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PRE-INDUSTRIAL H.V.A.C. TECHNOLOGY
INTRODUCTION
EARLY APPROACHES
THE FIREPLACE
THE STOVE
VENTILATION
COOLING
1
WARWICK CASTLE, WARWICKSHIRE, ENGLAND, ELEVENTH CENTURY
PURPOSE:PROVIDE THE STUDENT WITH AN UNDERSTANDING OF HOW CURRENT SYSTEMS OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTROL DEVELOPED.
ILLUSTRATE THAT HVAC TECHNOLOGY IS A FORMAL DETERMINATE.
EXPOSE THE STUDENT TO TECHNOLOGY USED IN THE PAST, WHICH MAY BE USEFUL IN SOLVING CONTEMPORARY ENVIRONMENTAL CONTROL PROBLEMS.
PRE-INDUSTRIAL H.V.A.C. TECHNOLOGY
INTRODUCTION
EARLY APPROACHES
THE FIREPLACE
THE STOVE
VENTILATION
COOLING
2
HISTORICAL BACKGROUND:
PRE-INDUSTRIAL H.V.A.C. TECHNOLOGY
INTRODUCTION
EARLY APPROACHESHEATING
COOLING
THE FIREPLACE
THE STOVE
VENTILATION
COOLING
3
THE OPEN FLAME, 6000 BC
PRE-INDUSTRIAL H.V.A.C. TECHNOLOGY
INTRODUCTION
EARLY APPROACHESHEATING
COOLING
THE FIREPLACE
THE STOVE
VENTILATION
COOLING
4
THE FIXED HEARTH, CORINTH, GREECE, C.2500 BC
PRE-INDUSTRIAL H.V.A.C. TECHNOLOGY
INTRODUCTION
EARLY APPROACHESHEATING
COOLING
THE FIREPLACE
THE STOVE
VENTILATION
COOLING
5
OLD DEANERY, SALISBURY, ENGLAND, THIRTEENTH CENTURY
PRE-INDUSTRIAL H.V.A.C. TECHNOLOGY
INTRODUCTION
EARLY APPROACHESHEATING
COOLING
THE FIREPLACE
THE STOVE
VENTILATION
COOLING
6
CROSBY HALL, ENGLAND, FIRTEENTH CENTURY
PRE-INDUSTRIAL H.V.A.C. TECHNOLOGY
INTRODUCTION
EARLY APPROACHESHEATING
COOLING
THE FIREPLACE
THE STOVE
VENTILATION
7
EVAPORATIVE COOLING, EGYPT & INDIA, C. 500 BC
PRE-INDUSTRIAL H.V.A.C. TECHNOLOGY
INTRODUCTION
EARLY APPROACHESHEATING
COOLING
THE FIREPLACE
THE STOVE
VENTILATION
8
SNOW COOLING, EMPEROR VARIUS AVITUS, 25 BC
PRE-INDUSTRIAL H.V.A.C. TECHNOLOGY
INTRODUCTION
EARLY APPROACHESHEATING
COOLING
THE FIREPLACE
THE STOVE
VENTILATION
9
EARTH COOLING, IRAN, 900 AD
PRE-INDUSTRIAL H.V.A.C. TECHNOLOGY
INTRODUCTION
EARLY APPROACHES
THE FIREPLACETHE WALL FIREPLACE
THE CHIMNEY
THE GRATE
THE JACKET
OUTSIDE COMBUSTION AIR
REFINEMENTS
SPATIAL IMPLICATIONS
THE STOVE
VENTILATION
10
ROCHESTER CASTLE, KENT, ENGLAND, ELEVENTH CENTURY
WALL FIREPLACES:USED IN THE ELEVENTH & TWELFTH CENTURIES IN MULTI-FLOORED CASTLES & ABBEYS.
THEY USUALLY CONSISTED OF A PLAIN ARCHED OPENING WITH A SEMI-CIRCULAR BACK.
THE LOWER PORTION OF THE BACK, WHERE COMBUSTION OCCURRED, WAS BUILT OF SELECT STONES, OFTEN LAID IN A HERRINGBONE PATTERN.
THEIR FLUES ROSE UP THROUGH THE THICKNESS OF THE WALL (10 TO 15 FEET) AND VENTED TO THE OUTSIDE.
