preconditions for the reformation
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Preconditions for the Reformation. Pope’s Unam Sanctam -Pope has authority over all earthly Kings Fr King Philip IV despised- Why? Advisor elected Pope-Clement V Moved papacy to Avignon France-was there for 70 years Under French influence - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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Preconditions for the Reformation
• Pope’s Unam Sanctam-Pope has authority over all earthly Kings
• Fr King Philip IV despised-Why?
• Advisor elected Pope-Clement V– Moved papacy to Avignon
France-was there for 70 years
– Under French influence
• Pope Gregory XI returned to Rome in 1377, but died– Rome elected own pope
– French elected own pope
• Known as the Great Schism How does the Church appear?
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John Wycliffe & Jan Hus
• Wycliffe-Scholar at Oxford attacked church practices– Wealth of the Church– Clergy immorality– Pope’s claim to supreme
authority
• Argued the Bible was the only guide to faith & salvation
• Jan Hus-follower of John– Taught at Univ. of Prague– Burned at stake as a heretic
• Why do you think these ideas were opposed by the Church?
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Printing Press & Education
• Gutenberg’s printing press– Allowed for Bibles to be
mass produced– Allowed educated men to
read more-became aware of Church doctrines
• Education-Renaissance– The lay city inhabitants were
more educated– Understood politics and
basic philosophic ideas– Lay people could preach on
their own-had own Bible & could read it.
• How does this undermine the Church?
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Martin Luther• As a monk, he studied
theology & received his doctorate
• Luther was troubled by his own sinfulness & the righteousness required by God for forgiveness that was taught by the Church
• Did Luther believe that Penance & good works were enough to gain salvation?
• Justification by faith alone– Believe & trust in Jesus
Christ because his righteousness satisfies God.
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The Reformation• Luther didn’t want to break
away-just reform• His complaints of the Church
– Indulgences/Purgatory• What is Purgatory?
– Church raising armies & declaring war
– Church Practices not found in the Bible-clerical celibacy, sacraments
– Infallibility of the Pope
• Oct. 31, 1517 he posted his 95 theses on the door of the Castle Church in Wittenberg, Germany
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Europe’s Response• Luther urged Germ. Princes
to force reforms on the church to curtail its political & economic power in Germany
• He was called before Emperor Charles V to recant his beliefs-Diet of Worms
• Some German princes sided with Luther-Why?
• Still declared an outlaw• Luther protected by a
German Prince-Frederick the Wise
• He translated Erasmus’ Greek Bible into German
“My conscience is captive to the Word of God. I cannot & will not recant anything…”
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Political Reasons for Supporting the
Reformation
• German princes argued that a church doesn’t need its huge landed estates-Why?
• Envied the property of the Church & its freedom from taxation
• What do you suppose the princes are trying to do?
• Way to assert their freedom from the Holy Roman Emperor
• Princes worked with converted preachers in bringing in new followers
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Anabaptists• Radical reformers who
called for more extreme separation from the RCC.
• Wanted a more visible moral transformation-Why?
• Rejected infant baptism• They physically separated
themselves from society– Formed religious
communities together– Ancestors of the Mennonites
& Amish– Why would this be a
problem? – Viewed as a threat by
political authorities
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Calvinists• Started by John Calvin in Geneva Switzerland-1536
• Believed in the idea of ‘predestination’– God knows who is going to
be saved– Guides those lives destined
for salvation
• Calvinists gained control of Geneva
• Believed people were sinful by nature– Outlawed dancing, card
playing, profane language– People liked the strictness of
the new denomination
•Calvinism had more followers than Luther & greatly influenced Northern Europe
•Why do you suppose people like the strictness of Calvininsm?
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England & the Reformation
• King Henry VIII actually was against Luther
• However, his wife didn’t produce a male heir
• Wanted to divorce her– Pope said no– How could he solve this?– Declared himself head of the
English Church– Sir Thomas More didn’t
agree and support-beheaded
• Henry VIII didn’t change the Church much– Maintained Catholic
doctrine in a country full of Protestants
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The Western Heritage 1995
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Catholic Counter-Reformation
• Church needed an answer to the Protestant uprisings-found help in the Jesuits– Started by Ignatius de Loyola in 1534
– Very militaristic with an emphasis on self-discipline & obedience to the Church
– Good Catholics were to deny themselves & submit to the higher Church authority
– Combined with the traditional spirituality & mysticism of the Church
• Was a potent combination– Won back many Protestants in
Austria, Bavaria & along the Rhine
– Why do you think the Church supported this monastic order? •How does geography play a role
in the success of the Jesuits?
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Church Answers the Reform Call
• Council of Trent 1545-1563– Made almost entirely of Ital.’s– Presided by the Pope
• Changes made:– Ban selling Indulgences– Made bishops live in their
diocese– New rules for clergy-better
dressed, educated, active, & strictly celibate
• No concessions made to Protestants on doctrines– Church said use of rich
display, mystery & ceremonies would inspire faith & help believers achieve salvation
•What did the Church change?
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Religious WarsOf Europe
• By 1550’s 1/3 of France was Protestant Calvinists
• Called the Huguenots, they worked to reform rest of Fr.– Catholic King Henry III not about to
let that happen
• St Bartholomew’s Day Massacre-1572– Rioters in Paris & around Fr. Killed
20,000 Protestants
• Calvinists knew they had to respond– Protestant Henry of Navarre became
King Henry IV
– He renounced Calvinism & returned to the Catholic fold
– What did Henry IV have to give up to be King?
•Edict of Nantes-issued by Henry IV & proclaimed a truce
•Protestants would control cities they occupied
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Germany & The Thirty Years’ War
1618-1648
• Peace of Augsburg in 1555 assured that each prince could choose the faith of his territory
• Was an uneasy peace-a patchwork of Catholic/Protestant territories in the HRE
• The new HR Emperor, Ferdinand II, revoked the freedoms in Protestant Bohemia– They responded by throwing
his representatives out the castle window in Prague
– As new HR Emperor-was going to crush the revolt
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Bohemian Phase • Emperor Ferdinand II called on supporters in Bavaria & Spain– Sent troops to defeat the
Bohemians
– Battle of White Mountain-Catholic troops routed the Protestants
• Bavarian Duke pressed the war on into rest of Germany hoping to gain lands
• What does this tell you about the motives of the Nobility?
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Danish Period• The Danish King was
fearful that the Emperor was going to reCatholicize the whole HRE
• Why?• Danes started fighting the
Bavarian forces to maintain their Protestant faith– Also wanted to gain control
of land along North & Baltic Seas
– Was badly defeated by General Wallenstein who occupied Denmark
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Swedish Phase• Swedish King Adolphus had a
united Lutheran Sweden– Found allies in Northern Germany
to continue fighting– Won great victory at Breitenfeld– Swung war back to Protestant side
• Germans tired of fighting– Protestants compromise with
Emperor– Swedes won’t accept-invested too
much- what do they want?– French wanted to continue war-
• Secretly sent $ & supplies to Protestants
– Why would they do this? •What was the war being fought for now?
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Swedish & French Phase
• French enter the war in 1635 (They’re Catholic)
• Along with Swedes they continue the fighting-IN GERMANY!
• Germans watch their lands being looted– 1/3 of Germany is killed– Just as devastating as Black
Death
• Treaty of Westphalia-1648– Ended the war– Basically was a repeat of the
Peace of Augsburg– Calvinists gained legal protection– Brandenbug-Prussia emerged
powerful in N. Germany
What is now the role of religion in European politics?