samples of athletes that were used to evaluate the

CSAI – 2's internal consistency also were tested for the part of the

new inventory's concurrent validation.

2. Sports achievement motivation (SAMT)

The validity quotient (0.55) obtained by Kamlesh showed

marked relationship between the level of achievement motivation

and sports achievement. Moreover, he also obtained the reliability

quotient of 0.70, which was quite high.

Researchers like Kamlesh, Mc Cleland, Havelka, Becanac,

Wills, Singer etcetera had used this SAMT questionnaire for their

research. There can be no better evidence to prove the validity of

the questionnaire than this.

Methodology 61

Table – II

RELIABILITY COEFFICIENT OF THE SUBJECTS IN ANTHROPOMETRICAL, PHYSICAL, PHYSIOLOGICAL AND

PSYCHOLOGICAL VARIABLES BY TEST AND RE-TEST METHODS

S.No Variables Coefficient of Correlation

1 Body weight 0.89* 2 Height 0.86* 3 Arm length 0.81* 4 Arm span 0.91* 5 Leg length 0.92* 6 Hand length 0.89* 7 Hand breadth 0.95* 8 Palm length 0.85* 9 Palm span 0.95* 10 Humerus breadth 0.81* 11 Femur breadth 0.90* 12 Arm girth relaxed 0.85* 13 Arm girth flexed 0.87* 14 Forearm girth 0.80* 15 Chest girth 0.82* 16 Waist girth 0.92* 17 Hip girth 0.93* 18 Thigh girth 0.94* 19 Calf girth 0.88* 20 Speed 0.82* 21 Agility 0.94* 22 Flexibility 0.91* 23 Leg explosive power 0.94* 24 Leg explosive strength 0.89* 25 Muscular endurance 0.88* 26 Cardiovascular endurance 0.87* 27 Resting heart rate 0.89* 28 Peak expiratory flow rate 0.93* 29 Breath holding time 0.85* 30 Somatic anxiety 0.89* 31 Cognitive anxiety 0.82* 32 Self confidence 0.94*

33 Sports achievement motivation 0.93*

* Established reliability ranged from 0.80 to 0.95

Methodology 62

Tester’s reliability

The investigator was well versed in the techniques of

conducting the test, the investigator had a number of practice

sessions in the teaching procedures. All selected anthropometrical

measurements were taken by trained and qualified level one

anthropometrist of International Society for the Advancement of

Kinanthropometry (ISAK). All the measurements were taken by

the investigator with the assistance of a person well acquainted

with tests and their procedures. Tester competency and reliability

of test were established by test and retest methods. A very high

correlation was obtained, the tester competency in taking

measurement and test reliability were accepted.

Reliability of the subjects

The subject reliability was established by test and re-test

coefficient of correlation for the scores in each of the criterion

measures. Re-testing was done within a period of a week of initial

tests in each of the criterion measures, to get data for calculating

test and re-test coefficient of correlation for reliability of the

subject.

Orientation of the subjects

The investigator held a meeting with the subjects prior to

the administration of tests. The purpose, the significance of this

study and the requirements of the testing procedure were

explained to them in detail. So that there was no ambiguity in

their minds, regarding the efforts required from them. All the

subjects voluntarily came forward to co-operate in the testing

procedures to put in their best efforts in the interest of the

Methodology 63

scientific investigation and in order to enhance their own

performance. The subjects were very enthusiastic and co-

operative throughout the project.

Collection of data

The methods of data collected from the inter - collegiate

Handball players on selected anthropometrical, physical,

physiological and psychological variables were explained below.

Administration of the test

I. Anthropometrical variables

Body weight

Purpose: To measure the body weight of the players.

Equipment required: Electronic weighing machine.

Procedure: The subject stands with minimal movement with

hands by their side. Shoes and excess clothing should be removed

during the administration of the test. This could be estimated by

first weighing the same or similar clothing to that which will be

worn during measurement and subtracting this from the

measured scale mass. Generally the mass in minimal clothing

was sufficient accuracy. Check that scale is reading zero. The

subject stands on the centre of the scales without support and

with the weight distributed evenly on both feet.

Scoring: Record the number showed in the machine as weight of

the player in kilograms.

Methodology 64

Body height

Purpose: To measure the standing height of the players.

Equipment required: Stadiometer.

Procedure: The subjects stand erect position on the floor board of

the stadiometer with his or her back to the vertical backboard of

the stadiometer. The weight of the participant is evenly

distributed on both feet. The heels of the feet are placed together

with both heels touching the base of the vertical board. Place the

feet pointed slightly outward at a 60 degree angle. The buttocks,

scapulae, and head are positioned in contact with the vertical

backboard. The arms hang freely by the sides of the trunk with

palms facing the thighs. The subject is asked to inhale deeply and

to stand fully erect without altering the position of the heels. The

subject’s head is maintained in the Frankfort plane, the measurer

applied a gentle upward lift through the mastoid processes. The

recorder placed the head board firmly down the vertex, crushing

the hair as much as possible. The recorder further assisted by

watching that the feet did not come off the floor and that the

position of the head is maintained in the Frankfort plane.

Measurement is taken at the end of a deep inward breath (Michael,

et al., 2006).

Scoring: Standing height measurement of the subjects was

recorded in centimeters.

Methodology 65

Arm length

Purpose: To measure the arm length of the players.

Equipment required: Lufkin anthropometric tape.

Procedure: The subject assumes a relaxed standing position with

the arms hanging by the sides. The right forearm should be

pronated. This measurement represented the length of the arm.

Measurement is taken from the acromiale to the dactylion (middle

finger).

Scoring: Arm length measurement of the subject was recorded as

a score in centimeters.

Arm span

Purpose: To measure the arm span of the players.



the arms left and out stretched. This measurement represented

the length of the arm span. The subject is standing away from the

wall, with back and buttocks touching the arms are stretched out

horizontally. Measure from the right of the dactylion to the left of

the dactylion (middle finger).

Scoring: Arm span measurement of the subject was recorded as a

score in centimeters.

Methodology 66

Leg length

Purpose: To measure the leg length of the players.


Procedure: The subject assumes a standing position with the feet

together and the arms hanging by the sides. This represented the

length of the leg. It is usual practice to have the subject stand on

the box during the test. One branch of the steel measuring tape is

placed at the Iliospinale and other branch is placed on top of the

box. The Lufkin Anthropometric tape should be held in the vertical

plane. The height from the Iliospinale laterale to the top of the box

is then measured (Michael, et al., 2006).

Scoring: Leg length measurement of the subject was recorded as


Hand length

Purpose: To measure the hand length of the players.

Equipment required: Small sliding caliper.

Procedure: The subject assumed a relaxed standing position with

the left arm hanging by the side. The right elbow is partially

flexed, forearm supinated, and the fingers extended. This

represented the length of the hand. The measurement is taken as

the shortest distance from the marked midstylion line to the

dactylion. One branch of the Small sliding caliper is placed on the

marked midstylion line while the other branch is positioned on the

dactylion (Michael, et al., 2006).

Scoring: Hand length measurement of the subject was recorded

as a score in centimeters.

Methodology 67

Hand breadth

Purpose: To measure the hand breadth of the players.


Procedure: The subject assumed a relaxed sitting position with the

left arm hanging by the side. The right elbow was partially flexed,

forearm supinated, and the fingers extended. This represented the

breadth of the hand. The measurement was taken as the distance

between the metacarpophalangeal joints. The wrist was in neutral

position with the fingers fully extended. The measurement can be

taken on either side of the hand but preferably was taken across

the palm. Measurement from the edge of the hand on one side,

across the palm to the edge of the hand on the other side, at the

level of the metacarpophalangeal joints, with the finger parallel

and extended. (Michael, et al., 2006).

Scoring: Maximum breadth of the hand breadth was recorded as


Palm length

Purpose: To measure the palm length of the players.



the left arm hanging by the side. The right elbow is partially

flexed, forearm supinated, and the fingers extended. This

represented the length of the palm. One branch of the Small

sliding caliper is placed on the marked distal flexion crease at the

wrist while the other branch is positioned on the proximal flexion

Methodology 68

crease of the middle finger. Measurement between the distal

flexion crease at the wrist and the proximal flexion crease of the

middle finger.

Scoring: Palm length measurement of the subject was recorded


Palm span (Hand Span)

Purpose: To measure the palm span of the players.

Equipment required: Flat surface and ruler.

Procedure: The hand is placed palm down on a flat surface. The

fingers are outstretched as far as possible. Measure the linear

distance between the outside of the thumb to the outside of the

little finger.

Scoring: Palm span measurement of the subject was recorded as


Breadth Measurement

Humerus breadth

Purpose: To measure the humerus breadth of the players.


Procedure: The subject assumes a relaxed standing or seated

position. The right arm is raised anteriorly to the horizontal and the

forearm was flexed at right angles to the arm. The distance is

measured between the medial and lateral epicondyles of the

humerus. With the small sliding caliper gripped correctly, use the

Methodology 69

middle fingers to palpate the epicondyles of the humerus, starting

proximal to the sites. The bony points first felt are the epicondyles.

Place the caliper faces on the epicondyles and maintain strong

pressure with the index fingers until the value is read. Because the

medial epicondyle is normally lower than the lateral epicondyle the

measured distance may be somewhat oblique.

Scoring: Humerus breadth measurement of the subject was

recorded as a score in centimeters.

Femur breadth

Purpose: To measure the femur breadth of the players.


Procedure: The subject assumes a relaxed seated position with

the palms resting on the thigh. The right leg is flexed at the knee

to form a right angle with the thigh. The distance is measured

between the medial and lateral epicondyles of the femur. With the

subject seated and the caliper in place, use the middle fingers to

palpate the epicondyles of the femur beginning proximal to the

sites. The bony points first felt are the epicondyles. Place the

caliper faces on the epicondyles and maintain strong pressure

with the index fingers until the value is read.

