prc's poverty reduction success: implications for bangladesh (paper)

8/4/2019 PRC's Poverty Reduction Success: Implications for Bangladesh (Paper)

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Xbd Me~imfjxmo`v oc xbd M`fitvmsd G|owxb j`h Hdsdio~ed`xJmh Jgd`hj oc xbd ^do~idv \d~tlimf oc Fbm`j co| ôo|d|

Fot`x|mdv m` Jvmj; Xbd Fjvd oc Lj`gijhdvb

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M@ JVMJV DED\GM@G EMHHID M@FOED FOT@X\MDV

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òx gtj|j`xdd xbd vot|fd) o|mgm`jimx}) jfft|jf}) foe~idxd`dvv o| |dimjlmimx} oc j`} vxjxded`x) m`co|ejxmo`) hjxj) cm`hm`g)m`xd|~|dxjxmo`) jhsmfd) o~m`mo`) o| smdw ~|dvd`xdh) ò| hodv mx ejad j`} |d~|dvd`xjxmo` fo`fd|`m`g xbd vjed.


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=) >:) Fbd` j`hWj`g >:-. ^d|bj~v xbd eovx vmg`mcmfj`x m`hmfjxo| oc xbd vtffdvv m` me~|osm`g xbd wdiildm`g ocxbd Fbm`dvd ~do~id mv xbd |mvd m` xbd dr~dfxjxmo` oc imcd jx lm|xb) wbmfb eo|d xbj` hotlidh c|oe68 }dj|v m` xbd dj|i}%:=4>v xo 76 }dj|v m` >7. ôsd|x} |dhtfxmo` m` ^\F wjv sd|} etfb htdxo j vx|o`g j|dj%ljvdh gosd|èd`x ~oimf} xbjx de~bjvm{dh m`c|jvx|tfxt|d j`h jg|mftixt|ji

|dco|ev "Go Wdvx Vx|jxdg}- ~jm|dh wmxb fidj| gosd|èd`x vx|tfxt|dv |dv~o`vmlid co| ~osd|x}|dhtfxmo` m`fithm`g bmgb j`h fidj|i} hdxd|em`dh ct`hv co| ~osd|x} |dhtfxmo`.

M` xbd jcxd|ejxb oc xbd giolji |dfdvvmo` >2%>=) ^\F jivo vxj|xdh |dljij`fm`g mxv g|owxb~j|jhmge xowj|h vjxmvc}m`g eo|d xbd m`xd|`ji ej|adxv) wbmfb bjv ejko| de~io}ed`xme~imfjxmo`v. Jx xbd vjed xmed) ^\F jv j` ded|gm`g emhhid m`foed fot`x|} mv fbj`gm`g mxv vofmji~oimf} wmxb g|djxd| de~bjvmv o` vofmji ~|oxdfxmo` co| jii j`h me~|osm`g xbd imsm`g fo`hmxmo`v ocxbd t|lj` ~oo| j`h iowd| m`foed g|ot~v. Ct|xbd|eo|d) xbd |oid oc xbd Idjhm`g G|ot~ ocôsd|x} j`h oxbd| m`vxmxtxmo`v d`gjgdh m` ~osd|x} |dhtfxmo` j`h |jmvm`g imsm`g vxj`hj|hv mvfbj`gm`g xowj|h `dw hm|dfxmo`v j`h vtvxjm`dh otxfoedv.

Lj`gijhdvb) o` xbd oxbd| bj`h) bjh sd|} hmccd|d`x vxj|xm`g fo`hmxmo`v. Wbmid gioljim{jxmo` mvme~o|xj`x co| Lj`gijhdvb) xbd |djh}ejhd gj|ed`xv "\EGv- vdfxo| wbmfb bjv ded|gdh jv xbdeovx h}`jemf vdfxo| osd| xbd }dj|v mv òx imadi} xo ld j vtccmfmd`x h|msd| oc fbj`gd co| |dhtfm`g~osd|x} m` xbd foem`g hdfjhdv. Jx xbd vjed xmed) |t|ji hdsdio~ed`x jfbmdsded`xv) vofmji~oimf}) m`vxmxtxmo`v co| ~osd|x} |dhtfxmo`) j`h xbd imsm`g vxj`hj|hv m` xbd fmxmdv j|d hmccd|d`x m`Lj`gijhdvb xbj` m` ^\F. Bowdsd|) ^\F ej} occd| ej`} idvvo`v xbjx Lj`gijhdvb fj` jhj~x xojhh|dvv |t|ji j`h t|lj` ~osd|x}. Xbmv ~j~d| xbd|dco|d wmii go ld}o`h j hmvftvvmo` o` xbdld`dcmxv oc gioljim{jxmo` xo h|jw idvvo`v c|oe ^\Fv vtffdvv m` o|hd| xo mhd`xmc} bowgioljim{jxmo` fj` ld xjmio|dh xo l|m`g ld`dcmxv co| xbd ~oo| j`h jffdid|jxd ~osd|x} |dhtfxmo` m`Lj`gijhdvb.

Jv j `dw emhhid m`foed fot`x|}) ^\F mv |j~mhi} ded|gm`g jv j hoò| co| hdsdio~ed`xfoo~d|jxmo` j`h jmh. Xbd ~j~d| wmii jivo hmvftvv ^\Fv dfoòemf foo~d|jxmo` j`h hdsdio~ed`xjvvmvxj`fd xo Lj`gijhdvb j`h hmvftvv bow xbmv fj` fo`x|mltxd eo|d dccdfxmsdi} xo ~osd|x}|dhtfxmo` m` xbd fot`x|}.

Xbd ~j~d| mv o|gj`m{dh jv coiiowv. Xbmv m`x|ohtfxo|} vdfxmo` ~|osmhdv xbd coftv) olkdfxmsdv j`hvfo~d jio`g wmxb xbd hjxj tvdh j`h edxbohv jho~xdh m` xbd vxth}. Gmsd` xbd vfo~d oc xbdvxth}) xbd j`ji}vmv bjv ldd` ljvdh eovxi} o` xbd |dsmdw oc xbd drmvxm`g imxd|jxt|d jio`g wmxb


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hjxj c|oe ~tlimvbdh vot|fdv. Vdfxmo` < fo`xjm`v j hmvftvvmo` o` xbd vofmo%dfoòemf vmemij|mxmdvj`h hmccd|d`fdv ldxwdd` Lj`gijhdvb j`h ^\F jio`g wmxb ejko| me~imfjxmo`v co| g|owxb~d|co|ej`fd. Xbd coftv mv ~ijfdh o` bow ~osd|x} |dhtfxmo` me~imfjxmo`v hmccd|dh ldxwdd`Lj`gijhdvb j`h ^\F dv~dfmjii} m` xd|ev oc |t|ji hdsdio~ed`x ~oimf}) gioljim{jxmo`) vofmji ~oimf})j`h xbd fbj|jfxd|mvxmfv oc t|lj` ~oo| j`h emg|j`xv. Vdfxmo` 6 j`ji}{dv xbd t`hd|i}m`g cjfxo|v

fo`x|mltxm`g xo xbd hmccd|d`xmji ~d|co|ej`fd m` ~osd|x} |dhtfxmo` oc Lj`gijhdvb j`h ^\F. Co|xbd ~t|~ovd) xbd vdfxmo` bmgbimgbxv xbd x|d`hv m` m`foed ~osd|x} m` xbd xwo fot`x|mdv jio`gwmxb fbj`gdv m` vofmji j`h d`sm|oèd`xji hmed`vmo`v oc ~osd|x}. Xbd hmvftvvmo` jivo fosd|v xbd|oid oc hmccd|d`fdv m` m`vxmxtxmo`ji vdxt~ co| ~osd|x} |dhtfxmo` m` xbd xwo fot`x|mdv j`h idvvo`vco| Lj`gijhdvb c|oe ^\Fv dr~d|md`fd.

Vdfxmo` 8 hdjiv wmxb xbd ~osd|x} me~jfx oc ^\Fv dfoòemf foo~d|jxmo` j`h hdsdio~ed`xjvvmvxj`fd xo Lj`gijhdvb. Wbmid xbd vfo~d oc xbmv ~j~d| hodv òx ~d|emx j`} |mgo|otv j`ji}vmv oc~osd|x} me~jfx oc ^\Fv dfoòemf foo~d|jxmo` wmxb Lj`gijhdvb) j fjvd vxth} j~~|ojfb bjvldd` tvdh xo h|jw xbd fo`fitvmo`v. Cm`jii}) Vdfxmo` 4 vteej|m{dv xbd hmccd|m`g vxo|mdv oc~osd|x} |dhtfxmo` m` Lj`gijhdvb j`h ^\F m` o|hd| xo v~dfmc} me~o|xj`x idvvo`v. Xbd vdfxmo`

jivo tvdv xbd dr~d|md`fd oc ^\F xo mhd`xmc} xbd m`jhdztjfmdv oc xbd |dfd`x g|owxb j`h ~osd|x}|dhtfxmo` ~|ofdvv oc Lj`gijhdvb j`h vtggdvx ~oimfmdv m` xbd imgbx oc xbd idvvo`v idj|`dh c|oe^\Fv dr~d|md`fd. M` xbmv fo`xdrx) xbd coftv bjv ldd` ~ijfdh o` vdsd|ji v~dfmcmf mvvtdv) vtfb jvidvvo`v c|oe ^\F xo jhh|dvv |t|ji ~osd|x}1 imemxjxmo`v oc xbd ^\F drje~id xo jhh|dvv t|lj`~osd|x} m` Lj`gijhdvb1 xbd cdjvmlmimx} oc |d~imfjxm`g ^\Fv dr~d|md`fd oc foeemxxdh m`vxmxtxmo`jic|jedwo|a co| ~osd|x} |dhtfxmo` m` Lj`gijhdvb1 j`h ~ovvmlid me~imfjxmo`v co| j eo|d ~|o%~oo|vtl%|dgmo`ji foo~d|jxmo` wmxb Fbm`j.


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v. Voed vdidfxdh dfoòemf) vofmji) j`h |dijxdh m`hmfjxo|v bmgbimgbxm`gxbd hmccd|m`g fbj|jfxd|mvxmfv oc xbd xwo fot`x|mdv j|d gmsd` m` Xjlid :. Hdv~mxd xbd olsmotvhmccd|d`fdv ldxwdd` xbd xwo fot`x|mdv) loxb Lj`gijhdvb j`h ^\F cjfd |jxbd| vmemij| dfoòemf~|olidev m` fd|xjm` |dv~dfxv) vtfb jv vtvxjm`jlmimx} oc g|owxb j`h ded|gm`g m`dztjimxmdv. M` loxbfot`x|mdv) dfoòemf g|owxb bjv ldd` jvvofmjxdh wmxb vbj|~ m`f|djvdv m` v~jxmji j`h sd|xmfjim`dztjimxmdv) g|djxd| c|jgmimx} m` m`foedv jeo`g xbd ~oo| j`h ej|gm`jim{dh g|ot~v) j`h jhsd|vdvbmcxv m` vdsd|ji fimejxd fbj`gd m`hmfjxo|v.

Mx mv) bowdsd|) me~o|xj`x xo |dfog`m{d xbjx xbd xwo dfoòemdv j|d ct`hjed`xjii} hmccd|d`x mèj`} |dv~dfxv. M` jhhmxmo` xo ij|gd hmccd|d`fdv m` ~b}vmfji j|dj) ~o~tijxmo`) |dgmo`ji hmsd|vmx})j`h oxbd| fbj|jfxd|mvxmfv) xbd m`vxmxtxmo`ji fo`hmxmo`v m` xbd xwo fot`x|mdv |dejm` sd|} hmccd|d`x.Lj`gijhdvb vxj|xdh wmxb j x|jhmxmo`ji emrdh dfoòe} vm`fd M`hd~d`hd`fd o`wj|hv) j`h xbd |oidoc xbd ~|msjxd vdfxo| ct|xbd| dr~j`hdh wmxb `do%imld|ji |dco|ev t`hd|xjad` ht|m`g xbd ~bjvd ocgioljim{jxmo` j`h |dhtfdh vxjxd |dgtijxmo`v vm`fd xbd :==>v. Xbd ejf|odfoòemf ~oimfmdv m`Lj`gijhdvb coftvdh eo|d o` dfoòemf vxjlmimx} wbmid xbd m`jlmimx} oc xbd vxjxd xo me~ided`x j`}vmg`mcmfj`x ij`h "j`h |t|ji- |dco|ev j`h/o| oxbd| vx|jxdgmdv xo l|m`g jlotx vtlvxj`xmji|dhmvx|mltxmo` oc jvvdxv |dvtixdh m` fo`hmxmo`v m` wbmfb wdjixb j`h m`foed m`dztjimxmdv |dejm`dhòx oì} bmgb j`h |mvm`g ltx jivo vmg`mcmfj`xi} fo`vx|jm`dh xbd fj~jfmx} oc xbd vxjxd xo t`hd|xjad

j`} ejko| |dhmvx|mltxmsd ~oimfmdv.

Xjlid :; Vdidfxdh Fbj|jfxd|mvxmfv oc Lj`gijhdvb j`h ^\F Dfoòe}M`hmfjxo|v Lj`gijhdvb

:=2> :==> >> :>^\F

:=2> :==> >> :>

Hdeog|j~bmf

J``tji ~o~tijxmo` g|owxb) $ô~tijxmo` hd`vmx} ~d| vz.ae.Wo|am`g jgd ~o~tijxmo`) $T|lj` ~o~tijxmo`) $

.2 4.= 4.= 4.2


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Me~|osdh wjxd| vot|fd) $ ~o~.Cdejid ijlo| co|fd) $ xoxjiImcdxmed |mva oc ejxd|`ji hdjxb) $

72 7= )))67 8> 62 8.:2 :.7:

))) 37 2> 86 84 84 >.6: >.::

Vot|fd; Wo|ih Ljà) Wo|ih Hdsdio~ed`x M`hmfjxo|v

^\F) o` xbd oxbd| bj`h) bjh j sd|} hmccd|d`x dfoòemf vx|tfxt|d xo ldgm` wmxb wbmfb wjv

m`g|jm`dh m` xbd foeej`h dfoòe}. Mx `ddhv xo ld |dfog`m{dh xbjx) jcxd| xbd :=8= \dsoitxmo`)foe~|dbd`vmsd j`h vwdd~m`g ij`h |dco|ev wd|d me~ided`xdh m` ^\F |dvtixm`g m` h|jejxmffbj`gd m` xbd jvvdx hmvx|mltxmo` wbmfb vmg`mcmfj`xi} m`citd`fdh vtlvdztd`x ~oimfmdv. Jixbotgb ij`h|dijxmo`v bjsd t`hd|go`d ej`} fbj`gdv vm`fd xbd` "d.g. c|oe foiidfxmsm{jxmo` xo eo|dhd~d`hd`fd o` vejii boihd| ~djvj`xv-) xbd m`mxmji g|djxd| dztjimx} xo ij`h jivo m`citd`fdh jffdvvxo oxbd| jvvdxv j`h jsd`tdv co| vofmji eolmimx}. M` j eo|d dfoòemfjii} dztji vofmdx}) dfoòemf~oimfmdv bjh j sd|} hmccd|d`x ztjimxjxmsd me~jfx xbj` vmemij| ~oimfmdv m` j eo|d t`dztji vofmdx} jvm` Lj`gijhdvb.

Mx ej} ld j|gtdh xbjx) dsd` jcxd| xbd vwdd~m`g |dco|ev vm`fd :=7=) vxjxd fo`x|oi osd| xbdejf|o%dfoòe} vxmii |dejm`v vtlvxj`xmji m` ^\F. Vmemij|i}) xbd jlmimx} oc xbd Fbm`dvd vxjxd xo

m`citd`fd dfoòemf jfxmsmxmdv xb|otgb cmvfji edjvt|dv mv d`bj`fdh l} xbd me~o|xj`fd oc vxjxdow`dh d`xd|~|mvdv "VODv- j`h xbd xow`vbm~ j`h smiijgd d`xd|~|mvdv "XSDv- m` xoxji otx~tx. M`xbd fjvd oc eo`dxj|} ~oimf}) jhktvxed`x xb|otgb jhem`mvx|jxmsd edjvt|dv ~ij}v j` me~o|xj`x|oid m` smdw oc xbd hoem`j`fd oc vxjxd ow`dh ljàv m` xbd f|dhmx ej|adx. Hdv~mxd xbd x|j`vmxmo`xo xbd ej|adx ljvdh v}vxde) xbd Fbm`dvd gosd|èd`x vxmii bjv vmg`mcmfj`x jlmimx} xo ztmfai}m`x|ohtfd fo||dfxmsd jfxmo`v xb|otgb mxv hm|dfx fo`x|oi edjvt|dv.:

Jòxbd| ejko| hmccd|d`fd ldxwdd` xbd xwo dfoòemdv mv xbd vmg`mcmfj`xi} bmgb dfoòemf g|owxbm` ^\F foe~j|dh wmxb eohd|jxd dr~j`vmo` m` Lj`gijhdvb. Xbd Fbm`dvd dfoòe} bjv g|ow` jxj` jsd|jgd |jxd oc j|ot`h :> ~d|fd`x co| xbd ijvx xwo j`h j bjic hdfjhdv) wbmid xbd Lj`gijhdvbdfoòe} bjv g|ow` jx idvv xbj` bjic xbd |jxd osd| xbd vjed ~d|moh. Mx mv oì} m` xbd >>v xbjx

xbd Lj`gijhdvb dfoòe} g|dw jx |jxdv m` drfdvv oc 4 ~d|fd`x ~d| }dj|. Xbd bmgbd| g|owxb m`^\F vxdev c|oe j etfb bmgbd| |jxd oc m`sdvxed`xm`sdvxed`x jv j vbj|d oc GH^ sj|mdhldxwdd` 64 ~d|fd`x j`h 84 ~d|fd`x osd| xbd ijvx ztj|xd| oc j fd`xt|} m` ^\F foe~j|dh wmxb:4 ~d|fd`x j`h |djfbm`g 2~d|fd`x oì} ht|m`g xbd ~dja }dj|. Osd| xbd >>%>7 ~d|moh) CHM jffot`xdh co| oì} 3 ~d|fd`x oc hoedvxmfm`sdvxed`x m` Fbm`j. M` |dfd`x }dj|v) fj~mxji m`ciowv vdde xo bjsd fo`x|mltxdh eo|d) m` ejf|odfoòemf xd|ev) xoxbd jfftetijxmo` oc m`xd|`jxmo`ji |dvd|sdv xbj` xo hoedvxmf m`sdvxed`x m` ^\F.


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Vx|tfxt|ji fbj`gd m` ^\F bjv coiiowdh xbd fijvvmfji ~jxxd|` wmxb x|j`vco|ejxmo` c|oe xbd~|mej|} "jg|mftixt|d- jfxmsmxmdv xo vdfo`hj|} "ej`tcjfxt|m`g- jfxmsmxmdv. Osd| xbd ijvx


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~d|fd`x ~d|}dj| c|oe :=2> xo >2foe~j|dh wmxb oì} 8.7 ~d|fd`x m` Lj`gijhdvb ht|m`g xbd vjed~d|moh. Dsd` xbotgb g|owxb m` Lj`gijhdvb bjv òx }dx |djfbdh xbd bmgb idsdiv olxjm`dh l} ^\F)Lj`gijhdvbv g|owxb vbowv j fidj| t~wj|h x|d`h m` |dfd`x }dj|v wmxb j` jsd|jgd oc 4.2 ~d|fd`xht|m`g >>%:>.

