prameyratna=new 11 12-12-2013=final=curve=nnnn

âd¡efÐ_k„N°l

âL$piL$—: îuhëgcpQpe® V²$õV$, dp„X$hu-L$ÃR>

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â\d k„õL$fZ : 1999, ârs : 4,000

qÜsue k„õL$fZ : rh.k„. 2064 ârs : 3,000

s©sue k„õL$fZ : rh.k„. 2070 ârs : 2,000

âL$piL$—:îuhëgcpQpe® V²$õV$, L„$kpfp bÅf, dp„X$hu,

rS>.—L$ÃR>, NyS>fps, 370 465. ap¡_—:—(—02834—) 231463Email : [email protected]

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kç`pv$L$—: Np¡õhpdu ifv¹$ (—dp„X$hu-L$ÃR>—)

N°Þ\âL$pi_ klpe—: ê$.—50fhp_Nu-`¡qL»$N hN¡f¡ MQ® ê$.—15 (A_frS>õV$X®$)

dyÖL$—:`|h}â¡k âp. gu., fpS>L$p¡V$.

âp[àsõ\p_ :îuhëgcpQpe® V²$õV$, L„$kpfp bÅf, dp„X$hu—-—L$ÃR>, NyS>fps,370 465.

ap¡_—:—02834—-—231463 (khpf¡ 10 \u 1 A_¡ kp„S>¡ 4 \u 6)

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âpL¹L$\_S>ers îuhëgcpep£ S>ers Q rhÌ$g¡íhf: âcy: îudp_¹ &`yfyjp¡ÑdíQ s¥íQ r_qv®$ô$p `yrô$`v¹$^rsf¹ S>ers &&dlpâcy îuhëgcpQpe®QfZ_¡ Arcâ¡s (L$)sÒhv$i ®_

(M)L$s®ìer_^p®fZ A_¡ (N)cNhëgugprQÞs_=îudv¹$cpNhsìep¿ep k„b„^u r_ê$`Zp¡_p kyìeh[õ\s AÝee__p¡ iycpf„c Å¡ L$fhp¡ lp¡e sp¡, `p¡s¡

Lîudv$pQpe®QfZrhfrQs N°Þ\kprlÐedp „ ¾ $di: r_bÞ^pÞs®Ns M N

ipõÓp\®âL$fZ, kp¡m âL$fZN°Þ\p¡ A_¡ r_bÞ^pÞsN®s cpNhsp\®âL$fZ _p _pdp¡ rhQpfu iL$pe.

Ap ÓZ¡e N°Þ\p¡D`f ìep¿epÐdL$ kprlÐe `Z `fhs}kpçâv$preL$ rhÜp_p¡A¡ `yóL$g âL$V$ L$f¡gy„ S> R>¡. S>¡d_¡, `fÞsy, d|gN°Þ\p¡\u iê$Aps L$fhu AOfu gpNsu lp¡e, s¡hp rS>opkyAp¡dpV¡$ Ap ÓZ¡e qv$ipAp¡dp„ AÝee_epÓp_p kyMv$ iycpfçcdpV¡$ k„õL©$scpjpdp„ ÓZ âr¾$epN°Þ\p¡ L$pg¾$d¡ âL$V$ \ep lsp : îugpgycË$ÆL©$s âd¡efÐ_pZ®h, îurNqf^fÆL©$s iyÙpÜ¥sdps®ÎX$ A_¡ îuNËw$gpgpÆL©$s h¡v$pÞsrQÞspdrZ.

Apd hpëgcds_p„ Ap âr¾$epN°Þ\p¡ ¥L$u L$p¡CL$ A¡L$ N°Þ\_y„ ìeh[õ\s AÝee_ L$fhy„ k„r_›$ AÝee_p\}_¡ Apf„cdp„ OÏ„ D`L$pfL$ _uhX¡$ R>¡.

(L$) Ap âr¾$epN°Þ\p¡\u iê$Aps L$ep® `R>u, ¾$di:, buÅ, ÓuÅ A_¡ Qp¡\p sb½¡$ hpëgc sÒhv$i®__p ìeh[õ\s AÝee_dpV¡$ D`f S>Zph¡g 2 2r_bÞ^_p ipõÓp\®-kh®r_Z®e âL$fZp¡, AÏcpóe s©sueõL$Þ^ A_¡

3h¡v$õsyrs_p kybp¡r^_uÆ rhÜÞdÎX$_; A_¡ AÞsdp„ Ahspfhpv$phgu A_¡ âõ\p_fÐ_pL$f N°Þ\p¡_p„ AÝee_ A`¡rns lp¡e R>¡.

(M) s¡dS> hpëgc ^d®kp^_p L¡$ L$s®ìer_^p®fZ _p kpQp õhê$`_¡ 2 3 kdS>hpdpV¡$ kìep¿e jp¡X$iN°Þ\p¡, kh®r_Z®epÞsN®s kp^_âL$fZD`f

4 âL$pipqv$ìep¿epAp¡ kp^_v$ur`L$p c[¼sl„k c[¼sl¡syr_Z®e; A_¡ AÞs¡ â\d-rÜsue-s©sue-A¡L$pv$i õL$Þ^p¡_p„ kybp¡r^_uÆ _p AÝee__p¡ ¾$d Apv$i®fus¡ D`L$pfL$ \sp¡ lp¡e R>¡.

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(N) Ap rkhpe cNhëgugprQÞs_ L$fhp kpfy A¡V$g¡ L¡$ îudlpâcyÆ_¡ Arcâ¡s ""gugp„ Ly$h®_¹ ipõÓp\¯ Q õ\p`ers'' _u _urs_¡

2A_ygnu_¡ hpõsrhL$ gugprcâpe_¡ ùv$e„Nd L$fhpdpV¡$ kìep¿e

3jp¡X$iN°Þ\p¡_p„ kpdpÞe AÝee_ `R>u, îu`yfyjp¡Ñdklö_pd (kìep¿e), Np¡›$uipg îuO_íepdcË$L©$s ipõÓõL$Þ^p\®âL$fZpÝepep¡_u rhcpNk|rQL$p L¡$ îucpNhsp\®r_bÞ^p_ykpfu îuNp¡Ly$gfpeL©$s AÝepep\®, rÓrh^_pdphgu (kìep¿e) L¡$ v$idõL$Þ^p_y¾$drZL$p (kìep¿e); A_¡ cpNhsp\®âL$fZ_p

4kfMp AÝee_ `R>u S>, AÞs¡ kybp¡r^_uÆ_y„ AÝee_ L$fhpdp„ Aph¡ sp¡ S> AÝee_p\} îudlpâcyÆ_¡ kdyrQs Þepe Ap`u iL¡$ R>¡.

AÞe\pL$C gugpÜpfp âcy `p¡sp_p A¥íhep®qv$ kpdÕe®_u

bpbsdp„ L$ep¡ ipõÓp\® õ\pr`s L$fhp dp„N¡ R>¡ !L$C gugpÜpfp âcy `p¡sp_p r_v$p£j-kd lp¡hp D`fpÞs

L©$`p-v$ep-ndp-õhë`kÞsp¡rjsp_p õhcph_u bpbsdp„ L$ep¡ ipõÓp\® õ\pr`s L$fhp dp„N¡ R>¡ !

L$C gugpÜpfp âcy `p¡s¡ L$dp®sus A_¡ L$d®r_esag_p r_epdL$ lp¡hp\u `p¡sp_¡ L$d®bÞ^_ _ lp¡hp R>sp„e gp¡L$dp„ ^d®_p L$ep qv$ìe Apv$i®_¡ õ\pr`s L$fhp_u bpbsdp„ L$ep¡ ipõÓp\® õ\pr`s L$fhp dp„N¡ R>¡ !

Aphp b^p rhh¡L$p¡ Ap`Z_¡ gp^sp S> _\u. Aphp rhh¡L$ lp„rkg L$ep® rh_p d_õhu fus¡ cNhëgugp_p„ A\®OV$_p¡ L$f_pfp D`v¡$iL$p¡ rhQpf A_¡ ìehlpf dp„ `p¡sp_u õhÃR>[Þv$sp S> gp¡L$p¡_¡ v$pMhsp lp¡e R>¡. Ap A¡L$ ArsL$ô$âv$ S> aL$s _l] bëL¡$ Arsie gÄÅS>_L$ Ap`Zp dpN®_u lL$uL$s R>¡. ApS>¡ cNhÐõhê$` A_¡ cNhÐL$\p _¡ Ap`Z¡ aL$s ìe[¼sNs gpc`|ÅdpV¡$ lp\¡ QX¡$g A¡L$ kõsp¡ lp\p¡ dp_u_¡ S> Ål¡fdp„ îudlpâcyÆ_p D`v¡$ip¡_p _pd¡ ""dyMdõsurs h¼sìe„ îp¡sp L$[íQv¹$ crhóers'' A_¡ ""g¡rMÞeõsurs rgrMsìe„ ¾¡$sp L$[íQv¹$ crhóers'' Þepe¡ âh(h„!)Q_ L¡$ `yõsL$p¡ âL$pris L$fu füp R>uA¡ !

