Precision Viticulture: Update Precision Viticulture: Update and Economic Considerationsand Economic Considerations

Robert L. WampleRobert L. Wample

Collaborators: Collaborators:

Dr. Odair Santos, Dr. William Browning, Sivakumar Sachidhanantham, Oren Kaye, Robert Cochran, Jim Orvis, Steve Kupina, JJ Gonsalves, Jon Holmquist, Greg Berg, Dr. Dan Rooney (STI); Dr. Kaan Kurtural; Craig Buxton and Michelle Frey (PureSense) and a host of undergraduate students and visiting young scientists.

Support: Constellation Wines US; Oxbo-Korvan, Inc.; American Vineyard Foundation; CSUF – Agriculture Research Initiative. Soil Topography Information (STI); PureSense Inc.

Mapping Fruit Quality Using Mapping Fruit Quality Using NNear ear IInfranfra--RRed ed SSpectrometry pectrometry

((NIRSNIRS), GPS and GIS), GPS and GISDefinition: What is quality?Definition: What is quality?

SizeSizeBrixBrixpHpHTATAColorColorFlavor typical of the cultivarFlavor typical of the cultivar““Fit for purposeFit for purpose””

Figure 1. Locations of Anthocyanin Level Measurements

DISTANCE EAST (ft)

-750 -500 -250 0 250 500 750 1000 1250 1500 1750 2000

DISTA

NCE NORTH

(ft)

0

250

500

750

1000

1250

1500

1750

2000

2250

2500

2750

08_24_07 (SOUTH)09_08_07

~680 Samples taken onAugust 24 and September 8,

processed using the Zeiss NIR

Total of 1360 samples of 10 clusters per location with subsamples of approximately 500 grams for anthocyanin analysis.

0.0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

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0.7

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0.9

1.0

0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6

ANTHOCYANIN LEVEL

CUMULA

TIVE

FREQ

UEN

CY

0

12

34

5

67

89

10

1112

1314

15

0.30

0.35

0.40

0.45

0.50

0.55

0.60

0.65

0.70

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0.90

0.95

1.00

1.05

1.10

1.15

1.20

1.25

1.30

1.35

1.40

1.45

1.50

1.55

ANTHOCYANIN LEVEL

PERCEN

TAGE OF SA

MPLE

S

01/22/08 @ 1400

24-AUG-07 DATA

08-SEP-07 DATA

0.93 1.06

24-AUG-07 DATA

08-SEP-07 DATA

Merjan Anthocyanin Merjan Anthocyanin August 24 August 24 andand September 3September 3, , 20072007

~40 yds

Merjan Vineyard Harvest Map Merjan Vineyard Harvest Map 20072007

Anthocyanin levels0.4 to 1.05 mg/gOr1.05 to 1.5 mg/g

Anthocyanin levels0.4 to 1.0 mg/gOr1.1 to 1.5 mg/g

Approximately500m x 750m

Merjan Vineyard Harvest Map 2007

Korvan 3016xlKorvan 3016xlConvert final map layerinto shape fileGenerate Prescription file in SMS BasicIn this case feed/no feedor 0 & 1 signalsSimulation Run

20052005--08 Overview08 Overview

200520053 Merlot vineyards / small wine lots3 Merlot vineyards / small wine lots

200620061 Cabernet Sauvignon vineyard1 Cabernet Sauvignon vineyard•• 45 acre vineyard45 acre vineyard•• Large wine lotsLarge wine lots

20072007--08082 Cabernet Sauvignon vineyards2 Cabernet Sauvignon vineyards•• 45 and 160 acres45 and 160 acres•• Large wine lotsLarge wine lots

2006 2006 --08 Site Locations08 Site Locations

Twin Creeks Vineyard

Merjan Vineyard

Fresno State

2006-07-08 Twin Creeks Vineyard

2007-08Merjan Vineyard

North Central California45 acresCabernet Sauvignon8 ft X 8 ft (row x vine)110R and 1103P rootstocksHand PrunedDrip irrigatedAverage 6 tons/acreSample ~10 sites/acre

Central California160 acresCabernet Sauvignon10 ft x 7.5 ft (row x vine)Freedom RootstockMechanically prunedDrip irrigatedAverage 10 tons/acreSample ~9 sites/acre

Twin Creeks Vineyard 2005Twin Creeks Vineyard 2005

Note lack of Note lack of correlation between correlation between Brix and Brix and anthocyaninanthocyanin

0 50 100 150 200 250 300NORTHING, m

0

50

100

150

WE

STI

NG

, m

0.460.460.470.470.480.480.480.490.50.50.510.510.520.520.530.530.540.540.550.550.56

Anth

ocya

nin,

mg/

g

0 50 100 150 200 250 300NORTHING, m

0

50

100

150

WE

STI

NG

, m

22.422.622.82323.223.423.623.82424.224.424.624.82525.225.425.625.82626.226.426.6

BR

IX

Brix

Anthocyanin mg/g

2005 Merlot Wine Analysis2005 Merlot Wine AnalysisVineyard Ethanol pH Folin C

Twin Creeks High Anthocyanin 12.6 3.65 32.8

Twin Creeks Low Anthocyanin 11.6 3.6 33.1

Joe Cotta High Anthocyanin 11.5 3.48 36.8

Joe Cotta Low Anthocyanin 11.6 3.6 33.1

WT High Anthocyanin 11.9 3.76 32.1

WT Med. Anthocyanin 12.0 3.63 33.8

WT Low Anthocyanin 8.7 3.45 26.5

2005 Merlot Taste Panel Results2005 Merlot Taste Panel Results

Joe Cotta: 99.9% Joe Cotta: 99.9% Confident that the two Confident that the two wines are different.wines are different.Twin Creeks: 94.2% Twin Creeks: 94.2% Confident that the two Confident that the two wines are different.wines are different.