Cmgt|d :; GH^ j`h Jg|mftixt|ji G|owxb m` Lj`gijhdvb) :=2>%:>

Mx j~~dj|v xbjx jg|mftixt|ji g|owxb m` ^\F bjv ldd` bmgbd| j`h etfb idvv sj|mjlid foe~j|dhwmxb jg|mftixt|ji g|owxb m` Lj`gijhdvb. Eo|dosd|) xbd |dijxmsd me~o|xj`fd oc jg|mftixt|d m` xbdosd|jii dfoòe} bjv ldd` hdfim`m`g vbj|~i}) ~j|xmftij|i} m` ^\F. Xbd vbj|d oc jg|mftixt|d m`GH^ hdf|djvdh c|oe 6> ~d|fd`x m` :=2> xo :: ~d|fd`x m` >2 m` ^\F wbmid vmemij| hdfim`d m`Lj`gijhdvb wjv c|oe 6: ~d|fd`x m` :=2> xo :2 ~d|fd`x m` >= "Wo|ih Ljà >=-. Bowdsd|)jg|mftixt|d fo`xm`tdv xo jffot`x co| 88 ~d|fd`x oc xbd wo|aco|fd m` ^\F j`h j etfb ij|gd|

vbj|d m` Lj`gijhdvb. Xbtv) jg|mftixt|d fo`xm`tdv xo ~ij} j ij|gd |oid m` loxb ^\F j`h Lj`gijhdvbm` ~|osmhm`g imsdimboohv co| xbd ejko|mx} oc xbdm| ~o~tijxmo`v.


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Cmgt|d %:>

Xbd me~o|xj`fd oc jg|mftixt|d jv j` d`gm`d oc g|owxb co| ~osd|x} |dhtfxmo` mv bmgbimgbxdh m`Lj`gijhdvb jv xbd ~oo| eovxi} imsd m` |t|ji j|djv j`h hd~d`hv o` jg|mftixt|ji jfxmsmxmdv. Co| |t|jihdsdio~ed`x) de~bjvmv mv ~tx o` jffdid|jxm`g xbd g|owxb oc jg|mftixt|d j`h ò`%cj|e vdfxo|v)me~|osm`g xbd ztjimx} oc vofmji vd|smfdv) d`vt|m`g ~|o~d| ct`fxmo`m`g oc xbd |t|ji m`vxmxtxmo`v) j`hdr~j`hm`g xbd |t|ji m`c|jvx|tfxt|d.

O` xbd oxbd| bj`h) ^\Fv ~osd|x} |dhtfxmo` ~oimfmdv vm`fd :=72 fj` ld fijvvmcmdh t`hd| cot|~bjvdv;

^bjvd M; \t|ji \dco|e) :=72%:=24

^bjvd MM; @jxmo`ji Xj|gdxdh ôsd|x} \dhtfxmo` ^|og|jev) :=23%:==6

^bjvd MMM; Xbd 2%7 îj`) :==8%>>

^bjvd MS; @dw Fd`xt|} \t|ji ôsd|x} Jiidsmjxmo` îj`) >:%:>.

M` o|hd| xo jhh|dvv xbd eovx ~|dvvm`g ~|olide oc loovxm`g |t|ji dfoòemf g|owxb jcxd| xbd~ovx%:=72 |dco|e ~d|moh) ^\F ijt`fbdh m`vxmxtxmo`ji |dco|ev oc |t|ji ~|ohtfxmo` j`h

hmvx|mltxmo` v}vxdev j`h ~|oft|ded`x ~|mfdv. Xbd ct`hjed`xji m`vxmxtxmo`ji fbj`gd) bowdsd|)wjv xbd ij`h |dco|e fbj|jfxd|m{dh l} xbd botvdboih |dv~o`vmlmimx} v}vxde m` |t|ji Fbm`j. Xbdvddj|i} |t|ji |dco|ev hdimsd|dh |dej|ajlid |dvtixv m` xd|ev oc |t|ji m`foed g|owxb j`h ~osd|x}|dhtfxmo`.8

Xbd @jxmo`ji Xj|gdxdh ôsd|x} \dhtfxmo` ^|og|jev) ijt`fbdh m` xbd emh%:=2>v) fosd|dh jwmhd sj|mdx} oc jfxo|v) m`mxmjxmsdv) j`h ct`hm`g fbj``div. Xbd Vxjxd Fot`fmiv Idjhm`g G|ot~ co|ôsd|x} \dhtfxmo` "IG^\- wjv dvxjlimvbdh m` :=23 xo d`vt|d foo|hm`jxmo` jeo`g hmccd|d`x~osd|x} |dhtfxmo` m`mxmjxmsdv j`h dr~dhmxd hdsdio~ed`x oc xbd ~oo| j|djv. Co| xbd occmfmjii}hdvmg`jxdh ~oo| fot`xmdv) xbd fd`x|ji gosd|èd`x f|djxdh v~dfmji ct`hv xo vt~~o|x jvtlvmhm{dh ioj` ~|og|je) cooh co| wo|a "CCW- ~|og|je) j`h lthgdxj|} ~oo| j|dj hdsdio~ed`x

ct`h g|j`xv. Jx xbd iofji idsdi) eovx ~oo| ~|osm`fdv) ~|dcdfxt|dv) j`h fot`xmdv dvxjlimvbdhIdjhm`g G|ot~v) j`h iofji gosd|èd`xv wd|d |dztm|dh xo ~|osmhd fot`xd|~j|x ct`hv. Xbd~d|moh t`hd| ^bjvd MM wjv) bowdsd|) ej|adh l} |dijxmsd vxjg`jxmo` oc xbd |t|ji dfoòe})

8 J vx|o`g g|owxb m` g|jm` }mdihv j`h |t|ji m`htvx|mdv |jmvdh |t|ji m`foedv l} :4 ~d|fd`x j }dj| m` |dji xd|ev. \t|jim`foed g|owxb hdimsd|dh `dj|i} t`msd|vji ~osd|x} |dhtfxmo` fosd|m`g dsd` xbd drx|dedi} ~osd|x} vx|mfad` |dgmo`v"d.g. Btj`gbtjmbjm |dgmo` m` Djvxd|` Ctkmj`-. Ldxwdd` :=2: j`h :=28) m`foed ~osd|x} m` xd|ev oc ( : j hj} cdiic|oe 8= ~d|fd`x xo


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viowd| g|owxb m` ~d| fj~mxj sjitd jhhdh c|oe jg|mftixt|d) |dijxmsd hdfim`d m` jg|mftixt|ji ~|mfdv)j`h hdxd|mo|jxmo` m` |t|ji%t|lj` xd|ev oc x|jhd m` ijxd :=2>v j`h dj|i} :==>v. L} :==8) xbd~osd|x} |jxd wjv :2 ~d|fd`x m` ( : j hj} xd|ev j`h 2> emiimo` oc xbd |t|ji ~o~tijxmo` |dejm`dh~oo| edjvt|dh jx xbd occmfmji ~osd|x} im`d) iowd| l} 84 emiimo` c|oe xbd :=24 idsdi.

M` :==8) xbd Gosd|èd`x m`x|ohtfdh xbd 2%7 îj` "@jxmo`ji îj` co| ôsd|x} \dhtfxmo`- xom`xd`vmc} xbd ~osd|x} |dhtfxmo` ~oimfmdv. M` me~ided`xm`g xbd 2%7 îj`) xbd Gosd|èd`x |dcm`dhmxv vdidfxmo` oc ~oo| fot`xmdv j`h de~bjvm{dh xbd |dv~o`vmlmimx} oc xbd iofji gosd|èd`xv co|d`vt|m`g dccdfxmsd`dvv oc ~osd|x} |dhtfxmo` m`mxmjxmsdv wmxbm` xbd c|jedwo|a oc xbd ôsd|x}\dhtfxmo` \dv~o`vmlmimx} V}vxde. Xbd 2%7 îj` ejm`xjm`dh xbd xb|dd fbj``div oc m`xd|sd`xmoìjt`fbdh m` :=23; vtlvmhm{dh ioj` ~|og|je) cooh%co|%wo|a ~|og|je) j`h gosd|èd`x lthgdxj|}g|j`xv. Xbd vtlvmhm{dh ioj` ~|og|je |dfdmsdh xbd ij|gdvx m`f|djvd m` ct`hm`g wbmfb wjv ejmì}cm`j`fdh xb|otgb xbd ljàm`g v}vxde vo xbjx mxv cmvfji fovx wjv òx meedhmjxdi} smvmlid. Xbd 2%7îj` bjh j ~ovmxmsd me~jfx o` ~osd|x} |dhtfxmo`) dv~dfmjii} m` xbd hdvmg`jxdh ~oo| fot`xmdv. Xbd`teld| oc |t|ji ~oo|) m` xd|ev oc xbd occmfmji ~osd|x} im`d) hdfim`dh c|oe 2> emiimo` xo 6< emiimo`ldxwdd` :==6 j`h >>.4 Xbd cjvxd| ~osd|x} |dhtfxmo` ht|m`g xbd ~d|moh fjed c|oe cot|

ejko| m`mxmjxmsdv; "m- bmgb dfoòemf g|owxb1 "mm- jg|mftixt|ji ~|mfd m`f|djvd wbmfb wjv |dijxdh xoxbd :==8%:==3 gosd|èd`x ~|oft|ded`x |dco|e xbjx loovxdh |t|ji g|owxb1 "mmm- |t|ji%t|ljèmg|jxmo`1 j`h "ms- ~osd|x} |dhtfxmo` dcco|xv.

Xbd :==>v jivo wmx`dvvdh j vxdjh} ~|og|dvv m` btej` hdsdio~ed`x m` xbd ^\F. L} >:) xbdjhtix imxd|jf} |jxd |ovd xo 24 ~d|fd`x) `dx d`|oiied`x |jxd xo == ~d|fd`x m` ~|mej|} vfbooiv)j`h g|ovv d`|oiied`x |jxdv xo 2= ~d|fd`x j`h 88 ~d|fd`x m` kt`mo| j`h vd`mo| vdfo`hj|}vfbooiv |dv~dfxmsdi}. Ht|m`g :=2>%>:) xbd jsd|jgd }dj|v oc vfbooim`g m` xbd :4%38 }dj| jgdg|ot~ |ovd c|oe 4 }dj|v xo 2 }dj|v. Ejko| ~|og|dvv wjv jivo jfbmdsdh m` xbd bdjixb m`hmfjxo|vl} >:. Jsd|jgd imcd dr~dfxj`f} jx lm|xb |djfbdh 7> }dj|v) m`cj`x eo|xjimx} hdfim`dh xo 6.:~d|fd`x) j`h t`hd|%cmsd eo|xjimx} cdii xo 6.= ~d|fd`x. @dj|i} 24 ~d|fd`x oc xbd ~o~tijxmo` gjm`dh

jffdvv xo dvvd`xmji h|tgv j`h idvv xbj` :> ~d|fd`x wd|d t`hd|òt|mvbdh. Hdv~mxd vtfbme~|osded`xv) |t|ji%t|lj` j`h fojvx%m`xd|mo| hmv~j|mxmdv wmhd`dh m` btej` hdsdio~ed`x.

Mx bjv òw ldd` |dfog`m{dh xbjx xbd ~osd|x} |dhtfxmo` dccdfxv oc xbd 2%7 îj` fotih bjsd ldd`ct|xbd| vx|d`gxbd`dh l} g|djxd| fij|mx} m` gosd|èd`x olkdfxmsdv) ldxxd| xj|gdxm`g) j`h jho~xm`geo|d ~j|xmfm~jxo|} j~~|ojfbdv jx xbd iofji idsdi. J foelm`jxmo` oc hmccd|d`x gojiv "d.g.vtlvmhm{dh ioj` ~|og|jev loxb xo |djfb xbd ~oo| j`h ~|oeoxd g|owxb- voedxmedv idh xofo`cimfxm`g ~|mo|mxmdv xo xbd iofji me~ided`xd|v. Ldxxd| xj|gdxm`g fotih bjsd ldd` jfbmdsdh l}fo`vmhd|m`g ~oo| smiijgdv "o| xow`vbm~v- j`h l} jho~xm`g v~dfmcmf botvdboih xj|gdxm`g xo |dhtfdidjajgdv j`h |djfb ~oo| botvdboihv |dvmhm`g otxvmhd hdvmg`jxdh ~oo| iofjimxmdv. Vmemij|i}) xbdjho~xmo` oc j eo|d ~j|xmfm~jxo|} ~|og|je vdidfxmo`) ~|okdfx hdvmg`) j`h ej`jgded`x j`h

dsjitjxmo` j~~|ojfb fotih bjsd |dhtfdh xbd emvejxfb wmxb xbd ~|mo|mxmdv oc xbd ~oo| xojfbmdsd hdvm|dh ~osd|x} |dhtfxmo` dccdfxv.

4 M` xd|ev oc ( : j hj} m`foed) xoxji `teld| oc xbd ~oo| h|o~~dh c|oe >wbmfb m` (: j hj} fo`vte~xmo` xd|ev) |dcidfxv j hdfim`d c|oe 688 emiimo` xo :=4 emiimo` osd| xbd vjed ~d|moh. Xbdgj~ ldxwdd` ( : j hj} m`foed edjvt|d j`h ( : j hj} fo`vte~xmo` edjvt|d vtggdvxv xbjx |t|ji botvdboihvjfftetijxd vjsm`gv) ~|dvtejli} xo eddx j`xmfm~jxdh j`h t`j`xmfm~jxdh oxbd| ljvmf `ddhv m`fithm`g bdjixb fj|d j`hdhtfjxmo`.


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H|jwm`g o` xbdvd me~o|xj`x idvvo`v idj|`dh c|oe xbd 2%7 îj`) xbd Fbm`dvd Gosd|èd`xijt`fbdh j @dw Fd`xt|} \t|ji ôsd|x} Jiidsmjxmo` îj` co| >:%:> wmxb coftv o` xj|gdxm`g~oo| smiijgdv |jxbd| xbj` ~oo| fot`xmdv) de~bjvm{m`g btej` fj~mxji j`h vofmji hdsdio~ed`x m`~oo| iofjimxmdv) j`h ~|oeoxm`g ~j|xmfm~jxo|} ~osd|x} |dhtfxmo` j~~|ojfbdv. ^\Fv \t|ji ôsd|x}\dhtfxmo` j`h Hdsdio~ed`x Foe~d`hmte ">:%:>- wjv mvvtdh m` >:. Xbd îj`

de~bjvm{dh xbd hdsdio~ed`x oc vfmd`fd j`h xdfbòiog}) dhtfjxmo`) ftixt|d) bdjixb) j`h smiijgdljvdh foe~|dbd`vmsd hdsdio~ed`x. Xbd îj` jivo |dfog`m{dh xbjx |t|ji%t|lj` emg|jxmo` wjv jf|mxmfji jsd`td co| ~osd|x} |dhtfxmo` m` Fbm`j j`h `dw ~oimf} m`mxmjxmsdv wd|d `ddhdh xo ejad mxdjvmd| co| xbd |t|ji m`bjlmxj`xv xo ld`dcmx c|oe `dw kol o~~o|xt`mxmdv j|mvm`g m` Fbm`jv xow`vj`h fmxmdv. Edjvt|dv j`h ~|og|jev oc xbd 2%7 îj` wd|d |dgtij|i} dsjitjxdh j`h jhktvxdh xome~|osd dccdfxmsd`dvv. M` Vd~xdeld| :==3) xbd Gosd|èd`x fo`sd`dh xbd bmgbdvx idsdi ~osd|x}|dhtfxmo` fo`cd|d`fd xo |dsmdw xbd dr~d|md`fd j`h idvvo`v idj|`dh t`hd| xbd 2%7 îj` wbmfbvx|d`gxbd`dh xbd |dv~o`vmlmimx} oc iofji gosd|èd`xv co| ~osd|x} |dhtfxmo` ~d|co|ej`fd)dvxjlimvbm`g xbd ~|m`fm~id oc cot| xo ~|osm`fdv) wbmfb edj`x ct`hv xo ~|osm`fdv) ~owd| xo~|osm`fdv) xjvav xo ~|osm`fdv) |dv~o`vmlmimx} xo ~|osm`fdv jio`g wmxb jffot`xjlmimx} co|~d|co|ej`fd oc iofji gosd|èd`x occmfd|v. Xbd `dw ~ij` de~bjvm{dv xbd hdsdio~ed`x oc

vfmd`fd j`h xdfbòiog}) dhtfjxmo`) ftixt|d) bdjixb) j`h fjiiv co| ~j|xmfm~jxo|} ~osd|x} |dhtfxmo`j~~|ojfbdv j`h smiijgd ljvdh foe~|dbd`vmsd hdsdio~ed`x m`fithm`g xbd |dfog`mxmo` xbjx |t|ji%t|lj` emg|jxmo` mv j f|mxmfji jsd`td co| ~osd|x} |dhtfxmo` "Gjo >:-.

Xbd jlosd vbowv xbjx ^\F jho~xdh hmsd|vd vdxv oc |dco|ev m` ijvx cdw hdfjhdv wmxb xbd gojivoc vxmetijxm`g g|owxb j`h |dhtfm`g ~osd|x}. Jv j |dvtix) xbd `teld| oc ~oo| ~do~id hmem`mvbdhg|djxi}) htd m` ij|gd ~j|x xo |j~mh j`h fo`xm`totv dfoòemf g|owxb. Xbd ~oo| ~o~tijxmo` m`|t|ji j|djv cdii c|oe emiimo` m` :=72 xo j|ot`h 6< emiimo` m` >>. Mc xbd ~osd|x} im`d hdcm`dhjv (: j hj} mv tvdh) xbd m`fmhd`fd oc ~osd|x} hdfim`dh c|oe 6:.6 ~d|fd`x m` :==> xo ::.4 ~d|fd`xm` :==2 "Wo|ih Ljà >:-. Xbd osd|jii cjii m` |t|ji ~osd|x} m` xbd xwo hdfjhdv jcxd| :=7= wjvm` cjfx ij|gdi} jffot`xdh co| l} xwo |dijxmsdi} l|mdc ~d|mohv; xbd cm|vx cmsd }dj|v oc xbd |dco|e

~d|moh j`h xbd emhhid xb|dd }dj|v oc xbd :==>v. Ht|m`g xbdvd ~d|mohv) |t|ji m`foedv jhsj`fdhj`h ejf|odfoòemf ~oimfmdv j`h x|d`hv wd|d ~|o%~oo|. Oxbd| }dj|v vjw ò vmg`mcmfj`x cjii m`~osd|x} hdv~mxd |j~mh dfoòemf g|owxb j`h j g|owm`g ~osd|x} |dhtfxmo` ~|og|je.

Xbd cm|vx ~d|moh) aòw` jv xbd d|j oc |dco|e j`h x|j`vmxmo`) coftvdh o` xbd |dco|e ocfot`x|}vmhd. Osd| xbdvd }dj|v) xbd |t|ji ~do~idv foeet`dv wd|d hmvej`xidh) ij`h wjv~j|fdidh otx xo botvdboihv o` j` dvvd`xmjii} dgjimxj|mj` ljvmv) cj|ed|v wd|d d`fot|jgdh xojlj`ho` xbd ~|dsmotv g|jm` cm|vx ~oimf} j`h xo hmsd|vmc} ~|ohtfxmo`) j`h cj|e ~|mfdv wd|d|jmvdh. M` jhhmxmo`) fbdemfji cd|xmim{d| vt~~imdv m`f|djvdh |j~mhi}. Xbmv foelm`jxmo` oc |dvxo|dh~|ohtfxmo` m`fd`xmsdv j`h |mvm`g vt~~imdv oc cj|e m`~txv vxmetijxdh j` t`~|dfdhd`xdh v~t|x ocg|owxb m` loxb cj|e ~|ohtfxmo` j`h cj|ed| m`foedv. Xbd vdfo`h ~d|moh oc vbj|~ hdfim`d m`

|t|ji ~osd|x} offt||dh m` xbd emhhid }dj|v oc xbd :==>v. \dji ~d| fj~mxj m`foed oc xbd |t|jiFbm`dvd ~do~id m`f|djvdh l}


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cj|e ~|mfdv ~om`xv xo xbd me~o|xj`fd oc gd`d|ji dfoòemf ~oimfmdv m` jccdfxm`g xbd x|d`hv m`~osd|x}. Eo|dosd|) de~bjvmv o` jg|mftixt|d j`h cj|e ~|ohtfxmo`) cm|e foeemxed`x xome~|osm`g imsm`g j`h ~|ohtfxmo` fo`hmxmo`v m` ~oo| j|djv) ~|mo|mxm{m`g dhtfjxmo` j`h x|jm`m`g oc~oo| ~do~id) j`h bj|`dvvm`g oc vfmd`fd j`h xdfbòiog} xo bdi~ |dhtfd ~osd|x} j|d me~o|xj`xdided`xv xbjx fo`x|mltxdh xo vtffdvv oc |t|ji hdsdio~ed`x m` ^\F. Xbmv wjv vt~~o|xdh l}

~oimfmdv co| cjfmimxjxm`g otx%emg|jxmo` j`h soit`xj|} |dvdxxided`x c|oe dfoiogmfjii} hmvjhsj`xjgdhj|djv. Ij|gd m`ctvmo`v oc m`c|jvx|tfxt|d m`sdvxed`x m`xo ej`} dfoòemfjii} ljfawj|h ~j|xv ocxbd fot`x|} jivo ~ij}dh ad} |oidv m` hdsdio~m`g xbd |t|ji j`h ljfawj|h j|djv "d.g. xbd G|djxWdvxd|` Hdsdio~ed`x Vx|jxdg} jho~xdh l} xbd Vxjxd Fot`fmi m` dj|i} >>-.

