predicting reaction products. free response section of the ap chemistry exam question 4: (10 % of...
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Predicting Reaction Products
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Free Response Section of the AP Chemistry Exam
• Question 4: (10 % of Section Score)
• 3 Reaction Predictions- Must give a balanced chemical equation- Must write the equation in net ionic form- Must answer one question about the reaction
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Successfully Predicting Reaction Products
• Know the list of Common Ions• Knowledge of Nomenclature• Know how to use SRP Table• Learn the Solubility Rules• Know the Reaction Classifications• Write net ionic equations
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Classification of Reactions• Acid/Base• Precipitation• Hydrolysis• Decomposition (& reversed)• Ligands• REDOX• Organic
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Acid/Base Reactions
HX + MOH ----> MX + HOH
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Acid/Base Reaction Sample #1
1991 (c) equal volumes of 0.1-molar sulfuric acid and 0.1-molar potassium hydroxide are mixed.
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Acid/Base Sample #2 1998 (d) Equal volumes of equimolar solutions of phosphoric acid and
potassium hydroxide are mixed.
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Precipitation Reactions
One or more products is(are) not significantly soluble in water. CuSO4 and BaOH
Generally both reactants are salts in solution AX + BY -----> AY + BX
Where AY and/or BX is (are) insoluble in water
Net ionic equation:
A+ + Y- -----> AY
Where AY is insoluble in water & BX is soluble in water
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Precipitation Reactions Sample #1
2003B (d) A solution of lead(II) nitrate is added to a solution of potassium sulfate.
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Precipitation Reactions Sample #2
2002 (a) A solution of sodium iodide is added to a solution of lead(II) acetate.
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Hydrolysis Reactions• Generally three types:
– A metal oxide reacts with water to form a base.– A nonmetal oxide reacts with water to form an acid.– A metal hydride reacts with water to form a base &
hydrogen gas.
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Hydrolysis Reaction Sample #1
2002 (c) Solid cesium oxide is added to water.
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Hydrolysis Reaction Sample #2
2003 (h) solid dinitrogen pentoxide is added to water.
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Hydrolysis Reaction Sample #3
1995 (g) Solid calcium hydride is added to distilled water.
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Decomposition Reactions
A lone compound is strongly heated, exposed to strong sunlight or electric current.
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Decomposition Reactions
Compounds that readily decompose:– Metallic carbonates– Most metallic hydroxides– Metallic chlorates– Metallic sulfites– Some acids– Peroxides– Electrolysis of salts
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Decomposition Reaction Sample # 1
1996 (a) Solid calcium carbonate is strongly heated.
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Decomposition Reaction Sample #2
Solid calcium hydroxide is strongly heated.
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Decomposition Reaction Sample #3
Solid potassium chlorate is strongly heated.
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Decomposition Reaction Sample #4
1998 (e) Solid calcium sulfite is heated in a vacuum.
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Decomposition Reaction Sample #5
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Decomposition Reaction Sample #6
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Decomposition Reaction Sample #7
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Decomposition Reaction Sample #8
Molten magnesium bromide is electrolyzed using inert electrodes.
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Ligand Reactions Ligand reactions involve the reaction between
ligands and some metal anions (Fe, Cu, Pb, Ag, Au, Sn, Pt, Co, etc).
Learn the common ligands: CN-, SCN-, NO2
- , NH3, H2O, OH-, halides (F-, Cl-, Br-, I-)
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Ligand Reactions General rule: The number of ligands attached to the
metallic anion is usually DOUBLE the cation’s charge.
Ag+ → Ag(NH3)2+
Cu2+ → Cu(NH3)42+
Fe3+ → Fe(NH3)63+
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Ligand Reactions Sample #1
2003 (e) Excess concentrated aqueous ammonia is added to solid silver chloride.
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Ligand Reactions Sample #2
1989 (f) A solution of ammonium thiocyanate is added to a solution of iron(III) chloride.
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REDOX Reactions• These are reactions that involve CHANGES in
oxidation state.• Learn the list of important oxidizers and reducers
from the handout.
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REDOX ReactionsSample #1
2003 (f) Magnesium ribbon is burned in oxygen.
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REDOX ReactionsSample #2
2003 (g) A bar of strontium metal is immersed in a 0.1 M copper(II) nitrate solution.
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REDOX ReactionsSample #3
2001 (f) Chlorine gas is bubbled through a solution of potassium
bromide.
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REDOX ReactionsSample #4
2002 (g) Acidified solutions of potassium permanganate and iron(II) nitrate are mixed together.
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REDOX ReactionsSample #5
2001 (e) A solution of iron(II) chloride is added to an acidified solution of
sodium dichromate.
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REDOX ReactionsSample #6
1993 (a) A strip of copper is immersed in dilute nitric acid
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Organic Reactions• Reactions involving compounds containing
hydrogen, carbon, and sometimes other nonmetal elements.
• Learn the hydrocarbon nomenclature and common functional groups.
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Organic Reactions Sample #1
2003B (c) Propanone is burned in air
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Organic ReactionsSample #2
1982 (e) Methane gas is heated with an excess of chlorine gas.
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Organic ReactionsSample #3
1986 (g) ethene (ethylene) gas is bubbled through a solution of bromine.
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Organic ReactionsSample #4
1985 (c) Ethanol and formic acid (methanoic acid) are mixed and warmed.