PRE-INDUSTRIAL H.V.A.C. TECHNOLOGY
INTRODUCTION
EARLY APPROACHES
THE FIREPLACETHE WALL FIREPLACE
THE CHIMNEY
THE GRATE
THE JACKET
OUTSIDE COMBUSTION AIR
REFINEMENTS
SPATIAL IMPLICATIONS
THE STOVE
VENTILATION
11
COLCHESTER CASTLE, ESSEX, ENGLAND, ELEVENTH CENTURY & ABINGDON ABBEY, THIRTEENTH CENTURY
PRE-INDUSTRIAL H.V.A.C. TECHNOLOGY
INTRODUCTION
EARLY APPROACHES
THE FIREPLACETHE WALL FIREPLACE
THE CHIMNEY
THE GRATE
THE JACKET
OUTSIDE COMBUSTION AIR
REFINEMENTS
SPATIAL IMPLICATIONS
THE STOVE
VENTILATION
12
ANTE CHAMBER IN THE FEUDAL CASTLE, TURIN, ITALY
PRE-INDUSTRIAL H.V.A.C. TECHNOLOGY
INTRODUCTION
EARLY APPROACHES
THE FIREPLACETHE WALL FIREPLACE
THE CHIMNEY
THE GRATE
THE JACKET
OUTSIDE COMBUSTION AIR
REFINEMENTS
SPATIAL IMPLICATIONS
THE STOVE
VENTILATION
13
HERSTMONCEUX CASTLE, EAST SUSSEX, ENGLAND, FIFTEENTH CENTURY
CHIMNEYS:DEVELOPED IN THE TWELFTH CENTURY .
A CHIMNEY IS AN INCOMBUSTIBLE VERTICAL STRUCTURE CONTAINING ONE OR MORE FLUES TO PROVIDE DRAFT FOR FIREPLACES AND CARRY AWAY THE GASEOUS PRODUCTS OF COMBUSTION FROM FIREPLACES.
THE HIGHER THE CHIMNEY THE GREATER THE STACK EFFECT.
EARLY CHIMNEYS WERE BUILT OF SIMPLE BRICK CONSTRUCTION.
LATER CHIMNEYS WERE BUILT USING BRICK AROUND CLAY TILE LINERS.
PRE-INDUSTRIAL H.V.A.C. TECHNOLOGY
INTRODUCTION
EARLY APPROACHES
THE FIREPLACETHE WALL FIREPLACE
THE CHIMNEY
THE GRATE
THE JACKET
OUTSIDE COMBUSTION AIR
REFINEMENTS
SPATIAL IMPLICATIONS
THE STOVE
VENTILATION
14
THORNBURY CASTLE, NEAR BRISTOL, ENGLAND, SIXTEENTH CENTURY
CHIMNEY TOPS:
CHIMNEY POTS:DEVELOPED IN THIRTEENTH CENTURY.
A CYLINDRICAL PIPE OF BRICK OR TERRA-COTTA USED TO INEXPENSIVELY EXTEND THE LENGTH OF THE CHIMNEY & THEREBY IMPROVE DRAFT.
CHIMNEY CAPS:PLACED ON TOP OF THE CHIMNEY TO CONTROL DOWNDRAFTS.
ALSO USED TO KEEP RAIN FROM GOING DOWN THE CHIMNEY & BIRDS FORM NESTING IN IT.
PRE-INDUSTRIAL H.V.A.C. TECHNOLOGY
INTRODUCTION
EARLY APPROACHES
THE FIREPLACETHE WALL FIREPLACE
THE CHIMNEY
THE GRATE
THE JACKET
OUTSIDE COMBUSTION AIR
REFINEMENTS
SPATIAL IMPLICATIONS
THE STOVE
VENTILATION
15
PALAIS DE VERSAILLES, NEAR PAIR, FRANCE, 1657-61
THE GRATE:THE FIRES ON THE CENTRAL HEARTH AND IN THE EARLY WALL FIREPLACES WERE SIMPLY HEAPS OF FUEL.
IN 1600, THE FRENCH ARCHITECT, LOUIS SAVOT INVENTED THE GRATE.
THE GRATE HOLDS & ELEVATES THE FUEL PROVIDING MORE COMPLETE COMBUSTION.
IN 1674 PRINCE RUPPERT, NEPHEW OF CHARLES I, RAISED THE GRATE OF THE FIREPLACE WHICH IMPROVED THE AIRFLOW & VENTING SYSTEM.