hpZuõhpsÞÔe g¡rM_uõhpsÞÔe A_¡ ìe[¼sNs fyrQdyS>b

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^dp®_yóW$p_õhpsÞÔe _p„ L$p¡C_p Z rhÓ Ar^L$pfp¡_¡ X$L$pfhp_y„ sp¡ _ S> lp¡e. S>¡_¡, `fÞsy, S>¡ rhQpfhy„ bp¡ghy„ L¡$ S>¡d hfshy„ lp¡e s¡ `p¡s¡ `p¡sp_u S>hpbv$pfu_p cp_ kp\¡ `p¡sp_p _pd¡ S> âL$V$ L$fhy„ Å¡CA¡. Apdp„ L$p¡C_¡ hp„ pcf¡gy„ iy„ gpNu iL¡$ ? Ap\u rh`fus `p¡sp_u gpQpfu L¡$ h¥QpqfL$-hprQL$-ìephlpqfL$ õhÃR>[Þv$sp_u pOX$u Å¡ buÅ_¡ dp\¡ Opghpdp„ Aphsu lp¡e sp¡ s¡ bp¥rÙL$; A_¡ _¥rsL$ fus¡ `Z, kh®\p A_yrQs S> lp¡e R>¡. klw kÄS>_p¡dpV¡$ kldrs |h®L$ Ap hMp¡X$hp S>¡hy„ A¡L$ L©$Ðe b_u S>sy„ lp¡e R>¡ ! s¡dp„e `pR>u Ap`Zp vy$rh®Qpf vy$cp®h vy$óL©$Ðe Aop_ L¡$ AÞ^îÙp _¡ Apcpfu A¡hu Ap`Zu L$dÅ¡fuAp¡dp„ Å¡ Ap`Z¡ îudlpâcyÆ S>¡hp eyNpÞsfL$pfu dlp_¹ ApQpe®_y„ _pd k„X$p¡hsp lp¡CA¡ sp¡ s¡ sp¡ ¼epf¡e nçe lp¡C iL$sy„ S> _\u !

Aphu b¡S>hpbv$pf d_p¡h©rÑ_¡ L$pfZ¡ dpN®_u k¡hp_p W¡$L$pZ¡ Ap qv$ìe dpN®_¡ Ap`Z¡ lpr_ S> h^pf¡ lp¢QpX$u R>¡; A_¡ lÆ h^pf¡ lp¢QpX$sp fluiy„ !

hpëgcds_p AÝee_dpV¡$ Ap âr¾$epN°Þ\p¡\u âpfçc L$ep® rh_p kuû hp_f-R>gp„N dpfu_¡ kybp¡r^_uÆ rhN¡f¡ N°Þ\p¡dp„\u R|>V$L$-s|V$L$ hQ_p¡ V$p„L$u_¡ îudlpâcyÆ_p _pd¡ K^y-Qsy„ Ål¡fdp„ bpa_pfpAp¡ ldZp„ hfkpv$u v¡$X$L$pAp¡_u dpaL$ `yóL$g hû Nep R>¡ !

Aphu L$`fu `qf[õ\rsdp„, îudlpâcy-îuâcyQfZpqv$ `|hp®Qpep£_p„ N°Þ\p¡`qv$ô$ rhjep¡_p r_ê$`Zp¡_¡, Äep„ kyû `yrô$dpN}e kp^pfZ S>_sp õhphg„rbsp_p¡ ArcNd v$pMhu_¡ `p¡s¡ kcp_ \hp_p¡ `yfyjp\® âL$V$ _l] L$f¡, Ðep„ kyû Ap âhs®dp_ vy$fhõ\p v|$f _l] S> \pe.

Np¡õhpdu îuifv¹$bphpA¡, s¡\u, "`yrô$âh¡riL$p' "`yrô$âh¡i' A_¡ "`yrô$`\' y[õsL$pAp¡ âL$V$ L$ep® R>u, lh¡ D`f S>Zph¡g âd¡efÐ_pZ®h N°Þ\_p

âpê$` (Synopsis)_p Ap^pf¡ S>¡ Ap âd¡efÐ_k„N°l âL$V$ L$ep£ R>¡, s¡ `yrô$dpN®dp„ õhe„rinL$ N°Þ\dpmp (Teach Yourself Series)_p A¡L$ kyfçe kyd_ sfuL¡$ klz kpQp yrô$dprN®Ap¡ dpV¡$ Apl¹gpv$L$pfu A_¡ Arc_Þv$_ue rkÙ \i¡ S> !

`yrô$dpN®_p„ ÓZ¡e Apepdp¡ • sÒhv$i®_ L$s®ìer_^p®fZ A_¡

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cNhëgugprQÞs__p„ A_¡L$rh^ âd¡ep¡_u bpbsdp„ âdpZ-ey[¼s`yf:kf A_¡L$rh^ i„L$p-Apn¡`p¡_p„ kdp^p_ kp\¡ `qfQe L$fphu Ap`_pf îugpgycË$Æv¹$hpfp gMpe¡g âd¡efÐ_pZ®h Mf¡Mf A¡L$ Arsie Av¹$cys N°Þ\R>¡. âõsys "âd¡efÐ_k„N°l' s¡ N°Þ\_p„ âpf„rcL$ ÓZ âL$fZp¡ L¡$ rhh¡L$p¡_p„ Ap^pf¡ gMpe¡g N°Þ\ R>¡. bpL$u_p„ âL$fZp¡ L¡$ rhh¡L$p¡ Z Aphu S> fus¡ _S>v$uL$_p crhóedp„ âL$V$ \pe s¡hu îudlpâcyÆ_u L©$`ph©rô$ Np¡õhpdu îuifv¹$bphp D`f hfk¡ s¡hp¡ iyc d_p¡f\ lz„ dpfp ùv$edp„ fpMy„ Ry>„.

buÅ L$p¡C_u bpbsdp„ L$p„C `Z gMhp-bp¡ghpdpV¡$ lz„ dpfu Ås_¡ Ar^L$pfu dp_u g¡hp_u A_r^L$pfQ¡óV$p sp¡ _ S> L$ê„$. Agbs¹ dpfu `p¡sp_u bpbsdp„ A¡V$gy„ Qp¡¼L$k Å¡C-L$lu iLy„$ Ry>„ : õhdpN}e rkÙpÞsp¡_p„ b^p S> dyØpAp¡_¡ Aphfu g¡_pf L$p¡CL$ A¡hp¡ kybp¡^ cpjpN°Þ\, S>¡ õhdpN}e rkÙpÞsp¡_p„ ÓZ¡e Apepdp¡_p„ AÝee_ âpf„c L$fhp dp„N_pf_¡ Dèp¡Nu \C iL¡$, s¡hp¡ gMu v¡$hp_u suh° dl¡jZp hfkp¡\u fpMhp R>sp„e lÆ kyû lz„ p¡s¡ Aphp¡ L$p¡C N°Þ\ gMu i¼ep¡ _\u. sp¡ lh¡ Aphp¡ A¡L$ Ap N°Þ\âL$pris \hp S>C füp¡ R>¡, Ap Arsie kÞsp¡j_p¡ rhje d_¡ gpN¡ R>¡.

s¡\u îu`yrô$âcy îudlpâcy A_¡ îuâcyQfZp¡ _u L©$`p\u Np¡õhpdu îuifv¹$bphp_u Ap L©$rs klw yrô$dpN}Ap¡_¡ õhdpN}e N°Þ\p¡`qv$óV$ sÒhv$i®__p õhpÝepedp„ Arsie D`L$pfL$ \i¡ S> A¡hp iycrhíhpk kp\¡...

îuNp¡ù_p\âcyQfZ âpL$V¹$ép¡Ðkh rh.k„.2052 : dy„bB. Np¡õhpdu íepd d_p¡lf

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âp¼¹L$\_Ap`Zp ^d®ipõÓp¡dp„ L$l¡hpdp„ Apìe„y R>¡ L¡$ âÐe¡L$ b°pûZ—-—nrÓe—-

—h¥íe ÓZ F>Z—-—1.—v¡$h F>Z 2.—r`sf F>Z A_¡ 3.—F>rj F>Z kp\¡ S>Þd¡ R>¡. v¡$h F>Z eoÜpfp, r`sf F>Z âÅ¡Ð`rÑ—-—îpÙ—-—s`®Zpqv$Üpfp Äepf¡ F>rj F>Z h¡v$pqv$ipõÓp¡_p AÝee_—-—AÝep`_Üpfp QyL$s¡ \pe R>¡.

âÐe¡L$ `y[óV$c[¼sdpN}D`f `Z Ap ÓZ F>Zp¡ `y[óV$c[¼sdpN®_u ×[óV$\u `Z fl¡gp„ lp¡e S> R>¡. Ap\u S> S>¡ gp¡L$p¡ `p¡sp_¡ `y[óV$c[¼sdpN}e dp_¡ R>¡ A_¡ `y[óV$c[¼sdpN}e b_u fl¡hp `Z dpN¡ R>¡ s¡d_pdpV¡$ Ap F>Z_¡ QyL$s¡ L$fhp AphíeL$ lp¡e R>¡, klS>v$pk lp¡hp\u. õh^d®`pg_ A_¡ k„sp_p¡dp„ h¥óZh—-—k„õL$pf_p tkQ_Üpfp buSy>„ F>Z QyL$s¡ \pe R>¡. A_¡ îuApQpe®QfZ rhfrQs N°Þ\p¡_p AÝee_—-—AÝep`_Üpfp ÓuSy>„ F>Z QyL$s¡ \pe R>¡.

""cNhÃR>põÓp¡_y„ AÝee_ L$fu_¡ d_—-—hpZu—-—v¡$l\u cNhÐk¡hp L$fhu Å¡CA¡'' •Aphu îuApQpe®QfZ_u õ`ô$ Apop lp¡hp R>sp„ A_¡ ApV$gy„ rh`yg N°Þ\kprlÐe `y[óV$c[¼sdprN®Ap¡dpV¡$ S> ApQpep£A¡ fÃey„ lp¡hp R>sp„ S>¡ `y[óV$c[¼sdpN}ep¡ õhdpN}e N°Þ\p¡_y„ AÝee_—-—AÝep`_ _\u L$fsp s¡d_p dp\¡ îuApQpe®QfZ_y„ F>Z fl¡ S> R>¡. Ap F>Z_¡ QyL$s¡ L$fhy„ s¡ âÐe¡L$ `y[óV$c[¼sdpN}e_„y rhÓ A_¡ Ar_hpe® L$s®ìe R>¡.

