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ConnectedCities

Global application

The ConnectedCities methodology is applicable to anywhere with a rail system. In the developing countries

of Asia, Africa and America it offers a means of accommodating their very fast growth that avoids migration

to the already overstretched mega cities, with their urban sprawl, intense high rise living, severe air pollution

and often dense slums, where urban infrastructure is often overloaded even before car usage rises to Western

levels.

This case study investigates whether instead the ConnectedCities principles can be applied to shift sustainable

growth to the more rural areas in which provincial cities are located. It studies India, where currently only 30%

of the population live in towns, in comparison with the world average of 50%. With rising expectations and

educational levels young people no longer want to stay in the villages, so the challenges are: where should

they go; how can their earn enough to support themselves and their families; and what can be done to raise

agricultural productivity and incomes?

The example is Tirunelveli in Tamil Nadu, chosen as typical ‘metro city’ (city population ½ to 1.5 million) sited

on an existing railway junction.

Tamil NaduTamil Nadu is the southernmost state of India, and has a clime classified as tropical savanna. Its population

is 78 million, and the growth rate for the decade before the last census was 16%. The major city is Chennai,

whose population expanded by 63% between 2001 and 2011. The rail system has 5,952 km (3,698 mi) of track

and 532 railway stations.

Tirunelveli District is located in southern Tamil Nadu, and has a population of 3 million in an area of 6,700

sq.km.

Tirunelveli City has just under 500,000 inhabitants in an area of 150 sq. km. Its population expanded by 15%

between 2001 and 2011. At present young people are forced to leave the city and move to the mega cities

tofind housing and work: hence the dramatic growth in Chennai.

The ConnectedCites methodology identifies Tirunelveli as the hub town of the potential ConnectedCity.

Tirunelveli has two stations: Tirunelveli Junction and Tirunelveli Town. The former is much larger than the

latter, and the natural Hub.

RailTirunelveli is at the junction of four rail lines, all operated by the Southern Railway Zone. The north-south

routes are electrified single track, and the east-west are non electrified single track. In February 2015 Indian

Railways sanctioned of the double tracking of the north-south line between Maniyachi-Tirunelveli-Nagercoil, a

distance of 170km costing 1.7 billon rupees.

There are seven rail stations within 15 minutes travel time of Tirunelveli Junction:

Tirunelveli Town - 8 trains per day

Cheranmadevi - 8 trains per day

Palayamkottai - 6 trains per day

Pettai - 4 trains per day

Sengulam - 1 train per day

Seydunganallur - 7 trains per day

Thalaiyuthu - 5 trains per day





Tamil Nadu is the southernmost state of India, and has a clime classified as tropical savanna. Its population




Tirunelveli has two stations: Tirunelveli Junction and Tirunelveli Town. The former is much larger than theTirunelveli has two stations: Tirunelveli Junction and Tirunelveli Town. The former is much larger than the





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This case study investigates whether instead the ConnectedCities principles can be applied to shift sustainable


of the population live in towns, in comparison with the world average of 50%. With rising expectations and


they go; how can their earn enough to support themselves and their families; and what can be done to raise





Tirunelveli District is located in southern Tamil Nadu, and has a population of 3 million in an area of 6,700



tofind housing and work: hence the dramatic growth in Chennai.

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The ConnectedCites methodology identifies Tirunelveli as the hub town of the potential ConnectedCity.The ConnectedCites methodology identifies Tirunelveli as the hub town of the potential ConnectedCity.

Tirunelveli has two stations: Tirunelveli Junction and Tirunelveli Town. The former is much larger than the

Tirunelveli is at the junction of four rail lines, all operated by the Southern Railway Zone. The north-south




There are seven rail stations within 15 minutes travel time of Tirunelveli Junction:




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and often dense slums, where urban infrastructure is often overloaded even before car usage rises to Western and often dense slums, where urban infrastructure is often overloaded even before car usage rises to Western

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This case study investigates whether instead the ConnectedCities principles can be applied to shift sustainable This case study investigates whether instead the ConnectedCities principles can be applied to shift sustainable

growth to the more rural areas in which provincial cities are located. It studies India, where currently only 30% growth to the more rural areas in which provincial cities are located. It studies India, where currently only 30%

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of the population live in towns, in comparison with the world average of 50%. With rising expectations and of the population live in towns, in comparison with the world average of 50%. With rising expectations and

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educational levels young people no longer want to stay in the villages, so the challenges are: where should educational levels young people no longer want to stay in the villages, so the challenges are: where should

they go; how can their earn enough to support themselves and their families; and what can be done to raise they go; how can their earn enough to support themselves and their families; and what can be done to raise