(Based on 14 panel (Based on 14 panel members)members)

Wine Lots: Wine Lots:

2006 Twin Creeks Cabernet Sauvignon2006 Twin Creeks Cabernet SauvignonSmall lots (1000 lb each) based on hand Small lots (1000 lb each) based on hand harvested fruit from several regionsharvested fruit from several regionsLarge lots (40 tons/tank) differentially Large lots (40 tons/tank) differentially harvested fruit using Korvan harvester:harvested fruit using Korvan harvester:

2007 Merjan Cabernet Sauvignon2007 Merjan Cabernet SauvignonTwo wineries: Paul Masson and WoodbridgeTwo wineries: Paul Masson and Woodbridge•• 40 tons/tank differentially harvested fruit of each 40 tons/tank differentially harvested fruit of each

category to each winerycategory to each winery

2006 Taste Panel Results2006 Taste Panel Results

Small lots (1000 lb each) based on hand Small lots (1000 lb each) based on hand harvested fruit from several regions:harvested fruit from several regions:

20 panel members 20 panel members No significant differences (down to 90% level)No significant differences (down to 90% level)

Large lots (40 tons/tank) differentially Large lots (40 tons/tank) differentially harvested fruit using Korvan harvester:harvested fruit using Korvan harvester:

20 panel members20 panel members99.4% confidence that there were differences99.4% confidence that there were differences

Adams-Harbertson Wine Assay

mg/LMalv-3-G

Equiv.

mg/LCatechinEquiv.

mg/LCatechinEquiv.

mg/LCatechinEquiv.

Total ACYTotal

PhenolsTotal

Tannins NTP

101 560.89 259.161 301.729

93 433.81 79.339 354.471

110 867.14 344.607 522.533

149 826.37 168.152 658.218

154 1417.59 345.964 1071.626

125 1472.8 755.143 717.657

156 1307.47 647.732 659.738

Date Treatment

24-Mar-08 HQ - Paul Masson (free run only)

24-Mar-08 NQ - Paul Masson (free run only)

24-Mar-08NQ - Paul Masson (free run + 1st

Press fraction)

24-Mar-08HQ - Paul Masson (free run + 1st

Press fraction)

24-Mar-08 NQ - Woodbridge (free run only)

24-Mar-08 HQ - Woodbridge (free run only)

24-Mar-08Non Differential Harvest -

Woodbridge (free run only)

Merjan Wine AnalysisMerjan Wine Analysis

Commercial application?Commercial application?

Demonstrated the technology can workDemonstrated the technology can workRequires trained personnel (service Requires trained personnel (service provided by winery or provided by winery or ““consultantconsultant””))Requires equipment and software to Requires equipment and software to acquire and process dataacquire and process dataRequires preparations to accomplish Requires preparations to accomplish differential harvestdifferential harvestRequires Requires ““quality streamingquality streaming”” at the wineryat the winery

DetailsDetails

Equipment CostsEquipment CostsNIRNIR $25,000$25,000GPS/GISGPS/GIS $14,000$14,000SoftwareSoftware $ 7,000$ 7,000VehiclesVehicles $ 7,000$ 7,000TrainingTraining $ 2,000$ 2,000ComputersComputers $10,000$10,000

•• TotalTotal $65,000$65,000

ApplicationApplication40 ac/day40 ac/day10 yrs for most equipment10 yrs for most equipment3 years for computers3 years for computersCalibration of NIRCalibration of NIRMinimum of two people (1 Minimum of two people (1 to collect data; 1 to to collect data; 1 to process data)process data)Personnel / travel costsPersonnel / travel costsPossible use of Possible use of equipment for other equipment for other purposespurposes

Estimated Costs and BenefitsEstimated Costs and BenefitsAssume applying to 1,800 acresAssume applying to 1,800 acresAssume 5 samples per acre @ $20.00/sample = Assume 5 samples per acre @ $20.00/sample = $100/acre = $180,000$100/acre = $180,000Assume that 25% of the fruit is higher quality Assume that 25% of the fruit is higher quality and is differentially harvested (450 acres) to and is differentially harvested (450 acres) to produce wines worth $2.00 more per produce wines worth $2.00 more per bottle.(commercial example $10/ bottle)bottle.(commercial example $10/ bottle)Assume 5 ton/ac (@800 bottles/ton) =4000 Assume 5 ton/ac (@800 bottles/ton) =4000 bottles/acre.bottles/acre.The added value/acre = $8000The added value/acre = $8000The total added value = $3,600,000The total added value = $3,600,000

Potential ValuePotential ValueNeed for understanding the potential impact/benefit to growersNeed for understanding the potential impact/benefit to growers

Who absorbs the cost of fruit segregation?Who absorbs the cost of fruit segregation?How is the grower compensated?How is the grower compensated?

Need for fruit Need for fruit ““streamingstreaming”” at the wineryat the wineryObserved differences between hand pruned and machine pruned Observed differences between hand pruned and machine pruned fruit (yieldfruit (yield--quality relationship)quality relationship)Use of NIR and FTIR instruments may facilitate preUse of NIR and FTIR instruments may facilitate pre--harvest mappingharvest mapping

Concerns:Concerns:•• sampling protocolssampling protocols•• sample processingsample processing•• effects of temperatureeffects of temperature

Established that preEstablished that pre--harvest maps can be used to accomplish harvest maps can be used to accomplish differential harvestdifferential harvestPotential significant economic valuePotential significant economic value

Other issues?Other issues?

Thank you!Thank you!