M` vteej|}) xbd |t|ji hdsdio~ed`x j`h ~osd|x} |dhtfxmo` vx|jxdg} m` ^\F coftvdh o` vdsd|jijv~dfxv wmxb |dijxmsd ~|mo|mxmdv sj|}m`g osd| xmed j`h iofjxmo`v;

Cm|vx) xbd vx|jxdg} xj|gdxv |dgmo`ji ~osd|x} d. g. ~oo| fot`xmdv.

Vdfo`h) xbd ct`hjed`xji j~~|ojfb mv xo |dhtfd ~osd|x} òx l} ~|osmhm`g |dimdc ltx l}

~|oeoxm`g dfoòemf g|owxb m` ~oo| fot`xmdv.

Xbm|h) xbd ejm` edjvt|dv tvdh j|d xo ~|osmhd cm`j`fmji) xdfb`mfji j`h vofmji vt~~o|x xo me~|osddfoòemf fo`hmxmo`v. Xbd dr~dfxjxmo` mv xbjx ld`dcmxv c|oe |dgmo`ji hdsdio~ed`x wmii x|mfaidhow` xo ~oo| botvdboihv.

Wmxbm` xbd c|jedwo|a) vdsd|ji ~oimfmdv j`h edjvt|dv wd|d bmgbimgbxdh m` im`d wmxb xbd |dgmo`jivx|jxdg};

Vtlvmhm{dh Ioj` |og|je

Xbd ~|og|je cdjxt|dv xbd jvvte~xmo`v xbjx xbd ~oo| ijfa ct`hv j`h jffdvv xo ò|eji cm`j`fmjivot|fdv |dztm|m`g foiijxd|ji co| id`hm`g.

Cooh co| Wo|a ^|og|je

ôo| ~b}vmfji m`c|jvx|tfxt|d mv j ejko| lj||md| xo ~osd|x} |dhtfxmo` m` ~oo| j|djv. Xbd Cooh co|Wo|a ^|og|je eolmim{dv t`hd|%de~io}dh ijlo| m` ~oo| j|djv xo me~|osd m`c|jvx|tfxt|d xbtvfoelm`m`g m`c|jvx|tfxt|d hdsdio~ed`x wmxb de~io}ed`x f|djxmo` co| xbd ~oo|.

Hdsdio~ed`x Ct`h |og|je

Xbd ~|og|je jhh|dvvdv xbd lthgdxj|} vbo|xjgd mvvtd m` ~oo| j|djv. T`hd| xbd ~|og|je) xwoam`hv oc lthgdx vtlvmh} j|d ~|osmhdh. Xbd cm|vx mv fjiidh cmrdh vtlvmh} j`h mv tvdh xo fosd|iofji gosd|èd`x jhem`mvx|jxmsd dr~d`hmxt|d m` ~oo| j|djv. Xbd vdfo`h mv fjiidh hdsdio~ed`xct`hv) dj|ej|adh xo vt~~o|x hdsdio~ed`x jfxmsmxmdv m` xbd ~oo| j|djv. Cm`j`fm`g ~|mo|mxmdvm`fithd f|o~ ~ij`xm`g) imsdvxofa) j`h tvd oc vfmd`fd j`h xdfbòiog} xo foeljx ~osd|x}. Xbd~|og|je jivo cm`j`fdv m`c|jvx|tfxt|d vtfb jv |ojhv) wjxd| vt~~i} j`h m||mgjxmo`) jv wdii jvdhtfjxmo` j`h edhmfji fj|d vd|smfdv.


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:.8 ~d|fd`x oc GH^-. Xbd Lj`gijhdvb dfo`oe} mv eo|do~d` `ow wmxb |mvm`g vbj|d oc dr~o|xv j`h me~o|xv m` GH^. Ijlo| emg|jxmo` j`h |demxxj`fdvbjsd ldd` |mvm`g cjvx jv wdii. Vo x|jhd o~d``dvv j`h |demxxj`fdv bjsd jfxdh jv xbd xwo eovxme~o|xj`x fbj``div oc gioljim{jxmo` m` Lj`gijhdvb.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trade_surplushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manufacturinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_serviceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macroeconomichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macroeconomichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_serviceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manufacturinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trade_surplus


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:8

Jv wd bjsd òxdh dj|imd|) foe~j|dh wmxb xbd :=2>v) xbd ~d|moh jcxd| xbd :==>v wmx`dvvdhjffdid|jxdh g|owxb j`h cjvxd| ~osd|x} |dhtfxmo` m` Lj`gijhdvb) ltx jivo j wmhd`m`g oc m`foedm`dztjimx} m` loxb t|lj` j`h |t|ji j|djv. J`ji}vmv oc xbd ~|ormejxd vot|fdv g|owxb ht|m`g xbd:==>v vbowv xbjx m`htvx|} j`h vd|smfdv vdfxo|v fo`x|mltxdh jieovx dztjii} xo xbd m`f|ded`xji

g|owxb) djfb wmxb j vbj|d oc jlotx 8: ~d|fd`x) wmxb jg|mftixt|d ejam`g j |dijxmsdi} vejiifo`x|mltxmo` oc :7 ~d|fd`x "Ovej`m >4-. Jx idjvx xwo%xbm|hv xo xb|dd%ztj|xd|v oc xbdm`f|ded`xji g|owxb m` xbd :==>v o|mgm`jxdh c|oe xbd ò`%x|jhjlid vdfxo|v) ejmì} vd|smfdv)fo`vx|tfxmo`) j`h vejii%vfjid m`htvx|}. Mx mv) xbd|dco|d) |djvo`jlid xo ~|dvted xbjx g|owxbjffdid|jxmo` oc xbd :==>v o|mgm`jxdh c|oe d`bj`fdh hdej`h vxmetitv d`ko}dh l} xbd ò`%x|jhjlid vdfxo|v foem`g c|oe xb|dd ejko| vot|fdv; "m- ztj`xte kte~v m` f|o~ ~|ohtfxmo`1 "mm-|j~mh g|owxb oc m`foed gd`d|jxdh l} \EGv m`htvx|}1 j`h "mmm- jffdid|jxdh ciow oc |demxxj`fdvc|oe jl|ojh "Ovej`m >4-.Xbtv j ~ijtvmlid dr~ij`jxmo` oc xbd hoem`j`fd oc xbd ò`%x|jhjlidvdfxo| mv xbjx xbmv vdfxo| ld`dcmxdh c|oe vx|o`g hdej`h vxmetitv.

Xbd \EGv vdfxo| dr~j`hdh |j~mhi} vm`fd xbd :==>v wmxb ij|gd m`f|djvdv m` dr~o|xv. Xbd \EGv

bjsd j etfb bmgbd| vbj|d oc wjgd lmii m` xoxji sjitd jhhdh "64 ~d|fd`x sd|vtv :6 ~d|fd`x co||dvx ij|gd j`h edhmte m`htvx|mdv-. Jhhmxmo`ji m`foed gd`d|jxdh l} |j~mh g|owxb oc \EGv idhxo vmg`mcmfj`x hdej`h loovx xo vd|smfdv j`h oxbd| ò`%x|jhjlidv jv |t|ji cdejid wo|ad|v v~d`x jij|gd vbj|d oc xbdm| m`foedv o` xbdvd mxdev. Xbdm| v~d`hm`g ~jxxd|` mv vadwdh xowj|h goohvj`h vd|smfdv ~|ohtfdh m` m`co|eji ò`%x|jhjlid vdfxo|. \demxxj`fdv jivo m`f|djvdh vbj|~i} osd|xbd ~d|moh. Vm`fd j ij|gd vbj|d oc |demxxj`fdv godv xo xbd |t|ji dfoòe}) xbmv jivo loovxv xbdhdej`h co| ò`%x|jhjlidv ~|ohtfdh l} xbd |t|ji ò`%cj|e vdfxo|v. Jòxbd| vot|fd oc vxmetitvmv jg|mftixt|d) dv~dfmjii} |mfd ~|ohtfxmo`. Lmg kte~ m` |mfd ~|ohtfxmo` ":8%:4 emiimo` xo`v m`:=2>v xo :2 emiimo` xo`v m` :==> xbd` jòxbd| lmg kte~ v j`h òwfiovd xo 68 emiimo` xo`v-. Xbmv bjv ldd` j ejko| vot|fd oc hdej`h vxmetitv co| xbd |t|jiò`cj|e vdfxo|. Lj`gijhdvb xbtv d`ko}dh xb|dd ~|o`gdh vxmetitv xo d`bj`fdh hdej`h; "m-

cj|ed|v d`ko}m`g bmgbd| m`foedv1 "mm- gj|ed`x wo|ad|v "j`h xbdm| |t|ji cjemimdv-1 j`h "mmm-|demxxj`fd |dfdmsd|v.

Xbd g|owxb%~osd|x} `drtv oc xbd ~d|moh wo|adh xb|otgb cjvxd| g|owxb d`jlim`g xbd ò`%cj|ed`xd|~|mvdv xo dr~j`h xbdm| vfjid oc o~d|jxmo`. Xbmv vx|tfxt|ji fbj`gd l|otgbx jlotx j fbj`gd m`xbd `jxt|d oc ijlo| jlvo|~xmo` m` xbd vdfxo| jio`g wmxb g|djxd| dr~j`vmo` oc wjgd de~io}ed`x.Vm`fd wjgd de~io}ed`x m` ij|gd| d`xd|~|mvdv m` eo|d |dwj|hm`g xbj` ~dxx} vdic%de~io}ed`x "ocxbd :=2>v-) vtfb g|owxb jivo ldfjed fo`htfmsd xo ~osd|x} |dhtfxmo`. Gioljim{jxmo` bdi~dh xbdjlosd ~|ofdvv m` xwo wj}v; "m- l} loovxm`g xbd hdej`h co| ò`%x|jhjlidv1 j`h "mm- m` xbd vt~~i}vmhd) l} |dhtfm`g fovx oc ~|ohtfxmo`. Xbd imà ldxwdd` gioljim{jxmo` j`h xwo ~|ormejxd vot|fdvoc hdej`h vxmetitv "d.g. \EGv j`h |demxxj`fdv- mv olsmotv. Xbdvd ~|ofdvvdv wd|d jivo bdi~dh

l} ~oimf} hdfmvmo`v d.g. x|jhd j`h drfbj`gd |jxd ~oimfmdv j`h oxbd| giolji vt~~o|x xbjxLj`gijhdvb |dfdmsdh jv j idjvx hdsdio~dh fot`x|}.

M` fjvd oc ztj`xte kte~ m` |mfd ~|ohtfxmo`) gioljim{jxmo` vddev xo bjsd wo|adh xb|otgb x|jhdimld|jim{jxmo` wbmfb jccdfxdh xbd |dijxmsd ~|mfd vx|tfxt|d m` xbd ~|ohtfx ej|adx. Xbotgb |mfd mv jx|jhjlid foeeohmx}) m` ~|jfxmfd mx fj` ld xjad` jv j ò`%x|jhjlid foeeohmx} m` Lj`gijhdvb jvmxv ~|mfd m` xbd hoedvxmf ej|adx xd`h xo |dejm` ldxwdd` me~o|x ~j|mx} ~|mfd j`h dr~o|x ~j|mx}~|mfd t`hd| ò|eji fo`hmxmo`v. ^|oljli}) m`fd`xmsdv ~|osmhdh l} x|jhd imld|jim{jxmo` xb|otgb


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xbd m`~tx ej|adx bjsd ldd` eo|d me~o|xj`x m` Lj`gijhdvb. O`d vbotih òxd xbd imld|jim{jxmoòc ej|adxv oc jg|mftixt|ji m`~txv) dv~dfmjii} dimem`jxmo` oc ò`%xj|mcc lj||md|v o` me~o|x ocm||mgjxmo` dztm~ed`x) m` xbd ijxd :=2>v1 ~|msjxm{jxmo` oc cd|xmim{d| hmvx|mltxmo` j`h m`xd|`ji ej|adximld|jim{jxmo` oc cd|xmim{d| x|jhd1 j`h oxbd| edjvt|dv. Vmemij|i}) o` xbd vt~~i} vmhd) vejiim`htvx|mdv vdde xo bjsd ld`dcmxdh c|oe imld|jim{jxmo` oc me~o|x oc fj~mxji ejfbm`d|} j`h |jw

ejxd|mjiv. Jv j |dvtix) vejii vfjid ej`tcjfxt|m`g bjv cj|dh ldxxd| xbj` ij|gd vfjid ej`tcjfxt|m`gm` xbd ~ovx%imld|jim{jxmo` ~d|moh.

Xbtv gioljim{jxmo` bjv ~ij}dh j` me~o|xj`x |oid loxb c|oe hdej`h j`h vt~~i} vmhdvxovxmetijxd vejii vfjid ò`cj|e ò`%x|jhjlid vdfxo| xbjx bjv ldd` m`vx|ted`xji m` jffdid|jxm`gg|owxb j`h ~osd|x} |dhtfxmo` m` Lj`gijhdvb. Bow bjv gioljim{jxmo` me~jfxdh o` de~io}ed`xgd`d|jxmo`? De~io}ed`x m` voed m`htvx|mdv dr~j`hdh d.g. \EGv j`h idjxbd| ej`tcjfxt|m`gwbmid m` oxbd|v imad ~tlimf vdfxo| ktxd j`h xdrxmid m`htvx|mdv hdfim`dh. Ltx o`d ej} j|gtd xbjxvm`fd xbd wboid mhdj oc x|jhd imld|jim{jxmo` mv xo |djiiofjxd |dvot|fdv c|oe m`dccmfmd`x me~o|x%vtlvxmxtxm`g m`htvx|mdv xowj|h eo|d dccmfmd`x dr~o|x%o|md`xdh o`dv) voed de~io}ed`x iovv mvm`dsmxjlid. M` `dx xd|ev) dsmhd`fd vtggdvxv xbjx de~io}ed`x m` x|jhjlid vdfxo| bjv jivo |mvd`

jcxd| x|jhd imld|jim{jxmo`.

Xbd ~|dvd`x j`ji}vmv vtggdvxv xbjx) wbmid gioljim{jxmo` bjv d`jlidh ^\F xo |dj~ ejko| ld`dcmxvloxb m` xd|ev oc g|owxb j`h ~osd|x} |dhtfxmo`) mx bjv jivo vx|d`gxbd`dh ~oxd`xmji co| bmgbd|g|owxb j`h ~osd|x} |dhtfxmo` m` Lj`gijhdvb. Wbdxbd| xbmv ~oxd`xmji wotih ld ctii} |djim{dh m`Lj`gijhdvb hd~d`hv o` ~tlimf ~oimf} xbjx godv ld}o`h gioljim{jxmo`. Gioljim{jxmo` l|m`gv jlotxwmhd |j`gm`g vx|tfxt|ji fbj`gdv m` xbd dfoòe}) o~d`m`g t~ `dw o~~o|xt`mxmdv co| m`f|djvm`gm`foed j`h de~io}ed`x) ltx jivo fiovm`g how` ej`} drmvxm`g edj`v oc imsdimbooh. Dfoòemfxbdo|} vtggdvxv xbjx gjm`v vbotih tvtjii} otxwdmgb xbd iovvdv) j`h osd|jii wdicj|d vbotih |mvd.

O`d ejko| fo`fd|` oc ~tlimf ~oimf} vbotih ld xo jhh|dvv "d.g. vofmji vjcdx} `dxv- xbd vbo|x |t`

jhktvxed`x fovxv wbmfb tvtjii} cjii hmv~|o~o|xmo`jxdi} o` xbd ~oo| j`h wdjad| vdged`xv m`vofmdx}. Xbd io`gd| xd|e fo`fd|` wotih ld xo |dhtfd xbd emvejxfb ldxwdd` xbd vx|tfxt|d oco~~o|xt`mxmdv o~d`dh t~ l} gioljim{jxmo` j`h xbd vx|tfxt|d oc fj~jlmimxmdv ~ovvdvvdh l} xbd~oo|. ^tlimf ~oimf} wmii bjsd xo me~|osd j`h |d%eotih xbd vx|tfxt|d oc fj~jlmimxmdv oc xbd ~oo|d.g. l} ~|osmhm`g xbde wmxb dhtfjxmo`) bdjixb fj|d) jffdvv xo m`c|jvx|tfxt|d) j`h oxbd| jvvdxv.Oxbd|wmvd) ~osd|x} |dhtfm`g ~oxd`xmji oc gioljim{jxmo` wmii |dejm` ij|gdi} t`|djim{dh. Xbtv xbdjlmimx} oc gioljim{jxmo` xo |dhtfd ~osd|x} m` j vtvxjm`dh ej``d| wmii hd~d`h m` xbd d`h eo|d o`xbd m`xd|`ji ~oimxmfji dfoòe} oc |dvot|fd eolmim{jxmo` j`h ~tlimf dr~d`hmxt|d xbj` o` xbdco|fdv oc gioljim{jxmo` ~d| vd.


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wbo wd|d drfithdh c|oe xbd ~|ofdvv dv~dfmjii} ldio`gm`g xo t|lj` ej|gm`jim{dh g|ot~v) t|ljèmg|j`x wo|ad|v) j`h cj|ed|v imsm`g m` |deoxd |t|ji j|djv. Xbd dfoòemf j`h vofmji fo`hmxmo`voc xbd ~oo| fo`x|jvxdh vbj|~i} wmxb xbd fo`hmxmo`v oc xbd looem`g emhhid fijvv. Jv xbd |dco|eeosdh o`) xbd|d wjv g|owm`g jwj|d`dvv oc viow vofmji hdsdio~ed`x ded|gm`g jv j loxxid`dfaco| ct|xbd| ej|adxm{jxmo` j`h dfoòemf g|owxb. M` xbd :==>v) sj|motv vofmji ~oimfmdv m`fithm`g

botvm`g) bdjixbfj|d) ~d`vmo`v) j`h vofmji vjcdx} `dxv wd|d jhhdh xo xbd v}vxde m` o|hd| xocjfmimxjxd xbd ct`fxmo`m`g oc j vxjlid vofmdx}xbd ljfalo`d oc dfoòemf hdsdio~ed`x.