Scoring: Femur breadth measurement of the subject was


Methodology 70

Girth Measurement

Arm girth relaxed

Purpose: To measure the arm girth relaxed of the players.



the arms hanging by the sides. The subject’s right arm is abducted

slightly to allow the tape to be passed around the arm. The girth of

the arm is measured at the marked level of the mid-acromiale-

radiale. The tape should be positioned perpendicular to the long

axis of the arm.

Scoring: Arm girth relaxed measurement of the subject was


Arm girth flexed

Purpose: To measure the arm girth flexed of the players.



the left arm hanging by the side. The subject’s right arm is raised

anteriorly to the horizontal with the forearm supinated and flexed

at about 45 - 90° to the arm. The flexed and tensed arm girth is

measured at the level of the peak of the contracted biceps. The

measurer stood to the side of the subject and with the tape loosely

in position. The subject is asked to partially tense the elbow flexors

to identify the probable peak of the contracted muscles. The subject

is encouraged to contract the arm muscles as strongly as possible

and hold it while the measurement is made at the peak of the

Methodology 71

Biceps. If there is no obvious peak of the Biceps this girth should

be measured at the level of the mid-acromiale-radiale landmark.

Scoring: Arm girth flexed measurement of the subject was


Forearm girth

Purpose: To measure the forearm girth of the players.



the left arm hanging by the side. The subject’s right arm is slightly

flexed at the shoulder and the elbow is extended. The

measurement is taken at the maximum girth of the forearm distal

to the humeral epicondyles. The subject held the palm up while

relaxing the muscles of the forearm. Using the cross-hand

technique move the tape measure up and down the forearm and

make serial measurements in order to correctly locate the level of

the maximum girth. It usually occurs just distal to the elbow.

Scoring: Forearm girth measurement of the subject was recorded


Chest girth

Purpose: To measure the chest girth of the players.



the arms hanging by the sides and slightly abducted. This girth is

Methodology 72

taken at the level of the mesosternale. The anthropometrist stands

to the right of the subject who abducts the arms to the horizontal

position allowing the tape to be passed around the thorax. The

stub of the tape and the housing are then both held in the right

hand while the anthropometrist uses the left hand to adjust the level

of the tape at the back to the adjudged level of the marked

mesosternale. The anthropometrist resumes control of the stub with

the left hand and using the cross-hand technique positions the

tape in front at the level of the marked mesosternale. The subject is

instructed to lower their arms to the relaxed position with the

arms slightly abducted. The tape is then readjusted as necessary to

ensure it has not slipped and does not excessively indent the skin.

The subject should breathe normally and the measurement is taken

at the end of a normal expiration.

Scoring: Chest girth measurement of the subject was recorded as


Waist girth

Purpose: To measure the waist girth of the players.



the arms folded across the thorax. This girth is taken at the level of

the narrowest point between the lower costal border and the iliac

crest. The anthropometrist stands in front of the subject who

abducts the arms slightly allowing the tape to be passed around

the abdomen. The stub of the tape and the housing were then both

held in the right hand while the anthropometrist uses the left

Methodology 73

hand to adjust the level of the tape at the back to the adjudged

level of the narrowest point. The anthropometrist resumes control

of the stub with the left hand and using the cross-hand technique

positions the tape in front at the target level. The subject is

instructed to lower their arms to the relaxed position. The tape was

then readjusted as necessary to ensure it has not slipped and does

not excessively indent the skin. The subject should breathe

normally and the measurement is taken at the end of a normal

expiration. If there is no obvious narrowing the measurement is

taken at the mid-point between the lower costal border and the

iliac crest.

Scoring: Waist girth measurement of the subject was recorded as


Hip girth (Gluteal)

Purpose: To measure the hip girth of the players.



the arms folded across the thorax. The subject’s feet should be

together and the gluteal muscles relaxed. The girth is taken at the

level of the greatest posterior protuberance of the buttocks which

usually corresponds anteriorly to about the level of the symphysis

pubis. The anthropometrist passes the tape around the hips from

the side. The stub of the tape and the housing are then both held

in the right hand while the anthropometrist uses the left hand to

adjust the level of the tape at the back to the adjudged level of the

greatest posterior protuberance of the buttocks. The

Methodology 74

anthropometrist resumes control of the stub with the left hand, and

using the cross-hand technique, positions the tape in front and the

sides so that the tape is held in a horizontal plane at the target level.

The tape is then readjusted as necessary to ensure it had not

slipped and does not excessively indent the skin.

Scoring: Hip girth measurement of the subject was recorded as a


Thigh girth

Purpose: To measure the thigh girth of the players.



the arms folded across the thorax. The subject stands with the feet

slightly apart and mass equally distributed on both feet. The girth

of the thigh is taken 1 cm below the level of the gluteal fold,

perpendicular to the long axis of the thigh. It is usually helpful to

have the subject stand on a box or stool for this measure. The

anthropometrist passes the tape between the lower thighs and

then slides the tape up to the correct plane. The stub of the tape

and the housing are both held in the right hand while the

anthropometrist uses the left hand to adjust the level of the tape to

the target level. The anthropometrist resumes control of the stub

with the left hand and using the cross-hand technique positions

the tape so that it was held in a perpendicular plane. The tape is


not excessively indent the skin.

Scoring: Thigh girth measurement of the subject was recorded as


Methodology 75

Calf girth

Purpose: To measure the calf girth of the players.



the arms hanging by the sides. The subject’s feet should be

separated with the weight evenly distributed. The maximum girth

of the calf at the marked Medial calf skinfold site. The subject

stands in an elevated position. The elevated position will make it

easier for the measure to align the eyes with the tape. The

anthropometrist passes the tape around the calf and then slides

the tape to the correct plane. The stub of the tape and the housing

are both held in the right hand while the anthropometrist uses the

left hand to adjust the level of the tape to the marked level. The

anthropometrist resumes control of the stub with the left hand and

using the cross-hand technique positions the tape so that it is

held in a plane perpendicular to the axis of the leg. The tape is


not excessively indent the skin.

Scoring: Calf girth measurement of the subject was recorded as a


Methodology 76

II. Physical variables

Speed (50 mts. run)

Purpose: To determine speed of the players.

Equipments & facilities required: Measuring tape, marked

track, stopwatch, cone markers, flat and clear surface of at least

70 meters.

Procedure: The test involves running a single maximum sprint

over 50 meters, with the time recorded. A thorough warm up

should be given, including some practice starts and accelerations.

Start from a stationary standing position (hands cannot touch the

ground), with one foot in front of the other. The front foot must be

behind the starting line. Once the subject is ready and

motionless, the starter gives the instructions "set" then "go” The

tester should provide hints for maximizing speed and the

participant should be encouraged not to slow down before

crossing the finish line.

Results: Two trials are allowed, and the best time is recorded to

the nearest two decimal places.

Agility (4 ×10 yard Shuttle run)

Purpose: To measure the agility of the players.

Equipments & facilities required: Stopwatch, measurement

tape, marker cones, with two lines 10 yards apart.

Procedure: A distance of ten yards is marked by two parallel

lines. The subject stands behind the starting line. On getting

starting signal “Go” he runs fast, towards the other line and

Methodology 77

touches it with one hand and runs back to the starting line. After

touching it, he repeats the shuttle run.

Scoring: The time taken by the performer to complete the course

of 4x10 yards to the nearest 1/10th of the seconds is recorded as

score in the test.

Flexibility (Sit and reach test)

Purpose: To measure the amount of trunk flexion and the ability

to stretch the back muscles.

Equipments & facilities required: Standard sit and reach box or

alternatively a ruler can be used, and a step or box.

Procedure: The subject sits on the floor, legs extended and feet

flat against a flexibility bench (box with a ruler attached). The

trunk is then flexed and the fingers extended along the scale

where they are held for a period of 3 seconds. The legs must

remain extended at the knees throughout the test. Three trials are

given after the subject has been thoroughly warmed-up. (Singh,

1991)

Scoring: The score is recorded in centimeters as either a plus if

distances beyond the feet are recorded or a minus if the subject

cannot reach his feet.

Methodology 78

Leg explosive power (Sargent vertical jump test)

Purpose: To measure the explosive power of the players.

Equipments & facilities required: Measuring tape or marked

wall, chalk for marking wall.

Procedure: The subject stands side on to a wall and reaches up

with the hand closest to the wall. Keeping the feet flat on the

ground, the point of the fingertips is marked or recorded. This is

called the standing reach height. The subject then stands away

from the wall, and leaps vertically as high as possible using both

arms and legs to assist in projecting the body upwards. The

jumping technique can or cannot use a countermovement.

Attempt to touch the wall at the highest point of the jump. The

difference in distance between the standing reach height and the

jump height is the score. The best of three attempts was recorded.

Scoring: The difference between the standing reach and jumping

reach was measured the explosive power of the legs. The score

was recorded as a distance in centimeter.

Leg explosive strength (Standing broad jump test)

Purpose: To measure the leg explosive strength of the players.

Equipments & facilities required: Measuring tape and a mat.

Space on the floor or an outdoor jumping pit.

Procedure: The subject stands behind a line marked on the

ground with feet slightly apart. A two foot take-off and landing is

used, with swinging of the arms and bending of the knees to

provide forward drive. The subject attempts to jump as far as

Methodology 79

possible, landing on both feet without falling backwards. Three

attempts are allowed.

Scoring: The score is the distance between the take-off line and

the nearest point where any part of the body touches the floor. It

is measured in meters.

Muscular endurance (Modified sit – ups)

Purpose: To measure the muscular endurance of the players.

Equipments & facilities required: Flat cushioned surface,

stopwatch, recording sheets, and pen.

Procedure: The subject lies flat on the back with knees bent and

feet on the floor with the heels no more than 1 foot from the

buttocks. The knee angle should be no less than 90 degrees. The

fingers are interlocked and placed behind the neck with the

elbows touching the floor. The feet are held securely by a partner.

The subject then curls up to a sitting position and touches the

elbows to the knees.

Scoring: One point is scored for each correct sit-up. The score is

the maximum number of sit-ups completed in 60 seconds.

III. Physiological variables

Cardiovascular endurance (20 mts – Multistage beep test)

Purpose: To measure the cardiovascular endurance of the

players.