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The example is Tirunelveli in Tamil Nadu, chosen as typical ‘metro city’ (city population ½ to 1.5 million) sited The example is Tirunelveli in Tamil Nadu, chosen as typical ‘metro city’ (city population ½ to 1.5 million) sited

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Tamil Nadu is the southernmost state of India, and has a clime classified as tropical savanna. Its population Tamil Nadu is the southernmost state of India, and has a clime classified as tropical savanna. Its population

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is 78 million, and the growth rate for the decade before the last census was 16%. The major city is Chennai, is 78 million, and the growth rate for the decade before the last census was 16%. The major city is Chennai,

whose population expanded by 63% between 2001 and 2011. The rail system has 5,952 km (3,698 mi) of track whose population expanded by 63% between 2001 and 2011. The rail system has 5,952 km (3,698 mi) of track

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Tirunelveli District is located in southern Tamil Nadu, and has a population of 3 million in an area of 6,700 Tirunelveli District is located in southern Tamil Nadu, and has a population of 3 million in an area of 6,700

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Tirunelveli City has just under 500,000 inhabitants in an area of 150 sq. km. Its population expanded by 15% Tirunelveli City has just under 500,000 inhabitants in an area of 150 sq. km. Its population expanded by 15%

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between 2001 and 2011. At present young people are forced to leave the city and move to the mega cities between 2001 and 2011. At present young people are forced to leave the city and move to the mega cities

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tofind housing and work: hence the dramatic growth in Chennai.tofind housing and work: hence the dramatic growth in Chennai.

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Tirunelveli is at the junction of four rail lines, all operated by the Southern Railway Zone. The north-southTirunelveli is at the junction of four rail lines, all operated by the Southern Railway Zone. The north-south

routes are electrified single track, and the east-west are non electrified single track. In February 2015 Indianroutes are electrified single track, and the east-west are non electrified single track. In February 2015 Indian

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Railways sanctioned of the double tracking of the north-south line between Maniyachi-Tirunelveli-Nagercoil, a Railways sanctioned of the double tracking of the north-south line between Maniyachi-Tirunelveli-Nagercoil, a

distance of 170km costing 1.7 billon rupees.distance of 170km costing 1.7 billon rupees.

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There are seven rail stations within 15 minutes travel time of Tirunelveli Junction:There are seven rail stations within 15 minutes travel time of Tirunelveli Junction:

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Tirunelveli Town - 8 trains per dayTirunelveli Town - 8 trains per day

Cheranmadevi - 8 trains per dayCheranmadevi - 8 trains per day

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to the already overstretched mega cities, with their urban sprawl, intense high rise living, severe air pollution to the already overstretched mega cities, with their urban sprawl, intense high rise living, severe air pollution

and often dense slums, where urban infrastructure is often overloaded even before car usage rises to Western and often dense slums, where urban infrastructure is often overloaded even before car usage rises to Western

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of the population live in towns, in comparison with the world average of 50%. With rising expectations and of the population live in towns, in comparison with the world average of 50%. With rising expectations and of the population live in towns, in comparison with the world average of 50%. With rising expectations and

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educational levels young people no longer want to stay in the villages, so the challenges are: where should educational levels young people no longer want to stay in the villages, so the challenges are: where should

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Tirunelveli District is located in southern Tamil Nadu, and has a population of 3 million in an area of 6,700 Tirunelveli District is located in southern Tamil Nadu, and has a population of 3 million in an area of 6,700

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Palayamkottai - 6 trains per dayPalayamkottai - 6 trains per day

93

Case Studies

Map of Tirunelveli

district showing location

of Tirunelveli city and rail

services

Map of India showing

location of Tamil Nadu

and map of Tamil Nadu

showing rail network and

location of Tirunelveli

district

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94

ConnectedCities

Local GovernmentTirunelveli Muncipal Corporation is responsible for the City, the two adjoining municipalities of Palayamkottai

and Melapalayam, and twelve towns of approximately 20,000 population each.

RoadThe Corporation is responsible for 475 miles of roads. Most are single carriageway, but National Highway NH7

to the port town Thoothukudi is dual carriageway. Motorised vehicle ownership for the District in 2011 was 24%

of households for two wheelers and 3% for four

Walking / Cycling / Buses & RickshawsOne third of commutes to work are on foot. In Tirunelveli District bicycle ownership averaged 46% of

households. In 2015, 650 buses were operated by in Tirunelvlei Distirict by Tamil Nadu State Corporation and

275 registered to private operators, as well as 250 mini buses. There were 4,000 taxis, 3,000 maxicabs and

over 8,500 registered auto rickshaws.