Xowj|h xbd d`h oc xbd :==>v) xbd eot`xm`g ~oimxmfji j`h vofmji m`vxjlmimx} |dsdjidh ej`} vofmji~|olidev bmxbd|xo bmhhd` ldbm`h xbd g|owm`g dfoòemf ~|ov~d|mx} m` ^\F. Xbd m`foed ocvoed vofmji g|ot~v hdfim`dh m` jlvoitxd xd|ev j`h xbd gj~ ldxwdd` xbd |mfb j`h xbd ~oo|wmhd`dh. Fo`c|o`xdh wmxb xbd `dw vofmji fbjiid`gdv) xbd ej|adx j~~dj|dh xo ld t`jlid xo occd|vjxmvcjfxo|} voitxmo`v. ^\F wjv cjfdh wmxb j` t`jsomhjlid ~oimf} hmideej; wmxbotx vtccmfmd`xcm`j`fmji |dvot|fdv) xbd Vxjxd wmii òx ld jlid xo bj`hid vofmji ~|olidev j`h wmxbotx hdjim`gwmxb xbd vofmji ~|olidev) dfoòemf g|owxb fj`òx ld vtvxjm`dh.

Vm`fd xbd |dsoitxmo` m` :=8=) ^\F dr~d|md`fdh ej`} fbj`gdv m` vofmji ~oimf} j`h otxfoedv.Xbdvd wd|d jvvofmjxdh wmxb etfb ~jm` j`h etfb ~|og|dvv jv wdii. Xbd dsoitxmo` oc Fbm`dvdvofmji ~oimf} fj` ld l|ojhi} fijvvmcmdh m`xo xb|dd hmccd|d`x ~d|mohv;

Fd`x|ji îj``m`g ^d|moh ":=8=%:=72-1

^|o%T|lj` \dco|e ^d|moh ":=7=%:===-1 j`h

^|o%ôo| Vofmji Hdsdio~ed`x ^d|moh ">>% -

Xbd vofmji ~oimfmdv oc djfb ~d|moh |dcidfxdh xbd ~oimxmfji j`h hdsdio~ed`x vx|jxdg} oc xbd ~d|moh.Vofmji ~oimf} m` djfb ~d|moh jivo fo||dv~o`hdh xo xbd dfoòemf vx|jxdgmdv xo |deosd xbdlj||md|v xo jfbmdsd dfoòemf gojiv. Vtfb foelm`jxmo` oc dfoòemf j`h vofmji ~oimfmdv bjh sd|}

hmccd|d`x dccdfxv o` ~osd|x} j`h m`dztjimx}.

Fd`x|ji îj``m`g ^d|moh ":=8=%:=72-

Xbd fd`x|ji ~ij``m`g ~d|moh |dcidfxdh j` jxxde~x xo loovx cjvx g|owxb oc bdjs} m`htvx|mdv m`t|lj` j|djv. Xbd dfoòemf vx|tfxt|d fbj`gdh |j~mhi} c|oe j` dfoòe} hoem`jxdh l} cj|em`gxo o`d hoem`jxdh l} bdjs} m`htvx|mdv. Ht|m`g xbd ~d|moh) sj|motv vofmji ~oimfmdv wd|d xjad` xovt~~o|x m`htvx|mji ~|ohtfxmo`. Xbd ljvmf mhdj wjv ~|ohtfxmo` cm|vx j`h imsm`g vdfo`hj|}. Xbdfo`fd~x oc vofmji hdsdio~ed`x bjh `dsd| ldd` co|ejii} w|mxxd` m`xo xbd `jxmo`ji hdsdio~ed`x~ij`v t`xmi xbd Vmrxb Cmsd ]dj| îj` ":=2>%:=24-. Bowdsd|) xbd Vxjxd bjh m`xd|sd`dh m` sj|motvvofmji jv~dfxv. Vxj|xm`g c|oe :=4


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:7

^|o%T|lj` \dco|e ^d|moh ":=7=%:===-

Jcxd| :=72) ej|adxv wd|d m`f|djvm`gi} imld|jim{dh. C|oe :=7= xo :===) xbd vx|jxdg} xo jfbmdsd|j~mh g|owxb wjv m`htvx|mjim{jxmo` j`h t|lj`m{jxmo`. Xbd eovx me~o|xj`x m`hmfjxo| oc vtffdvvwjv xjad` jv g|owxb m` GH^. Xbd ~oimfmdv wd|d coftvdh xo m`htvx|mji jfbmdsded`x wmxb Vxjxd

~|osmvmo` oc jhsj`fdh dhtfjxmo` co| xbd t|lj` ~o~tijxmo`) botvm`g j`h x|j`v~o|x v}vxdev co|t|lj` dr~j`vmo`) j`h vofmji vdft|mx} co| wo|ad|v d`gjgdh m` xbd ~|ofdvv oc m`htvx|mjim{jxmo` j`ht|lj`m{jxmo`.

Vofmji ~oimf} oc xbd ~d|moh wjv hdvmg`dh xo jffoe~j`} xbd ~|o%t|lj` g|owxb eohdi.Jfbmdsded`x m` m`htvx|mjim{jxmo` j`h g|owxb m` xoxji otx~tx wd|d xbd ~|med goji co| xbdgosd|èd`x j`h xbd Vxjxd wjv xo gtj|j`xdd xbd ~|osmvmo` oc ~tlimf vd|smfdv co| xbd cjvx g|owm`g~j|xv oc xbd dfoòe}. Xbd dccdfx oc xbmv wjv xo idjsd imxxid o| òxbm`g co| xbd |t|ji ejko|mx}.Xbmv jffdid|jxdh emg|jxmo` xo xbd fmxmdv) j`h |dvtixdh m` g|owm`g m`dztjimx}. M` xbd :=2>v)dfoòemf g|owxb |dhtfdh xbd `teld| oc ~do~id imsm`g m` ~osd|x}. Ltx xbd hmccd|d`fdv ldxwdd`xbd |t|ji j`h t|lj` j|djv ldfjed g|djxd| xbj` dsd|.

^|o%ôo| Vofmji Hdsdio~ed`x ^d|moh ">>% -

C|oe >>) xbd ~|olidev wmxb xbd ~|o%t|lj` g|owxb eohdi ldfjed olsmotv) m` ~j|xmftij| xbdxd`vmo` ldxwdd` xbd viow ~|og|dvv m` |t|ji j|djv j`h cjvx g|owm`g t|lj` j|djv. Jx xbd vjedxmed) j hmccd|d`fd ldxwdd` fojvxji j`h mìj`h j|djv hdsdio~dh m` xd|ev oc dfoòemf g|owxbj`h m`foed idsdiv) wmxb xbd wdvx vtccd|m`g c|oe etfb viowd| g|owxb. Mx wjv etfb djvmd| co|cj|ed|v imsm`g m` fojvxji j|djv xo cm`h ò`%cj|em`g kolv m` fmxmdv xbj` co| cj|ed|v imsm`g m` mìj`hj|djv. Xbd|dco|d) m`xd|%|dgmo`ji m`foed m`dztjimx} m` |t|ji j|djv ldxwdd` xbd fojvxji |dgmo`vj`h mìj`h |dgmo`v jivo m`f|djvdh.

M` emh%:===) xbd Fd`x|ji Gosd|èd`x j~~|osdh xbd Hdsdio~m`g xbd Wdvxd|` \dgmo` vx|jxdg}.Co| :4 }dj|v) dfoòemf hdsdio~ed`x m` xbd wdvxd|` |dgmo` bjh ijggdh ldbm`h oxbd| ~j|xv oc^\F. Xbd ~t|~ovd oc xbd vx|jxdg} wjv xo `j||ow xbd gj~ m` m`foedv j`h |dgmo`ji hdsdio~ed`x)ejm`xjm` vofmji j`h ~oimxmfji vxjlmimx} m` xbd wdvx xb|otgb loovxm`g dfoòemf hdsdio~ed`x) j`hf|djxd `dw d`gm`dv co| dfoòemf g|owxb. Xbd|d wd|d cmsd jv~dfxv oc xbd gosd|èd`x ~ij`;m`c|jvx|tfxt|d fo`vx|tfxmo`1 dfoiogmfji hdsdio~ed`x j`h d`sm|oèd`xji ~|oxdfxmo`1me~|osded`x oc xbd vx|tfxt|d oc m`htvx|mdv1 hdsdio~ed`x oc xdfbòiog} j`h dhtfjxmo` j`hjffdid|jxmo` oc vamiiv x|jm`m`gv1 j`h ~|oeoxmo` oc |dco|ev j`h o~d``dvv. T`hd| gosd|èd`xgtmhj`fd) ij|gd ztj`xmxmdv oc ct`hv j`h m`sdvxed`x wd|d vbmcxdh m`xo wdvxd|` Fbm`j xo d`gjgd mìj|gd vfjid ~|okdfxv jv wdii jv cm`j`fm`g hdsdio~ed`x ~oimfmdv. Jx xbd vjed xmed) xo djvd xbd~|dvvt|d gd`d|jxdh l} drfdvv |t|ji ijlo|) xbd Vxjxd hdfmhdh xo ct|xbd| d`fot|jgd xbd

hdsdio~ed`x oc vejii fmxmdv j`h xow`v.

Xbd dr~d|md`fd oc ^\F m`hmfjxdv xbjx vofmji hdsdio~ed`x `ddhv xo ld xbd fo|d dided`x oc jvtffdvvcti j`h vtvxjm`dh ~osd|x} |dhtfxmo` vx|jxdg}. Mx jivo bmgbimgbxv xbd `ddh xo jho~x j l|ojhljvdh vofmji hdsdio~ed`x j~~|ojfb xo |dhtfd ~osd|x} j`h m`dztjimx}.

M` xbd fjvd oc Lj`gijhdvb) xbd vx|jxdgmdv co| eddxm`g xbd fbjiid`gd oc jffdid|jxdh dfoòemfg|owxb j`h |dhtfm`g ~osd|x} bjsd m`fithdh j vbmcx jwj} c|oe vxjxd lt|djtf|jxmf fo`x|oiv j`h


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:2

m`htvx|mji jtxj|a} xowj|h dfoòemf imld|jim{jxmo` j`h m`xdg|jxmo` wmxb xbd giolji dfoòe} o`xbd o`d bj`h) j`h ltmihm`g btej` fj~mxji j`h de~owd|m`g xbd ~oo| o` xbd oxbd|.

Lj`gijhdvb delj|adh o` vx|tfxt|ji jhktvxed`x xowj|h xbd emh%:=2>v j`h) m` xbd coiiowm`ghdfjhd) mxv dfoòemf ~d|co|ej`fd me~|osdh òxjli}. Xbdvd |dco|ev wd|d m`mxmjxdh jgjm`vx xbd

ljfah|o~ oc vd|motv ejf|odfoòemf meljij`fdv) wbmfb bjh ldd` fjtvdh m` ~j|x l} j hdfim`d m`co|dmg` jmh j`h m` ~j|x l} j ~|dfdhm`g d~mvohd oc vdsd|d hdxd|mo|jxmo` m` xbd fot`x|}'v xd|ev ocx|jhd. Xbd ldgm``m`g oc xbd :==>v vjw xbd ijt`fbm`g oc j eo|d foe~|dbd`vmsd |dco|e ~|og|je)wbmfb fom`fmhdh wmxb j x|j`vmxmo` xo ~j|imjed`xj|} hdeof|jf} c|oe j vdem%jtxof|jxmf |tid.

Ht|m`g xbd :==>v) Lj`gijhdvb òxjli} me~|osdh loxb mxv dfoòemf ~d|co|ej`fd j`h btej`hdsdio~ed`x m`hmfjxo|v. Lj`gijhdvb'v jfbmdsded`xv m` bdjixb j`h ~o~tijxmo`) bjv l|otgbxvmg`mcmfj`x vofmji fbj`gd. O` xbd dhtfjxmo` c|o`x) Lj`gijhdvb bjv jfbmdsdh |dej|ajlid vtffdvvm` dr~j`hm`g ~|mej|} dhtfjxmo`) dv~dfmjii} co| gm|iv) hdv~mxd fo`xm`tm`g ~|dsjid`fd oc wmhdv~|djh~osd|x} j`h vofmji |d~|dvvmo` oc woed` j`h gm|iv. Xbd vofmji hdsdio~ed`x vfd`d m` Lj`gijhdvbmv fbj|jfxd|m{dh l} j vx|o`g ~|dvd`fd oc ò`%gosd|èd`xji o|gj`m{jxmo`v "@GOv-.

Lj`gijhdvb'v jfbmdsded`xv j|d ~j|xmftij|i} |dej|ajlid m` |dhtfm`g m`cj`x j`h fbmih eo|xjimx}|jxdv) dimem`jxm`g gd`hd| hmv~j|mx} m` ~|mej|} j`h vdfo`hj|} vfbooi d`|oied`x) j`h m` |dhtfm`g~o~tijxmo` g|owxb. Loxb ~oimfmdv j`h m`vxmxtxmo`ji m`òsjxmo`v bjsd hdimsd|dh me~|dvvmsd~|og|dvv m` vofmji hdsdio~ed`x m`hmfjxo|v. Lj`gijhdvbv dr~d|md`fd vbowv xbjx mx mv ~ovvmlid xojfbmdsd |j~mh ~|og|dvv m` ej`} vofmji hdsdio~ed`x m`hmfjxo|v dsd` jemh wmhdv~|djh ~osd|x}.

xo 88 ~d|fd`x m`

>3. Lj`gijhdvb jivo hdeo`vx|jxdv bmgb g|owxb oc t|lj` ~o~tijxmo` "Cmgt|d 6-. Xbd ~|olidevcjfdh l} xbd t|lj` ~oo| j`h emg|j`xv m` ^\F j`h Lj`gijhdvb hmccd| vmg`mcmfj`xi} htd xo sj|motvdfoòemf j`h vofmji cjfxo|v. M` Lj`gijhdvb) ~osd|x} |jxdv bjsd ldd` iowd| j`h mx hdfim`dh cjvxd|m` xbd t|lj` j|djv.3 Xbd ~osd|x} |jxd hdfim`dh l}


19/46

:=

Voed vxthmdv ~om`x xo |dijxmsdi} vejii hmccd|d`fd m` ~osd|x} |jxdv oc emg|j`xv j`h iofji |dvmhd`xvm` xbd t|lj` j|djv oc ^\F. M` >>) xbd bdjhfot`x |jxmo wjv :4.< ~d|fd`x co| emg|j`xvfoe~j|dh wmxb :>.6 ~d|fd`x co| iofji |dvmhd`xv co| xbd vjed fmxmdv "JHL >8) Btvvjm` >6-.M` > ~d|fd`x co| emg|j`xv tvm`g iofjii} vdx~osd|x} im`dv) j`h 3 ~d|fd`x co| iofji |dvmhd`xv j`h :3 ~d|fd`x co| emg|j`xv tvm`g j voedwbjx

bmgbd| ~osd|x} im`d "Ht) G|dgo|} j`h Ed`g >3-.

Cmgt|d; 6 G|owxbv m` T|lj` ô~tijxmo` m` Lj`gijhdvb j`h ^\F

Vot|fd; Wo|ih Ljà

M`xd|`ji Emg|jxmo` m` Lj`gijhdvb j`h ^\F

Loxb Lj`gijhdvb j`h ^\F bjsd j ij|gd |t|ji ~o~tijxmo` j`h jg|mftixt|ji ijlo| co|fd. M` loxbfot`x|mdv) |t|ji xo t|lj` emg|jxmo` bjv ~ij}dh j` me~o|xj`x |oid m` xbd |j~mh m`f|djvd m` t|lj`~o~tijxmo`. Xbd |jxd oc emg|jxmo` mv m`citd`fdh) jeo`g oxbd|v) l} xbd |t|ji%t|lj` wjgdhmccd|d`xmji j`h ijlo| ej|adx vmxtjxmo`v; j` m`f|djvd m` xbd hdej`h co| ijlo| m` t|lj` j|djv fj`~tvb t~ t|lj` wjgdv j`h m`f|djvd emg|jxmo` "Bj||mv dx ji. :=7>) Ejvvd} dx ji. :==6-. Ijlo|ej|adxv m` t|lj` Fbm`j wmx`dvvdh me~o|xj`x fbj`gdv) |t|ji xo t|lj` emg|jxmo` m`f|djvdhh|jejxmfjii}) dv~dfmjii} xo ij|gd) fojvxji fmxmdv. Vm`fd xbd dj|i} :=2>v) xbd Fbm`dvd Gosd|èd`xvbmcxdh mxv ~oimf} c|oe fo`x|oiim`g xo jfxmsdi} d`fot|jgm`g emg|jxmo`.7 Wbmid cjfmimxjxm`g otx%emg|jxmo`) xbd Fbm`dvd Gosd|èd`x jivo fo`xm`tdh xo vdj|fb co| wj}v oc me~|osm`g xbdimsdimboohv m` |t|ji j|djv) co| m`vxj`fd xb|otgb iofji occ%cj|e de~io}ed`x. M` >6) |t|jid`xd|~|mvdv m` ^\F fo`x|mltxdh 6:.8 ~d|fd`x oc xbd fot`x|}v GH^ j`h de~io}dh :63 emiimo`~do~id o| emiimo`)fo`xm`tdh xo |di} o` cj|em`g "[bj`g >6-. Xbd ft||d`x ~oimf} m` ^\F mv xo x|j`vcd| voed ocxbdvd |t|ji ijlo|d|v xo occ%cj|e wo|a j`h xo m`soisd oxbd|v m` v~dfmjim{dh jg|mftixt|d j`hjg|mltvm`dvv vm`fd xbdvd jfxmsmxmdv gd`d|jxd bmgbd| m`foedv xbj` g|jm` ~|ohtfxmo`. Xbd ~oimf}j~~|ojfb jmev jx me~|osm`g xbd imsdimboohv oc xbd |t|ji ~o~tijxmo` xb|otgb fbj``dim`g ld`dcmxvgd`d|jxdh l} otx%emg|jxmo` dv~dfmjii} txmim{m`g |dxt|` ciowv oc m`co|ejxmo`) vamiiv) j`h cm`j`fdxowj|h hdsdio~m`g occ%cj|e m`htvx|mdv j`h v~dfmjim{dh jg|mftixt|d.

7Xbmv mv ldfjtvd oc xbd me~o|xj`fd oc xbd ciow oc emg|j`x wo|ad|v dv~dfmjii} m`xo t|lj` fo`vx|tfxmo` ~|okdfxv j`h

xbd |dfog`mxmo` xbjx vbmcxm`g m`hmsmhtjiv c|oe vtlvmvxd`fd/~dxx} foeeohmx} cj|em`g xo occ%cj|e wo|a mv xbd ztmfadvxwj} xo |jmvm`g xbdm| m`foedv. Co| drje~id) ldxwdd` :==7 j`h >> xbd jsd|jgd j``tji m`foed c|oejg|mftixt|ji ~|ohtfxmo` hdf|djvdh c|oe :)>=< ]tj` xo 3>> ]tj` ~d| fj~mxj. Edj`wbmid xbd jsd|jgd j``tjim`foed oc |t|ji emg|j`xv wo|am`g m` xbd fmxmdv m`f|djvdh c|oe 4:< ]tj` xo 7>> ]tj` ~d| fj~mxj "[bj`g) >6) voed ::6.= emiimo` |t|ji ~do~id emg|jxdh xo xbd fmxmdv) jffot`xm`g co|


20/46

O` xbd oxbd| bj`h) vbmcxv m` xbd ijlo| ej|adx m` Lj`gijhdvb) jeo`g oxbd|v) miitvx|jxd xbdme~o|xj`fd oc xbd vd|smfdv vdfxo| j`h xbd |djh}ejhd gj|ed`xv "\EGv- m`htvx|} m` gd`d|jxm`g`dw kolv dv~dfmjii} m` xbd t|lj` j|djv. Bowdsd|) o`d oc xbd ejko| |djvo`v co| otx%emg|jxmo` mvxbd ijfa oc }dj|%|ot`h de~io}ed`x o~~o|xt`mxmdv m` xbd |t|ji j|djv "Jcvj| j`h Ljad| :===-.