Equipments & facilities required: Flat non-slip surface, marking

cones, 20 mts measuring tape, beep test CD, CD player and

recording sheets.

Methodology 80

Procedure: This test involves continuous running between two

lines 20 mts apart in time to recorded beeps. For this reason the

test if also often called the 'beep' or 'bleep' test. The test subjects

stand behind one of the lines facing the second line, and begin

running when instructed by the CD or tape recorder. The speed at

the start is quite slow. The subject continues running between the

two lines, turning when signaled by the recorded beeps. After

about one minute, a sound indicates an increase in speed, and

the beeps will be closer together. This continues each minute

(level). If the line is not reached in time for each beep, the subject

must run to the line turn and try to catch up with the pace within

2 more ‘beeps’. Also, if the line is reached before the beep sounds,

the subject must wait until the beep sounds. The test is stopped if

the subject fails to reach the line for two consecutive ends.

Scoring: The athlete's score is the level and number of shuttles

reached before they were unable to keep up with the recording.

Record the last level completed. This norms table below is based

on personal experience, and gives you a very rough idea of what

level score would be expected for adults, using the standard

Australian beep test version. There is a more detailed table of

norms for the beep test. This level score can be converted to a VO2

max equivalent score using this calculator.

Resting heart rate

Purpose: To measure the resting heart rate of the players.

Equipments & facilities required: Digitalized heart rate monitor,

score sheet, and stop watch.

Methodology 81

Procedure: For the sake of accuracy, in this study, the resting

heart rate was measured in the subject's hostel rooms as soon as

they woke up from their sleep in the morning. They are instructed

to remain in their beds till the investigator arrived to measure

their resting heart rate. The digitalized heart rate monitor was

used to measure the heart rate of the players. Two repetitions of

resting heart rate of subjects are conducted one by one at the

same time, and the best one of two will be considered.

Scoring: Number of beats per minute was counted.


Purpose: To measure the maximum expiratory pressure of the

players.

Equipments & facilities required: Peak flow meter and score

sheet.

Procedure: Peak flow meter gives to the subject and allowed to

stand erect at the beginning of the test. Before that the

investigator demonstrated to the subject. To ask the subject

forcefully inhaled twice before tansy the test. Care was taken by

the subject so that the air did not escape through the nose or

around the mouth piece. Ask to inhale deeply keep the peak flow

meter immediately and forcefully flow the air into the peak flow

meter caliber. Using the peak flow meter as described by the

proper method explained by peak flow meter procedures and

experts. Peak flow meter should be in Horizontal position, won’t

touch the finger on the scale and do not block the edge.

Methodology 82

Scoring: Peak flow meter shows the measurement in liters per

minutes shortly L/MIN. Recorded the score for subject and taken

the value in to the collection of the data.

Breath holding time

Purpose: To measure the breath holding time of the players.

Equipments & facilities required: Stopwatch and score sheet.

Procedure: The subject was asked to stand at ease and inhale

deeply after which he held his breath as long as possible. The

index finger of the subject served as an indicator for the

investigator to know the start and end of recording time. To

prevent exhalation or inhalation through the mouth during the

recording time the subject was asked to couple his lips tightly.

Two trials were permitted for each subject with a gap of five

minutes and the better time was recorded.

Scoring: The time of holding the breath till the subject lets the air

out was recorded to the nearest one tenth of a second using a

stop watch.

IV. Psychological variables

Competitive State Anxiety Inventory – 2 (cognitive anxiety,

somatic anxiety and self confidence)

Purpose: To assess the level of cognitive anxiety, somatic anxiety

and self confidence of the players.

Tools Used: Competitive state anxiety inventory prepared by

Martens, Burton, Vealey, Bump and Smith (1990) was used. The

Methodology 83

CSAI-2 questionnaire was given to all the subjects before the

competition.

Procedure: The tool was used to find the level of cognitive

anxiety, somatic anxiety and self confidence. This inventory

consists of 27 statements about the subject’s feeling. The

response sheet is scored in accordance with the response

intensity key. The CSAI-2 is scored by computing a separate total

for each of the three sub scales. The scores that can be obtained

by a subject are 9 points and the maximum is 36 points. The

cognitive anxiety subscale is scored by adding the responses for

the following 9 items: 1, 4, 7,10,13,16, 19, 22 and 25. The

somatic anxiety state subscale is scored by adding the responses

to the following 9 items: 2, 5, 8, 11, 14, 17, 20, 23 and 26. scoring

for the item 14 must be reversed in calculating the score for the

somatic A- state sub scale as indicated below ;

Not at all – 4

Somewhat – 3

Moderately so – 2

Very much so – 1

The state self confidence subscale is scored by adding the

following items: 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18, 21, 24 and 27.

For all the questions except – 14

Not at all – 1

Somewhat – 2

Moderately so – 3

Very much so – 4

Methodology 84

There is no right or wrong answers. The subjects are not

allowed to spend too much time on any statement. The subjects

are asked to choose the word that described how best they

usually feel when participating in sports and games. A copy of the

questionnaire is given in the appendix – I.

Sports achievement motivation

Purpose: To assess the level of sports achievement motivation of

the players.

Tools Used: Sports achievement motivation questionnaire

prepared by Kamlesh (1983) was used. The Sports achievement

motivation (SAMT) questionnaire is given to all the subjects before

the competition.

Procedure: The standard psychological tool was used to find the

level of Sports achievement motivation of the players. This test

consists of 20 partly completed sentences. Each partly completed

sentence has two answers, which are equally good to make the

incomplete sentences meaningful and complete. Among the two

answers the most appropriate one is the correct response. The

respondents must make a tick mark (√) on any one of the two

answers that fits to them best. The inventory was revalidated by

the investigator by administering it on inter-college men Handball

players. Hence the inventory in its original form is used in this

investigation. A copy of questionnaire is given in appendix – III.

Scoring: The inventory is scored with the help of a scoring key.

Among them, for question 1, 3, 4, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 15, 16, 17, 18

and 20 the expected answer is ‘a’. For the question 2, 5, 6, 7, 8,

Methodology 85

14, and 19 the expected answer ‘b’. For correct statement two

marks and for incorrect statement zero marks are awarded. The

obtained score for each partly completed sentence is added and it

is considered as individual score. The range of score is 0 to 40.

The larger the score the higher the achievement motivation of the

subject.

V. Overall playing ability

The criterion measure of overall playing ability was

measured by a panel of experts consisting three persons. They

were outstanding players at state level yester years in the game of

Handball and have been serving as renowned & qualified coaches

for about a decade. The experts were asked to make a subjective

assessment of the overall playing ability of the players using the

100 point scale which consist of 10 factors. The average rating of

the three experts on the overall playing ability was considered as

the score of subjects. To see the degree of agreement between the

three qualified coaches, rank order correlation was used in this

study. The results revealed high correlation, which means that

there was a close agreement in rating between the coaches. The

guidelines for rating was provided by the investigator, which is in

appendix – I.

Statistical analysis

Mean and Standard deviations were calculated for each of

the selected variables. The inter-relationship among the selected

anthropometrical, physical, physiological, psychological variables

and Handball playing ability, were computed by using Pearson’

Methodology 86

product-moment correlation coefficients. The computation of

multiple regression was also used. In multiple regressions, a

criterion variable from a set of predictors was predicted. Step wise

argument methods of multiple regression was used in this study

to find out the predictor variable that has the highest correlation

with the criterion variables were entered in the equation

depending on the contribution of each predictor. The SPSS 15

version package was used to determine the predictive equation.

The prediction formula resulting from multiple regression

was basically an extension of the two variables model, Y = a + bx.

In this research study there were thirty three predictor variables

and hence the following statistical regression equation was used.

The step wise multiple regression method was used for the

selection of variables.

Y’ = a + b1x1 + b2x2 + ……….. bnxn

Where Y’ = Y Predictor

a = Constant

b1, b2 = Beta weights for predictor variables

X1, X2 = predictor variables

CHAPTER – IV

ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA

CHAPTER – IV

ANALYSIS OF DATA AND RESULTS OF THE STUDY

Over view


playing ability from the selected Anthropometrical, Physical,

Physiological, and Psychological variables among College level

Players. To achieve this purpose three hundred and four male






In this study, the Handball playing ability was predicted

from the following Anthropometrical, Physical, Physiological and

Psychological predictor variables such as body weight; length

measurements – height, arm length, arm span, leg length, hand

length, hand breadth, palm length, palm span; breadth

measurements – humerus breadth and femur breadth; girth

measurements – arm girth relaxed, arm girth flexed, forearm

girth, chest girth, waist girth, hip girth, thigh girth, calf girth and

other factors such as speed, agility, flexibility, leg explosive power,

leg explosive strength, muscular endurance, cardiovascular

endurance, resting heart rate, peak expiratory flow rate, breath

holding time, somatic anxiety, cognitive anxiety, self confidence

and sports achievement motivation. The playing ability which was

taken as the performance factor was subjectively assessed by

three qualified Handball coaches.

Analysis of Data and Results of the Study 88

The present study consists of one dependent variable,

namely playing ability of Handball players, and thirty three

independent variables as given above. The collected data was

subjected to statistical analysis as explained below.






multiple regressions was also used. In multiple regressions, a

criterion variable from a set of predictors was predicted. Step-

wise argument methods of multiple regression was used to find

out the predictor variable that has the highest correlation with the

criterion variables were entered in the equation depending on the

contribution of each predictor.

Test of significance

This is the crucial portion of the thesis, that of arriving at

the conclusion by examining the hypothesis. The procedure of

testing the hypothesis in accordance with the results obtained in

relation to the level of confidence. The test was usually called the

test of significance since we test whether the relationship between

criterion and predictor variable score were significant or not.

Level of significance

The level of significance was fixed at 0.05 level of confidence

which was considered to be appropriate in view of the fact that


very highly a sophisticated equipment were not used for more

stringent levels of significance.

Analysis of data

The descriptive statistics on selected anthropometrical,

physical, physiological, psychological variables and playing ability

of the subjects were presented in the following table.