Water & TreesThe average annual rainfall is 680 millimetres. Maximum precipitation occurs during the northeast monsoon

in October (166mm) and November (195mm), when extensive flooding occurs. Lowest precipitation is June

(16mm) and July (13mm), when water shortages are common. In the city water supply is provided by the

Tirunelveli City Corporation from the Tamirabarani River. Tamil Nadu Water supply And Drainage Board

(TWAD) is responsible for the rest of the District.

Trees have been disappearing from the landscape in recent generations, but local charity SCAD has a

programme of planting 100,000 indigenous new trees and sowing about 50,000 seeds per annum. Trees

increase green cover and provide fodder and fuels. In turn increasing trees brings more rainfall.

Commerce & EducationAgriculture and food processing are the largest sectors. There are also cement factories, tobacco companies,

Tirunelveli is known for its educational institutions, many of which are located at Palayamkottai (east of

Tirunelveli) known as the “Oxford of South India”. The District has a literacy rate of 77%, which is above the

state average. As of 2005–2006, the District had a total of 2,500 schools, one university, four government

colleges, eleven government-sponsored and seven private colleges.

Population GrowthThe District population growth in the decade 2001 to 2011 was 14%, with rural areas growing at 12% and

Tirunelveli City growing at 15%.

The Tirunelvlei Local Planning Authority (TLPA) has a master plan to 2021, and within it detailed plans for each

area. The plan proposes an expansion of residential areas into the existing agricultural areas on the edge of

the city.

In the seven years between 1999-2006 the built up area of the city expanded by about 40 sq.km, while

agricultural land declined almost 75 sq.km and water bodies reduced by 21sq.km. Much of the land built upon

was previously used to feed the local population.

Smart City Tirunelveli entered Prime Minister Ghodi’s recent Smart City Challenge, and was ranked 56th nationally. The

bid was based on a widespread public consultation including social media, and proposed pedestrianisation

around temple area and construction of a Non Motorised Transport corridor to promote walking, as well as new

settlement of 250 acres within 10km of the city’s boundaries.


One third of commutes to work are on foot. In Tirunelveli District bicycle ownership averaged 46% of



state average. As of 2005–2006, the District had a total of 2,500 schools, one university, four government

colleges, eleven government-sponsored and seven private colleges.colleges, eleven government-sponsored and seven private colleges.



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opyThe Corporation is responsible for 475 miles of roads. Most are single carriageway, but National Highway NH7


One third of commutes to work are on foot. In Tirunelveli District bicycle ownership averaged 46% of

households. In 2015, 650 buses were operated by in Tirunelvlei Distirict by Tamil Nadu State Corporation and households. In 2015, 650 buses were operated by in Tirunelvlei Distirict by Tamil Nadu State Corporation and

275 registered to private operators, as well as 250 mini buses. There were 4,000 taxis, 3,000 maxicabs and

The average annual rainfall is 680 millimetres. Maximum precipitation occurs during the northeast monsoon




Trees have been disappearing from the landscape in recent generations, but local charity SCAD has a

programme of planting 100,000 indigenous new trees and sowing about 50,000 seeds per annum. Trees

increase green cover and provide fodder and fuels. In turn increasing trees brings more rainfall.

Agriculture and food processing are the largest sectors. There are also cement factories, tobacco companies,



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state average. As of 2005–2006, the District had a total of 2,500 schools, one university, four government state average. As of 2005–2006, the District had a total of 2,500 schools, one university, four government

colleges, eleven government-sponsored and seven private colleges.

The District population growth in the decade 2001 to 2011 was 14%, with rural areas growing at 12% and



In the seven years between 1999-2006 the built up area of the city expanded by about 40 sq.km, whileIn the seven years between 1999-2006 the built up area of the city expanded by about 40 sq.km, while



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opyThe Corporation is responsible for 475 miles of roads. Most are single carriageway, but National Highway NH7

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opyThe Corporation is responsible for 475 miles of roads. Most are single carriageway, but National Highway NH7 The Corporation is responsible for 475 miles of roads. Most are single carriageway, but National Highway NH7

to the port town Thoothukudi is dual carriageway. Motorised vehicle ownership for the District in 2011 was 24% to the port town Thoothukudi is dual carriageway. Motorised vehicle ownership for the District in 2011 was 24% P

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One third of commutes to work are on foot. In Tirunelveli District bicycle ownership averaged 46% of One third of commutes to work are on foot. In Tirunelveli District bicycle ownership averaged 46% of

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275 registered to private operators, as well as 250 mini buses. There were 4,000 taxis, 3,000 maxicabs and 275 registered to private operators, as well as 250 mini buses. There were 4,000 taxis, 3,000 maxicabs and