Xbd g|owxb oc xbd \EGv m`htvx|} dr~j`hdh xbd o~~o|xt`mx} oc |t|ji emg|j`x wo|ad|v)dv~dfmjii} cdejidv) xo d`xd| m`xo xbd ijlo| ej|adx ~|mo| xo wbmfb t|lj` emg|jxmo` oc ~oo| |t|jiwoed` wjv ejmì} xo wo|a jv fo`vx|tfxmo` ijlo| o| hoedvxmf wo|ad|v.2

Xbd t`hd|i}m`g |djvo` ldbm`h emg|jxmo` m` Lj`gijhdvb bjv jiwj}v ldd` ldxxd| m`foed j`h|dhtfxmo` oc ~osd|x}1 j`h xbd dr~dfxdh otxfoed mv ij|gdi} hd~d`hd`x o` xbd `jxt|d ocemg|jxmo`1 xbd am`h oc ~b}vmfji) btej` j`h vofmji fj~mxji oc emg|j`xv1 osd| j`h jlosd xbddfoòemf ~|ov~dfxv loxb jx xbd ~ijfd oc o|mgm` j`h xbd ~ijfd oc hdvxm`jxmo` "Cm`j` >8)Lijfalt|` :>-. Vmemij|i}) vdjvo`ji emg|jxmo` mv j vmg`mcmfj`x imsdimbooh vx|jxdg} co| xbd ~oo|botvdboihv dv~dfmjii} xbovd wbo j|d jccdfxdh l} `jxt|ji hmvjvxd|v.

Jòxbd| |dfd`x cdjxt|d oc m`xd|`ji emg|jxmo` m` Lj`gijhdvb mv xbd cdem`m{jxmo` oc emg|jxmo` "xbdvo%fjiidh jtxoòeotv cdejid emg|jxmo`- wbmfb bjv m`f|djvdh ldfjtvd oc j g|djxd| hdej`h co|cdejid ijlo| m` fd|xjm` t|lj` vd|smfdv j`h m`htvx|mdv "d.g. \EGv- jv wdii jv g|owm`g vofmjijffd~xj`fd oc woed`v dfoòemf m`hd~d`hd`fd j`h eolmimx}. Xbd ejko|mx} oc cdejid |t|ji%t|lj` emg|j`xv m` Lj`gijhdvb j|d }ot`g j`h tèj||mdh. O` xbd oxbd| bj`h) xbd ~jxxd|` m` ^\Fmv vxmii ij|gdi} ejid%hoem`jxdh "[bjo >:) >6-.m Bowdsd|) xbd emg|jxmo` l} woed` xo t|lj`\EGv m`htvx|} mv òxjlid m` loxb Lj`gijhdvb j`h ^\F.

^|olidev oc xbd T|lj` ôo| j`h Emg|j`xv

Wbdxbd| emg|jxmo` mv ~osd|x} |dhtfm`g o| òx) emg|j`xv tvtjii} x|jsdi j`h imsd t`hd| sd|}

hmccmftix fo`hmxmo`v m` loxb Lj`gijhdvb j`h ^\F. M` ej`} t|lj` j|djv oc Lj`gijhdvb) xbd ~oo|dvxvdxxided`xv j|d eovxi} offt~mdh l} ~oo|dvx |dvmhd`xv j`h `dw emg|j`xv. Xbd ij|gd ejko|mx} ocxbd emg|j`x ~o~tijxmo`v j|d ~oo|) c|dztd`xi} imsm`g m` vitev j`h |di}m`g o` xbd m`co|eji vdfxo|co| de~io}ed`x. Xbd eovx òxjlid cdjxt|d oc xbmv t|lj`m{jxmo` mv xbd etvb|ooem`g dvfjijxmoòc vitev j`h vztjxxd|v wmxb sd|} cdw ljvmf vd|smfdv vtfb jv |ojhv) botvm`g) ~oxjlid wjxd|)didfx|mfmx} j`h vj`mxjxmo` cjfmimxmdv "Jcvj| >>-. Dsd` xbovd wbo dj|` |djvo`jlid jeot`xv cjfdfo`vxj`x xb|djxv oc dsmfxmo`) hmvdjvd) vdrtji jltvd) t`hd|~j}ed`x j`h ~oimfd bj|jvved`x.Emg|j`xv wo|a io`g bot|v m` bj|vb fo`hmxmo`v) wbd|d m`kt|mdv j|d foeeo` wmxbotx jhdztjxdedhmfji jvvmvxj`fd o| foe~d`vjxmo`. Dsd` mc emg|j`x kolv j|d m` xbd |mva} m`co|eji vdfxo|) xbdgjm`v xo ld ejhd fj` ld vdsd|ji xmedv bmgbd| xbj` wjgdv m` jg|mftixt|d j`h oxbd| |t|ji jfxmsmxmdv.\t|ji%t|lj` emg|jxmo` mv jivo vdd` jv j ejko| fo`x|mltxo| xo fb|o`mf ~osd|x} j`h cooh

m`vdft|mx} m` xbd t|lj` j|djv.

Xbd t|lj` ~oo| j`h emg|j`xv j|d ~j|xmftij|i} sti`d|jlid xo j bovx oc ~tlimf bdjixb mvvtdv jx xbdm|wo|a~ijfd j`h |dvmhd`fd) j`h htd xo xbd d`sm|oèd`x xbd} imsd m`. Xbdvd m`fithd xbdm| imsm`g

2Xbd \EGv m`htvx|} ft||d`xi} de~io}v j|ot`h < emiimo` ~do~id "`dj|i} => ~d|fd`x oc wboe j|d woed`- m` eo|d

xbj` 6)4>> vejii j`h edhmte%vm{dh cjfxo|mdv v~|djh j|ot`h Dr~o|x ^|ofdvvm`g [o`dv j`h t|lj` j|djv oc Hbjaj)@j|j}j`go`k) Fbmxxjgo`g j`h Abti`j.


21/46


22/46

> l} ^\F co| loovxm`g dfoòemf g|owxb) |jmvm`g~do~idv imsm`g vxj`hj|hv) j`h d`bj`fm`g d`sm|oèd`xji fo`vd|sjxmo` fj` ~|osmhd me~o|xj`xidvvo`v co| hdsdio~m`g xbd ijggm`g |dgmo`v m` Lj`gijhdvb. Xbd vtffdvv oc xbd Vx|jxdg} m`tìdjvbm`g vxdjh} g|owxb m` Fbm`jv Wdvx wjv vt~~o|xdh l} tvd oc cm`j`fmji x|j`vcd| ~j}ed`xv

j`h |djiiofjxmo` oc xjr ~jmh c|oe djvxd|` Fbm`j xo vt~~o|x xbd |dijxmsdi} t`hd|hdsdio~dh j|djvj`h drxd`vmo` oc vt~~o|x c|oe xbd hdsdio~dh xo xbd t`hd|hdsdio~dh |dgmo`v.

M` fot`x|mdv imad Lj`gijhdvb) xbd g|owxb oc t|lj` fd`xd|v mv fd`x|ji xo xbd xjva oc hdsdio~m`gxbd fot`x|}. Xbdvd fd`xd|v j|d m`vxmxtxmo`ji d`gm`dv xbjx cjfmimxjxd) jv xbd dr~d|md`fd oc ^\Fvbowv) m`f|djvd m` ~|ohtfxmsmx} j`h drxd|`ji foe~dxmxmsd`dvv. Xbdvd j|d jivo me~o|xj`x ldfjtvdoc xbdm| ~oxd`xmji oc m`f|djvm`g fo`vte~xmo` idsdiv wbmfb m` xt|` ~ij}v j f|tfmji |oid m` xbdhdsdio~ed`x oc xbd `jxmo`ji dfoòe}.

6. ÔSD\X] \DHTFXMO@ M@ LJ@GIJHDVB J@H ^\F; T@HD\VXJ@HM@G

HMCCD\D@XMJI ^D\CO\EJ@FDXbd ~|og|dvv oc ~osd|x} |dhtfxmo` m` ^\F osd| xbd ijvx ztj|xd| oc j fd`xt|} bjv ldd` bmgbi}vmg`mcmfj`x. M`foed ~osd|x} bjv ldd` |dhtfdh h|jejxmfjii}) j`h vtlvxj`xmji ~|og|dvv bjv lddèjhd m` xd|ev oc hmccd|d`x btej` hdsdio~ed`x m`hmfjxo|v. Eovx oc xbd Emiid``mteHdsdio~ed`x Gojiv "EHGv- j|d dmxbd| ji|djh} jfbmdsdh o| xbd fot`x|} mv wdii o` xbd wj} xojfbmdsm`g xbdvd gojiv. M` ~j|xmftij|) ^\Fv ~ovx%:=72 |dco|e ~d|moh wmx`dvvdh j ij|gd vfjid~osd|x} |dhtfxmo` ld`dcmxm`g c|oe loxb cjvx dfoòemf g|owxb j`h xbd gosd|èd`xv ~osd|x}|dhtfxmo` ~|og|jev. M` xd|ev oc xbd occmfmji ~osd|x} im`d) xbd `teld| oc xbd ~oo| cdii c|oe >


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emiimo` xo 22 emiimo`osd| xbd vjed ~d|moh m` xd|ev oc xbd Wo|ih Lj`av (: j hj} m`foed edjvt|d.::

Xbmv vdfxmo` ~|osmhdv j |dsmdw oc xbd ~osd|x} |dhtfxmo` ~d|co|ej`fd oc xbd xwo fot`x|mdvLj`gijhdvb j`h ^\F%%~|mej|mi} tvm`g vxj`hj|h m`foed/fo`vte~xmo` m`hmfjxo|v. Mx jivo hmvftvvdv

xbd mvvtdv oc m`dztjimx}) |t|ji%t|lj` j`h |dgmo`ji gj~v) jv wdii jv ctxt|d ~osd|x} x|d`hv jxhmccd|d`x ~osd|x} im`dv "`jxmo`ji) m`xd|`jxmo`ji (:.) xbd `teld| oc ~oo| imsm`g ldiow(: j hj} hdfim`dh l}


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> 6.8 6 "Xjlid 8-. Vtfb |j~mh dfo`oemf g|owxbfo`x|mltxdh xo vmg`mcmfj`x h|o~ oc |t|ji ~osd|x} ht|m`g xbd ~d|moh. Jx xbd vjed xmed) jv xbd`teld| oc ~oo| hdfim`dh vmg`mcmfj`xi}) xbd m`c|jvx|tfxt|d j`h vofmji txmimx} idsdiv j`h xbd ljvmfwo|am`g j`h imsm`g fo`hmxmo`v oc xbd ~oo| me~|osdh vbj|~i}.

Xjlid 6; Vdidfxdh Ejf|odfo`oemf M`hmfjxo|v m` ^\F

]dj| \dji ~d| fj~mxjGH^ "m` >:

}tj`-

J``tji GH^g|owxb |jxd "$-

Vbj|d ocjg|mftixt|d m`

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Dr~o|xv "m`lmiimo` TV(-

CHM "m`lmiimo` TV(-

:=2> :)474 7.2 2)> 2.2 :8.2 .74 :.6> >.62 >.68 >.84

\t|ji >..6> >.68 >.62

T|lj` >.:3 >...68

Vot|fd; Btj`g dx. ji. :>


25/46

6:.4 :7.3 % %

>4 8>.> .8 :=.4

>> 82.= 68.6 88.6 .>

:==4%=4 4>.: 64.: 87.4 87.4 Vot|fd; LLV >7) ::

Xbd fjio|md ljvdh edjvt|dv oc jlvoitxd j`h bj|hfo|d ~osd|x} bjsd jivo hdfim`dh m` Lj`gijhdvb.Xbd ~d|fd~xmo` ljvdh ~osd|x} jvvdvved`x jivo fo`cm|ev xbd hdfim`d m` loxb eohd|jxd "jv|dcidfxdh m` offjvmo`ji hdcmfmx- j`h drx|ded "jv |dcidfxdh m` jiwj}v hdcmfmx- ~osd|x} ht|m`g xbd

vjed ~d|moh "Xjlid 3-. Bowdsd|) xbd |dijxmsd ~d|co|ej`fd |jmvdv xbd mvvtd oc wbdxbd| xbddrx|ded ~osd|x} fo`fd|`v bjsd jhdztjxdi} ldd` xjad` m`xo jffot`x m` hdsmvm`g j`xm%~osd|x}~oimfmdv j`h ~|og|jev m` xbd fot`x|} jv xbd |jxd oc |dhtfxmo` oc drx|ded ~osd|x} bjv ldd`|jxbd| viow j`h xbd xoxji `teld| oc ~oo| m` xbd fot`x|} mv vxmii ztmxd ij|gd.

Xjlid 3; M`fmhd`fd oc Vdic%Jvvdvvdh ôsd|x} m` Lj`gijhdvb"^d|fd`x oc |t|ji botvdboihv-

]dj| Jiwj}v m` hdcmfmx Offjvmo`ji hdcmfmx L|dja%dsd` Vt|~itv

:> 8.8 6.7 :=.:

:=2= 4>.> :7.4 2.4

Vot|fd; GoL >4) LMHV%MDF :>.

6.< X|d`hv m` Vofmji j`h D`sm|oèd`xji ôsd|x}

Xbd ~|og|dvv m` btej` j`h vofmji hdsdio~ed`x m` ^\F bjv jivo ldd` |dej|ajlid vm`fd :=72.Xbd idsdi oc ~do~idv dhtfjxmo` j`h bdjixb fo`hmxmo` bjv vmg`mcmfj`xi} me~|osdh vm`fd |dco|e)wbmfb bjv fo`x|mltxdh xo ldxxd| btej` fj~mxji jfftetijxmo` m` ^\F. Jsd|jgd }dj|v oc vfbooim`g"jlosd :4 }dj|v oc jgd- m`f|djvdh xo 7 }dj|v m` >> c|oe 8.3 }dj|v m` :=2 c|oe 37.2 }dj|v m` :=2:. Jii |didsj`x m`hmfjxo|v hdeo`vx|jxd |j~mh ~|og|dvv m` btej` j`hvofmji hdsdio~ed`x) j`h xbd foe~ided`xj|} |dijxmo`vbm~ ldxwdd` dfoòemf j`h vofmji ~|og|dvvm` ^\F.


26/46

:==> :==7/>> >)>>>- % 22.= 3:.= %

F|thd hdjxb |jxd 3. 32.3 7>.2 %

$ oc ~o~tijxmo` xbjx ijfa jffdvv xo vjcd % .> 7.7 %

Ijlo| emg|jxmo` |jxd % :.8 % :2.4$ oc botvdboihv wmxb jffdvv xo didfx|mfmx} % 23.> % =6.7

$ oc smiijgdv wmxb jffdvv xo xdid~bo`d % 86.> % = % =3.2Vot|fd; @LVF >8) JHL >>

Xbd ~d|co|ej`fd oc vdidfxdh vofmji m`hmfjxo|v m` Lj`gijhdvb mv ~|dvd`xdh m` Xjlid 2. Fbmih`tx|mxmo`ji vxjxtv |dsdjiv xbjx j bmgb ~|o~o|xmo` oc fbmih|d` m` xbd fot`x|} ft||d`xi} vtccd|vc|oe eji`tx|mxmo`. Mx mv x|td co| loxb t`hd|wdmgbx "8: ~d|fd`x- j`h vxt`xdh "86 ~d|fd`x-fbmih|d`. Eo|dosd|) |t|ji fbmih|d` ijg cj| ldbm`h xbdm| t|lj` fot`xd|~j|xv. Me~|osded`x bjvjivo xjad` ~ijfd m` xbd fjvd oc eo|xjimx} m`hmfjxo|v. T`hd|%cmsd eo|xjimx} ~d| xbotvj`h imsd lm|xbv

hdfim`dh c|oe :4: m` :==> xo 76 m` :>. M`cj`x eo|xjimx} |jxd ~d| xbotvj`h imsd lm|xbv jivohdfim`dh c|oe =8 xo 8: ht|m`g xbd vjed ~d|moh. Jffdvv xo vjcd h|màm`g wjxd| mv vjxmvcjfxo|} jxmxv ft||d`x vxjxd "=7.2 ~d|fd`x-. Bowdsd|) j|vd`mf fo`xjem`jxmo` òw ~ovdv j g|djx xb|djxm`hmfjxm`g xbd `ddh co| j |dsmdw oc xbd hdcm`mxmo` oc 'vjcd wjxd| fo`vmhd|m`g xbd j|vd`mffo`xjem`jxmo` oc g|ot`h "xtld wdii- wjxd|. Jffdvv xo vj`mxj|} xomidx mv vxmii ~oo| wmxb oì} 48~d|fd`x oc xbd xoxji ~o~tijxmo` d`ko}m`g vtfb cjfmimxmdv.

Xjlid 2; Vdidfxdh Vofmji Hdsdio~ed`x M`hmfjxo|v m` Lj`gijhdvb) :==>%:>

M`hmfjxo|v]dj|

:==> :==4 >> >6/>4 >7/:>

$ T`hd|wdmgbx

\t|ji % % 46.= 82.2 86.>

T|lj` % % 86.: 8.2 87.4 8:.>

$ Vxt`xdh

\t|ji % % 4:.: 88.6 84.>

T|lj` % % 8>.8 67.3 63.8

@jxmo`ji 38 48.3 82.> 86 86.


27/46

>>- :4: :>)>>>- 872 887 8>> 6=: %

Jffdvv xo vjcd h|m`am`g wjxd| "$- 2= =7 =7.4 =7.8 =7.2

Jffdvv xo vj`mxj|} xomidx "$- 2< 2: 2:.: 2 2< 2< 2

Vdsd|d eji`tx|mxmo`"ETJF 9 :>-.


28/46

>-.

Me~|osm`g cj|ed|v jffdvv xo cm`j`fmji vd|smfdv l} ltmihm`g j `jxmo`ji `dxwo|a oc |t|ji f|dhmx

foo~d|jxmsdv.Drxd`hm`g cj|ed|v jffdvv xo xdfbòiogmfji drxd`vmo` vd|smfdv; Ht|m`g xbmv ~d|moh) ^\Fdvxjlimvbdh 8>)>>> jg|mftixt|ji drxd`vmo` jgd`f} occmfdv fot`x|}%wmhd.

Me~|osm`g cj|ed|v jffdvv xo ljvmf dhtfjxmo` j`h ~|mej|} bdjixb vd|smfdv; Ht|m`g xbmv ~d|moh)^\F m`f|djvdh xbd `teld| oc ~|mej|} vfbooiv l} :.3 xmedv) j`h xbd `teld| ocvdfo`hj|} vfbooiv l} )>>> xow`vbm~ bov~mxjiv j`h osd| 3>>)>>> smiijgd fim`mfv) fosd|m`g 32.2 ~d|fd`x oc jiismiijgdv.

Dvxjlimvbm`g j foeet`mx}%ljvdh vofmji vdft|mx} v}vxde; ^\F dvxjlimvbdh j foeet`mx}%ljvdh|t|ji vdft|mx} v}vxde m` xbd fot`x|} ht|m`g xbmv ~d|moh ~|osmhm`g ljvmf vofmji ~|oxdfxmo`co| |t|ji |dvmhd`xv dv~dfmjii} xbovd wbo wd|d t`de~io}dh o| t`jlid xo wo|a.

Jv j |dvtix) ~osd|x} m`fmhd`fd m` |t|ji j|djv hdfim`dh c|oe jlotx 2> ~d|fd`x xo 4> ~d|fd`x m`xbmv ~bjvd "JHL >>-. Xbd me~|osded`xv m` xbmv ~bjvd wd|d) bowdsd|) jfbmdsdh jx xbddr~d`vd oc dfoòemf dccmfmd`f}) j`h xb|otgb bmgbi} fd`x|jim{dh fo`x|oi osd| xbd dfoòe} l}xbd vxjxd. Fo`vdztd`xi}) xbd vx|jxdg} ht|m`g xbd ~d|moh wjv jivo imemxdh m` mxv ~oxd`xmji co|me~jfx o` ~osd|x}.