TABLE - III

DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS OF SELECTED ANTHROPOMETRICAL, PHYSICAL, PHYSIOLOGICAL, PSYCHOLOGICAL VARIABLES AND

PLAYING ABILITY AMONG HANDBALL PLAYERS

S. No Variables Range Minimum Maximum

Mean (N=304)

Std. Deviation

(SD ±) 1 Body weight (kg) 34.00 50.00 84.00 62.40 7.57 2 Standing height (cm) 26.00 158.00 184.00 171.23 5.11 3 Arm length (cm) 17.00 70.00 87.00 79.59 3.64 4 Arm span (cm) 36.50 156.00 192.50 177.74 7.08 5 Leg length (cm) 32.00 88.00 120.00 100.13 4.82 6 Hand length (cm) 4.10 17.00 21.10 18.99 1.01 7 Hand breadth (cm) 2.10 7.70 9.80 8.51 0.43 8 Palm length (cm) 2.70 9.40 12.10 10.81 0.60 9 Palm span (cm) 6.50 19.00 25.50 22.23 1.35 10 Humerus breadth (cm) 2.00 5.70 7.70 6.56 0.40 11 Femur breadth (cm) 2.30 7.90 10.20 9.03 0.57 12 Arm girth relaxed (cm) 9.50 21.50 31.00 25.12 2.26 13 Arm girth flexed (cm) 11.50 24.00 35.50 28.53 2.59 14 Forearm girth (cm) 7.50 21.50 29.00 24.43 1.47 15 Chest girth (cm) 23.00 76.00 99.00 84.72 4.86 16 Waist girth (cm) 33.00 60.00 93.00 72.10 8.25 17 Hip girth (cm) 27.50 75.50 103.00 86.60 5.58 18 Thigh girth (cm) 42.00 40.00 82.00 48.72 5.29 19 Calf girth (cm) 9.50 30.00 39.50 33.39 2.13 20 Speed (seconds) 2.47 6.00 8.47 7.267 0.56 21 Agility (seconds) 3.11 9.03 12.14 10.60 0.69 22 Flexibility (cm) 31.50 12.00 43.50 27.65 7.56 23 Leg explosive power (cm) 33.00 27.00 60.00 45.95 6.57

24 Leg explosive strength (meter)

0.85 1.65 2.50 2.10 0.22

25 Muscular endurance (counts) 37.00 21.00 58.00 41.49 9.99

26 Cardiovascular endurance (mls/kg/min) 32.64 25.91 58.55 44.36 7.22

27 Resting heart rate (beats per minute)

44.00 45.00 89.00 65.47 9.73

28 Peak expiratory flow rate (litres per minute)

220.00 260.00 480.00 386.33 55.00

29 Breath holding time (seconds) 102.00 11.00 113.00 42.60 22.43

30 Somatic anxiety (scores) 21.00 7.00 28.00 15.42 4.16 31 Cognitive anxiety (scores) 14.00 16.00 30.00 22.60 2.98 32 Self confidence (scores) 19.00 19.00 38.00 29.30 4.49

33 Sports achievement motivation (scores) 20.00 18.00 38.00 25.74 4.48

34 Playing ability (scores) 27.00 60.00 87.00 70.51 6.19


Table – III showed the descriptive statistics – Range,

Minimum, Maximum, Mean and Standard deviation of

anthropometrical, physical, physiological, psychological

characteristics and playing ability of Handball Players.

The Inter-relationship between selected anthropometrical,

physical, physiological, psychological characteristics and playing

ability of Handball Players was computed using Pearson product

moment correlation and results were presented in the Table – IV.


TABLE - IV INTER-CORRELATION OF SELECTED ANTHROPOMETRICAL, PHYSICAL, PHYSIOLOGICAL,

PSYCHOLOGICAL AND PLAYING ABILITY OF INTER - COLLEGIATE HANDBALL PLAYERS

S. No C.R X1 X2 X3 X4 X5 X6 X7 X8 X9 X10 X11 X12 X13 X14 X15 X16 X17 X18 X19 X20 X21 X22 X23 X24 X25 X26 X27 X28 X29 X30 X31 X32 X1 .437 1 X2 .600 .634 1 X3 .662 .531 .784 1 X4 .746 .543 .755 .927 1 X5 .523 .340 .742 .723 .700 1 X6 .588 .507 .642 .825 .755 .632 1 X7 .261 .599 .394 .404 .355 .250 .452 1 X8 .574 .438 .460 .691 .653 .524 .773 .364 1 X9 .556 .510 .543 .522 .550 .430 .559 .343 .406 1 X10 .471 .613 .521 .516 .484 .410 .491 .606 .348 .557 1 X11 .272 .317 .165 .206 .214 .249 .215 .301 .156 .313 .488 1 X12 .116 .738 .268 .086 .087 .090 .112 .545 .156 .295 .508 .189 1 X13 .193 .744 .284 .174 .162 .062 .227 .587 .255 .386 .568 .310 .910 1 X14 .260 .779 .376 .259 .215 .081 .301 .599 .319 .474 .602 .321 .805 .810 1 X15 .267 .753 .419 .340 .317 .223 .350 .483 .286 .345 .488 .178 .722 .736 .696 1 X16 .414 .560 .347 .408 .491 .442 .473 .410 .498 .367 .564 .189 .490 .539 .407 .612 1 X17 .248 .818 .385 .278 .305 .273 .367 .620 .298 .422 .631 .500 .733 .765 .686 .763 .662 1 X18 .013 .473 .082 .002 .013 .010 .013 .257 .170 .029 .251 .240 .563 .561 .547 .565 .413 .563 1 X19 .197 .620 .379 .295 .236 .238 .254 .441 .284 .211 .379 .384 .489 .521 .579 .553 .347 .581 .414 1 X20 .579 .185 .333 .435 .492 .386 .372 .131 .351 .226 .177 .198 .074 .040 .007 .005 .273 .029 .157 .029 1 X21 .375 .311 .274 .215 .247 .078 .234 .070 .251 .233 .137 .101 .167 .151 .247 .116 .077 .071 .050 .070 .527 1 X22 .075 .153 .023 .010 .008 .016 .114 .092 .079 .049 .160 .076 .166 .185 .135 .049 .075 .103 .079 .022 .002 .146 1 X23 .474 .198 .356 .344 .423 .309 .328 .035 .355 .325 .157 .068 .020 .013 .064 .021 .220 .014 .106 .152 .626 .526 .134 1 X24 .422 .122 .218 .257 .319 .225 .267 .035 .240 .226 .165 .239 .040 .041 .035 .054 .208 .065 .019 .093 .483 .327 .160 .459 1 X25 .234 .194 .118 .117 .162 .188 .123 .152 .209 .152 .182 .358 .120 .124 .221 .109 .213 .158 .163 .194 .443 .314 .060 .391 .006 1 X26 .447 .104 .237 .275 .323 .260 .253 .108 .289 .132 .210 .209 .043 .092 .080 .053 .325 .092 .012 .069 .401 .161 .034 .386 .306 .237 1 X27 .111 .185 .047 .071 .004 .085 .070 .015 .063 .038 .017 .037 .198 .147 .113 .040 .021 .137 .180 .069 .173 .041 .290 .139 .031 .007 .361 1 X28 .244 .038 .066 .043 .136 .056 .031 .056 .021 .091 .005 .033 .017 .035 .058 .148 .092 .028 .032 .181 .259 .183 .214 .459 .381 .035 .153 .057 1 X29 .177 .104 .134 .001 .067 .036 .006 .113 .049 .168 .092 .105 .104 .001 .090 .067 .091 .035 .072 .112 .144 .299 .404 .294 .201 .097 .082 .243 .247 1 X30 .152 .045 .075 .100 .048 .045 .078 .040 .106 .020 .005 .273 .015 .002 .081 .000 .024 .200 .124 .009 .077 .029 .050 .099 .224 .115 .146 .046 .074 .055 1 X31 .005 .031 .158 .092 .053 .148 .010 .026 .065 .035 .064 .058 .003 .012 .039 .044 .032 .026 .082 .050 .120 .092 .009 .037 .122 .056 .125 .358 .243 .018 .246 1 X32 .388 .115 .222 .280 .361 .256 .302 .032 .308 .327 .074 .019 .074 .049 .042 .050 .059 .040 .121 .019 .329 .249 .108 .235 .181 .079 .118 .126 .046 .263 .009 .016 1 X33 .465 .275 .336 .420 .475 .361 .348 .167 .473 .169 .206 .217 .065 .110 .065 .189 .421 .199 .112 .221 .380 .287 .114 .323 .242 .291 .375 .230 .119 .007 .046 .002 .239


C.R Playing ability X12 Arm girth relaxed X24 Leg explosive strength X1 Body weight X13 Arm girth flexed X25 Muscular endurance

X2 Standing height X14 Forearm girth X26


X3 Arm length X15 Chest girth X27 Resting heart rate

X4 Arm span X16 Waist girth X28 Peak expiratory flow rate

X5 Leg length X17 Hip girth X29 Breadth holding time X6 Hand length X18 Thigh girth X30 Somatic anxiety X7 Hand breadth X19 Calf girth X31 Cognitive anxiety X8 Palm length X20 Speed X32 Self confidence

X9 Palm breadth X21 Agility X33 Sports achievement motivation

X10 Humerus breadth X22 Flexibility

X11 Femur breadth X23 Leg explosive power

It was evident from the Table – IV that there exist

relationship between Handball playing ability (CR) and weight

(X1), Standing height (X2), Arm length (X3), Arm span (X4), Leg

length (X5), Hand length (X6), Hand breadth (X7), Palm length (X8),

Palm breadth (X9), Humerus breadth(X10), Femur breadth (X11),

Arm girth relaxed (X12), Arm girth flexed (X13), Forearm girth (X14),

Chest girth (X15), Waist girth (X16), Hip girth (X17), Thigh girth

(X18), Calf girth (X19), Speed (X20), Agility (X21), Flexibility (X22), Leg

explosive power (X23), Leg explosive strength (X24), Muscular

endurance (X25), Cardiovascular endurance (X26), Resting Heart

Rate (X27), Peak expiratory flow rate (X28), Breath holding time

(X29), Somatic anxiety (X30), Cognitive anxiety (X31), Self confidence

(X32) and Sports achievement motivation (X33) in each variables

separately.