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The average annual rainfall is 680 millimetres. Maximum precipitation occurs during the northeast monsoonThe average annual rainfall is 680 millimetres. Maximum precipitation occurs during the northeast monsoon

in October (166mm) and November (195mm), when extensive flooding occurs. Lowest precipitation is Junein October (166mm) and November (195mm), when extensive flooding occurs. Lowest precipitation is June

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(16mm) and July (13mm), when water shortages are common. In the city water supply is provided by the (16mm) and July (13mm), when water shortages are common. In the city water supply is provided by the

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Tirunelveli City Corporation from the Tamirabarani River. Tamil Nadu Water supply And Drainage Board Tirunelveli City Corporation from the Tamirabarani River. Tamil Nadu Water supply And Drainage Board

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Trees have been disappearing from the landscape in recent generations, but local charity SCAD has a Trees have been disappearing from the landscape in recent generations, but local charity SCAD has a

programme of planting 100,000 indigenous new trees and sowing about 50,000 seeds per annum. Trees programme of planting 100,000 indigenous new trees and sowing about 50,000 seeds per annum. Trees

increase green cover and provide fodder and fuels. In turn increasing trees brings more rainfall. increase green cover and provide fodder and fuels. In turn increasing trees brings more rainfall.

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Agriculture and food processing are the largest sectors. There are also cement factories, tobacco companies, Agriculture and food processing are the largest sectors. There are also cement factories, tobacco companies,

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Tirunelveli is known for its educational institutions, many of which are located at Palayamkottai (east of Tirunelveli is known for its educational institutions, many of which are located at Palayamkottai (east of

Tirunelveli) known as the “Oxford of South India”. The District has a literacy rate of 77%, which is above the Tirunelveli) known as the “Oxford of South India”. The District has a literacy rate of 77%, which is above the

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The District population growth in the decade 2001 to 2011 was 14%, with rural areas growing at 12% andThe District population growth in the decade 2001 to 2011 was 14%, with rural areas growing at 12% and

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The District population growth in the decade 2001 to 2011 was 14%, with rural areas growing at 12% and

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The Tirunelvlei Local Planning Authority (TLPA) has a master plan to 2021, and within it detailed plans for each The Tirunelvlei Local Planning Authority (TLPA) has a master plan to 2021, and within it detailed plans for each

area. The plan proposes an expansion of residential areas into the existing agricultural areas on the edge of area. The plan proposes an expansion of residential areas into the existing agricultural areas on the edge of

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agricultural land declined almost 75 sq.km and water bodies reduced by 21sq.km. Much of the land built upon agricultural land declined almost 75 sq.km and water bodies reduced by 21sq.km. Much of the land built upon

was previously used to feed the local population.was previously used to feed the local population.

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opyThe Corporation is responsible for 475 miles of roads. Most are single carriageway, but National Highway NH7 The Corporation is responsible for 475 miles of roads. Most are single carriageway, but National Highway NH7

to the port town Thoothukudi is dual carriageway. Motorised vehicle ownership for the District in 2011 was 24% to the port town Thoothukudi is dual carriageway. Motorised vehicle ownership for the District in 2011 was 24% P

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275 registered to private operators, as well as 250 mini buses. There were 4,000 taxis, 3,000 maxicabs and 275 registered to private operators, as well as 250 mini buses. There were 4,000 taxis, 3,000 maxicabs and

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Trees have been disappearing from the landscape in recent generations, but local charity SCAD has a Trees have been disappearing from the landscape in recent generations, but local charity SCAD has a

programme of planting 100,000 indigenous new trees and sowing about 50,000 seeds per annum. Trees programme of planting 100,000 indigenous new trees and sowing about 50,000 seeds per annum. Trees


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95

Case Studies

Tirunelveli - Local

Planning Area

Proposed land use 2021

Tirunelveli - Local

Planning Area

Existing land use 2005

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ConnectedCities

Potential

The aim of the study is to determine if it is possible to accommodate the predicted population in a manner that

minimises the loss of agricultural land and need for cars, by developing in well connected locations including

sister towns. These will provide new housing and workplaces so that people can live close to their families and

food production but still have easy access to the city.

Assuming that growth in the city continues at the same rate as it did between 2001 and 2011 of

15% per decade, the population in 2050 will be 875,000, an increase of 375,000.

Tirunelvelei ConnectedCity

Within the pedsheds of the existing stations there is potential for housing and commercial/civic/recreational

facilities for 165,000 persons as follows

In addition, possible locations for 8 new stations as shown on the illustration have the potential to accommodate

a further 200,000 plus as follows:

99% of predicted growth until 2050 can be accommodated within 1km radius pedsheds of existing and new

stations, thereby enabling sustainable growth with minimised increase in carbon footprint and traffic congestion.