M` :=72) ^\F m`x|ohtfdh xbd botvdboih |dv~o`vmlmimx} v}vxde m` xbd |t|ji j|djv. Xbd cj|ed|v|dgjm`dh xbdm| |mgbx xo tvd j`h ej`jgd ij`h j`h xbdm| ijlo|. Xbmv m`f|djvdh cj|ed|v m`fd`xmsdvxo m`sdvx) me~|osd ej`jgded`x j`h m`f|djvd ~|ohtfxmsmx}. \dej|ajlid ~|og|dvv m` ~osd|x}|dhtfxmo` m` xbmv ~bjvd wjv ejmì} jfbmdsdh l};

Fo`xm`totv bmgb dfoòemf g|owxb; Xbd jsd|jgd ~d| fj~mxj g|owxb |jxd oc GH^ m` ^\F wjv2.: ~d|fd`x ht|m`g :=72%>


29/46

:) jffot`xm`g co| ) wbmfb wjv jlotx 84 ~d|fd`x oc xoxji t|lj` ~o~tijxmo` ht|m`g xbd vjed

~d|moh. Xbd ejko|mx} oc xbd emg|j`xv wd|d |t|ji ijlo|d|v wbo wd`x xo fmxmdv co| wo|a.Me~ided`xm`g dr~o|x o|md`xdh o~d`%t~ ~oimfmdv;Fbm`jv dr~o|xv m`f|djvdh |j~mhi} vm`fd xbd~oimf} oc |dco|e j`h o~d`m`g t~ oc xbd dfoòe} vm`fd :=72. Dv~dfmjii}) xbd dr~o|x ocijlo| m`xd`vmsd ~|ohtfxv m`f|djvdh sd|} |j~mhi}) wbmfb ~ij}dh j` me~o|xj`x |oid m`dr~j`hm`g de~io}ed`x j`h |dhtfm`g ~osd|x}. M` jhhmxmo`) Fbm`j h|dw co|dmg`m`sdvxed`x jfxmsdi} j`h xooa j` jfxmsd ~j|x m` dfoòemf gioljim{jxmo`.

Me~|osded`x oc btej` fj~mxji; Xbd idsdi oc ~do~idv dhtfjxmo` j`h bdjixb fo`hmxmo`g|djxi} me~|osdh vm`fd xbd |dco|e) wbmfb ~ij}dh j` me~o|xj`x |oid m` |jmvm`g ~do~idvimsm`g vxj`hj|h j`h me~|osm`g ~osd|x} |dhtfxmo` ~d|co|ej`fd.

Wmxb xbd me~ided`xjxmo` oc ej|adx o|md`xdh dfoòemf |dco|ev m` ^\F) dfoòemf g|owxb jcxd|

xbd emh%:=2>v |dvtixdh m` m`f|djvdh m`foed m`dztjimx}. Xo jhh|dvv xbmv) xbd gosd|èd`xm`mxmjxdh xj|gdxdh ~osd|x} |dhtfxmo` ~|og|jev vm`fd xbd emh :=2>v;

Me~ided`xm`g |dgmo`jii} xj|gdxdh ~|og|jev) m`mxmjii} wmxbotx vt~~o|x c|oeejf|odfoòemf ~oimfmdv.

Jhktvxm`g ejf|odfoòemf ~oimfmdv xo ~d|emx j`h ~|oeoxd xbd ~j|xmfm~jxmo` oc ~oo|j|djv j`h ~oo| cj|ed|v m` dfoòemf g|owxb l} |dijrm`g fo`x|oiv o` cj|ed|v emg|jxmo`ldxwdd` |dgmo`v j`h vt~~o|xm`g ijlo| m`xd`vmsd m`htvx|mji hdsdio~ed`x.

Cm`jii}) xbd gosd|èd`x m`mxmjxdh xbd ôsd|x} \dhtfxmo` îj` xo imcx xbd |dejm`m`g |t|ji~oo| otx oc ~osd|x}. Jcxd| :==3) xbd gosd|èd`x jhktvxdh xbd xj|gdxm`g ljvmv c|oe ~oo||dgmo`v xo ~oo| smiijgdv j`h ~oo| botvdboihv. Jx xbd vjed xmed) cm`j`fd co| ~osd|x}

|dhtfxmo` ~|og|jev wjv m`f|djvdh vtlvxj`xmjii}.

Xbd ~osd|x} |dhtfxmo` ~|og|je oc ^\F foe~|mvdv j wmhd sj|mdx} oc jfxo|v) jfxmsmxmdv) j`hct`hm`g fbj``div. Xbd Idjhm`g G|ot~ co| ôsd|x} \dhtfxmo` "IG^\- j`h mxv drdftxm`g jgd`f})xbd ôo| J|dj Hdsdio~ed`x Occmfd "^JHO- v}vxde wbmfb drxd`h how` xo xbd fot`x} j`hxow`vbm~ idsdiv) bjv xbd |dv~o`vmlmimx} co| xbd osd|jii vtffdvv oc ^\Fv ~osd|x} |dhtfxmo`~|og|je j`h co| xbd foo|hm`jxmo` oc xbd ij|gd `teld| oc ~osd|x} |dhtfxmo` jfxmsmxmdv ochmccd|d`x gosd|èd`x em`mvx|mdv j`h jgd`fmdv. Wmxb xbd drfd~xmo` oc voed idvvd| ~|og|jevt`hd| xbdm| meedhmjxd fo`x|oi) xbd IG^\ v}vxde hodv òx hm|dfxi} me~ided`x ~osd|x}|dhtfxmo` ~|okdfxv j`h jfxmsmxmdv. Jsjmijlid dsmhd`fd vbowv xbjx xbd|d mv |ooe co| vtlvxj`xmjime~|osded`xv xo ~|og|je dccdfxmsd`dvv xb|otgb etfb vx|o`gd| m`vxmxtxmo`ji j||j`gded`xv

dv~dfmjii} l} gmsm`g xbd IG^\ v}vxde j g|djxd| ~ij``m`g j`h vt~d|smvo|} |oid co| xbd tvd oc xbdct`hv wbmfb wotih |jmvd xbd me~jfx oc xbd ct`hv o` xbd ~oo| j`h |dhtfd xbd idjajgd oc ct`hm`gxo jixd|`jxmsd tvdv. Vmemij|i}) co|gm`g vx|o`gd| imàv wmxb gosd|èd`x im`d lt|djtv jfjhdemf j`hfmsmf o|gj`m{jxmo`v m`soisdh m` ~osd|x} wo|a wotih m`f|djvd IG^\v dccdfxmsd`dvv m` vdxxm`g~oimf} j`h me~ided`xm`g ~|og|jev. Xbd fo`x|jfxm`g oc me~ided`xjxmo` oc vtmxjlid ~|okdfxv xog|jvv|ooxv j`h fmsmf o|gj`m{jxmo`v m`fithm`g xbd gosd|èd`x o|gj`m{dh @GOv "GO@GOv-fotih bdi~ jho~x `dw j`h m`òsjxmsd j~~|ojfbdv j`h me~|osd otx|djfb. Xbd vx|d`gxbd`m`g ocIG^\v osd|vmgbx j`h fo`x|oi vbotih ld foe~ided`xdh l} edjvt|dv xo m`f|djvd IG^\v


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6>

jffot`xjlmimx} l} me~|osm`g eo`mxo|m`g oc xbd me~jfx oc xbd ~osd|x} ~|og|je j`h xbd tvd oc~osd|x} ct`hv.

Lj`gijhdvb) o` xbd oxbd| bj`h) bjv j io`g bmvxo|} oc me~ided`xjxmo` oc j`xm%~osd|x} ~|og|jev.Xbd \t|ji ^tlimf Wo|av ^|og|je "\^W^- bjv ldd` j` me~o|xj`x ~oimf} m`vx|ted`x co| xbd

gosd|èd`x vm`fd xbd dj|i} :=3>v xo jtged`x de~io}ed`x j`h m`foed oc xbd |t|ji ~oo|dv~dfmjii} ht|m`g xbd idj` jg|mftixt|ji vdjvo`v.

Vdsd|ji j`xm%~osd|x} jfxmsmxmdv j|d ft||d`xi} ldm`g me~ided`xdh l} loxb xbd gosd|èd`x j`h xbdò`%gosd|èd`x o|gj`m{jxmo`v "@GOv-. Xbdvd ~|og|jev jme xo fo`x|mltxd xowj|h d`bj`fm`gxbd d`xmxided`xv oc xbd ~oo|) ejam`g xbde jwj|d j`h de~owd|dh) j`h bdi~ xbde me~|osd xbdm|ztjimx} oc imcd. M` jhhmxmo`) vdsd|ji oxbd| ~|og|jev m`fithm`g xbd Cooh co| Wo|a "CCW-)Sti`d|jlid G|ot~ Hdsdio~ed`x "SGH-) fo`vx|tfxmo` j`h ejm`xd`j`fd oc |t|ji m`c|jvx|tfxt|d)j`h vmemij| oxbd| ~|og|jev j|d xjad` t~ co| gd`d|jxm`g de~io}ed`x o~~o|xt`mxmdv co| xbd |t|ji~oo|. O` xbd oxbd| bj`h) vdsd|ji dhtfjxmo` dr~j`vmo` ~|og|jev) vtfb jv) fjvb co| dhtfjxmo`)v~dfmji vxm~d`h j`h cm`j`fmji jvvmvxj`fd) j`h c|dd ~|mej|} dhtfjxmo` jivo fo`x|mltxd xo btej`

hdsdio~ed`x oc xbd ~oo|. Jlotx 42 ~d|fd`x oc xbd gosd|èd`xnv xoxji lthgdxj|} jiiofjxmo` bjvldd` v~d`x co| ~osd|x} |dhtfxmo` jfxmsmxmdv "hm|dfx j`h m`hm|dfx- m` o|hd| xo jfbmdsd ~osd|x}|dhtfxmo` xj|gdxv oc xbd gosd|èd`x.

Xbd gosd|èd`x mv ft||d`xi} me~ided`xm`g jv ej`} jv 27 hmccd|d`x ~|og|jev "m`fithm`g vofmjivjcdx} `dxv- xb|otgb hmccd|d`x em`mvx|mdv/hd~j|xed`xv m` o|hd| xo vt~~o|x xbd hmvjhsj`xjgdh~do~id m`fithm`g woed`) fbmih|d`) dihd|i}) j`h xbd hmvjlidh. Xbdvd ~|og|jev m`fithd; fjvbx|j`vcd| ~|og|jev1 cooh vdft|mx} ~|og|jev1 emf|o f|dhmx co| vdic%de~io}ed`x1 j`h ct`hv co|~osd|x} jiidsmjxmo`. M` o|hd| xo vt~~o|x xbdvd ~|og|jev) j` jiiofjxmo` oc `dj|i} Xa.


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6:

Eovx oc xbd ~osd|x} |dhtfxmo` ~oimfmdv j`h ~|og|jev vtccd| c|oe j `teld| oc imemxjxmo`vdv~dfmjii} wmxb |dv~dfx xo jhh|dvvm`g xbd `ddhv j`h hdej`hv oc xbd drx|ded ~oo| g|ot~v j`hf|djxm`g o~~o|xt`mxmdv co| xbdm| t~wj|h eolmimx}. ôsd|x} |dhtfxmo` ~oimfmdv vxmii fo`fd`x|jxdeo|d o` |dhtfm`g xbd m`fmhd`fd oc ~osd|x}) ltx) òx vo etfb o` |dhtfm`g mxv hd~xb o|vdsd|mx}. Xbmv idjhv xo m`jhdztjxd jxxd`xmo` xo j`h fosd|jgd oc xbd fo`fd|`v oc xbd drx|ded

~oo| m` xbd ejm`vx|dje ~osd|x} |dhtfxmo` dcco|xv jio`g wmxb idvv coftv o` t`hd|vxj`hm`g j`hjhh|dvvm`g xbdm| g|jhtjxmo` fo`fd|`v. Xbd|d mv ò hd`}m`g xbd cjfx xbjx xbd|d vxmii ~d|vmvx gj~v màòwidhgd co| jhdztjxd t`hd|vxj`hm`g oc xbd drx|ded ~osd|x} ~|ofdvv jv wdii jv fj~jfmxmdv m`dccdfxmsdi} xj|gdxm`g j`h hdimsd|m`g vd|smfdv xo xbd ~oo|dvx.

Hdv~mxd voed ~ovmxmsd me~imfjxmo`v oc vofmji vjcdx} `dxv ~|og|jev) xbdvd vtccd| c|oe j `teld|oc wdja`dvvdv "Wo|ih Ljà >61 Wo|ih Ljà >41 Fbowhbt|} j`h Jim >31 Ejktehd| j`hLdgte >21 GoL >2j-. Xbdvd m`fithd; m`jhdztjxd |dvot|fd jiiofjxmo`) imemxdh fosd|jgd)m`j~~|o~|mjxd xj|gdxm`g) j`h idjajgdv. @ox j vm`gid vjcdx} `dx ~|og|je bjv gox `jxmo`wmhdfosd|jgd. M`fitvmo` oc ò`%hdvd|sm`g ~j|xmfm~j`xv j`h drfitvmo` oc hdvd|sm`g o`dv m` xbdxj|gdxdh ~|og|jev mv j foeeo` ~bdòedò`. Idjajgdv j|d jivo foeeo` m` eovx ~|og|jev

j`h mx mv eo|d ~|dsjid`x m` m`%am`h ~|og|jev xbj` m` m`%fjvb ~|og|jev. Ct`hm`g mv m`jhdztjxd xo|djfb xbd sjvx ejko|mx} oc xbd drx|ded ~oo| m` xbd fot`x|}. Xbd|d j|d fj~jfmx} imemxjxmo`v m`xbd v}vxde m` xj|gdxm`g xbd ld`dcmfmj|mdv j`h hdimsd|m`g xbd vd|smfdv dccmfmd`xi}. M` eovx vofmjivjcdx} `dxv ~|og|jev) xbd ~|mej|} coftv vddev xo bdi~ xbd ~oo|dvx xo vt|smsd wbd|djv xbdg|jhtjxmo` ~|ofdvv |dfdmsdv m`jhdztjxd jxxd`xmo`.

Xbd|d j|d voed ~|jfxmfji imemxjxmo`v m` vdsd|ji j`xm%~osd|x} ~|og|jev xbjx idjh xo drfitvmo` ocdrx|ded ~oo| botvdboihv m` xbdvd ~|og|jev. Emf|o f|dhmx co| vdic de~io}ed`x mv o`d oc xbde.Mc xbd|d mv ò dimgmlid edeld| m` xbd botvdboih wbo fj` dccdfxmsdi} txmim{d f|dhmx co| m`foedgd`d|jxmo`) emf|o f|dhmx o~d|jxmo` fj`òx xj|gdx xbdvd drx|ded ~oo| botvdboihv.

Fbjiid`gdv m` Xj|gdxm`g xbd ôo|dvx

Xj|gdxm`g xbd drx|ded ~oo| |dztm|dv eo|d fo`fd|xdh dcco|xv jv xbd} j|d eo|d bdxd|ogd`dotv)bjsd jieovx ò |dvot|fdv wbmfb fj` jfx jv d`x|} ~om`xv) j`h xbd} j|d v~jxmjii} vfjxxd|dh. Xbdvdfbj|jfxd|mvxmfv |dztm|d m`òsjxmsd j~~|ojfbdv m` hdvmg`m`g j`h me~ided`xjxmo` oc j`xm%drx|ded~osd|x} ~|og|jev. Xbd xj|gdxm`g oc ld`dcmfmj|mdv fjiiv co| fo`xdrx v~dfmcmf f|mxd|mj xo d`vt|dfosd|jgd j`h jsomh idjajgdv m` ~|og|je me~ided`xjxmo`.

Mx mv) xbtv) me~o|xj`x xo xjad m`xo jffot`x xbd foe~idr) hmsd|vd j`h vfjxxd|dh `jxt|d oc drx|ded~osd|x} m` hdsdio~m`g `dw j`h m`òsjxmsd ~|og|jev vo xbjx xbd v~dfmcmf `ddhv oc jii g|ot~v fj`ld fosd|dh wmxbm` xbd ~t|smdw oc ~osd|x} |dhtfxmo` jfxmsmxmdv. J` me~o|xj`x foe~tivmo` m`

eosm`g xowj|h j ~j|jhmge xbjx mv eo|d vt~~o|xmsd xo g|jhtjxmo` oc xbd drx|ded ~oo| g|ot~vwotih ld xo;

Iooa ld}o`h xbd vx|jxdgmf xb|tvx oc |dhtfm`g xbd m`fmhd`fd oc ~osd|x} m` o|hd|xo coftv eo|d o` xbd `ddhv oc xbd drx|ded ~oo|1

Mhd`xmc} fo`xdrx%v~dfmcmf j`h etixm~id d`x|} ~om`xv add~m`g xbd hmsd|vmx} ocdrx|ded ~osd|x} m` smdw j`h hdsmvd ~|og|jev xbjx vd|sd loxb meedhmjxdimsdimbooh |dztm|ded`xv j`h jvvmvx jvvdx ltmiht~ idjhm`g xo g|jhtjxmo`1


32/46

66) drfddhm`g :> ~d|fd`x m`

xbd cm|vx bjisdv oc xbd :=2>v j`h :==>v. Eo|dosd|) vtl%~d|mohv wmxb cjvxd| dfoòemf g|owxbvjw eo|d h|jejxmf ~osd|x} |dhtfxmo` jv wdii) vtfb jv m` xbd dj|i} :=2>v j`h emh :==>v. Vm`fd~osd|x} m` ^\F bjv ldd` j |t|ji ~bdòedò` "m` xbd ldgm``m`g oc :=2>v) m`fmhd`fd oc t|lj`~osd|x} wjv oì} >.6 ~d|fd`x foe~j|dh wmxb


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66

8.: Dfoòemf M`xd|dvx oc ^\F m` Lj`gijhdvb

Jcxd| m`hd~d`hd`fd m` :=7:) hm~ioejxmf xmdv wd|d dvxjlimvbdh ldxwdd` Lj`gijhdvb j`h ^\F m`xbd }dj| :=73. Xbd fo|hmji |dijxmo`vbm~ ldxwdd` xbd xwo fot`x|mdv |dvtixdh m` vdxxm`g t~) wmxbFbm`dvd jvvmvxj`fd) oc ~owd| ~ij`xv j`h cd|xmim{d| cjfxo|mdv) hdsdio~ed`x oc m`c|jvx|tfxt|d

m`fithm`g vmr c|md`hvbm~ l|mhgdv) fo`vx|tfxmo` oc eohd|` fo`sd`xmo` fd`xd|) eohd|`m{jxmo` ocej|m`d cmvbd|mdv) j`h vmemij| oxbd| ~|okdfxv m` Lj`gijhdvb. Ht|m`g xbd ijvx xbm|x} }dj|v) j `teld|oc smvmxv xooa ~ijfd jx xbd idsdi oc bdjhv oc xbd gosd|èd`x ldxwdd` xbd xwo fot`x|mdv.

Xbd dfoòemf |dijxmo`vbm~ ldxwdd` xbd xwo fot`x|mdv bjv g|ow` hdd~d| osd| xbd }dj|v.Lj`gijhdvb bjv j btgd j`h |mvm`g x|jhd hdcmfmx wmxb ^\F jv mx me~o|xv j ij|gd ztj`xmx} oc hmccd|d`x~|ohtfxv c|oe ^\F j`h mxv dr~o|xv xo ^\F j|d voedwbjx imemxdh m` ztj`xmx}. M` >4) xwofot`x|mdv vmg`dh `m`d jffo|hv %% cmsd jg|dded`xv) xwo edeo|j`hj oc t`hd|vxj`hm`g "EoT-) jfo`x|jfx j`h j` drfbj`gd oc idxxd|v. ^\F jivo ~|osmhdh TV( vmr emiimo` co| fj~jfmx} ltmihm`g ocLj`gijhdvbm fmsmi vd|sj`xv. T`hd| j` jg|dded`x o` ~tlimf vdft|mx}) ^\F jg|ddh xo bdi~ m`fj~jfmx} ltmihm`g oc Lj`gijhdvbm ijw d`co|fded`x jgd`fmdv m`fithm`g ~|osmhm`g x|jm`m`g o`

f|mem`ji m`sdvxmgjxmo` xdfb`mztdv j`h xdfbòiog} j`h co|d`vmf xdvxv. ^\F j`h Lj`gijhdvb jivovmg`dh j` jg|dded`x o` ~djfdcti tvd oc `tfidj| d`d|g} m` xbd cmdihv oc edhmfm`d) jg|mftixt|d) j`hlmoxdfbòiog}.