The result proved that the selected anthropometrical

variables weight (r = 0.44), Standing height (r = 0.60), Arm length

(r = 0.66), Arm span (r = 0.75), Leg length (r = 0.52), Hand length


(r = 59), Hand breadth (r = 0.26), Palm length (r = 0.57), Palm

breadth (r = 0.56) and Humerus breadth(r = 0.47), Femur breadth

(r = 0.27), Arm girth relaxed (r = 0.12), Arm girth flexed (r = 0.19),

Forearm girth (r = 0.26), Chest girth (0.27), Waist girth (r = 0.41),

Hip girth (r = 0.25), and Calf girth (r = 0.20) were significantly

correlated with the Handball playing ability the required table ‘r’

value of was 0.113 found at 0.05 level of confidence.

The result proved that the selected physical variables Speed

(r = 0.58), Agility (r = 0.38), Leg explosive power (r = 0.47), Leg

explosive strength (0.42) and Muscular endurance (r = 0.23) were

significantly correlated with the Handball playing ability were

significantly correlated with the Handball playing ability the

required table ‘r’ value of was 0.113 found at 0.05 level of

confidence.

The result proved that the selected physiological variables

Cardiovascular endurance (r = 0.45), Peak expiratory flow rate

(r = 0.24) and Breath holding time (r = 0.17) were significantly

correlated with the Handball playing ability the required table ‘r’

value of was 0.113 found at 0.05 level of confidence.

The result proved that the selected psychological variables

Somatic anxiety (r = 0.15), Self confidence (r = 0.39) and Sports

achievement motivation (r = 0.46) were significantly correlated

with the Handball playing ability were significantly correlated with

the Handball playing ability the required table ‘r’ value of was

0.113 found at 0.05 level of confidence.


Table – V

ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE FOR THE INFLUENCE OF INDEPENDENT VARIABLES ON PLAYING ABILITY OF HANDBALL PLAYERS

Model Sum of Squares

df Mean

Square F Sig.

Regression 6474.132 1 6474.132 Residual 5145.816 302 17.039 1 Total 11619.947 303

379.957* .000(a)


241.644* .000(b)


187.319* .000(c)


157.323* .000(d)


135.165* .000(e)


116.592* .000(f)


102.760* .000(g)


91.582* .000(h)


85.589* .000(i)


83.320* .000(j)


82.636* .000(k)


79.252* .000(l)



76.942* .000(m)


75.035* .000(n)


71.745* .000(o)


68.197* .000(p)

*Significant at 0.05 level of confidence

It was clear from the table – V that the obtained F value

379.957, 241.644, 187.319, 157.323, 135.165, 116.592, 102.760,

91.582, 85.589, 83.320, 82.636, 79.252, 76.942, 75.035, 71.745

and 68.197 respectively are significant at 0.05 level. It reveals

that all the independent variables are collectively influenced on

the playing ability of Handball players.

As the F ratio was significant multiple regressions was

computed. Multiple regression equation was computed only

because the multiple correlations were sufficiently high to warrant

prediction from it. Then, the correlation identified the

independent variables to be included and their order in the

regression equation. Multiple correlations were computed by

step-wise argument method and the results were presented in

Table – VI.


Table – VI

STEP-WISE MULTIPLE REGRESSION BETWEEN PLAYING ABILITY AND INDEPENDENT VARIABLES OF HANDBALL PLAYERS

Model Variables R R

Square Adjusted R Square

Std. Error of the

Estimate 1 Arm span .746(a) .557 .556 4.12785 2 Speed .785(b) .616 .614 3.84915 3 Palm span .807(c) .652 .648 3.67163

4 Cardiovascular endurance

.823(d) .678 .674 3.53802

5 Somatic anxiety .833(e) .694 .689 3.45431 6 Palm length .838(f) .702 .696 3.41469

7 Peak expiratory flow rate

.842(g) .708 .702 3.38298

8 Humerus breadth .844(h) .713 .705 3.36263 9 Hip girth .851(i) .724 .715 3.30423 10 Chest girth .860(j) .740 .731 3.21214 11 Arm length .870(k) .757 .748 3.11051 12 Waist girth .875(l) .766 .756 3.05870

13 Leg explosive power .880(m) .775 .765 3.00100

14 Standing height .886(n) .784 .774 2.94533

15 Sports achievement motivation

.888(o) .789 .778 2.91856

16 Hand breadth .890(p) .792 .780 2.90371

From Table – VI, it was found that the multiple correlations

co-efficient for predictors, such as arm span, speed, palm span,

cardiovascular endurance, somatic anxiety, palm length, peak

expiratory flow rate, humerus breadth, hip girth, chest girth, arm

length, waist girth, leg explosive power, standing height, sports

achievement motivation and hand breadth was 0.890 which

produce highest multiple correlations with Handball playing

ability. ‘R’ square values show that the percentage of contribution

of predictors to the Handball playing ability (Dependent variables)

is in the following order.


1. About 75% of the variation in the Handball playing ability

was explained by the regression model with one predictor

arm span.


was explained by the regression model with two predictors,

arm span and speed. An additional 4% of the variance in the

Handball playing ability was contributed by speed.


was explained by the regression model with three predictors,

arm span, speed and palm span. An additional 2% of the

variance in the Handball playing ability was contributed by

palm span.


was explained by the regression model with four predictors,

arm span, speed, palm span and cardiovascular endurance.

An additional 1% of the variance in the Handball playing

ability was contributed by cardiovascular endurance.


was explained by the regression model with five predictors,

arm span, speed, palm span, cardiovascular endurance and

somatic anxiety. An additional 1% of the variance in the

Handball playing ability was contributed by somatic anxiety.


was explained by the regression model with six predictors,

arm span, speed, palm span, cardiovascular endurance,

somatic anxiety and palm length. An additional 1% of the



palm length.


was explained by the regression model with seven

predictors, arm span, speed, palm span, cardiovascular

endurance , somatic anxiety, palm length and peak

expiratory flow rate. Peak expiratory flow rate subsequently

added significantly to the prediction of the playing ability in

Handball players.


was explained by the regression model with eight predictors,


somatic anxiety, palm length, peak expiratory flow rate and

humerus breadth. Humerus breadth subsequently added

significantly to the prediction of the playing ability in

Handball players.


was explained by the regression model with nine predictors,


somatic anxiety, palm length, peak expiratory flow rate,

humerus breadth and hip girth. An additional 1% of the


hip girth.


was explained by the regression model with ten predictors,


somatic anxiety, palm length, peak expiratory flow rate,


humerus breadth, hip girth and chest girth. An additional

1% of the variance in the Handball playing ability was

contributed by chest girth.


was explained by the regression model with eleven


endurance, somatic anxiety, palm length, peak expiratory

flow rate, humerus breadth, hip girth, chest girth and arm

length. An additional 1% of the variance in the Handball

playing ability was contributed by arm length.


was explained by the regression model with twelfth



flow rate, humerus breadth, hip girth, chest girth, arm

length and waist girth. An additional 1% of the variance in

the Handball playing ability was contributed by waist girth.


was explained by the regression model with thirteen




length, waist girth and leg explosive power. Leg explosive

power subsequently added significantly to the prediction of

the playing ability in Handball players.


was explained by the regression model with fourteen





length, waist girth, leg explosive power and standing height.

An additional 1% of the variance in the Handball playing

ability was contributed by standing height.


was explained by the regression model with fifteen




length, waist girth, leg explosive power, standing height and

sports achievement motivation. Sports achievement

motivation subsequently added significantly to the

prediction of the playing ability in Handball players.


was explained by the regression model with sixteen




length, waist girth, leg explosive power, standing height,

sports achievement motivation and hand breadth. Hand

breadth subsequently added significantly to the prediction

of the playing ability in Handball players.

Multiple regression equation was computed and the results

were presented in Table – VII.


TABLE – VII

REGRESSION ANALYSIS OF PREDICTION EQUATION OF HANDBALL PLAYERS

Unstandardized Coefficients

Standardized Coefficients

Model

B Std. Error

Beta

Sig. Partial

Correlations Collinearity Statistics

Constant -45.552 5.959 .000 Step1 Arm span .653 .034 .746 .000 .746 1.000

Constant -1.702 8.508 .842 Arm span .533 .036 .609 .000 .650 .758

Step 2

Speed -3.097 .455 -.279 .000 -.365 .758 Constant -3.274 8.121 .687 Arm span .418 .040 .478 .000 .517 .555 Speed -3.246 .435 -.293 .000 -.396 .755

Step 3

Palm span 1.038 .187 .227 .000 .305 .695 Constant -10.079 7.947 .206 Arm span .388 .039 .443 .000 .498 .541 Speed -2.621 .438 -.236 .000 -.327 .691 Palm span 1.075 .180 .235 .000 .326 .694

Step 4


.153 .031 .178 .000 .273 .817

Constant -9.918 7.759 .202 Arm span .409 .038 .468 .000 .525 .531 Speed -2.496 .429 -.225 .000 -.320 .688 Palm span 1.026 .176 .224 .000 .319 .690 Cardiovascular endurance

.135 .031 .157 .000 .246 .799

Step 5

Somatic anxiety -.193 .049 -.130 .000 -.223 .959 Constant -11.373 7.688 .140 Arm span .351 .043 .401 .000 .425 .409 Speed -2.463 .424 -.222 .000 -.319 .687 Palm span .981 .175 .214 .000 .309 .684 Cardiovascular endurance .124 .031 .145 .000 .230 .787

Somatic anxiety -.210 .049 -.141 .000 -.244 .943

Step 6

Palm length 1.236 .438 .120 .005 .162 .554 Constant -16.530 7.876 .037 Arm span .346 .043 .395 .000 .424 .408 Speed -2.243 .429 -.202 .000 -.291 .660 Palm span .962 .174 .210 .000 .306 .683 Cardiovascular endurance