In many of the areas where the potential pedsheds are located the three landowners are : Indian Railways, the

City or District and private landowners. Pooling the land would enable all parties to participate in the uplift in

value, but requires a redistribution of plot ownership. Collectively the land is worth more than in independent

units, so all parties emerge from the pooling with assets that are worth more than their initial value and

the community also benefits.

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ming that growth in the city continues at the same rate as it did between 2001 and 2011 of

15% per decade, the population in 2050 will be 875,000, an increase of 375,000.

Within the pedsheds of the existing stations there is potential for housing and commercial/civic/recreational

In addition, possible locations for 8 new stations as shown on the illustration have the potential to accommodate



In many of the areas where the potential pedsheds are located the three landowners are : Indian Railways, the

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opyming that growth in the city continues at the same rate as it did between 2001 and 2011 of

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opyming that growth in the city continues at the same rate as it did between 2001 and 2011 ofming that growth in the city continues at the same rate as it did between 2001 and 2011 of

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15% per decade, the population in 2050 will be 875,000, an increase of 375,000.15% per decade, the population in 2050 will be 875,000, an increase of 375,000.

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Within the pedsheds of the existing stations there is potential for housing and commercial/civic/recreationalWithin the pedsheds of the existing stations there is potential for housing and commercial/civic/recreational

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In addition, possible locations for 8 new stations as shown on the illustration have the potential to accommodate In addition, possible locations for 8 new stations as shown on the illustration have the potential to accommodate

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99% of predicted growth until 2050 can be accommodated within 1km radius pedsheds of existing and new99% of predicted growth until 2050 can be accommodated within 1km radius pedsheds of existing and new

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stations, thereby enabling sustainable growth with minimised increase in carbon footprint and traffic congestion.stations, thereby enabling sustainable growth with minimised increase in carbon footprint and traffic congestion.

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sister towns. These will provide new housing and workplaces so that people can live close to their families and sister towns. These will provide new housing and workplaces so that people can live close to their families and

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15% per decade, the population in 2050 will be 875,000, an increase of 375,000.15% per decade, the population in 2050 will be 875,000, an increase of 375,000.

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Within the pedsheds of the existing stations there is potential for housing and commercial/civic/recreationalWithin the pedsheds of the existing stations there is potential for housing and commercial/civic/recreational

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In addition, possible locations for 8 new stations as shown on the illustration have the potential to accommodate In addition, possible locations for 8 new stations as shown on the illustration have the potential to accommodate In addition, possible locations for 8 new stations as shown on the illustration have the potential to accommodate

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97

Case Studies

Tirunelveli Junction

pedshed

Area of search for

development sites within

walkable distance from

station.

Tirunelveli Junction

is the natural Hub for

the ConnectedCity on

which all public transport

including bus services will

focus.

Tirunelveli

ConnectedCity

Proposed sites for

sustainable development

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98

ConnectedCities

Pedsheds

Hub - Tirunelveli JunctionIn the area around the Hub at Tirunelveli Junction, medium rise buildings of 5 to 7 or 8 stories would sit in a

primarily pedestrianised core. The building heights could be greater if it was felt that tall buildings would enable

the city to display itself better as a primary modern centre. In either case creating a new hub to serve the whole

ConnectedCity would relieve pressure on redevelopment of the historic city centre.

Tirunelveli TownThe Smart City proposals to preserve and enhanced the best of the traditional city centre can be extended, and

create a historic core which retains the charm of previous generations’ contributions to the city, and provides

a source of tourist income in addition to general commerce. A pedestrian priority mixed use mall along the

present appropriately named Railway Feeder Road will link the temple area to an enhanced station.

Outside the conservation areas redevelopment would be encouraged as in any town growth zone, particularly

to the south of the railway. Although this requires loss of good agricultural land, the effects are more than

balanced by preserving such land outside the pedsheds which is currently zoned for future development.

Sister TownsThe pedsheds of the current stations serving the well established towns of Cheranmadevi, Palayamkottai,

Seydunganallur and Thalaiyuthu will be developed to preserve each one’s character and direct new growth.

Analyses will be undertaken to define existing features to be retained, such as key historic buildings and high

yield agricultural land. The remaining areas will be used to provide cores of medium rise mixed use buildings of

4 to 7 stories in which civic, commercial, educational and residential uses will mingle. Beyond, family housing

will be in lower rise buildings, probably terraced houses with courtyards. Growth will be restricted to the 1km

radius pedshed to ensure access to food producing land is maintained.

The towns of Pettai and Sengulam are currently less developed. The pedshed principles are still applicable,

and the mode of development will be in the style of new green quarters.