M` o|hd| xo jvvmvx m` `j||owm`g xbd x|jhd gj~) ^\F gjsd ~|dcd|d`xmji jffdvv xo 28 mxdev co| d`x|}m`xo Fbm`j t`hd| xbd Bo`g Ao`g jg|dded`x m` Kj`tj|} >3. ^\F jivo fo`vmhd|dh me~o|xvtlvmh} j`h xj|mcc ftx xo loovx Hbjaj%Ldmkm`g x|jhd. Fbm`j occd|dh foo~d|jxmo` m` voism`g wjxd|~|olidev j`h m` ej`jgded`x oc hmccd|d`x |msd|v m` Lj`gijhdvb) m`fithm`g L|jbej~tx|j. Xo hdjiwmxb `jxt|ji fjijemxmdv) ^\F occd|dh mxv xdfbòiog} xo xbd fot`x|}'v Hmvjvxd| j`h Ciooh Wj|`m`gFd`xd|.

^\F bjv jivo ldd` Lj`gijhdvb'v o`d oc xbd fiovdvx hdcd`vd jiimdv j`h xbd emimxj|} foo~d|jxmo`ldxwdd` xbd xwo `jxmo`v bjv |djfbdh xbd xjfxmfji idsdi j`h xbd|d mv etfb vfo~d xo didsjxd mx xoxbd vx|jxdgmf idsdi co| xbd ld`dcmx oc loxb xbd `jxmo`v. Xbd Fbm`dvd ~oimxmfji j`h emimxj|} idjhd|v)ldm`g wdii jwj|d oc Lj`gijhdvb'v t`mztd fd`x|ji gdog|j~bmf iofjxmo` j`h jsjmijlmimx} oc vdj ~o|xv)bjsd gmsd` vx|jxdgmf me~o|xj`fd xo xbd fot`x|} m` Votxb j`h Votxb Djvx Jvmj` fo`xdrx.Lj`gijhdvb j`h ^\F bjsd vmg`dh hdcd`vd foo~d|jxmo` jg|dded`xv m` >< j`h >8 xo l|ojhd`xbd vfo~d oc emimxj|} |dijxmo`v ldxwdd` xbd xwo jiimdv.

8.< ^\Fv Dfoòemf Foo~d|jxmo` wmxb Lj`gijhdvb; M`sdvxed`x ^jxxd|`v j`hFo`hmxmo`v

Lj`gijhdvb mv xbd xbm|h ij|gdvx x|jhd ~j|x`d| oc ^\F m` Votxb Jvmj. Ltx xbd lmijxd|ji x|jhdldxwdd` xbd xwo fot`x|mdv mv bmgbi} xmixdh m` cjso| oc Ldmkm`g. Lmijxd|ji x|jhd |djfbdh jv bmgb jvTV( 6.:= lmiimo` m` >3) |dcidfxm`g j g|owxb oc 4 j`h >3. O` xbdoxbd| bj`h) ^\F bjv loivxd|dh mxv dfoòemf jmh xo Lj`gijhdvb xo jhh|dvv fo`fd|`v oc x|jhdmeljij`fd1 m` >3) Lj`gijhdvb'v dr~o|xv xo ^\F jeot`xdh oì} jlotx TV( =2.2 emiimo`. T`hd|xbd jtv~mfdv oc xbd Jvmj%^jfmcmf C|dd X|jhd Jg|dded`x "JCXJ-) ^\F |deosdh xj|mcclj||md|v xo28 hmccd|d`x foeeohmxmdv me~o|xdh c|oe Lj`gijhdvb j`h mv wo|am`g xo |dhtfd xj|mccv osd| xbdx|jhd ocktxd j`h xdrxmidv) wbmfb j|d jeo`g Lj`gijhdvb'v ejko| dr~o|x ~|ohtfxv. ^\F bjv jivo
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tradehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beijinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._dollarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asia-Pacific_Free_Trade_Agreementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tariffhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jutehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Textileshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Textileshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jutehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tariffhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asia-Pacific_Free_Trade_Agreementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._dollarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beijinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trade


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occd|dh xo fo`vx|tfx `tfidj| ~owd| ~ij`xv m` Lj`gijhdvb xo bdi~ eddx xbd fot`x|}'v g|owm`gd`d|g} `ddhv) wbmid jivo vddam`g xo jvvmvx m` xbd hdsdio~ed`x oc Lj`gijhdvb'v `jxt|ji gjv|dvot|fdv. O` x|j`v~o|xjxmo` vmhd) ^\F j`h Lj`gijhdvb bjsd jg|ddh xo vxj|x j hm|dfx jm|x|j`v~o|x |otxd ldxwdd` Hbjaj j`h Ldmkm`g smj Atèm`g. Jivo Atèm`g%Fbmxxjgo`g |ojh imàxb|otgb E}jèj| mv ldm`g fo`vmhd|dh.

M` :>) Lj`gijhdvb j`h ^\F hdfmhdh xo dvxjlimvb j Fiovd| Foe~|dbd`vmsd ^j|x`d|vbm~ ocFoo~d|jxmo` c|oe xbd vx|jxdgmf ~d|v~dfxmsd j`h o` xbd ljvmv oc xbd ~|m`fm~idv oc io`gvxj`hm`gc|md`hvbm~) dztjimx}) j`h etxtji ld`dcmx. Wmxbm` xbd jlosd c|jedwo|a) xbd xwo vmhdv vmg`dh xbdJg|dded`x o` Dfoòemf j`h Xdfb`mfji Foo~d|jxmo`) xbd C|jedwo|a Jg|dded`x o` ^|osmhm`g^|dcd|d`xmji Ioj`) xbd ^|oxofoi o` \demxxm`g xbd Lj`gijhdvb M`xd|dvx%c|dd Ioj` htd m` >2 j`hxbd Drfbj`gd oc Idxxd|v o` xbd fo`vx|tfxmo` oc xbd vdsd`xb Lj`gijhdvb%Fbm`j C|md`hvbm~ L|mhgd.Xbd xwo fot`x|mdv jg|ddh xo m`xd`vmc} dcco|xv co| xbd dj|i} vxj|x oc vtfb ct|xbd| ~|okdfxv jv xbddmgbxb C|md`hvbm~ L|mhgd j`h xbd fo`vx|tfxmo` oc xbd Lj`gijhdvb%Fbm`j C|md`hvbm~ Drbmlmxmo`Fd`x|d xo ld t`hd|xjad` l} ^\F.

Loxb fot`x|mdv jivo jg|ddh xo d`fot|jgd j`h vt~~o|x xbdm| ow` d`xd|~|mvdv xo fj||} otx xwo%wj} m`sdvxed`x j`h etxtjii} ld`dcmfmji foo~d|jxmo`) j`h ~|osmhd cjfmimxjxmo` co| d`xd|~|mvdv ocloxb vmhdv m` ~|okdfx fo`x|jfxm`g j`h ijlo| vd|smfd foo~d|jxmo`. Xbd} jivo jg|ddh xo d`bj`fdx|j`v~o|x imàv j`h) xo fo`xm`td xo hmvftvv xbd ~ovvmlmimx} oc ltmihm`g |ojh j`h |jmi imàv ldxwdd`xbd xwo fot`x|mdv. Ljvdh o` xbd EoT o` jg|mftixt|d foo~d|jxmo` vmg`dh m` >4) xbd xwo vmhdvjg|ddh xo jfxmsdi} fj||} otx foo~d|jxmo` m` b}l|mh |mfd ftixmsjxmo` xdfbòiog}) m`fithm`g b}l|mh|mfd vddh ~|ohtfxmo` xdfbòiog}) jg|mftixt|ji ejfbm`d|} xdfbòiog}) drfbj`gd oc gd|e ~ijve|dvot|fdv oc f|o~v) cj|e ~|ohtfxv ~|ofdvvm`g) j`h xdfb`mfji ~d|vo``di x|jm`m`g. Xbd xwofot`x|mdv jivo jg|ddh xo vx|d`gxbd` foo~d|jxmo` o` wjxd| |dvot|fdv ej`jgded`x) b}h|oiogmfjihjxj vbj|m`g) o` ciooh fo`x|oi j`h hmvjvxd| |dhtfxmo`) ljvdh o` xbd drfbj`gd oc idxxd|v ldxwdd`xbd em`mvx|mdv oc wjxd| |dvot|fdv oc xbd xwo fot`x|mdv m` >4. ^\F jg|ddh xo ~|osmhd

jvvmvxj`fd xo Lj`gijhdvb co| h|dhgm`g oc |msd|ldhv j`h co| fj~jfmx} ltmihm`g xb|otgb x|jm`m`g oc~d|vo``di.

8.6 ^\Fv Hdsdio~ed`x Foo~d|jxmo` wmxb Lj`gijhdvb; Fjvd Vxthmdv

^\Fv hdsdio~ed`x foo~d|jxmo` wmxb Lj`gijhdvb bjv hdd~d`dh osd| xbd }dj|v. ^\F bjv ldd`~|osmhm`g m`f|djvm`gi} eo|d vt~~o|x xo sj|motv hdsdio~ed`x jfxmsmxmdv j`h mxv xoxji soited ochdsdio~ed`x jvvmvxj`fd xo Lj`gijhdvb bjv jivo m`f|djvdh osd| xbd }dj|v "Xjlid =-. Xbd soitedoc jvvmvxj`fd) bowdsd|) hodv`x drbmlmx j`} v}vxdejxmf x|d`h "Cmgt|d 8-. ^\Fv jvvmvxj`fd xoLj`gijhdvb mv |dijxmsdi} vejii foe~j|dh wmxb oxbd| hdsdio~ed`x ~j|x`d|v) idx jio`d xbd ODFHj`h O^DF fot`x|mdv j`h etixm%`jxmo`ji jmh jgd`fmdv. ^\Fv xoxji jvvmvxj`fd xo Lj`gijhdvb jv

~d|fd`xjgd oc xoxji jvvmvxj`fd |dfdmsdh c|oe fot`x|mdv oxbd| xbj` ODFH) O^DF j`h etixm%ijxd|ji hoò|v mv 4 ~d|fd`x co| cooh jmh) 8 ~d|fd`x co| foeeohmx} jmh) j`h :> ~d|fd`x co|~|okdfx jmh "Xjlid :>-.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_power_plantshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_gashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kunminghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myanmarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myanmarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kunminghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_gashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_power_plants


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Cmgt|d 8; X|d`hv m` ^\Fv Jvvmvxj`fd xo Lj`gijhdvb

Xbd xoxji jvvmvxj`fd |dfdmsdh l} Lj`gijhdvb c|oe ^\F vm`fd xbd ldgm``m`g oc foo~d|jxmo`jeot`xv xo TV( %2: > 2.232 2.232 > 3 3

:=2:%2< :8.>:8 :8.>:8

:=2 > > > :2.27< :2.27 > > > .642 8.3 > > < 6.366 3.464

:=22%2= > > > >.472 6.684 6.= > :%=: > ::. > > > 6.36= 6.36=

:== 4.4>< 4.4>< > :>.782 :>.782

:==6%=8 > 2.4 2.4 >.>:< > >.>:. >. > >

:==4%=3 > > > > > >

:==3%=7 7.


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:==7%=2 . > :7= :7= >.%>: > 8: > 3.>8: >. > >

>6%>8 =.334 > =.334 > >

>8%>4 :>.4 > :>.4 >.==: :2.:4%>3 6>.>>: > 6>.>>: >.:>6 67 >.:< = 2.=3 =%:>


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g|owxb. M` xt|`) xbd foo~d|jxmo` bjv vmg`mcmfj`x ~ovmxmsd me~jfx o` ~osd|x} |dhtfxmo` m` xbdfot`x|} jixbotgb mx mv òx ~ovvmlid xo ztj`xmc} mxv ejg`mxthd wmxbm` xbd imemxdh vfo~d oc xbd~|dvd`x vxth}.

Jv wd bjsd òxmfdh c|oe xbd ~osd|x} |dhtfxmo` dr~d|md`fd) xbd ~oimfmdv j`h ~|og|jev jho~xdh

l} ^\F bjsd ldd` vtffdvvcti m` x|j`vcd||m`g jvvdxv xo xbd cj|ed|v) ~|osmhm`g cj|ed|v wmxb`dfdvvj|} vt~~o|x xo d`bj`fd ~|ohtfxmsmx}) cjfmimxjxm`g hdsdio~ed`x oc smiijgd j`h xow`vbm~d`xd|~|mvdv) j`h me~ided`xm`g xj|gdxdh ~osd|x} jiidsmjxmo` ~|og|jev) wbmfb xogdxbd|fo`x|mltxdh xo vmg`mcmfj`x hdfim`d m` ~osd|x}. Xbd |mfb dr~d|md`fd oc otxvxj`hm`g ~osd|x}|dhtfxmo` dcco|xv m` ^\F ej} ld |d~imfjxdh) wmxb j~~|o~|mjxd eohmcmfjxmo`v add~m`g vofmo%dfoòemf |djimxmdv m` smdw) m` Lj`gijhdvb xb|otgb mxv lm%ijxd|ji jvvmvxj`fd) jv Lj`gijhdvb vxmii bjvj btgd ~o~tijxmo` "4> emiimo`- imsm`g ldiow xbd ~osd|x} im`d m`foed.

M` ~j|xmftij|) Lj`gijhdvbv jg|mftixt|d ej} ld vt~~o|xdh l} xdfb`mfji j`h cm`j`fmji jvvmvxj`fdc|oe ^\F. Lj`gijhdvbv g|owm`g ò`%cj|e jfxmsmxmdv ej} jivo ld |d%o|gj`m{dh j`h jtged`xdhwmxb vt~~o|x c|oe ^\F. Jixbotgb Lj`gijhdvb bjv j ij|gd `teld| oc xj|gdxdh ~osd|x} jiidsmjxmo`

~|og|jev) mxv fosd|jgd mv vxmii imemxdh foe~j|dh wmxb xbd ij|gd `teld| oc ~oxd`xmji ld`dcmfmj|mdv.Xbd ztjimx} oc me~ided`xjxmo` oc xbdvd ~|og|jev fj` jivo ld vmg`mcmfj`xi} me~|osdh. ^\F fj`fd|xjmì} jvvmvx Lj`gijhdvb m` ~|osmhm`g jhhmxmo`ji ct`hv co| xj|gdxdh ~osd|x} jiidsmjxmo`~|og|jev j`h jvvmvxj`fd co| me~ided`xm`g xbde eo|d dccmfmd`xi}.

4. VTEEJ\] J@H IDVVO@V C\OE ^\FV ÔSD\X] \DHTFXMO@

VTFFDVV; MEÎMFJXMO@V CO\ LJ@GIJHDVB

Xbmv vdfxmo` vteej|m{dv xbd hmccd|m`g vxo|mdv oc ~osd|x} |dhtfxmo` oc Lj`gijhdvb j`h ^\F mò|hd| xo h|jw me~o|xj`x idvvo`v. Eo|d v~dfmcmfjii}) xbd vdfxmo` tvdv xbd dr~d|md`fd oc ^\F xomhd`xmc} xbd m`jhdztjfmdv oc xbd |dfd`x g|owxb j`h ~osd|x} |dhtfxmo` ~|ofdvv oc Lj`gijhdvb j`hvtggdvx ~oimfmdv m` xbd imgbx oc xbd idvvo`v idj|`dh c|oe ^\Fv dr~d|md`fd. M` xbmv fo`xdrx) xbdcoftv bjv ldd` ~ijfdh o` vdsd|ji v~dfmcmf mvvtdv) vtfb jv idvvo`v c|oe ^\F xo jhh|dvv |t|ji~osd|x}1 imemxjxmo`v oc xbd ^\F drje~id xo jhh|dvv t|lj` ~osd|x} m` Lj`gijhdvb1 xbd `ddh co|foeemxxdh m`vxmxtxmo`ji c|jedwo|a j`h xbd ~ovvmlmimx} oc |d~imfjxm`g ^\F dr~d|md`fd m`Lj`gijhdvb1 j`h xbd me~imfjxmo`v co| j eo|d ~|o%~oo| vtl%|dgmo`ji foo~d|jxmo` wmxb ^\F.

4.: ^\Fv Ad} Cjfxo|v oc Vtffdvv

^\Fv ~osd|x} |dhtfxmo` ~ij`v ld`dcmxdh c|oe fo`xm`tm`g ejf|odfoòemf j`h ~oimxmfji vxjlmimx})vtvxjm`dh dfoòemf g|owxb) j`h t`cjhm`g gosd|èd`x dcco|x xo vdda dccdfxmsd m`vxmxtxmo`ji j`h~oimf} edjvt|dv xo |dhtfd ~osd|x}. Xbd fd`x|ji j`h iofji gosd|èd`xv vbowdh vx|o`g |dvot|fdeolmim{m`g fj~jfmx}1 wo|am`g o` ~osd|x} ~|og|jev jf|ovv gosd|èd`x hd~j|xed`xv1 j`h wmxbhmccd|d`x d`xd|~|mvdv) cm`j`fmji m`vxmxtxmo`v) @GOv) j`h m`xd|`jxmo`ji o|gj`m{jxmo`v. M`vxmxtxmo`jim`òsjxmo` jiiowdh co| d`bj`fm`g xbd drmvxm`g gosd|èd`x jhem`mvx|jxmsd v}vxde l} de~bjvm{m`gxbd foe~j|jxmsd jhsj`xjgd oc djfb gosd|èd`x hd~j|xed`x j`h co| |dhtfm`g jhem`mvx|jxmsdfovxv. M`xd|dvx m` idj|`m`g j`h dr~d|med`xjxmo` t`hd| xbd îj` ~d|emxxdh ^\F xo idj|` c|oe mxvow` j`h m`xd|`jxmo`ji dr~d|md`fd j`h wo|a xowj|h me~|osm`g xbd ~j|xmfm~jxmo` j`hdccdfxmsd`dvv oc j ij|gd `teld| oc ~|okdfxv jx smiijgd j`h botvdboih idsdiv. Xbd me~ided`xjxmoòc xbd 2%7 îj`) co| m`vxj`fd) |dsdjidh |dijxmsdi} wdja ~osd|x} |dhtfxmo` dccdfx oc vtlvmhm{dh


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ioj`v ~|og|je j`h xbd foe~idrmx} oc xbd `ddhv oc ~oo| smiijgdv) ~|oe~xm`g xbd Gosd|èd`x xoijt`fb etixm%vdfxo|ji |t|ji hdsdio~ed`x ~|okdfxv "vtfb jv Votxb Wdvx ôsd|x} \dhtfxmo`^|okdfx) VW^\^-.

Vxjlid ~oimxmfji d`sm|oèd`x j`h |j~mh dfoòemf g|owxb dvxjlimvbdh j` me~o|xj`x

fo`xdrx co| vtffdvvcti ~osd|x} |dhtfxmo` m` ^\F. Ldxwdd` :=72 j`h >.2) me~i}m`g xbjx djfb : ~d|fd`xjgd ~om`xoc GH^ g|owxb l|otgbx jlotx >.2 ~d|fd`xjgd ~om`x h|o~ m` xbd `teld| oc xbd ~oo|.

ôsd|x} |dhtfxmo` m` ^\F |dejm`dh bmgbi} fo||dijxdh wmxb jg|mftixt|ji GH^ g|owxb. De~m|mfji j`ji}vmv o` vdfxo|ji fbj`gdv j`h ~osd|x} |jxdv |dsdjiv xbjx ~osd|x} m` ^\F mv bmgbi}vd`vmxmsd xo x|d`hv m` jg|mftixt|d.