âpQu_L$pmdp„ ApQpe®h„iÅ¡ õhe„ ipõÓ s\p õhdpN}e N°Þ\p¡_p¡ Aæepk L$fsp A_¡ buÅ_¡ L$fphsp. AÝee_—-—AÝep`__u `f„`fp_p A_¡L$ apev$pAp¡ lsp. Nyf y —-—rióe bÞ_¡_p õhdpN®rhjeL$ Aop_—-—AÞe\pop_(—N¡fkdS>—) v|$f \sp„. rhiyÙop_ âpàs \sy„. îuApQpe®QfZ_u qv$ìe hpZu_p k„N\u s¡d_u L©$`p—-—âkÞ_sp âpàs \su. _hu_ â¡fZp dmsu. kçâv$pedp„ Å¡ L$p¡C rhL©$rs—-—N¡ffurs âh¡isu sp¡ sfs S> Ýep_dp„ Aphu S>su. rhL©$rsAp¡_¡ v|$f L$fhp_p¡ D`pe dmu S>sp¡. kçâv$pe D`f Apn¡` L$f_pfp vy$S>®_p¡_¡ DÑf Ap`hp_y„ kplk s\p ep¡Áesp Aphsu. õh^dp®QfZdp„ k„ie, ifd L¡$ k„L$p¡Q _ fl¡sp„. Ap b^p apev$pAp¡\u ApS>¡ Ap`Z¡ klz h[ÊQs R>uA¡.

Ap`Z¡ `y[óV$c[¼sdprN®Ap¡ ApS>¡ `ep®às Aop_—-—AÞe\pop_dp„ Æhu füp R>uA¡. kçâv$pedp„ ¡ku Ne¡gu rhL©$rsAp¡_¡ Ap`Z¡ rkÙpÞs kçds—-

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—^d® kdÆ füp R>uA¡ Äepf¡ L¡$ kpQp rkÙpÞsp¡_¡ A^d® kdÆ füp R>uA¡. kçâv$pe D`f \sp Apn¡`p¡_¡ _`y„kL$_u dpaL$ kp„cm¡ fpMhpdp„ S> h¥óZhsp kdÆ füp R>uA¡. Ap`Zu Aphu vy$fhõ\p \hp_y„ A¡L$ dpÓ L$pfZ R>¡ õhdpN}e d|mN°Þ\p¡_p AÝee_—-—AÝep`__u f„`fp_y„ _óV$âpe: \h„y. Ap vy$fhõ\p_¡ Å¡ Ap`Z¡ ky^pfhp dpNsp lp¡CA¡ sp¡ s¡_p¡ A¡L$ dpÓ D`pe R>¡—: õhdpN}e d|mN°Þ\p¡_p AÝee_—-—AÝep`__u âpQu_ f„`fp_u y_:õ\p`_p.

`funpL$pe®¾$d_p Apf„c\u S> Adpfu lpqv®$L$ Arcgpjp lsu L¡$ Ap L$pe®¾$ddp„ Å¡X$p_pf rkÙpÞsrS>opky gp¡L$p¡ `y[óV$c[¼skçâv$pe_p d|m N°Þ\p¡_y„ Ahgp¡L$_ `p¡sp_u Ås¡ L$fu iL¡$ A_¡ buÅ_¡ L$fphu iL¡$ s¡hp¡ knd b_¡. L$p¡C `Z Ås_u `|h®c|rdL$p rh_p ku^p S> d|mN°Þ\p¡\u AÝee__u iê$Aps L$fphhu, fÞsy, rlsphl _ gpNsp„ âh¡riL$p, y[óV$âh¡i 1—-—2, y[óV$`\ s\p âd¡efÐ_k„N°l Üpfp iê$Aps L$fhpdp„ Aphu L¡$ S>¡\u d|mN°Þ\p¡_p âdyM `pkpAp¡_y„ âp\rdL$ op_ AÝe¡spAp¡_¡ \C iL¡$. õhdpN®_y„ âp\rdL$ op_ d¡mìep bpv$ S>¡d_u rkÙpÞsrS>opkp âbm b_u lp¡e s¡hp sÒhbycyÐky gp¡L$p¡dpV¡$, Ap_p `R>u, õhdpN}e jp¡X$iN°Þ\ kp^_v$ur`L$p îukhp£Ñdõsp¡Ó Apqv$ N°Þ\p¡—-—_p kO_ AæepkdpV¡$ A¡L$ rhrióV$ pW¹$e$¾$d_u iê$Aps L$fu füp R>uA¡. Ap L$pe®¾$d_u iê$Aps L$fsp kde¡ Adpfu kdn L¡$hm s¡ S> gp¡L$p¡ R>¡ L¡$ S>¡Ap¡ r_óW$piug, ^¥e®hp_, `qfîdu A_¡ rS>opky R>¡. Ap Aæepk¾$ddp„ Å¡X$p_pf¡ `funp\} dV$u_¡ rhÛp\} b_hy„ `X$i¡. Ad_¡ `|Z® rhíhpk R>¡ L¡$ `y[óV$âcy s\p îuApQpe®QfZp¡_u L©$`p\u Ap`Z¡ klz Ap qv$ipdp„ ApNm h^u iL$uiy„.

Ap L$pe® kfm _\u, Ai¼e `Z _\u. AphíeL$sp R>¡ sp¡ dpÓ dpN®r_óW$p_u. r_óW$p_u Äep¡s_¡ Ap`Z¡ byThp _ v$CA¡. kp\u h¥óZhdp„ r_óW$p_u Äep¡s_¡ âL$V$phuA¡. S>¡V$gu klpesp A¡L$—-—buÅ_u L$fu iL$pe s¡V$gu L$fuA¡.

d|m N°Þ\p¡_y„ AÝee_ kfmsp\u A_¡ kç`|Z®sp\u L$fu iL$pe s¡dpV¡$ A_ychu rhÜp_ kç`pv$L$p¡Üpfp Ac|s`|h® `yõsL$p¡_y„ âL$pi_ \C fü„y R>¡. Ap `yõsL$p¡ Myb S> Vy„$L$p kdedp„ Ap`_p lp\dp„ Aphu S>i¡. Ap yõsL$p¡ A¡V$gp b^p dprlsukcf A_¡ kfm li¡ L¡$ Anfop_ ^fph_pf L$p¡C `Z ìe[¼s s¡_¡ Aë` dl¡_s\u kdÆ iL$i¡. Apd R>sp„ Å¡ Ap_p Aæepkdp„ rhÛp\}Ap¡_¡ Akyrh^p

13

S>Zpi¡ sp¡ s¡d_u klpespdpV¡$ "dpN®v$i®L$' `Z e\pkde D`gå^ \i¡. `y[óV$c[¼sdprN®Ap¡_¡ d|mN°Þ\p¡_¡ Aæepk L$fphhp_p rhQpf\u DÐkprls \C_¡ A_¡L$ ApQpe®h„iÅ¡A¡ Z õh^d® kdÆ_¡ "dpN®v$i®L$' b_hp_u kçdrs Apù R>¡. dpN®v$i®L$ kçbÞû rhi¡j dprlsu rhÛp\}Ap¡_¡ `p¡sp_p õ\pr_L$ r_funL$p¡ A\hp `funpk„QpgL$ dy¿eL¡$ÞÖp¡ `pk¡\u dmu iL$i¡. d|mN°Þ\p¡_p AÝee_—-—AÝep`__p _hu_ Arcep__u ApV$gu c|rdL$p kp\¡ Ap "âd¡efÐ_k„N°l' rhÛp\}Ap¡(—`funp\}Ap¡ _l]—)_¡ Ap`sp„ fd lj®_p¡ A_ych \C füp¡ R>¡. Ap N°Þ\dp„ "âd¡efÐ_pZ®h' N°Þ\_p "¿eprsrhh¡L$' rkhpe_p bpL$u b^p rhrhL$p¡_p¡ kdph¡i L$fu g¡hpdp„ Apìep¡ R>¡.

r`sp `p¡sp_p kÞsp_p¡_p crhóe_u kyfnpdpV¡$ S>¡d `p¡sp_u cp¥rsL$ kç`rÑ_y„ hkues_pdy„ gMsp lp¡e R>¡ s¡d îuApQpe®QfZ¡ p¡sp_u y[óV$k©[óV$_p Apr^v¥$rhL$ DÐL$j®dpV¡$ rkÙpÞsN°Þ\p¡ê$ù hkues gMu fpMu R>¡. r`sp_„y hkues_pdy„ hp„Qhp_u S>¡hu BÞs¡Åfu k„sp_p¡dp„ lp¡e R>¡ s¡_p L$fsp„ `Z h^y BÞs¡Åfu kdN° `y[óV$k©[óV$dp„ îuApQpe®QfZp¡_p N°Þ\p¡_p AÝee_dpV¡$ ÅN¡ s¡hu y[óV$âcy s\p îuApQpe®QfZp¡_p QfZpfrhÞv$dp„ Aæe\®_p.