.120 .030 .139 .000 .223 .784

Somatic anxiety -.206 .048 -.138 .000 -.242 .942 Palm length 1.356 .437 .132 .002 .178 .547

Step 7


.009 .004 .084 .011 .148 .916


Constant -17.496 7.842 .026

Arm span .327 .044 .374 .000 .400 .391

Speed -2.308 .427 -.208 .000 -.300 .656

Palm span .799 .189 .175 .000 .239 .572


.111 .030 .130 .000 .209 .772

Somatic anxiety -.207 .048 -.139 .000 -.244 .942

Palm length 1.356 .434 .132 .002 .179 .547


.010 .004 .091 .006 .159 .908

Step8

Humerus breadth

1.305 .609 .084 .033 .124 .628

Constant -15.519 7.728 .046

Arm span .321 .043 .367 .000 .400 .390

Speed -2.108 .424 -.190 .000 -.278 .644

Palm span .854 .186 .187 .000 .259 .568

Cardiovascular endurance .104 .030 .121 .001 .198 .768

Somatic anxiety -.257 .049 -.173 .000 -.291 .856

Palm length 1.620 .434 .157 .000 .213 .530


.010 .004 .090 .006 .161 .908

Humerus breadth 2.600 .710 .168 .000 .209 .446

Step 9

Hip girth -.160 .047 -.144 .001 -.194 .521

Constant -18.902 7.554 .013

Arm span .292 .042 .334 .000 .374 .380

Speed -2.206 .413 -.199 .000 -.298 .642

Palm span .856 .181 .187 .000 .267 .568


.102 .029 .119 .001 .201 .768

Somatic anxiety -.302 .049 -.203 .000 -.339 .816

Palm length 1.680 .422 .163 .000 .227 .529


.013 .004 .116 .000 .208 .874

Humerus breadth

2.851 .692 .184 .000 .234 .443

Hip girth -.345 .063 -.311 .000 -.304 .274

Step 10

Chest girth .266 .063 .209 .000 .241 .368


Constant -23.403 7.383 .002

Arm span .574 .075 .656 .000 .411 .114

Speed -2.189 .400 -.197 .000 -.305 .641

Palm span .821 .175 .179 .000 .264 .567


.088 .028 .103 .002 .178 .759

Somatic anxiety -.304 .048 -.205 .000 -.351 .816

Palm length 2.341 .434 .227 .000 .301 .469


.011 .004 .096 .002 .177 .856

Humerus breadth

3.829 .705 .248 .000 .303 .401

Hip girth -.427 .064 -.385 .000 -.365 .252

Chest girth .320 .062 .251 .000 .290 .355

Step 11

Arm length -.684 .151 -.402 .000 -.256 .105

Constant -32.270 7.737 .000

Arm span .662 .078 .757 .000 .445 .101

Speed -2.350 .396 -.212 .000 -.328 .632

Palm span .734 .174 .160 .000 .240 .554


.107 .028 .124 .000 .214 .729

Somatic anxiety -.276 .047 -.186 .000 -.323 .790

Palm length 2.839 .452 .276 .000 .345 .417


.012 .003 .106 .001 .198 .848

Humerus breadth

4.407 .714 .285 .000 .340 .378

Hip girth -.376 .065 -.339 .000 -.323 .238

Chest girth .381 .063 .299 .000 .332 .324

Arm length -.874 .159 -.513 .000 -.306 .092

Step 12

Waist girth -.125 .038 -.167 .001 -.191 .316


Constant -25.294 7.848 .001

Arm span .689 .077 .788 .000 .466 .100

Speed -3.040 .436 -.274 .000 -.379 .503

Palm span .858 .175 .188 .000 .277 .532


.121 .028 .141 .000 .244 .713

Somatic anxiety -.290 .047 -.195 .000 -.343 .785

Palm length 3.163 .453 .307 .000 .379 .400


.017 .004 .152 .000 .261 .716

Humerus breadth 4.516 .702 .292 .000 .354 .377

Hip girth -.407 .064 -.367 .000 -.350 .233

Chest girth .400 .062 .314 .000 .352 .322

Arm length -.946 .158 -.556 .000 -.332 .090

Waist girth -.134 .037 -.179 .000 -.207 .315

Step 13

Leg explosive power

-4.096 1.168 -.148 .001 -.202 .435

Constant -36.993 8.406 .000

Arm span .662 .076 .756 .000 .456 .099

Speed -3.136 .428 -.283 .000 -.395 .501

Palm span .798 .172 .174 .000 .263 .526


.112 .028 .131 .000 .231 .707

Somatic anxiety -.317 .047 -.213 .000 -.372 .764

Palm length 3.517 .456 .342 .000 .413 .380


.017 .004 .154 .000 .270 .716

Humerus breadth 4.447 .689 .287 .000 .355 .376

Hip girth -.452 .064 -.407 .000 -.383 .224

Chest girth .371 .062 .292 .000 .333 .317

Arm length -1.133 .164 -.666 .000 -.377 .081

Waist girth -.106 .037 -.142 .005 -.165 .300

Leg explosive power

-4.977 1.174 -.180 .000 -.242 .415

Step 14

Standing height .216 .062 .178 .001 .200 .284


Constant -34.863 8.373 .000

Arm span .636 .076 .727 .000 .443 .097

Speed -3.037 .426 -.274 .000 -.387 .497

Palm span .855 .172 .187 .000 .281 .517


.100 .028 .117 .000 .207 .687

Somatic anxiety -.324 .046 -.218 .000 -.382 .761

Palm length 3.310 .460 .322 .000 .391 .368


.017 .004 .154 .000 .272 .716

Humerus breadth

4.559 .684 .295 .000 .366 .375

Hip girth -.457 .064 -.412 .000 -.390 .224

Chest girth .374 .061 .293 .000 .338 .317

Arm length -1.106 .163 -.650 .000 -.372 .080

Waist girth -.117 .037 -.156 .002 -.182 .296

Leg explosive power

-5.045 1.164 -.182 .000 -.247 .415

Standing height .208 .062 .171 .001 .195 .284

Step 15


.119 .047 .086 .012 .147 .628

Constant -30.884 8.567 .000

Arm span .631 .076 .721 .000 .442 .097

Speed -3.203 .432 -.289 .000 -.401 .478

Palm span .834 .172 .182 .000 .276 .515


.103 .028 .121 .000 .214 .685

Somatic anxiety -.309 .047 -.207 .000 -.365 .741

Palm length 3.472 .464 .337 .000 .404 .356


.018 .004 .158 .000 .281 .712

Humerus breadth

4.967 .711 .321 .000 .381 .344

Hip girth -.408 .068 -.368 .000 -.335 .194

Chest girth .374 .061 .293 .000 .340 .317

Arm length -1.089 .162 -.640 .000 -.368 .080

Waist girth -.132 .038 -.176 .001 -.201 .285

Leg explosive power

-5.585 1.189 -.202 .000 -.267 .393

Standing height .207 .061 .171 .001 .196 .284


.115 .047 .083 .015 .143 .627

Step 16

Hand breadth -1.148 .577 -.080 .048 -.117 .446


From the Table – VII, the following regression equations

were derived for playing ability of Handball players.

Regression Equation in obtained scores form = CR

Playing Ability (CR) = -45.552 +0.631(X4) -3.203(X20)

+0.834(X9) +0.103(X26) -0.309(X30) +3.472(X8) +0.018(X28)+

4.967 (X10) -0.408(X17) +0.374(X15) -1.089(X3) -0.132(X16) -

5.585(X23) +0.207(X2) +0.115(X33) -1.148(X7).

C.R Playing ability X12 Arm girth relaxed X24

Leg explosive strength

X1 Body weight X13 Arm girth flexed X25 Muscular endurance

X2 Standing height X14 Forearm girth X26 Cardiovascular endurance

X3 Arm length X15 Chest girth X27 Resting heart rate

X4 Arm span X16 Waist girth X28 Peak expiratory flow rate

X5 Leg length X17 Hip girth X29 Breadth holding time

X6 Hand length X18 Thigh girth X30 Somatic anxiety

X7 Hand breadth X19 Calf girth X31 Cognitive anxiety

X8 Palm length X20 Speed X32 Self confidence

X9 Palm span X21 Agility X33 Sports achievement motivation

X10 Humerus breadth X22 Flexibility

X11 Femur breadth X23 Leg explosive power

The regression equation for the Handball playing ability

includes arm span, speed, palm span, cardiovascular endurance,

somatic anxiety, palm length, peak expiratory flow rate, humerus

breadth, hip girth, chest girth, arm length, waist girth, leg

explosive power, standing height, sports achievement motivation


and hand breadth. As the multiple correlations on Handball

playing ability with the combined effect of these independent

variables are highly significant, it is apparent that the obtained

regression equation has a high predictive validity.

Discussion on findings

In this study, the anthropometrical variables namely, arm

span, arm length was found to be significantly correlated with

Handball playing ability with partial correlation values of 0.442

and 0.368 respectively. Longer length of arm is helpful for the

players to cover more area during offence as well as defense and

at the time of receiving the pass beside the opponent’s hindrance.

The present study was also supported by this context by getting a

significant relationship between the arm span, arm length and

Handball playing ability. Additionally, the arm length also seems

also to be crucial for the throwing velocity, since possibly the

larger level arm can result in higher angular velocities around the

joints of the upper limb. These findings are in accordance with the

Skoufas, et.al. (2003).

The result reveals that the height was the best predictor for

Handball playing ability with significant correlation of 0.196.

Anthropometric factors can influence the effectiveness of such

responses, as it has been observed in other sports. In this thesis,

researcher presented the results referent to the anthropometric

characteristics contributing to the overall playing ability in terms

of predictive equation. The entry of Handball in the Olympic

programme (men 1972, women 1976) was a meaningful marker in

the development of top Handball. The accent on successful


national representation can also be seen in the sequential

increase in body height of those in the groups observed. Hirata

(1979) and Khosla (1983) demonstrated that the players in medal

- winning teams were taller than the others, thus suggesting how

important is standing height to play Handball successfully.