InfrastructureContinued electrification and double or quadruple tracking of the railway lines within the ConnectedCity will

be required to provide for the additional movement. The upgrading can be financed by capturing the uplift in

land value which the new stations and services will bring. The increases in rolling stock needed for frequent

or on-demand services will be covered by fares from the additional passengers. The fact that at present there

are so few trains provides an opportunity to run much more frequent local services within the limits of the

ConnectedCity. Five of the eight proposed new towns are on the less used east-west line.

With the increase in population the road network will have to be updgraded as even with greatly improved

railways demand will increase. However, since most new building will be within the pedsheds, major

improvements will be primarily to routes that serve them. Outside the pedsheds development along roads will

not be permitted to ensure each settlement remains distinct with open land surrounding it.

The strain on the bus services will be eased by the new rail services. Rickshaws can be integrated into the

pedestrian priority centres of the pedsheds, and serve the outer areas of these medium density settlements

more efficiently than cars.

New commerce and educational facilities are located within pedsheds to ensure excellent public transport

access and to provide a buffer between rail track and housing.


The Smart City proposals to preserve and enhanced the best of the traditional city centre can be extended, and

ate a historic core which retains the charm of previous generations’ contributions to the city, and provides

a source of tourist income in addition to general commerce. A pedestrian priority mixed use mall along the


The pedsheds of the current stations serving the well established towns of Cheranmadevi, Palayamkottai,


Continued electrification and double or quadruple tracking of the railway lines within the ConnectedCity will






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the city to display itself better as a primary modern centre. In either case creating a new hub to serve the whole

ConnectedCity would relieve pressure on redevelopment of the historic city centre.


ate a historic core which retains the charm of previous generations’ contributions to the city, and provides

a source of tourist income in addition to general commerce. A pedestrian priority mixed use mall along the a source of tourist income in addition to general commerce. A pedestrian priority mixed use mall along the

present appropriately named Railway Feeder Road will link the temple area to an enhanced station.


to the south of the railway. Although this requires loss of good agricultural land, the effects are more than





yield agricultural land. The remaining areas will be used to provide cores of medium rise mixed use buildings of

4 to 7 stories in which civic, commercial, educational and residential uses will mingle. Beyond, family housing


radius pedshed to ensure access to food producing land is maintained.

The towns of Pettai and Sengulam are currently less developed. The pedshed principles are still applicable,

and the mode of development will be in the style of new green quarters.

Continued electrification and double or quadruple tracking of the railway lines within the ConnectedCity will


land value which the new stations and services will bring. The increases in rolling stock needed for frequent


are so few trains provides an opportunity to run much more frequent local services within the limits of the

ConnectedCity. Five of the eight proposed new towns are on the less used east-west line.


railways demand will increase. However, since most new building will be within the pedsheds, major

improvements will be primarily to routes that serve them. Outside the pedsheds development along roads will

not be permitted to ensure each settlement remains distinct with open land surrounding it.not be permitted to ensure each settlement remains distinct with open land surrounding it.


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primarily pedestrianised core. The building heights could be greater if it was felt that tall buildings would enable primarily pedestrianised core. The building heights could be greater if it was felt that tall buildings would enable

the city to display itself better as a primary modern centre. In either case creating a new hub to serve the whole the city to display itself better as a primary modern centre. In either case creating a new hub to serve the whole

ConnectedCity would relieve pressure on redevelopment of the historic city centre.ConnectedCity would relieve pressure on redevelopment of the historic city centre.P

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The Smart City proposals to preserve and enhanced the best of the traditional city centre can be extended, and The Smart City proposals to preserve and enhanced the best of the traditional city centre can be extended, and

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ate a historic core which retains the charm of previous generations’ contributions to the city, and provides ate a historic core which retains the charm of previous generations’ contributions to the city, and provides

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present appropriately named Railway Feeder Road will link the temple area to an enhanced station.present appropriately named Railway Feeder Road will link the temple area to an enhanced station.

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Outside the conservation areas redevelopment would be encouraged as in any town growth zone, particularly Outside the conservation areas redevelopment would be encouraged as in any town growth zone, particularly

to the south of the railway. Although this requires loss of good agricultural land, the effects are more than to the south of the railway. Although this requires loss of good agricultural land, the effects are more than

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balanced by preserving such land outside the pedsheds which is currently zoned for future development.balanced by preserving such land outside the pedsheds which is currently zoned for future development.

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The pedsheds of the current stations serving the well established towns of Cheranmadevi, Palayamkottai, The pedsheds of the current stations serving the well established towns of Cheranmadevi, Palayamkottai,

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Seydunganallur and Thalaiyuthu will be developed to preserve each one’s character and direct new growth. Seydunganallur and Thalaiyuthu will be developed to preserve each one’s character and direct new growth.