AÞs¡, kçâv$pe_p AÞsf„N A¡hp A_¡L$ L$pep£dp„ Arsie ìeõs lp¡hp R>sp„ Ap `yõsL$_p„ k„ip¡^_-k„`pv$_ D`fp„s Np¡õhpdu îuíepdd_p¡lfÆ (qL$i_NY$-`pgp® ) A¡ p¡sp_p S>¡ Aprih®Q_p¡ Apàep R>¡ s¡ Adpfp dpV¡$ Mf¡Mf DÐkplh^®L$ R>¡.

hkÞs`ÊQdu 1999 `funpk„QpgL$ d„X$m hsu Np¡õhpdu ifv¹$ (dp„X$hu-L$ÃR>)

14

A_y¾$drZL$p1.â`ÊQ rhh¡L$ 21-421. S>Ns¹ b°ûpÐdL$ R>¡ 212. S>Ns¹ b°û_y„ L$pe® R>¡ 213. b°û `p¡s¡ S> S>NÐL$sp® R>¡ 224. b°û S>NÐL$pfZ `Z R>¡ 225. s¡ ArcÞ_r_rdÑp¡`pv$p_ L$pfZ R>¡ 22

D`pv$p_L$pfZr_rdÑL$pfZ

6. kÐL$pfZsphpv$ 237. kÐL$pfZsphpv$\u rcÞ_ dpÞespAp¡ 24

AÅrshpv$ õhcphhpv$ âsuÐekdyÐ`pv$hpv$k„Opshpv$ Apf„chpv$ rhhs®hpv$

8. `qfZpdhpv$ 26rhL©$s`qfZpdhpv$ArhL©$s`qfZpdhpv$

9. S>Ns¹ b°û_y„ ArhL©$s`qfZpd R>¡ 2710. S>Ns¹ kÐe R>¡ 2811. ÅNrsL$ hõsyAp¡_p¡ Acph k„ch¡ L¡$ _l] ? 29

AÐeÞspcphâpNcphAÞep¡Þepcph

12. Acph _l] `Z rsfp¡cph 31 13. Qsyrh®^ Acphp¡_y„ r_fpL$fZ 32

AÐeÞspcph_y„ r_fpL$fZâpNcph-âÝh„kpcph_y„ r_fpL$fZAÞep¡Þepcph_y„ r_fpL$fZ

14. DÐ`rÑ _l] Aprhcp®h 35AkÐL$pe®hpv$-DÐ`rÑkÐL$pe®hpv$-Aprhcp®h

15. ìepdp¡rlL$p dpep 3816. dpep_p„ L$pep£ 38

ApÃR>pqv$L$p

15

AÞe\pâsursl¡syc|sp17. ìepdp¡l__u âr¾$ep 3918. rhjesp 4019. S>Ns¹ A_¡ k„kpf 41

2. Æh rhh¡L$ 43-591. Æhk©rô$_y„ âep¡S>_ 432. Æhp¡_p¡ Aprhcp®h 433. ìeyÃQfZ ¼ep„ ? 434. S>X$ S>Ns¹ —b°ûL$pe® —`Z —ÆhpÐdp —b°ûp„i —S> 445. Æh AÏê$` R>¡ 446. ÆhpÐdp —A_¡ —S>X$S>Ns¹ —b°û\u —ArcÞ_ —R>¡ 457. c¡v$krlóÏ Ac¡v$ 458. spv$pÐçe 469. Ap_Þv$p„i_p¡ rsfp¡cph 4610. hfZ 4811. `„Q`hp® ArhÛp_p¡ k„b„^ 49

AÞs:L$fZpÝepkâpZpÝepkB[ÞÖepÝepkv¡$lpÝepkõhê$`rhõd©rs

12. v¡$l_u âp[às 51k|ÿdv¡$lõ\|mv¡$l

13. `„Q`hp® rhÛp 52h¥fpÁe-kp„¿e-ep¡N-s`-c[¼s

14. ÆhpÐdpAp¡_u ÓZ Ahõ\pAp¡ 52iyÙbÙ/k„kpfudy¼s

15. ÆhpÐdp_p¡ kpnpÐL$pf 5316. Æhp¡_p„ NyZp¡ 54

16

`qfdpZ-k„¿ep-`©\¼Ðh-v¥$riL$`fÐhp`fÐh-q¾$epkpdÕe®âpZ^pfZâeÐ_-õhà_âL$piL$Ðh-gp¥qL$L¡$[ÞÖepN°püÐhrhkr`®Q¥sÞe-ìep`L$Ðh

17. Æhp¡_p„ âL$pf 551. v¥$hu A$. `yrô$Æh L$. iyÙ`yrô$ M.`yrô$`yrô$ N. dep®v$p`yrô$ N. âhpl`yrô$ Ap. dep®v$pÆh2. Apkyfu

18. dy[¼s_p„ b¡ âL$pfp¡ 57ÆhÞdy[¼srhv¡$ldy[¼s

19. dyL¹$Ðer^L$pfu v¥$hu Æhp¡_p„ b¡ âL$pfp¡ 57`yrô$Æh_u dy[¼sdep®v$pÆh_u dy[¼s

20. dy[¼s_p„ rhrh^ âL$pfp¡ 5821. Apkyfu Æhp¡_u dy[¼s 58

3. d|gê$` rhh¡L$ 60-761. `fsÒh 602. b°û —`fdpÐdp —cNhp_¹ —îuL©$óZ —A_¡ —s¡d_p —Ahspfp¡ 603. k[ÃQv$p_„v$ —lp¡hy„ —s¡ —b°û_y„ —ApNhy„ —õhê$` —R>¡ 61

ks¹-rQs¹-Ap_Þv$4. s¡ S> b°û k©rô$_p¡ kS>®L$-`pgL$-k„lpfL$ R>¡ 625. "b°û' —L$lp¡ —L¡$ —"kh®ìepr`sÒh' —L$lp¡ : A\® A¡L$ S> 62

õ\p_/v¥$riL$`qfÃR>¡v$kde/L$prgL$`qfÃR>¡v$hõsy/õhê$`L©$s`qfÃR>¡v$

6. s¡ —kh®ìep`u —khp®ÐdL$ —lp¡hp\u —rÓrh^c¡v$hrS>®s —R>¡ 63kÅsuec¡v$rhÅsuec¡v$õhNsc¡v$

17

7. s¡ A_¡L$ qv$ìe NyZ^dp£\u `qf`|Z® lp¡e R>¡ 65kpL$pf-Aìee-kh®kd\®-L$sy¯ kd\®-AL$sy¯ kd\®-AÞe\pL$sy¯ kd\®-õhsÞÓ-kh£íhf-kh®o-r_Ny®Z-khp®^pf-kh®rhgnZ-ArcÞ_r_rdÑp¡`pv$p_-rhfyÙ^dp®îe-sL$p®Np¡Qf-A×íeõh¡ÃR>ep×íe-kdp_-L$d®amv$psp

8. `fb°û îuL©$óZ 719. Anfb°û 7110. Anfb°û_p¡ `fb°û kp\¡_p¡ k„b„^ 72

^d®-^rd®kçbÞ^^pd-^prdkçbÞ^

11. NrZsp_„v$ 7312. r_fpL$pf 7313. Anfb°û_u âsursdp„ Ar^L$pfc¡v$ 7314. k©[óV$âr¾$ep 7415. kd[óV$ AÞsep®du 7516. sÒhkpfZu 76

4. `y[óV$ rhh¡L$ 77-901. kpL$pf/iyÙpÜ¥s b°ûhpv$ 772. sÒh×[óV$ A_¡ gugp×[óV$ 783. sÒhv$i®__p¡ Dv¹$v¡$íe 794. `y[óV$ 805. kpdÕep®_y`psu/kp^pfZ `y[óV$ 806. kykp^_ÆhrhjeL$ A_yN°l 82

-kp^_pr^L$agâv$ A_yN°l-kp^_p_yL|$gagâv$ A_yN°l

7. r_:kp^_ÆhrhjeL$ A_yN°l 838. vy$óV$kp^_ÆhrhjeL$ A_yN°l 83

-L$pgbp^L$ A_yN°l-L$d®bp^L$ A_yN°l-õhcphbp^L$ A_yN°l

9. õhcphp_y`psu/rhi¡j A_yN°l 8510. `y[óV$_p c¡v$\u c[¼s_p c¡v$ 87

18

-dep®v$p c[¼s -`y[óV$ c[¼s11. Qsyrh®^ `y[óV$c[¼s 88

-âhpl`y[óV$ c[¼s -dep®v$p`y[óV$ c[¼s-`y[óV$`y[óV$ c[¼s -iyÙ`y[óV$ c[¼s

5. `y[óV$c[¼s Ar^L$pf rhh¡L$ 91-1021. õ\peu fyrQ S> kpQu fyrQ 912. fyrQ \hp_p¡ âL$pf 923. fyrQ S>Nphhp_p¡ kpQp¡ A_¡ iyÙ D`pe 924. fyrQ_p âL$pfp¡ 98

-`fp¡nfyrQ -A`fp¡nfyrQ5. fyrQ_p¡ rhL$pk : â¡d - Apk[¼s - ìek_ 100

6. khp®Ðdcph rhh¡L$ 103-1061. khp®Ðdcph 1032. khp®Ðdcph_p âL$pfp¡ 104

-k„ep¡NL$pgu_ khp®Ðdcph-rhâep¡NL$pgu_ khp®Ðdcph

3. kpQp¡ khp®Ðdcph sp¡ c[¼s\u \pe s¡ S> 1064. dep®v$pdpN}e khp®Ðdcph 1065. c¼s_p cphp_ykpf khp®Ðdcph 106