Palm span, palm length and hand breadth was found to be

significantly correlated with Handball playing ability with partial

correlation values of 0.276, 0.404 and 0.117 respectively. Skoufas

et.al (2003) observed that wider palm span and longer palm

length influence specific motor abilities such as dribble, passing,

catching & ball throwing and contribute to maximizing throwing

velocity.

Among the breadth measurements the humerus breadth

was found to be significantly correlated with Handball playing

ability with partial correlation values of 0.381. Since it is a

variable which values the diameter of the bone and relates to the

lever at the time of making the movement of skills and throw, this

movement is important for speed throwing during the game.

Among the girth measurements hip girth, chest girth and

waist girth was found be the best predictor for Handball playing

ability with significant correlation of 0.335, 0.340 and 0.201

respectively. Beneath the skin is a layer of substance fat and the

percentage of total body fat can be measured by taking the girth

measurements. (Mcardle, 2000). The average girth measures

helps in developing strength as well as its associated factors. If


these three girth measurements were carefully recorded and

maintained the optimum performance can be obtained.

Among the physical variables studied speed and leg

explosive power was found to be the best predictor for Handball

playing ability with significant correlation of 0.401 and 0.267

respectively. Lidor, et.al (2005) observed that Sprinting velocity for

short distances is an important element of performance in team

Handball. Players are required to cover distances between 20-30

m with maximal speed from the phase of attack to the phase of

defense after a ball loss, or in order to prevent a fast break. This

finding proves the importance of sprinting speed in Handball. The

present study also indicates that a relationship exists between

playing ability and speed.

Zapartidis, et.al (2009) reported that standing long jump is a

reliable test for evaluating the ability to achieve high muscular

force very rapidly which is of great importance in team Handball.

This finding proves the importance of leg explosive power

influence in Handball game. The present study also indicates that

a relationship exists between playing ability versus leg explosive

power.

Among the physiological variables studied, cardiovascular

endurance was found to be significantly correlated with Handball

playing ability with values of 0.214. Maximal oxygen uptake

seems to be an important factor which distinguishes young

players according to their level. Depending on the level of

competition and the position in the team, Handball players


usually cover a distance between 4.5 - 6.5 km and require high

levels of aerobic capacity to aid recovery after high-intensity bouts

of activity. The player during the game should maintain the

potential of the optimal output in ball velocity and accuracy in

shooting and reported data refer that throwing effectiveness is

significantly affected by time, as aiming accuracy gradually

decreases. In this stage, it is important to develop an aerobic base

in younger players, as this helps to delay the onset of fatigue

during training as well as during competition, contributing in

simultaneous development of skills. These findings are in

accordance with the Zapartidis, et.al (2007).

Among the physiological variables, peak expiratory flow rate

was determined as predictor variables for playing ability of the

Handball players with significant correlation value of 0.281. Peak

expiratory flow rate becomes the common characteristics which

can predict the playing ability in Handball players. These findings

are in accordance with the findings of Needhiraja, (2011).

Among the psychological variables, somatic anxiety and

sports achievement motivation proved to be predictors with

correlation values of 0.365 and 0.143 respectively. It is generally

recognized that psychological factors are of crucial importance in

high level competitive sports. The relation between anxiety and

performance has been the subject of many researches. Hooper,

et.al (1999) reported that an accurate prediction of performance

changes may be possible if the changes in a range of physiological

and psychological variables are measured. Abrahamsen, et.al

(2008) examined the relationship between motivation, social


support and performance anxiety with team Handball players

found a positive relationship between the interaction of ego

orientation and perceptions of a performance climate on

performance anxiety. Thus, the finding of this research is in

agreement with previous researches.

Discussion on hypothesis

It was hypothesised that Handball playing ability would be

predicted from selected anthropometrical characteristics, physical

fitness components, physiological parameters and psychological

factors among college level Handball players.

The findings of the results reveal that arm span, speed,

palm span, cardiovascular endurance, somatic anxiety, palm

length, peak expiratory flow rate, humerus breadth, hip girth,

chest girth, arm length, waist girth, leg explosive power, standing

height, sports achievement motivation and hand breadth were

selected predictors for Handball playing ability. Hence the

researcher’s hypothesis was accepted.

CHAPTER – V

SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS

& RECOMMENDATIONS

CHAPTER – V

SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

Summary

One of the goals of scientific research is to predict future

events or results from present or past data. There are different

types of prediction that we come across in our daily life, such as

wealth-forecast, market-forecast, share market-forecast, election

trends etcetera. These are based upon some known facts and so

they are reliable prediction.

Research in the field of sports and games had proved that

the future performance of an individual or team could be

predicted through the analysis of certain variables, which are

found to be the basis for total performance. Among many factors

the following factor such as anthropometrical, physical,

physiological, psychological and skill performance that decide the

playing ability of an individual are more important.


playing ability from the selected anthropometrical, physical,

physiological and psychological variables among college level

players. To achieve this purpose three hundred and four male






Summary, Conclusions and Recommendations 114

The present study mainly concerned with anthropometrical,

physical, physiological and psychological variables, which is

essential need for better Handball performance. The researcher

reviewed various journals, books, e-resources, unpublished

theses, dissertations and coaching manuals to find literature

related to Handball performance with selected anthropometrical,

physical, physiological and psychological. Based on these

observations, the investigator selected the following independent

variables for this study.

The anthropometrical variables namely - Body weight;

Length measurements – Height, Arm length, Arm span, Leg

length, Hand length, Hand breadth, Palm length, Palm span;

Breadth measurements – Humerus breadth and Femur breadth;


Forearm girth, Chest girth, Waist girth, Hip girth, Thigh girth and

Calf girth. Physical variables namely – Speed, Agility, Flexibility,

Leg explosive power, Leg explosive strength and Muscular

endurance. Physiological variables namely - Cardiovascular

endurance, Resting heart rate, Peak expiratory flow rate and

Breath holding time. Psychological variables namely - Somatic

anxiety, Cognitive anxiety, Self confidence and Sports

achievement motivation. The playing ability which was taken as

the performance factor was subjectively assessed by three

qualified Handball coaches. Collected data was subjected to

statistical analysis as explained below.







multiple regressions was also used. In multiple regressions, a

criterion variable from a set of predictors was predicted. Step-wise

argument methods of multiple regression was used in this study

to find out the predictor variable that has the highest correlation

with the criterion variables were entered in the equation

depending on the contribution of each predictor.

The constant ‘a’ obtained for the regression equation was

-45.552. The beta weights for the sixteen selected variables were

0.631 for Arm span, -3.203 for Speed, 0.834 for Palm span, 0.103

for Cardiovascular endurance, -0.309 for Somatic anxiety, 3.472

for Palm length, 0.018 for Peak expiratory flow rate, 4.967 for

Humerus breadth, -0.408 for Hip girth, 0.374 for Chest girth,

-1.089 for Arm length, -0.132 for Waist girth, -5.585 for Leg

explosive power, 0.207 for Standing height, 0.115 for Sports

achievement motivation and -1.148 for Hand breadth. Thus, the

obtained equation for predicting Handball playing ability of the

Inter - collegiate Handball players was.

Playing Ability (CR) = -45.552+0.631(X4) -3.203(X20) +0.834(X9)

+0.103(X26) -0.309(X30) +3.472(X8) +0.018(X28) +4.967(X10) -0.408(X17)

+0.374(X15) -1.089(X3) -0.132(X16) -5.585(X23) +0.207(X2) +0.115(X33)

-1.148(X7).


where CR = the predicted score

a = -45.552 (Constant)

X4 = Arm span

X20 = Speed

X9 = Palm span

X26 = Cardiovascular endurance

X30 = Somatic anxiety

X8 = Palm length

X28 = Peak expiratory flow rate

X10 = Humerus breadth

X17 = Hip girth

X15 = Chest girth

X3 = Arm length

X16 = Waist girth

X23 = Leg explosive power

X2 = Standing height

X33 = Sports achievement motivation

X7 = Hand breadth

Conclusions

1. The results revealed that an Inter-relationship exists

significantly between the anthropometrical, physical,

physiological, psychological and performance variables

among male inter - collegiate Handball players.

2. The results revealed that arm span, speed, palm span,

cardiovascular endurance, somatic anxiety, palm length,

peak expiratory flow rate, humerus breadth, hip girth, chest

girth, arm length, waist girth, leg explosive power, standing


height, sports achievement motivation and hand breadth

become the common characteristics which can predict the

playing ability in Handball players.

Recommendations

1. Similar study may be undertaken with Handball players of

different levels such as University and National level players.

2. Similar study may be conducted on women Handball

players.

3. A similar study may be conducted on different games and

sports.

4. This study may be conducted on position - wise analysis of

Handball players.

5. The result of this study will help the young budding

researchers to take up similar studies in other areas and

disciplines.

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APPENDICES

APPENDIX – I

RATING SCALE FOR EVALUATION OF HANDBALL PLAYING ABILITY

Name of the subject: ______________________________ College Name: _____________________________________ S.No Factor Points

1 Ball sense 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 102 Foot work 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 103 Passing 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 104 Dribbling 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 105 Shooting 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 106 Throwing ability 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 107 Assisting 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 108 Defense 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 109 Tactics 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1010 Improvisation 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

GUIDELINES TO JUDGES IN SCORING PLAYING ABILITY

1. Each factor of Handball playing ability should be graded

separately.

2. Each factor should be graded in terms of points in each row and

judge should be encircled.

3. All ten encircled scores by judge will be added and total score is

calculated for each subject.

Appendices 129

APPENDIX – II

COMPETITIVE STATE ANXIETY INVENTORY – 2

A number of general statements that athletes have used to describe their feelings before competition are given on the questionnaire you are about to fill out. Read each statement and mark tick the appropriate column to the immediate right of the statement to indicate how you feel right before competing. Do not spend too much time on any one statement, but choose the answers which best describes your feelings in general before a competition. Answer all the questions.