Analyses will be undertaken to define existing features to be retained, such as key historic buildings and high Analyses will be undertaken to define existing features to be retained, such as key historic buildings and high

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yield agricultural land. The remaining areas will be used to provide cores of medium rise mixed use buildings of yield agricultural land. The remaining areas will be used to provide cores of medium rise mixed use buildings of

4 to 7 stories in which civic, commercial, educational and residential uses will mingle. Beyond, family housing 4 to 7 stories in which civic, commercial, educational and residential uses will mingle. Beyond, family housing

will be in lower rise buildings, probably terraced houses with courtyards. Growth will be restricted to the 1km will be in lower rise buildings, probably terraced houses with courtyards. Growth will be restricted to the 1km

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radius pedshed to ensure access to food producing land is maintained.radius pedshed to ensure access to food producing land is maintained.

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The towns of Pettai and Sengulam are currently less developed. The pedshed principles are still applicable, The towns of Pettai and Sengulam are currently less developed. The pedshed principles are still applicable,

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and the mode of development will be in the style of new green quarters.and the mode of development will be in the style of new green quarters.

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Continued electrification and double or quadruple tracking of the railway lines within the ConnectedCity will Continued electrification and double or quadruple tracking of the railway lines within the ConnectedCity will

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be required to provide for the additional movement. The upgrading can be financed by capturing the uplift in be required to provide for the additional movement. The upgrading can be financed by capturing the uplift in

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land value which the new stations and services will bring. The increases in rolling stock needed for frequent land value which the new stations and services will bring. The increases in rolling stock needed for frequent

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or on-demand services will be covered by fares from the additional passengers. The fact that at present there or on-demand services will be covered by fares from the additional passengers. The fact that at present there

are so few trains provides an opportunity to run much more frequent local services within the limits of the are so few trains provides an opportunity to run much more frequent local services within the limits of the

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ConnectedCity. Five of the eight proposed new towns are on the less used east-west line.ConnectedCity. Five of the eight proposed new towns are on the less used east-west line.

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With the increase in population the road network will have to be updgraded as even with greatly improvedWith the increase in population the road network will have to be updgraded as even with greatly improved

railways demand will increase. However, since most new building will be within the pedsheds, majorrailways demand will increase. However, since most new building will be within the pedsheds, major

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improvements will be primarily to routes that serve them. Outside the pedsheds development along roads will improvements will be primarily to routes that serve them. Outside the pedsheds development along roads will


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The strain on the bus services will be eased by the new rail services. Rickshaws can be integrated into the The strain on the bus services will be eased by the new rail services. Rickshaws can be integrated into the

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pedestrian priority centres of the pedsheds, and serve the outer areas of these medium density settlements pedestrian priority centres of the pedsheds, and serve the outer areas of these medium density settlements

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primarily pedestrianised core. The building heights could be greater if it was felt that tall buildings would enable primarily pedestrianised core. The building heights could be greater if it was felt that tall buildings would enable

the city to display itself better as a primary modern centre. In either case creating a new hub to serve the whole the city to display itself better as a primary modern centre. In either case creating a new hub to serve the whole

ConnectedCity would relieve pressure on redevelopment of the historic city centre.ConnectedCity would relieve pressure on redevelopment of the historic city centre.P

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present appropriately named Railway Feeder Road will link the temple area to an enhanced station.present appropriately named Railway Feeder Road will link the temple area to an enhanced station.

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yield agricultural land. The remaining areas will be used to provide cores of medium rise mixed use buildings of yield agricultural land. The remaining areas will be used to provide cores of medium rise mixed use buildings of

4 to 7 stories in which civic, commercial, educational and residential uses will mingle. Beyond, family housing 4 to 7 stories in which civic, commercial, educational and residential uses will mingle. Beyond, family housing


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ConnectedCity. Five of the eight proposed new towns are on the less used east-west line.ConnectedCity. Five of the eight proposed new towns are on the less used east-west line.

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railways demand will increase. However, since most new building will be within the pedsheds, majorrailways demand will increase. However, since most new building will be within the pedsheds, major

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more efficiently than cars.more efficiently than cars. Pre

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99

Case Studies

Cheranmadevi

Area of search for


walkable distance of the

station.

A typical existing

station pedshed

showing opportunities

for densification

close to the core and

new development

opportunities within

walking distance of the

station. The dark green

areas to the north of

the Kanadian canal are

agriculture and will be

preserved.

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24001a1000d01

Tirunelveli Town

Area of search for


walkable distance of the

station.

The proposed

pedestrianed area in the

historic centre around

the Arulmigo Nellaiappar

temple (shown outlined

in white) will be linked to

the new core around the

station by a mall (shown

highlighted in red).