7. `y[óV$dpN}eag rhh¡L$ 107-1361. c¼s_u L$pd_p : cNhp_¹ 1072. rÓrh^ am 107

-Agp¥qL$L$ kpdÕe®-kpeyÄe-h¥Ly$ÎW$pqv$ qv$ìegp¡L$dp„ k¡hp¡`ep¡rNv¡$l_u âp[às

3. r_fp¡^ 1114. r_fp¡^ c¼s_p¡ A_¡ cNhp__p¡ 1125. r_fp¡^_p L$fZ - õhê$` - L$pe® - âep¡S>_ 1126. kp^_r_fp¡^ 114

19

7. amr_fp¡^ 1158. c¼sp¡_p cphp_yê$` gugp 1159. _h^pc[¼s 11710. cph_p 11911. kp^_p_yê$` cph_p 12012. Aprhcp®hp¡Ðkh 12113. ârsbÞ^op_ 12214. cNhp__y„ ifZ 12215. ArhÛp_pi 12216. N©lpk[¼s_p¡ _pi 12317. fpS>kcph_u r_h©rÑ 12418. dplpÐçebp¡^ 12419. _pdõdfZ 12520. Nyàsfus¡ Apkyf cphp¡_p¡ _pi 12521. cNhp_dp„ v$p¡jv$i®_ _l] 12622. cNhp_dp„ gp¥qL$L$ r¾$ep - ^d® _\u lp¡sp 12623. c[¼s_u h©rÙ `Z cNhp_Üpfp 12724. NyZNp_krls k¡hp 12825. cNhv¹$^dp®_yfp¡^u kd`®Z 12926. cNhp_¹ c[¼s\u hi \pe R>¡ 13027. h°S>gugp_yê$` cp¡N - kpS> - kÄÅ 13028. k¡hp„$N$kpdN°u_p v$p¡jp¡_y„ r_hpfZ 13129. NyZNp_ 13230. v¡$lpÝepk_u r_h©rÑ 13231. B[ÞÖepÝepk_u r_h©rÑ 13232. AÞs:L$fZpÝepk_u r_h©rÑ 13333. `p¡sp_p õhê$`_y„ op_ 13334. rhep¡Ndp„ NyZNp_ 13335. AÞepîeÐepN 13436. cNhv$pop`pg_ 13437. h¥óZh_„y S> AÞ_ g¡hy„ 13538. D`k„lpf 135

20

1. â`„Qrhh¡L$S>Ns¹ L¡$ â`„Q A¡ `fdpÐdpÜpfp r_rd®s A¡L$ ¾$uX$p„NZ R>¡. Ap

¾$uX$p„NZdp„ v$f¡L$ ÆhpÐdpA¡ `fdpÐdp_p k„L¡$s dyS>b `p¡s-`p¡sp_p¡ v$ph M¡ghp_p¡ R>¡. AÃR>p M¡gpX$udpV¡$ A¡ S>ê$fu lp¡e R>¡ L¡$ A¡ `p¡sp_p ¾$uX$põ\m_¡ Qp¡d¡f\u `|Z®`Z¡ ÅZu-kdÆ g¡. ¾$uX$põ\m_¡ ÅZu-kdÆ g¡hp R>sp„ M¡gpX$u Ðep„ kyû kam \C iL$sp¡ _\u L¡$ Äep„ kyû s¡ `p¡sp_¡ ¾$uX$põ\m_p õhê$` L¡$ õhcph _¡ A_yê$` b_phu_¡ `p¡sp_p¡ v$ph _ M¡g¡. Ap\u v$f¡L$ ÆhpÐdpdpV¡$ A¡ S>ê$fu lp¡e R>¡ L¡$ s¡ S>Ns¹_p sp[ÒhL$ õhê$`_¡ ÅZ¡ A_¡ s¡ õhê$`_p A_yê$` p¡sp_u Æh_kp^_p_¡ ApL$pf Ap`¡.

S>Ns¹ b°ûpÐdL$ R>¡ :ipõÓdp„ b°û_p õhê$`_y„ r_ê$`Z k[ÃQv$p_„v$pÐdL$ sÒh sfuL¡$

L$fhpdp„ Apìey„ R>¡. ks¹ + rQs¹ + Ap_„v$ = k[ÃQv$p_„v$. b°û Äepf¡ S>Ns¹_¡ âL$V$ L$fhp_u BÃR>p L$f¡ R>¡ Ðepf¡ `p¡sp_p "ks¹' _pdL$ NyZ^d® hX¡$ `p¡s¡ S> S>Nv¹$ê$`¡ qfZd¡ R>¡. Ap\u S>, kp¡_p_p b_¡gp Of¡Zp„ S>¡d kyhZp®ÐdL$ lp¡e R>¡, dpV$u_p b_¡gp fdL$X$p„ S>¡d d©v$pÐdL$ lp¡e R>¡ s¡d, b°û `p¡s¡ S> S>Nv¹$ê$`¡ `qfZdsy„ lp¡hp\u s\p S>Ns¹_p kh® v$p\p£dp„ Ap¡sâp¡s L¡$ A¡L$d¡L$ \C_¡ fl¡sy„ lp¡hp\u, ipõÓp¡dp„ S>Ns¹_y„ hZ®_ b°ûpÐdL$ sfuL¡$ L$fhpdp„ Apìey„ R>¡. `©Õhu S>m s¡S> hpey A_¡ ApL$pi ê$ù `p„Q dlpc|sp¡\u OX$pe¡g lp¡hp_¡ L$pfZ¡ S>Ns¹_¡ S> "â`„Q' Z L$l¡hpdp„ Aph¡ R>¡.

S>Ns¹ b°û_y„ L$pe® R>¡ :kpdpÞe bp¡gQpgdp„ pZu cfhy„, M¡su L$fhu, ipmpA¡ S>hy„ hN¡f¡_¡

"L$pe®' L$l¡hpdp„ Aph¡ R>¡. Al], `fÞsy, S>Ns¹dpV¡$ Äepf¡ "b°û_y„-L$pe®' iåv$ hp`fhpdp„ Aphsp¡ lp¡e Ðepf¡ "L$pe®' iåv$ L$p¡CL$ `pqfcprjL$ A\®dp„ h`fpsp¡ lp¡e R>¡. "L$pe®' A¡V$g¡ S>¡ âL$V$/DÐ`Þ_ \pe s¡. Ap\u, S>Ns¹_y„ âpL$V$é L¡$ S>Ns¹_u DÐ`rÑ b°ûÜpfp \C R>¡ s¡ A\®dp„ S>Ns¹ A¡ b°û_y„ L$pe® R>¡. Ap bpbs_¡ gp¥qL$L$ ×óV$pÞs_u klpesp\u kdS>sp„ Of¡Zp„ kp¡_u b_ph¡ R>¡ Ap\u Of¡Zp S>¡d "kp¡_u_y„ L$pe®' NZpe R>¡, dpV$gy„ Ly„$cpf b_ph¡ R>¡ Ap\u dpV$gp_¡ S>¡d "Ly„$cpf_y„ L$pe®' L$l¡hpdp„ Aph¡ R>¡; s¡d S>Ns¹_y„ r_dp®Z b°ûdp„\u `p¡s¡ b°ûÜpfp \e¡gy„ lp¡hp\u S>Ns¹_¡ "b°û_y„-L$pe®' L$l¡hpdp„ Aph¡ R>¡.

•

21

b°û p¡s¡ S> S>Ns¹-L$sp® R>¡ :Ly„$cpf S>¡d dpV$gp„ fdL$X$p„ sphX$u hN¡f¡ b_ph¡ R>¡, Ap\u Ly„$cpf_¡

dpV$gp„ hN¡f¡ L$pep£_p¡ "L$sp®' L$l¡hpdp„ Aph¡ R>¡. s¡ S> âdpZ¡ b°û¡ S>Ns¹_y„ r_dp®Z L$e®y„ lp¡hp\u b°û_¡ "S>Ns¹-L$sp®' L$l¡hpdp„ Aph¡ R>¡.

b°û S>Ns¹-L$pfZ Z R>¡ :S>¡dp„ L¡$ S>¡_pÜpfp hõsy DÐ`Þ_ \pe s¡_¡ "L$pfZ' L$l¡hpdp„ Aph¡ R>¡.

buÆ fus¡ L$l¡hy„ lp¡e sp¡ S>¡_p rh_p hõsy DÐ`Þ_ _ \C iL¡$ s¡_¡ "L$pfZ' L$l¡hpdp„ Aph¡ R>¡. v$p.s. dpV$gy„ A¡L$ L$pe® R>¡. dpV$gp_¡ DÐ`Þ_ L$fhpdpV¡$ dpV$u `pZu QpL$X$p¡ v„$X$p¡ hN¡f¡_u âp\rdL$ S>ê$fuAps fl¡ R>¡. Apdp„_u L$p¡C Z hõsy M|V¡$ sp¡ dpV$gy„ _ b_u iL¡$. Ap\u dpV$u hN¡f¡_¡ dpV$gp_p„ "L$pfZ' L$l¡hpdp„ Aph¡ R>¡. S>Ns¹_p¡ L$sp® S>¡d b°û R>¡ s¡d S>Ns¹_y„ L$pfZ Z b°û S> R>¡.

s¡ ArcÞ_r_rdÑp¡`pv$p_ L$pfZ R>¡ : dpV$gy„ dpV$u\u b_¡ R>¡. `pZu, QpL$X$p¡, v„$X$p¡ hN¡f¡ dpV$gp_¡ b_phhpdp„ klpeê$` \pe R>¡. Of¡Zp„ kp¡_p\u b_¡ R>¡. l\p¡X$u A¡fZ L$p_k hN¡f¡ Of¡Zp„ b_phhpdp„ klpeê$` \pe R>¡. Ap ×óV$pÞsp¡_¡ Ýep_`|h®L$ Å¡sp„ b¡ bpbsp¡ Ýep_ M¢Q¡ R>¡ :

1. hõsy_y„ r_dp®Z L$p¡CL$ v$p\® L¡$ Öìe\u \pe R>¡.2. hõsy_p r_dp®Zdp„ L¡$V$gpL$ klpeL$ kp^_p¡_u S>ê$qfeps lp¡e R>¡.