PRE-INDUSTRIAL H.V.A.C. TECHNOLOGY
INTRODUCTION
EARLY APPROACHES
THE FIREPLACETHE WALL FIREPLACE
THE CHIMNEY
THE GRATE
THE JACKET
OUTSIDE COMBUSTION AIR
REFINEMENTS
SPATIAL IMPLICATIONS
THE STOVE
VENTILATION
16
THE JACKET:IN 1624, LOUIS SAVOT DEVELOPMENT A FIREPLACE FOR THE LOUVRE IN PARIS IN WHICH AIR WAS DRAWN THROUGH PASSAGES UNDER THE HEARTH AND BEHIND THE FIRE GRATE AND DISCHARGED INTO THE ROOM THROUGH A GRILL IN THE MANTEL.
PRE-INDUSTRIAL H.V.A.C. TECHNOLOGY
INTRODUCTION
EARLY APPROACHES
THE FIREPLACETHE WALL FIREPLACE
THE CHIMNEY
THE GRATE
THE JACKET
OUTSIDE COMBUSTION AIR
REFINEMENTS
SPATIAL IMPLICATIONS
THE STOVE
VENTILATION
17
FIRECAGE, SIR JOHN WINTER, 1600
DIRECT COMBUSTION AIR:IN 1600, SIR JOHN WINTER INTRODUCED PRIMARY AIR FOR COMBUSTION DIRECT FROM OUTSIDE BY MEANS OF A DUCT BENEATH THE FLOOR.
THIS INVENTION GREATLY REDUCED DRAFTS BY LOWERING THE INFILTRATION RATE.
PRE-INDUSTRIAL H.V.A.C. TECHNOLOGY
INTRODUCTION
EARLY APPROACHES
THE FIREPLACETHE WALL FIREPLACE
THE CHIMNEY
THE GRATE
THE JACKET
OUTSIDE COMBUSTION AIR
REFINEMENTS
SPATIAL IMPLICATIONS
THE STOVE
VENTILATION
18
ESSAY IV. OF CHIMNEY FIRE-PLACES, BY COUNT RUMFORD, 1796
COUNT RUMFORD:
“OF CHIMNEY FIREPLACES WITH PROPOSALS TO SAVE FUEL; TO RENDER DEWILLING-HOUSES MORE COMFORTABLE AND SALUBRIOUS, AND EFFECTUALLY PREVENT CHIMNEYS FROM SMOKING,” 1796.
PRE-INDUSTRIAL H.V.A.C. TECHNOLOGY
INTRODUCTION
EARLY APPROACHES
THE FIREPLACETHE WALL FIREPLACE
THE CHIMNEY
THE GRATE
THE JACKET
OUTSIDE COMBUSTION AIR
REFINEMENTS
SPATIAL IMPLICATIONS
THE STOVE
VENTILATION
19
ESSAY IV. OF CHIMNEY FIRE-PLACES, BY COUNT RUMFORD, 1796
PRE-INDUSTRIAL H.V.A.C. TECHNOLOGY
INTRODUCTION
EARLY APPROACHES
THE FIREPLACETHE WALL FIREPLACE
THE CHIMNEY
THE GRATE
THE JACKET
OUTSIDE COMBUSTION AIR
REFINEMENTS
SPATIAL IMPLICATIONS
THE STOVE
VENTILATION
20
TYPICAL BATH TOWNHOUSE, 18TH CENTURY
PRE-INDUSTRIAL H.V.A.C. TECHNOLOGY
INTRODUCTION
EARLY APPROACHES
THE FIREPLACE
THE STOVEGREEK & ROMAN BRAZIERS
SHEET METAL STOVE
SWEDISH BRICK & TILE STOVE
COCKLE STOVE
VENTILATION
21
THE FIXED HEARTH, CORINTH, GREECE, C.2500 BC
THE BRAZIERS:ROMAN BRAZIER CONSISTED OF A BRONZE TRIPOD ON WHICH A ROUND DISH CONTAINING FUEL WAS PLACED.
BRAZIERS WERE USED IN SPAIN AS LATE AS THE 1870’S.
THE BRAZIER WAS A FORERUNNER OF THE CLOSED STOVE. THE STAGES IN THE DEVELOPMENT INCLUDE THE LENGTHENING OF THE SIDES, THE FITTING OF A LID & OF A FLUE PIPE.