ôsd|x} |dhtfxmo` m` ^\F ld`dcmxdh c|oe xbd |j~mh hdsdio~ed`x oc xbd ò`%vxjxd

dfoòemf vdfxo|.^|msjxd d`xd|~|mvdv m`f|djvdh xbd de~io}ed`x oc |t|ji wo|ad|v l} %:==7) wbmfb jffot`xdh co| eo|d xbj` bjic oc xbd `dw occ%cj|e kol o~~o|xt`mxmdv m`xbd |t|ji j|djv. D`fot|jgm`g |t|ji%t|lj` emg|jxmo`) kolv f|djxdh m` xbd ò`%vxjxd vdfxo| m` xbdt|lj` j|djv jivo ld`dcmxdh |t|ji wo|ad|v) wmxb xbdm| |demxxj`fdv |jmvm`g m`foed idsdiv m` smiijgdv.

Gosd|èd`x foeemxed`x xo ~osd|x} |dhtfxmo` |dejm`dh vx|o`g xb|otgbotx xbdme~ided`xjxmo` oc xbd îj`v.Xbd gosd|èd`x ~ijfdh de~bjvmv o` jvvmvxm`g xbd ~oo| j`h bjv|d~djxdhi} ~|ofijmedh jvvmvxj`fd xo xbd ~oo| j`h ~osd|x} |dhtfxmo` jv mxv ad} |dv~o`vmlmimx}.Xbd vx|o`g |dvot|fd eolmim{m`g fj~jfmx} oc xbd gosd|èd`x wjv jòxbd| f|mxmfji cjfxo|. Xbdfd`x|ji gosd|èd`x òx oì} dr~j`hdh xbd vfjid oc ~osd|x} |dhtfxmo` ~|og|jev) ltx jivoeolmim{dh gosd|èd`x jgd`fmdv) vofmji g|ot~v) j`h oxbd| d`xd|~|mvdv xo t`hd|xjad cmrdh%xj|gdx~osd|x} |dhtfxmo` ~|og|jev. Mx jivo ~|oe~xdh iofji gosd|èd`xv xo jfxmsdi} ~j|xmfm~jxd j`h

d`fot|jgdh @GOv j`h m`xd|`jxmo`ji o|gj`m{jxmo`v xo kom` m` ~osd|x} |dhtfxmo`.

Xbd me~ided`xjxmo` oc xbd ~osd|x} |dhtfxmo` ~ij`v wjv vt~~o|xdh l} xbd dvxjlimvbdh

jhem`mvx|jxmsd v}vxde jx jii idsdiv. Jho~xm`g xbd drmvxm`g jhem`mvx|jxmsd v}vxde xo ej`jgd~osd|x} |dhtfxmo` ~|og|jev j`h me~ided`x xbd ~|okdfxv jiiowdh vjsm`g fovxv.

M`vxmxtxmo`ji M`òsjxmo`v

Fbm`j xt|`dh mxv ~osd|x} |dhtfxmo` vx|jxdg} c|oe |dimdc hd~d`hd`fd xo ~osd|x} |dhtfxmo`de~bjvm{m`g hdsdio~ed`x.Ldco|d xbd emh%:=2>v) xbd ejm` ~osd|x} |dhtfxmo` edxboh m` ^\Fwjv |dimdc c|oe wbmfb xbd dccdfx o` xbd ~oo| wjv meedhmjxd ltx òx vtvxjm`jlid. Fbm`j jhktvxdh

mxv ~osd|x} |dhtfxmo` vx|jxdg} xo coftv o` ~|oeoxm`g |dgmo`ji j`h |t|ji hdsdio~ed`x xo |jmvdm`foed j`h vdic%bdi~ fj~jfmx} oc xbd ~oo|. Xbd xj|gdxm`g oc xbd ~oo| fot`xmdv wjvfoe~ided`xdh l} xj|gdxm`g oc ~oo| smiijgdv j`h botvdboihv. Eo|d m`òsjxmsd ~|og|jev wd|dijt`fbdh m`soism`g) co| drje~id) emf|of|dhmx) ijlo| emg|jxmo`) j`h |dvdxxided`x.

^\F eosdh c|oe j gosd|èd`x%idh xo j l|ojhi} ljvdh ~osd|x} |dhtfxmo` dcco|x.Wmxbg|owxb m` m`foed oc loxb |t|ji j`h t|lj` |dvmhd`xv j`h xbd |mvm`g vm{d oc xbd ò`%vxjxd vdfxo|


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6=

m`fithm`g @GOv) ~osd|x} |dhtfxmo` m` ^\F ldgj` xo m`soisd etixm~id ~ij}d|v j`h wmhd| |j`gd ocjfxmsmxmdv.

Fbm`j vdx t~ j etixm%hd~j|xed`xji foo|hm`jxmo` edfbj`mve. Xbd dvxjlimvbed`x oc xbdIG^\ j`h mxv Occmfd jx xbd fd`x|ji idsdi wjv coiiowdh l} vmemij| vx|tfxt|dv jx iowd| idsdiv oc

gosd|èd`x jii osd| xbd fot`x|}. M` jhhmxmo`) gosd|èd`x em`mvx|mdv j`h jgd`fmdv ~j|xmfm~jxm`gm` xbd cmrdh%xj|gdx ~osd|x} |dhtfxmo` m`mxmjxmsd vdx t~ xbdm| ow` ~osd|x} |dhtfxmo` occmfdv. O`dme~o|xj`x ct`fxmo` oc xbd IG^\ mv xo foo|hm`jxd etixm%hd~j|xed`xji ~osd|x} |dhtfxmo` dcco|xvj`h jfxmsmxmdv j`h txmim{d |dvot|fdv j`h v~dfmjim{dh vamiiv oc hmccd|d`x gosd|èd`x hd~j|xed`xv xo

kom`xi} ~|oeoxd xbd hdsdio~ed`x oc ~oo| |dgmo`v wbmid ejm`xjm`m`g ò|eji o~d|jxmo` j`hct`fxmo`v oc xbdvd hd~j|xed`xv.

Idj|`m`g j`h Dr~d|med`xjxmo`

^\Fv ~osd|x} |dhtfxmo` bjv ldd` j ~|ofdvv oc fo`vxj`x idj|`m`g j`h dr~d|med`xjxmo`.Osd| xbd hdfjhdv) Fbm`jv ~osd|x} |dhtfxmo` vx|jxdg} j`h mxv ej`jgded`x bjsd ldd`

fo`xm`totvi} me~|osdh ljvdh o` dr~d|med`xv j`h idj|`m`g. Xbd IG^\ fo`htfxv j`ji}vmv)foiidfxv cddhljfa c|oe fd`x|ji j`h iofji idsdiv) h|jwv idvvo`v) j`h m`citd`fdv `jxmo`%wmhd~osd|x} |dhtfxmo` ~oimfmdv j`h jhktvxv ~osd|x} |dhtfxmo` ~|og|jev. Co| vbj|m`g j`hhmvvdem`jxm`g aòwidhgd) jgd`fmdv m`soisdh m` ~osd|x} |dhtfxmo` o|gj`m{d j``tji wo|avbo~v xoidj|` idvvo`v j`h ld`dcmx c|oe otxvmhd dr~d|xmvd.

4.< Idvvo`v c|oe ^\Fv Vtffdvv

Dfoòemf g|owxb mv f|mxmfji

^\Fv dr~d|md`fd m`hmfjxdv xbjx dfoòemf g|owxb fj` ld`dcmx jii ~o~tijxmo`) wbmid ~osd|x}

|dhtfxmo` m`sdvxed`xv fj` jvvmvx xbovd iofjimxmdv j`h botvdboihv xbjx) co| sj|motv |djvo`v) j|dfo`vx|jm`dh c|oe ld`dcmxm`g ctii} c|oe dfoòemf g|owxb. Fbm`jv g|owxb wjv ~|o%~oo|~j|xmftij|i} m` xbd dj|i} vxjgdv oc xbd ~ovx%:=7= |dco|e ~d|moh) wbd` |dco|ev wd|dme~ided`xdh co| l|m`gm`g cjm| ij`h hmvx|mltxmo` j`h eo|d dccmfmd`x ij`h txmim{jxmo` m` xbd |t|jij|djv) m`f|djvm`g jg|mftixt|ji ~|oft|ded`x ~|mfdv) j`h ~|oeoxm`g ijlo| m`xd`vmsd occ%cj|ejfxmsmxmdv xb|otgb xbd dr~j`vmo` oc xow`vbm~ j`h smiijgd "|t|ji- d`xd|~|mvdv.

Vtvxjm`dh j`h |j~mh dfoòemf g|owxb d`jlidv xbd dfoòe} xo gd`d|jxd eo|d gosd|èd`x|dsd`tdv xo cm`j`fd ~osd|x} |dhtfxmo` ~|og|jev) f|djxd `dw occ%cj|e kol o~~o|xt`mxmdv) j`h~|oeoxd |t|ji%t|lj` emg|jxmo` jv eovx ~|ohtfxmsd kolv wmii ded|gd m` t|lj` |jxbd| xbj` m`|t|ji j|djv. \mvm`g |dxt|`v xo cj|e ijlo| xb|otgb otx%emg|jxmo`) cj|e ij`h fo`voimhjxmo`) j`h

jg|mftixt|ji g|owxb wotih d`jlid xbd |t|ji ~oo| botvdboihv xo osd|foed ~osd|x}. Wmxbotx~osd|x} |dhtfxmo`) iow dccdfxmsd hdej`h j`h iow ~|ohtfxmsmx} wotih fo`vx|jm` dfoòemfg|owxb. Wmxbotx dztmxjlid vbj|m`g oc xbd ld`dcmxv oc g|owxb) xbd wmhd`m`g |mfb%~oo| gj~ "wbmfb)m` eovx fjvdv) mv ~|mej|mi} xbd t|lj`%|t|ji gj~- wotih t`hd|em`d vofmji fobdvmo` j`h xbtvdfoòemf g|owxb jv wdii.


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8>

Xj|gdxm`g j`h ~j|xmfm~jxmo` oc xbd ~oo| ejxxd|

^\Fv dr~d|md`fd vbowv xbjx gdog|j~bmfji "j|dj- xj|gdxm`g `ddhv xo ld fj|dctii} hdvmg`dh j`hfoe~ided`xdh l} botvdboih xj|gdxm`g. Tìdvv xbd ~oo| "dv~dfmjii} ~oo| woed`- jfxmsdi}~j|xmfm~jxd m` xbd ~|ofdvv oc ct`h jiiofjxmo`) ~|og|je mhd`xmcmfjxmo`) j`h me~jfx dsjitjxmo`) xbdm|

`ddhv wotih ld ~oo|i} t`hd|vxooh idjhm`g xo xbdm| fo`xm`tdh ej|gm`jimx}.

Vtffdvv `ddhv vt~~ided`xm`g j|dj%ljvdh ~osd|x} |dhtfxmo` dcco|xv wmxb jbotvdboih%o|md xdh j~~|ojfb

Xbd x|jhmxmo`ji j|dj%ljvdh ~osd|x} |dhtfxmo` dcco|xv |dztm|d vt~~ided`xj|} botvdboih%o|md`xdhj~~|ojfbdv j`h m`xd|sd`xmo`v. Vtfb j coftv o` botvdboih%o|md`xdh j~~|ojfbdv bjv j l|ojhd|f|ovv%ftxxm`g |didsj`fd co| xbd ~osd|x} |dhtfxmo` jgd`hj. Xbmv wmii jivo vbj|~d` vtmxjlidbotvdboih xj|gdxm`g edfbj`mvev xo |djfb xbd ~oo| j`h bdi~ me~|osd xbd osd|jii xj|gdxm`gdccdfxmsd`dvv oc hmccd|d`x ~|og|jev.

Ljvmf m`vt|j`fd jfxv jv foe~ided`x xo ~osd|x} |dhtfxmo` dcco|x

Ljvmf m`vt|j`fd ~|og|jev fj` vmg`mcmfj`xi} |dhtfd xbd sti`d|jlmimx} oc xbd ~oo| botvdboihv xoeosd m`xo hdd~d| ~osd|x} j`h ò`%~oo| botvdboihv xo ~osd|x}. \t|ji botvdboihv m` ^\F jvdivdwbd|d j|d vtvfd~xmlid xo |mvav xbjx ejad xbde drx|dedi} sti`d|jlid xo ~osd|x}. Co|drje~id) mii`dvv j`h hmvjlmimx} j|d o`d oc xbd ejm` fjtvdv oc ~osd|x} m` xbd |t|ji j|djv. M`jhhmxmo` xo hdsdio~ed`x%o|md`xdh ~osd|x} |dhtfxmo` ~|og|jev) ljvmf vofmji vdft|mx} `dxwo|a)dv~dfmjii} em`mete imsm`g vxj`hj|h vtlvmhmdv "j em`mete m`foed ejm`xd`j`fd vfbded- j`hljvmf bdjixb m`vt|j`fd j|d ~j|xmftij|i} `ddhdh m` xbd |t|ji j|djv. ^\Fv dr~d|md`fd wmxb |t|jiedhmfji foo~d|jxmsdv j`h oxbd| edjvt|dv xo d`bj`fd xbd botvdboihv jlmimx} xo fo~d wmxb |mvavfj` ~|osmhd tvdcti idvvo`v m` xbmv |dgj|h.

Vdxxm`g fidj| olkdfxmsdv mv me~o|xj`x

ôsd|x} |dhtfxmo` dcco|xv `ddh xo m`soisd fidj| gojiv j`h olkdfxmsdv m` o|hd| xo ld dccmfmd`x j`hdccdfxmsd. Vmemij|i}) fidj| coftv o` ~osd|x} |dhtfxmo` ejadv ~osd|x} |dhtfxmo` ~|og|jevvtffdvvcti.:


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ij`h j`h m||mgjxmo`) j`h imsm`g fo`hmxmo`v "m`fithm`g h|màm`g wjxd| j`h didfx|mfmx}- m` xbd |t|jifoeet`mxmdv.:6

De~m|mfji j`ji}vmv vtggdvxv xbjx ~tlimf m`sdvxed`xv m` |t|ji dhtfjxmo` j`h ~tlimf bdjixb bjsdldd` sd|} dccdfxmsd m` |dhtfm`g ~osd|x} dv~dfmjii} m` xbd io`gd| xd|e "Cj`g) [bj`g j`h [bj`g

>v) vdsd|ji fo`vx|jm`xv m`fithm`g olvxjfidv xo |t|ji%t|lj` emg|jxmo` j`hvdged`xdh vofmji vdft|mx}) ~tlimf vd|smfd hdimsd|}) j`h ~tlimf cm`j`fd ej`jgded`x vmg`mcmfj`xi}|dvx|mfxdh xbd |t|ji ~oo| ~o~tijxmo` c|oe ld`dcmxm`g c|oe xbd g|owm`g dfoòe}. M` xt|`) xbmv

:6 Jòxbd| |djvo` co| ~|osmhm`g |dijxmsdi} iow jxxd`xmo` xo btej` hdsdio~ed`x t`hd| xbd 2%7 îj` j`h ~|dfdhm`g~osd|x} |dhtfxmo` dcco|xv |dijxdh xo xbd iow |dxt|` o` dhtfjxmo` m` Fbm`j dv~dfmjii} htd xo vd|motv hmvxo|xmo`v m`xbd ijlo| ej|adx t`xmi ijxd :==>v. De~m|mfji j`ji}vmv vbowv xbjx xbd ~|msjxd |jxd oc |dxt|` xo dhtfjxmo` m` Fbm`jwjv jlotx 8 ~d|fd`x m` xbd dj|i} :==>v j`h 2 ~d|fd`x m` :===. Xbmv wjv ldiow xbd dvxmejxdh |jxd oc |dxt|` xo~b}vmfji fj~mxji m` m`htvx|}) dvxmejxdh jx ~d|fd`x. \dxt|`v xo vdfo`hj|} "vd mo| bmgb vfbooi- j`h xd|xmj|}dhtfjxmo`) bowdsd|) m`f|djvdh vbj|~i} m` xbd ijxd :==>v. O` xbd oxbd| bj`h) xbd vofmji |jxd oc |dxt|` xo dhtfjxmo`mv dvxmejxdh xo ld jv bmgb jv 6>%8> ~d|fd`x m` xbd ijxd :==>v wbmfb mv eo|d me~o|xj`x co| ~osd|x} |dhtfxmo`) VddBdfaej` >6.


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Cjfm`g wmxb xbd xb|djx oc fimejxd fbj`gd o` jg|mftixt|ji ~|ohtfxmo` j`h cooh vdft|mx}) xbd|d j|dloxb io`g xd|e fbjiid`gdv co| me~|osm`g jg|mftixt|ji jhj~xjlmimx} j`h hdcd`hm`g fj~jfmx} xofimejxd hmvjvxd|v jv wdii jv jhj~xm`g xo fimejxd fbj`gd m`htfdh vmxtjxmo`v xo vtvxjm` imsdimboohv.Xbd vx|jxdgmdv j`h ~oimfmdv |dijxm`g xo m`xdg|jxmo` oc ~osd|x} |dhtfxmo` wmxb emxmgjxmo` j`h

jhj~xjxmo` xo fimejxd fbj`gd jho~xdh l} ^\F fj` ~|osmhd me~o|xj`x idvvo`v co| Lj`gijhdvb. M`d`vt|m`g vtffdvv) mx ldfoedv me~o|xj`x xo |dfog`m{d xbd ~oo|v ow` vx|jxdgmdv oc jhj~xjxmo` xofimejxd fbj`gd xb|otgb jg|mftixt|ji ~|ohtfxmo` jhktvxed`x) ~|ohtfxmo` hdsdio~ed`x o~xmo`v)j`h oxbd| jixd|`jxmsd imsdimbooh jfxmsmxmdv. M` vtfb dcco|xv) drxd|`ji vt~~o|x mv `dfdvvj|} m` smdwoc xbd iow idsdi oc jvvdxv j`h m`vt|j`fd jsjmijlid xo xbd |t|ji ~oo|. M` jhhmxmo`) xbd o~xmo`v co|jho~xm`g fimejxd fbj`gd vd`vmxmsd ~osd|x} |dhtfxmo` vx|jxdgmdv j`h emxmgjxmo` ~oimfmdv j`hvdxxm`g t~ oc foe~d`vjxmo` edfbj`mvev co| xbd ~oo| ~o~tijxmo` bmgbi} dr~ovdh xo fimejxdfbj`gd |mvav j|d |didsj`x fo`vmhd|jxmo`v co| d`bj`fm`g xbd ~oo|v jtxo`oeotv fj~jfmx} xo jhj~xxo fimejxd fbj`gd |mvav j`h |dhtfm`g imsdimbooh sti`d|jlmimx}.


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\DCD\D@FDV

JHL >>) ^\F ôsd|x} \dhtfxmo` J~~|ojfbdv j`h Dr~d|md`fd) Jvmj` Hdsdio~ed`x Ljà) Ej`mij.

J`gj`g) B.) Imìm`) B. j`h [bmrmjo) F.) Fbm`jv Dfoòemf G|owxb j`h ôsd|x} \dhtfxmo` :=72%>) Lj`gijhdvbLt|djt oc Vxjxmvxmfv) Em`mvx|} oc îj``m`g) Gosd|èd`x oc xbd ^do~idv \d~tlimf oc Lj`gijhdvb)Hbjaj.

LLV :>) Vxjxmvxmfji ]dj|looa oc Lj`gijhdvb >=) Lj`gijhdvb Lt|djt oc Vxjxmvxmfv) VxjxmvxmfvHmsmvmo`) Em`mvx|} oc îj``m`g) Gosd|èd`x oc xbd ^do~idv \d~tlimf oc Lj`gijhdvb) Hbjaj.

LLV j`h T@MFDC :>) ^|ogoxm| ^jxbj} >=) Lj`gijhdvb Lt|djt oc Vxjxmvxmfv j`h T@MFDC)Hbjaj.

Fbd`) V. j`h ]. Wj`g >:)

prc's poverty reduction success: implications for bangladesh (paper)

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