Ap_¡ S> Å¡ sL®$ipõÓue cpjpdp„ L$l¡hpdp„ Aph¡ sp¡ A¡d L$lu iL$pe L¡$ L$p¡C Z hõsy_u DÐ`rÑ_p„ dy¿eÐh¡ b¡ L$pfZp¡ lp¡e R>¡ :

1. D`pv$p_L$pfZ 2. r_rdÑL$pfZ

D`pv$p_ L$pfZ : S>¡ L$pfZ `p¡sp_p L$pe®\u Sy>v$p `X$ép rh_p L$pe®_p ê$`dp„ `qfZdu S>sy„ lp¡e s¡hp L$pfZ_¡ "D`pv$p_L$pfZ' L$l¡hpdp„ Aph¡ R>¡. v$p.s. dpV$u A¡L$ A¡hy„ Öìe R>¡ L¡$ S>¡_¡ OpV$ Ap`u_¡ OX$p¡ b_phhpdp„ Aph¡ R>¡. OX$p_p ê$`dp„ OX$pe¡gu dpV$u_¡ OX$p\u Sy>v$u `pX$u iL$psu _\u. Ap L$pfZ¡ S> dpV$u_¡ OX$p_y„ "D`pv$p_L$pfZ' L$l¡hpdp„ Aph¡ R>¡.

22

r_rdÑ L$pfZ : D`pv$p_L$pfZ rkhpe_p L$pe®_u DÐ`rÑdp„ klpeL$ \sp„ L$pfZp¡_¡ "r_rdÑL$pfZ' L$l¡hpdp„ Aph¡ R>¡. v$p.s. QpL$X$p¡ v„$X$p¡ `pZu hN¡f¡. QpL$X$p¡ v„$X$p¡ pZu hN¡f¡ dpV$gp_p„ r_dp®Zdp„ klpeê$` \_pfp v$p\p£ R>¡. Ap\u Ap v$p\p£_¡ dpV$gp_p "r_rdÑL$pfZ' L¡$ "L$fZ' L$l¡hpdp„ Aph¡ R>¡.

kpdpÞe fus¡ L$p¡C `Z L$pe®_p D`pv$p_L$pfZ s\p r_rdÑL$pfZ AgN-AgN lp¡e R>¡. S>Ns¹_p qL$õkpdp„, `fÞsy, D`pv$p_ A_¡ r_rdÑ L$pfZ AgN-AgN _\u. b°û S> S>Ns¹_y„ D`pv$p_L$pfZ R>¡ A_¡ b°û S> S>Ns¹_y„ r_rdÑL$pfZ Z R>¡. kfm cpjpdp„ L$l¡h„y lp¡e sp¡ S>¡ dpV$u\u S>Ns¹_y„ r_dp®Z \pe R>¡ s¡ dpV$u Z b°û S> R>¡; A_¡ dpV$u_¡ OpV$ Ap`hpdp„ klpeL$ \_pfp `pZu QpL$X$p¡ v„$X$p¡ hN¡f¡ `v$p\p£ê$` `Z `p¡s¡ b°û S> R>¡. A\p®s¹ S>¡ Öìe\u S>Ns¹ b_¡ R>¡ s¡ `Z b°û S> R>¡ A_¡ S>Ns¹_p r_dp®Zdp„ klpeL$ \_pfp âL©$rs `yê$j L$pg L$d® õhcph hN¡f¡ sÒhp¡ `Z `p¡s¡ b°û S> b_¡ R>¡. Ap\u S> b°û_¡ S>Ns¹_y„ "ArcÞ_-r_rdÑp¡`pv$p_-L$pfZ' L$l¡hpdp„ Aph¡ R>¡. A¡V$g¡ L¡$ S>Ns¹_y„ r_rdÑ A_¡ D`pv$p_ L$pfZ A¡L$-A[v¹$h$sue b°û S> R>¡.

kÐL$pfZsphpv$ :L$pfZ_u bpbsdp„ b¡ âL$pf_p hpv$p¡ âQrgs R>¡. AkÐL$pfZsphpv$

A_¡ kÐL$pfZsphpv$. AkÐL$pfZsphpqv$Ap¡_y„ dp_hy„ R>¡ L¡$ buS>_p¡ _pi A¡ S> A„Ly$f_u DÐ`rÑ_„y L$pfZ b_¡ R>¡. dpV$u_p t`X$_p¡ _pi S> dpV$gp_u DÐ`rÑ_y„ L$pfZ lp¡e R>¡. sg_p¡ _pi S> s¡g_u DÐ`rÑ_y„ L$pfZ b_¡ R>¡. Apd D`fp¡¼s b^p S> ×óV$pÞsp¡dp„ |h® hõsy_p¡ _pi Acph L¡$ AkÑp S> pR>m\u âL$V$ \su hõsy_y„ L$pfZ b_su v¡$Mpe R>¡. Ap f\u AkÐL$pfZsphpv$u rQÞsL$p¡_y„ dp_hy„ R>¡ L¡$ Acph _pi L¡$ AkÑp S> DÐ`Þ_ \_pf hõsy_y„ L$pfZ lp¡e R>¡. Ap rkÙpÞs_¡ "AkÐL$pfZsphpv$' L$l¡hpdp„ Aph¡ R>¡. îuhëgcpQpe®A¡ `p¡sp_p dsdp„ AkÐL$pfZsphpv$_¡ dpÞesp _\u Ap`u. îuhëgcpQpe®_y„ L$l¡hy„ R>¡ L¡$ Aks¹ hõsydp„ L$pfZspê$` d® flu S> iL$sp¡ _\u. Ap\u Aks¹ hõsy L$p¡C_y„ `Z L$pfZ b_u S> _\u iL$su. Ap bpbs_¡ \p¡X$u kfm cpjpdp„ kdÆA¡.

kh® â\d "^d®'_p¡ A\® L¡$V$gpL$ Dv$plfZp¡_u klpesp\u kdÆA¡. awg d} R>¡ sp¡ NÞ^ s¡_p¡ d® R>¡. pZu d} R>¡ sp¡ iusgsp s¡_p¡ d® R>¡. k|e® A¡L$ d} R>¡ sp¡ âL$pi s¡_p¡ d® R>¡. Æh Z A¡L$ d} R>¡ sp¡ Q¥sÞe s¡_p¡ d®

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R>¡. Apd v$f¡L$ v$p\®dp„ L$p¡CL$_¡ L$p¡CL$ âL$pf_u gpnrZL$sp L¡$ rhrióV$sp lp¡e R>¡ S>¡_p\u s¡ `v$p\®_u Ap¡mM \su lp¡e R>¡. `v$p\®_u Aphu gpnrZL$sp L¡$ rhrióV$sp_¡ S> v$p\®_p¡ "^d®' L¡$ "NyZ^d®' L$l¡hpdp„ Aph¡ R>¡. d® l„d¡ip s¡ S> `v$p\®dp„ flu iL¡$ L¡$ S>¡_y„ A[õsÐh lp¡e. A\p®s¹ S>¡_y„ kv$Þsf A[õsÐh S> _ lp¡e s¡hp Aks¹ v$p\®dp„ L$p¡C Z d® flu iL$sp¡ _\u. L$pfZsp A¡ Z A¡L$ âL$pf_p¡ d® R>¡. v$p.s. dpV$u A¡ dpV$gp_y„ L$pfZ R>¡. Ap\u dpV$udp„ L$pfZspê$` ^d® R>¡. îuhëgcpQpe®_y„ L$l¡hy„ R>¡ L¡$ S>¡_y„ kv$Þsf A[õsÐh S> _ lp¡e s¡hu Aks¹ hõsydp„ L$pfZspê$` d® flu S> _\u iL$sp¡. s¡hu [õ\rsdp„ Aks¹ hõsy L$pfZ L¡$hu fus¡ b_u iL¡$ ? Ap\u îuApQpe®QfZ_y„ L$l¡hy„ R>¡ L¡$ Akv¹$ hõsy L$p¡C_y„ Z L$pfZ b_u iL$su _\u. Ap\u S>, buS>_p¡ _pi h©n_u DÐ`rÑ_y„ L$pfZ _\u b_sy„ bëL¡$ buS> Myv$ h©nê$`¡ `qfZdsy„ lp¡e R>¡. s¡ S> âdpZ¡, dpV$u_p t`X$_p¡ _pi dpV$gp_y„ L$pfZ _\u b_sp¡ dpV$u_p¡ bëL¡$ t`X$ S> dpV$gpê$`¡ qfZdsp¡ lp¡e R>¡. Ap D`f\u kdÆ iL$pe R>¡ L¡$ S>¡d buS> dpV$u L¡$ sg S>¡hp ks¹ v$p\p£ S> h©n dpV$gp L¡$ s¡g _p L$pfZ b_sp„ lp¡e R>¡, s¡d S>Ns¹ L¡$ S>Ns¹dp„_u âÐe¡L$ hõsy ks¹ L$pfZ_y„ S> qfZpd R>¡, Aks¹_y„ _l].

kÐL$pfZsphpv$\u rcÞ_ dpÞespAp¡ :S>Ns¹_u DÐ`rÑ i¡dp„\u \C R>¡ ? Ap âí__p¡ DÑf ip¡^hp_u

d\pdZdp„ A_¡L$ ds-hpv$p¡ âh©Ñ \ep R>¡. Apdp„ dy¿eÐh¡ AÅrshpv$ õhcphhpv$ âsuÐekdyÐ`pshpv$ k„Opshpv$ Apf„chpv$ rhhs®hpv$ rhL©$s `qfZpdhpv$ ArhL©$s qfZpdhpv$ hN¡f¡ hpv$p¡ R>¡. L$pfZ A_¡ L$pe® _u bpbsdp„ `p¡s-`p¡sp_p¡ ×[óV$L$p¡Z âõsys L$f_pfp Ap hpv$p¡_p¡ k„n¡`dp„ qfQe d¡mhhp¡ õhds_¡ kdS>hpdp„ D`L$pfL$ \i¡. Apdp„ ArhL©$s `qfZpdhpv$ îuhëgcpQpe®_p¡ rkÙpÞs R>¡.