Name: Age: College:

Game: Experience: Area: Rural / Urban

S.No Statement Not at

all ,y;iy

Somewhat XusT

Moderately So

kpjkhd msT

Very Much

So mjpf msT

1 I am concerned about this competition vdf;F ,e;j Nghl;bapy; mf;fiw cz;L

2 I feel nervous ehd; glg;glg;ghdtd;

3 I feel at ease ehd; rhjhuzkhf czh;fpNwd;.

4 I have self - doubts vdf;F xU rpy Ra re;Njfq;fs; cz;L

5 I feel jittery ehd; glglg;ig czh;fpNwd;.

6 I feel comfortable ehd; nrsfhupakhf czh;fpNwd;

7

I feel concerned I may not do as well in this competition as I could ,e;j Nghl;bapy; ehd; rpwg;ghf nra;a ,ayhJ vd;w mr;rk; cz;L

8 My body feels tense vd;Dila cly; czh;rp trg;gLfpwJ

9 I feel self confident ehd; jd;dkgpf;ifia czh;fpNwd;.

10 I am concerned about losing ehd; Njhy;tpia nghUl;gLj;JfpNwd;

11 I feel tense in my stomach vdf;F mbtapw;iw fyf;FfpwJ Nghd;w czh;T Vw;gLfpwJ

12 I feel secure ehd; ghJfhg;ghf ,Ug;gij czh;fpNwd;

13

I am concerned about choking under pressure ehd; ,f;fl;lhd #o;epiyapy; tpisahLtJ Fwpj;J mr;rk; cz;L

14

My body feels relaxed vdJ cly; jsh;thf cs;sij czh;fpwJ

Appendices 130

S.No Statement Not at

all ,y;iy

Somewhat XusT

Moderately So

kpjkhd msT

Very Much

So mjpf msT

15

I’m confident I can meet the challenge ,e;j rthiy Vw;fyhk; vd;w ek;gpf;if vdf;Fs;sJ

16

I’m concerned about performing poorly vd;Dila Nkhrkhd nray;ghl;il ehd; nghUl;gLj;JfpNwd

17 My heart is racing vd; ,jaj;Jbg;G mjpfhpf;fg;gLfpwJ

18

I’m confident about performing well vd;dhy; rpwg;ghf nray;gl KbAk; vd;W ek;GfpNwd;

19

I’m concerned about reaching my goal vd;Dila yl;rpaj;ij mila KbAk; vd;W ek;GfpNwd;

20 I feel my stomach sinking vd;Dila tapw;iw fyf;fpd;wJ Nghy; czh;fpNwd;

21 I feel mentally relaxed ehd; kdjstpy; jsh;thf czh;fpNwd

22

I’m concerned that others will be disappointed with my performance vd;Dila nray;ghl;il ghh;j;J kw;wth;fs; Vkhh;e;J tpLthh;fs; vd;W ftiyg;gLfpNwd;

23 My hands are clammy vd;Dila iffs; tpah;itahy; eide;Js;sJ

24

I’m confident because I mentally picture myself reaching my goal yl;rpaj;ij miltjhf kdjstpy; glk; gpbj;Js;sjhy; ehd; ek;gpf;ifahf ,Uf;fpNwd;

25

I’m concerned I won’t be able to concentrate vd;dhy; kdij xUepiyg;gLj;j KbahNjh vd ehd; mr;rg;gLfpNwd

26 My body feels tight vd;Dila cly; ,Uf;fkhf ,Ug;gjhf czh;fpNwd;

27

I’m confident of coming through under pressure. kd mOj;jj;jpDNlAk; vd;dhy; KbAk; vd;gjpy; ek;gpf;ifahapUf;fpNwd;

Appendices 131

APPENDIX – III

SPORTS ACHIEVEMENT MOTIVATION QUESTIONNAIRE

Direction: “WHAT YOU WISH TO ACHIEVE IN YOUR SPORTS CAREER” Below are given a few incomplete statements which can be completed by choosing either of the TWO proposed part against each statements. Please TICK the second part which, in your opinion fits in best with the first part. Complete all the statement without hesitation.

S.No Statement

A

Vigorous games (s) cly; gyk; tha;e;j (my;yJ) mjpf rf;jp Njitg;gLk; tpisahl;L.

1

I enjoy playing ehd; kfpo;r;rpahf tpisahLtJ

B Game(s) which requires little physical effort. rpwpJ cly; ciog;G Njitg;gLk;; tpisahl;L.

A A well equipped player xU ey;y jpwikahd tpisahl;L tPud;.

2 As player I like to be called vg;gbg;gl;l tpisahl;L tPud; vd;W ehd; miof;fg;gl Ntz;Lk B

A top scrorer ntw;wp Gs;spfis Ftpg;gtd;.

A Use sport as a profession tpisahl;il xU njhopyhf cgNahfpf;f.

3

In many life I would like to vd;Dila tho;f;ifapy; ehd; tpUk;GtJ

B

Use sports achievements to get other benefits like employment, admission etc vd;Dila tpisahl;L rhjidfis gad;gLj;jp fy;tp kw;Wk; Ntiytha;g;G ngWtjw;fhf.

A By my hard work vd;Dila fbd ciog;gpd; %ykhf.

4 I Want Earn Fame In Sports ehd; tpisahl;by; Gfio rk;ghjpg;gJ. B

By working hard with the selectors Njh;T FOtpdNuhL Nrh;e;j fbd ciog;gpd; %yk;.

A To watch matches tpisahl;Lg; Nghl;bia fhz;gjw;fhf.

5

During the holidays I want tpLKiw fhyq;fspy; ehd; tpisahl tpUk;GtJ B

To spend time in perfecting my game vd;Dila tpisahl;il nrk;ikahf;Ftjw;F.

A A sports man of fine manners rpwe;j Kiwahd tpisahl;L tPud.;

6

I take pride in being called vd;id ,t;thW miog;gjpy; ehd; ngUikg;gLfpd;Nwd;

B

A sportsman of perfect techniques and skills Ml;l EZf;fj;ij rhpahf ifahs;gtd;.

Appendices 132

A

To just participate in sports rather than to compete tpisahl;by; Nghl;bapLtij tpl fye;J nfhs;tij tpUk;GtJ.

7

Its my nature ,J vd;Dila ,aw;if

B To take sports competitions seriously jPtpukhf Nghl;bapLtij tpUk;GtJ.

A To keep good health cly; MNuhf;fpaj;jpw;fhf.

8 I play the game ehd; tpisahl;L tpisahLtJ B

To earn a name in the world cyfj;jpy; ngah; ngUtjw;fhf.

A I lose a match xU Nghl;bapy; Njhy;tp milAk; nghOJ

9

I feel extremely unhappy when ehd; kpfTk; tUj;jkhf fhzg;gLtJ B

I lose my sports equipment or kit vd;Dila tpisahl;L rhjdq;fs; njhiyAk;NghJ

A

Those who are not out sports man though I influential vd;id fth;e;j rpwe;j tpisahl;L tPuh;fSld;

10 Generally I make friends with ehd; nghJthf ez;gh;fis Njh;T nra;tJ

B

Those who are highly influential but sportsmen of lesser ability vd;id fth;e;j rhjhuz tpisahl;L tPuh;fSld

A On one game only xNu xU tpisahl;by; kl;Lk;.

11

I have a tendency to concentrate ehd; vd;Dila KO ftdj;ijAk; nrYj;JtJ

B On one more than one game Xd;Wf;F Nky;gl;l tpisahl;Lfspy;.

A My own hard work vd;Dila fbd ciog;G

12

I feel my success depends upon vd;Dila ntw;wpahdJ ,jid rhh;e;J ,Ug;gjhf czh;fpd;Nwd B My friends or officials

vd;Dila ez;gh;fs; kw;Wk; eLth;fs;

A

I may be selected to represent my school/state/nation gs;sp> khepyk; kw;Wk; ehLfSf;fhf tpisahl;by; Njh;T ngWtjw;fhf 13

I want to practice sports so that ehd; tpisahl;L gapw;rp nra;a tpUk;GtJ

B So that I may be keep fit fl;Lf;Nfhg;ghf itj;Jf; nfhs;tjw;fhf

A Something to be proud if / ngUikahf 14

I feel that winning in sports is tpisahl;by; ntw;wp ngUtij ehd; czh;tJ B Everything for me / vy;yhk; vd;dhy; jhd;.

A Just win a match Nghuhb ntw;wp ngw;why;.

15

I shall feel contented if my team ehd; jpUg;jp miltJ vd;Dila mzp

B Crushes the opposite team Vjpuzpia gLNjhy;tp mila itj;jy;

A

A star sportsmen xU el;rj;jpu tpisahl;L tPudhf

16 In near future, I shall be ehd; tUq;fhyj;jpy; Mf tpUk;GtJ

B A rich person xU gzf;fhudhf

Appendices 133

A

I must reperesent mycountry in my sports ehd; vd;Dila tpisahl;by; vd;Dila ehl;bw;fhf tpisahl Ntz;Lk;. 17

Generally I have feelings that nghJthf vd;Ds; cs;s czh;thdJ

B I my achieve some success in my sports activities. tpisahl;by rpy rhjidfs; Ghpa Ntz;Lk

A Help me to work harder mJ vdf;F fbdkhf ciof;f cjTfpd;wJ

18

Criticism on my Performance vd;Dila tpisahl;L jpwikia gw;wp tpkh;rpf;fg;gLk;NghJ

B Discourages me a great deal vd;id kpfTk; rypg;gila nra;fpd;wJ

A Do much better than others mLj;jtu;fis tpl ed;whf nra;tij

19 I would like to ehd; tpUk;GtJ

B The best within my power vd;Dila rf;jpf;F cl;gl;l midj;ijAk; nra;tij

A

That I would create a new record in my game /sports. vd;Dila tpisahl;by; Gjpa rhjid gilf;f Ntz;Lk;

20 Generally I have feelings nghJthf vd;Dila czh;thdJ

B

That I shall retire before I reach the top in my game vd;Dila tpisahl;by; rhjid cr;rpia miltjw;F Kd;ghf Xa;T ngw Ntz;Lk;.

prediction of handball playing ability from selected

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