PRE-INDUSTRIAL H.V.A.C. TECHNOLOGY
INTRODUCTION
EARLY APPROACHES
THE FIREPLACE
THE STOVEGREEK & ROMAN BRAZIERS
SHEET METAL STOVE
SWEDISH BRICK & TILE STOVE
COCKLE STOVE
VENTILATION
22
OLD GERMAN STOVE, 1600.
CLOSED SHEET METAL STOVE:SHEET METAL STOVES WERE IN USE IN EUROPE IN THE SIXTEENTH CENTURY.
THREE MAIN DEFECTS:THE HIGH TEMPERATURE OF THE SURFACES.
THE HIGH TEMPERATURE OF THE FLUE GASES.
THE LACK OF PROPER CONTROL, WITH LARGE CONSEQUENT VARIATIONS IN OUTPUT.
SUBSEQUENT IMPROVEMENTS:THE USE OF FINS & RIBS ATTACHED TO THE BODY OF THE STOVE.
AN AIR JACKET AROUND IT.
LINING THE STOVE WITH REFRACTORY MATERIAL.
THE PROVISION OF A MAGAZINE FOR FUEL.
PRE-INDUSTRIAL H.V.A.C. TECHNOLOGY
INTRODUCTION
EARLY APPROACHES
THE FIREPLACE
THE STOVEGREEK & ROMAN BRAZIERS
SHEET METAL STOVE
SWEDISH BRICK & TILE STOVE
COCKLE STOVE
VENTILATION
23
SWEDISH STOVE, 1614.
PRE-INDUSTRIAL H.V.A.C. TECHNOLOGY
INTRODUCTION
EARLY APPROACHES
THE FIREPLACE
THE STOVEGREEK & ROMAN BRAZIERS
SHEET METAL STOVE
SWEDISH BRICK & TILE STOVE
COCKLE STOVE
VENTILATION
24
COCKLE STOVE, BY WILLIAM STRUTT, 1792.
PRE-INDUSTRIAL H.V.A.C. TECHNOLOGY
INTRODUCTION
EARLY APPROACHES
THE FIREPLACE
THE STOVE
VENTILATIONOPEN APERTURES
SASH WINDOW
HEAT-AIDED VENTILATION
THE FAN
25
LUDLOW CASTLE, SHROPSHIRE, ENGLAND, 11TH CENTURY
PRE-INDUSTRIAL H.V.A.C. TECHNOLOGY
INTRODUCTION
EARLY APPROACHES
THE FIREPLACE
THE STOVE
VENTILATIONOPEN APERTURES
SASH WINDOW
HEAT-AIDED VENTILATION
THE FAN
26
CASTLE OF CHARLOTTENBURG, BERLIN, GERMANY
PRE-INDUSTRIAL H.V.A.C. TECHNOLOGY
INTRODUCTION
EARLY APPROACHES
THE FIREPLACE
THE STOVE
VENTILATIONOPEN APERTURES
SASH WINDOW
HEAT-AIDED VENTILATION
THE FAN
COOLING
27
MINE VENTILATION, BY AGRICOLA, SIXTEENTH CENTURY
MINE VENTILATION:IN THE SIXTEENTH CENTURY AGRICOLA VENTILATED A MINE BY LIGHTING A FIRE AT THE BASE OF THE SHAFT.
PRE-INDUSTRIAL H.V.A.C. TECHNOLOGY
INTRODUCTION
EARLY APPROACHES
THE FIREPLACE
THE STOVE
VENTILATIONOPEN APERTURES
SASH WINDOW
HEAT-AIDED VENTILATION
THE FAN
COOLING
28
JOHN DESAGULIERS, HOUSE OF COMMONS, LONDON, ENGLAND, 1723
MINE VENTILATION:IN THE SIXTEENTH CENTURY AGRICOLA VENTILATED A MINE BY LIGHTING A FIRE AT THE BASE OF THE SHAFT.
PRE-INDUSTRIAL H.V.A.C. TECHNOLOGY
INTRODUCTION
EARLY APPROACHES
THE FIREPLACE
THE STOVE
VENTILATIONOPEN APERTURES
SASH WINDOW
HEAT-AIDED VENTILATION
THE FAN
29
JOHN DESAGULIERS, PADDLE WHEEL FAN, 1734