AÅrshpv$ : L$pfZ L¡$ L$pe® A¡ sp¡ dpZk_u L$p¡fu L$ë`_p S> R>¡. hõsys: _ sp¡ L$p„BL$ L$pfZ S>¡hy„ lp¡e R>¡ L¡$ _ L$pe® S>¡hy„. Aphu ^pfZp âõsys L$f_pfp îuNp¥X$`pv¡$ AÅrshpv$_p¡ rkÙpÞs âõ\pr`s L$ep£ lsp¡.

õhcphhpv$ : DÐ`Þ_ \hy„, rhÛdp_ fl¡hy„ A_¡ AÞs¡ _pi pdhy„ s¡ sp¡ v$f¡L$ hõsy_p¡ _v$u_u dpaL$ kss âhpldp_ õhcph S> lp¡hp\u ApÐe[ÞsL$ ApN°l fpMu_¡ AdyL$ hõsy L$p®e S> R>¡ L¡$ AdyL$ hõsy L$pfZ S> R>¡, Aphp vy$fpN°l`|Z®

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L$pe®-L$pfZcph_¡ õhuL$pfhp_u L$p¡B `Z bp¥rÙL$ AphíeL$sp lp¡su _\u. âpQu_ L$pmdp„ õhcphhpv$u rhQpfL$p¡ Z OZp lsp.

âsuÐekdyÐ`pv$hpv$ : L$l¡hpsp L$p¡B `Z A¡L$ S> L$pfZ\u L$l¡hpsy„ L$p¡B `Z L$pe®, ¼epf¡e, DÐ`Þ_ \B iL$sy„ _\u. OZp b^p l¡syAp¡ c¡Np \pe(=âsuÐe) sp¡ S> L$p¡BL$ A¡L$ L$pe®_p âL$V$(=kdyÐ`pv$) \hp_p¡ Apcpk \sp¡ lp¡e R>¡. Ap ds byÙ cNhp_¡ D`v¡$íep¡ lsp¡.

k„Opshpv$ : hõsydpÓ õhgnZ R>¡. A\p®s¹ p¡s¡ S>¡ R>¡ s¡ S> R>¡. Ap S> L$pfZ¡ hõsydpÓ õhsÞÓ R>¡. v$p.s. h©n A¡ `p¡sp_p õhê$`dp„ sp¡ h©n S> R>¡ `fÞsy A_¡L$p_¡L$ h©np¡ Äepf¡ _ÆL$-_ÆL$ DN¡gp Å¡hpdp„ Aph¡ R>¡, Ðepf¡ s¡Ap¡_¡ "h_' L$l¡hpsy„ lp¡e R>¡. hõsys: h©np¡ rkhpe h_ S>¡hy„ L$iy„ lp¡sy„ _\u. kpdpÞe gp¡L$p¡_u kdS>, `fÞsy, L$p„CL$ A¡hu lp¡e R>¡ : h©np¡ L$pfZ R>¡ Äepf¡ L¡$ h_ A¡ h©np¡_¡ L$pfZ¡ DÐ`Þ_ \sy„ A¡L$ L$pe® R>¡. k„Opshpqv$Ap¡_p ds¡ Ap kdS> Mp¡V$u R>¡. s¡d_p rlkpb¡, hõsys:, h_ A¡ h©np¡_p¡ aL$s A¡L$ k„Ops=kd|l dpÓ R>¡, DÐ`Þ_ \_pfy„ L$pe® _l]. s¡ S> âdpZ¡ S>Ns¹ Z A_¡L$p_¡L$ nrZL$ v$p\p£_p¡ L¡$hg A¡L$ k„Ops S> R>¡. k„Ops L$v$u `Z ×íe S>Ns¹_u bpü hpõsrhL$sp _ lp¡B ÖóV$p_u ApÞsqfL$ pfZp S> L¡$hm lp¡e R>¡. k„Opshpv$ Z byÙ cNhp_¡ S> D`v¡$i¡g ds R>¡.

Apf„chpv$ : L$pfZê$` `v$p\p£_¡ Äepf¡ A¡L$W$p L$fhpdp„ Aph¡ Ðepf¡ L$p¡B L$pe® `v$p\® DÐ`Þ_ \pe R>¡. v$p.s. Qp¡Mp v|$^ Mp„X$ hN¡f¡ L$pfZp¡_¡ Äepf¡ rhr^`|h®L$ A¡L$W$p L$fhpdp„ Aph¡ R>¡ Ðepf¡ Muf(=L$pe®) b_¡ R>¡. Äep„ ky^u Qp¡Mp hN¡f¡_¡ A¡L$W$p L$fhpdp„ _lp¡sp Apìep Ðepf¡ Muf_y„ A[õsÐh kv$Þsf _ lsy„. Äepf¡ L$pfZp¡ A¡L$W$p L$fhpdp„ Apìep, s¡ l¡gp„ S>¡ hõsy_y„ A[õsÐh kv$Þsf _lp¡sy„, s¡hu _|s_ hõsy_p¡ Ðepf `R>u Apf„c \pe R>¡. Ap\u v$f¡L$ L$pe® A¡L$ _|s_ Apf„c R>¡, A¡L$ iê$Aps R>¡. Ap ×[óV$A¡ S>Ns¹ Z A¡L$ _|s_ Apf„c R>¡, A¡L$ _|s_ L$pe® R>¡. A¡V$g¡ L¡$ A¡L$ _|s_ kÐe R>¡. Apf„chpv$ Þepeds_p¡ rkÙpÞs R>¡.

Apf„chpv A_¡ k„Opshpv$ bÞ_¡ hpv$p¡ Ahehp¡\u Ahehu (=L$pe®) _u DÐ`rÑ \su lp¡hp_u hps dp_¡ R>¡. Apdp„, `fÞsy, Apf„chpqv$Ap¡ L$pe®-S>Ns¹_¡ kÐe dp_¡ R>¡, Äepf¡ L¡$ k„Opshpqv$Ap¡ L$pe®-S>Ns¹_¡ kÐe _\u dp_sp.

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rhhs®hpv$ : A„^pfpdp„ v$p¡fX$p D`f _S>f `X$sp„ k`®_p lp¡hp_p¡ Apcpk \sp¡ lp¡e R>¡. Al] v$p¡fXy„$ kÐe R>¡ Äepf¡ L¡$ k`® c°p[ÞsS>Þe lp¡hp_¡ L$pfZ¡ rdÕep/AkÐe R>¡. s¡ S> âdpZ¡ S>Ns¹_u A_yc|rs Aop_S>Þe c°dZp_¡ L$pfZ¡ \su lp¡hp\u S>Ns¹ AkÐe/rdÕep R>¡. b°û S> A¡L$dpÓ kÐe sÒh R>¡. "rhhs®' A¡V$g¡ L¡$ S>¡ hõsy lL$uL$sdp„ S>¡hu \B S> _ iL$su lp¡e, s¡hu fus¡ s¡_p¡ cpk \hp d„X$hp¡; A¡V$g¡ L¡$ s¡_u c°p[Þs \hu. rhhs®hpv$ îui„L$fpQpe£ âõsys L$f¡gp¡ rkÙpÞs R>¡.