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100

ConnectedCities

New SettlementsDevelopment around new stations will follow a similar pattern, but because they are built from scratch it will be

easy to ensure a Green Web permeates the whole of these new green towns. The pedshed principles require

green wedges between the urban villages to be incorporated in new settlements and created where possible

in existing ones.

These wedges can be used to store and move away stormwater. Open cisterns to collect monsoon rains can

be surrounded by trees and used to farm fish, which eat mosquito lavae and minimise public health risks.

The experience of both walking and cycling within the pedsheds will be greatly enhanced by trees and protected

walkways. These will generate electricity from PV panels for night streetlighting while providing daytime shade

from the sun, and in monsoon periods, dry passage.

The typologies of family housing will vary, but generally terraced houses with sun shaded private courtyards for

cooking, and communal courtyards for kitchen gardens, offer the best means of providing suitable densities.

Sanitation for all can be built in from the outset, although it may not be western waterbourne systems due to

the water shortages. Instead composting or ‘worm farm’ toilets may be more applicable, as they provide safe

fertiliser for local use.

Ref g720a101d01

Ref g720a100d01

Diagram of

ConnectedVillage

showing its relationship

to the pedshed core and

the green grid of shared

surface circulation with

trees and protected

walkways.

The green wedges

between villages can

be used for movement

and storage of monsoon

waters.

Similar diagram showing

private communal

courtyards within housing

blocks. The layout

proposed is diagramatic

only. Real life villages

will follow the general

guidelines but accord

with local circumstances,

traditions and wishes.



cooking, and communal courtyards for kitchen gardens, offer the best means of providing suitable densities.cooking, and communal courtyards for kitchen gardens, offer the best means of providing suitable densities.




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The typologies of family housing will vary, but generally terraced houses with sun shaded private courtyards for


Sanitation for all can be built in from the outset, although it may not be western waterbourne systems due to


Diagram of

ConnectedVillage



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surface circulation with

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The experience of both walking and cycling within the pedsheds will be greatly enhanced by trees and protectedThe experience of both walking and cycling within the pedsheds will be greatly enhanced by trees and protected

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walkways. These will generate electricity from PV panels for night streetlighting while providing daytime shadewalkways. These will generate electricity from PV panels for night streetlighting while providing daytime shade

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The typologies of family housing will vary, but generally terraced houses with sun shaded private courtyards for The typologies of family housing will vary, but generally terraced houses with sun shaded private courtyards for

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Sanitation for all can be built in from the outset, although it may not be western waterbourne systems due to Sanitation for all can be built in from the outset, although it may not be western waterbourne systems due to

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the water shortages. Instead composting or ‘worm farm’ toilets may be more applicable, as they provide safe the water shortages. Instead composting or ‘worm farm’ toilets may be more applicable, as they provide safe

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Diagram of Diagram of

ConnectedVillage ConnectedVillage

showing its relationship showing its relationship

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to the pedshed core and to the pedshed core and

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the green grid of shared the green grid of shared

surface circulation with surface circulation with

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walkways.walkways.

The green wedges The green wedges

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between villages can between villages can

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opyThese wedges can be used to store and move away stormwater. Open cisterns to collect monsoon rains can These wedges can be used to store and move away stormwater. Open cisterns to collect monsoon rains can

be surrounded by trees and used to farm fish, which eat mosquito lavae and minimise public health risks.be surrounded by trees and used to farm fish, which eat mosquito lavae and minimise public health risks.P

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walkways. These will generate electricity from PV panels for night streetlighting while providing daytime shadewalkways. These will generate electricity from PV panels for night streetlighting while providing daytime shade

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walkways. These will generate electricity from PV panels for night streetlighting while providing daytime shadewalkways. These will generate electricity from PV panels for night streetlighting while providing daytime shadewalkways. These will generate electricity from PV panels for night streetlighting while providing daytime shade

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The typologies of family housing will vary, but generally terraced houses with sun shaded private courtyards for The typologies of family housing will vary, but generally terraced houses with sun shaded private courtyards for

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Diagram of Diagram of

ConnectedVillage ConnectedVillage


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surface circulation with surface circulation with

trees and protected trees and protected


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walkways.walkways.

The green wedges The green wedges

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walkways.walkways.

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101

Delivery

Development

pedshed 006

Areal view of Existing.

A typical pedshed around

a new station. The flood

areas will be incorporated

as blue/green wedges in

the new settlement.

Ref in

24001a14000d00

Notional terraced house

showing relationship

between green web

shared space street and

semi private communal

areas to the rear

Ref g720a700d01

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pre publication draft copy - smarter urbanisation

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