`qfZpdhpv$ :Ap`Z_¡ Å¡ L$p¡C rQÓ b_phhy„ lp¡e sp¡ s¡_p dpV¡$ A_¡L$ `|h®

s¥epfuAp¡ L$fhu X$su lp¡e R>¡. v$p.s. L$pNm/L¡$_hpk ¡[Þkg f„N pZu hN¡f¡ A¡L$W$p L$fhp, `¡[ÞkghX¡$ âp\rdL$ rQÓ b_phhy„, f„N_y„ rdîZ s¥epf L$fhy„, rQÓdp„ f„N |fhp hN¡f¡. Aphu b^u âr¾$epAp¡ |Z® \sp„ qfZpdõhê$`¡ rQÓ âL$V$ \pe R>¡. Ap\u A¡d L$lu iL$pe R>¡ L¡$ L$pNm/L¡$_hpk `¡[Þkg f„N hN¡f¡ rQÓ_u `|hp®hõ\p L¡$ `|h®rkÙ L$pfZp¡ R>¡ Äepf¡ L¡$ rQÓ s¡d_u DÑfphõ\p L¡$ `pR>m\u âL$V$ \sy„ A¡L$ qfZpd R>¡. qfZpdhpqv$Ap¡_p¡ rkÙpÞs R>¡ L¡$ L$pfZ A_¡ L$pe® A¡ A¡L$ fus¡ Å¡sp„ hõsy_u b¡ Ahõ\pAp¡ R>¡. v$p.s. bpm`Z qL$ip¡f eyhp âp¥Y$ hN¡f¡ Ahõ\pAp¡ d_yóe_u lp¡e R>¡. Ahõ\pAp¡ bv$gpsu lp¡e R>¡. Ahõ\p âdpZ¡ _hp¡-_hp¡ d_yóe S>_dsp¡ _\u lp¡sp¡. d_yóe L¡$ S>¡ bpmL$ lsp¡ s¡ S> qL$ip¡f b_sp¡ lp¡e R>¡. qL$ip¡f d_yóe S> eyhp_ b_¡ R>¡. s¡ S> âdpZ¡ L$pfZ S> ¼épf¡L$ L$pe®ê$` pfZ L$fsy„ lp¡e R>¡. _|s_ L$p¡B hõsy DÐ`Þ_ \su _\u L¡$ S>¡hu Þepeds_u dpÞesp R>¡. lh¡ L$pfZ S> Å¡ L$pe®ê$`¡ âL$V$ \sy„ lp¡e R>¡ sp¡ L$pe® AkÐe/rdÕep lp¡C S> L¡$hu fus¡ iL¡$ ! Ap\u L$pe® kÐe S> lp¡e R>¡. S>Ns¹ `Z kh®L$pfZê$` Aìe¼s âL©$rsdp„\u ìe¼s \e¡g L$pe® L¡$ qfZpd R>¡. Aphu dlrj® L$r`g_p kp„¿eds_u dpÞesp R>¡.

`qfZpd b¡ âL$pf_p lp¡e R>¡ :

1. rhL©$s qfZpd 2. ArhL©$s qfZpd

îuhëgcpQpe®_p ds¡ S>Ns¹ A¡ b°û_y„ ArhL©$s qfZpd R>¡.

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1. rhL©$s qfZpd : v|$^_¡ S>dphsp„ s¡ v$lu b_u S>sy„ lp¡e R>¡. v$lu_p ê$`dp„ qfZdhp\u

v|$^_p `p¡sp_p NyZ^dp£dp„ rhL$pf Aphu S>sp¡ lp¡e R>¡. s¡_p¡ õhpv$ MpV$p¡ \C Åe R>¡. s¡ OË$ b_u Åe R>¡. ApV$gy„ S> _l] bëL¡$ v$lu b_u Nep `R>u s¡ `p¡sp_p„ d|mê$` A¡V$g¡ L¡$ v|$^_p õhê$`dp„ Aphu iL$sy„ _\u. v$l] pRy>„ v|$^ b_u iL$sy„ _\u. Ap L$pfZ¡ v$l]_¡ v|$^_y„ "rhL©$s `qfZpd' L$l¡hpdp„ Aph¡ R>¡. rhL©$s `qfZpd_¡ kdS>hpdpV¡$ lh¡ Ap`Z¡ A¡d L$lu iL$uA¡ L¡$ D`pv$p_(v|$^) L$p¡C L$pe®(v$l])ê$`¡ qfZd¡; A_¡ s¡d \hp\u s¡_p d|m sp[ÒhL$ õhê$`dp„ Å¡ rhL$pf L¡$ bv$gph Aphu Åe, sp¡ s¡hp qfZpd_¡ "rhL©$s qfZpd' L$l¡hpdp„ Aph¡ R>¡.

2. ArhL©$s qfZpd : D`fp¡¼s âL$pf\u rh`fus D`pv$p_(kp¡_y„) L$pe® (Of¡Zp) ê$`¡ qfZd¡;

A_¡ s¡d R>sp„ Å¡ s¡_p„ d|m sp[ÒhL$ õhê$`dp„ L$p¡C `Z âL$pf_u rhL©$rs L¡$ bv$gph _ Aph¡, sp¡ s¡hp qfZpd_¡ "ArhL©$s qfZpd' L$l¡hpdp„ Aph¡ R>¡. L$p¡C hõsy Å¡ ArhL©$sê$`¡ `qfZdsu lp¡e sp¡ s¡_y„ ê$`pÞsfZ s¡_p d|mê$`dp„ i¼e lp¡e R>¡. v$p.s. kp¡_p_p Of¡Zp„ kp¡_p_y„ ArhL©$s `qfZpd lp¡e R>¡. L$pfZ L¡$ Of¡Zp_p ê$`dp„ `qfZs \C S>hp R>sp„ kp¡_p_p d|mc|s sÒh L¡$ NyZ^d® dp„ L$p¡C Z Ås_u rhL©$rs L¡$ bv$gph Aphsp¡ _\u lp¡sp¡. Ap S> L$pfZ¡ kp¡_p_y„, Of¡Zp_¡ Ap¡Npmu _pMhp\u, |h®ê$`dp„ ê$`pÞsfZ Z i¼e lp¡e R>¡.

S>Ns¹ b°û_y„ ArhL©$s qfZpd R>¡ :`|h£ rhQpfu Nep s¡ âdpZ¡ b°û S> S>Ns¹_y„ r_rdÑ A_¡ D`pv$p_

Dceê$` L$pfZ R>¡. S>Ns¹_p r_dp®Zdp„ b°û rkhpe buSy>„ L$p¡C Z sÒh cpN cS>hsy„ _\u. b°û `p¡s¡ S> S>Ns¹_y„ r_dp®Z L$f¡ R>¡ A_¡ `p¡s¡ S> S>Ns¹ê$`¡ `qfZd¡ Z R>¡. S>Ns¹_p A_Þs _pd-ê$`p¡_¡ pfZ L$fsy„ lp¡hp R>sp„ b°û_p õhê$`dp„ L$p¡C Z âL$pf_p¡ rhL$pf _\u Aphsp¡. S>¡d kp¡_y„ Of¡Zpê$`¡ qfZdsy„ lp¡hp R>sp„ s¡ kp¡_y„ S> fl¡ R>¡, kp¡_„y dV$u_¡ L$p„B Of¡Zp„ b_sp„ lp¡sp„ _\u. s¡d S>Ns¹ê$`¡ qfZdsy„ lp¡hp R>sp„ b°û p¡s¡ b°û S> fl¡ R>¡. kdyÖdp„\u Nd¡ s¡V$gy„ `pZu Dg¡Qhpdp„ Aph¡, Nfdu\u Nd¡ s¡V$gy„ bpó`uch_ \C Åe s¡d R>sp„, kdyÖ A¡V$gp¡ _¡ A¡V$gp¡ S> |Z® fl¡ R>¡. A`|Z® qf[ÃR>Þ_ L¡$ kurds S>Ns¹ê$`¡ `qfZdsy„ lp¡hp R>sp„ b°û_u |Z®sp A_Þssp L¡$ A`qf[ÃR>Þ_sp dp„ L$p¡C Z âL$pf_u Mpdu Aphsu _\u. hmu Of¡Zp_¡ Ap¡Npmu v¡$hp\u S>¡d s¡_y„ |h®ê$`dp„

27

ê$`pÞsfZ i¼e R>¡, s¡d b°û_u Z âge L$fhp_u BÃR>p \pe, Ðepf¡ S>Ns¹_¡ s¡ p¡sp_p õhê$`dp„ rhgu_ L$fu g¡ R>¡. Ðepf¡ S>Ns¹ b°û\u ArcÞ_ \C Åe R>¡. Ap L$pfZ¡ S> îuhëgcpQpe® S>Ns¹_¡ b°û_y„ "ArhL©$s qfZpd' L$l¡ R>¡.

S>Ns¹ kÐe R>¡ :"ks'¹ L$¡ "kÐe' s_¡ ¡ L$lh¡ pdp„ Aph¡ R>¡ L$¡ S>_¡ p¡ _pi L$v$u Z \C iL$sp¡ _

lpe¡ . "Aks'¹ L$¡ "AkÐe' s_¡ ¡ L$lh¡ pdp„ Aph¡ R>¡ L$¡ S>_¡ ¡ L$v$u `Z âL$V$ _ L$fu iL$ps„y lpe¡ . v$p.s. kkgp_p dp\pD`f i]NX$p, ApL$pi-L$ykdy L$¡ kp_¡ p-Qpv„ $u_u _v$u. dpephpqv$ApÜ¡ pfp "rdÕep' s_¡ ¡ L$lh¡ pdp„ Aph¡ R>¡ L$¡ S>¡ ks¹ Z _ lpe¡ A_¡ Aks¹ Z _ lpe¡ . Ap\u rdÕep hõsy kv$¹-Akv$¹ bÞ_\¡ u rhgnZ lpe¡ R>.¡

îui„L$fpQpe®_p¡ ds "dpephpv$'_p _pd\u ârkÙ R>¡. s¡Ap¡_u dpÞesp R>¡ L¡$ b°û dpep_¡ L$pfZ¡ Æh-S>Nv¹$ê$`¡ cpk¡ R>¡. Ap\u A¡L$dpÓ b°û S> kÐe R>¡. Æh-S>Ns¹ ârsrbçb_u dpaL$ rdÕep lp¡e R>¡. A¡L$ ìe[¼s_u kpd¡ OZp b^p AfukpAp¡ fpMhpdp„ Aph¡ sp¡ S>¡V$gp AfukpAp¡ li¡ s¡V$gp„ ârsrbçb s¡ ìe[¼s_p v¡$Mpi¡. ìe[¼s sp¡ A¡L$ S> R>¡ `Z A_¡L$ ârsrbçbp¡_¡ L$pfZ¡ s¡ A_¡L$ê$`¡ cprks \pe R>¡. Afukpdp„ v¡$Mpsu ìe[¼s Mf¡Mf Afukpdp„ lp¡su _\u, s¡d R>sp„ s¡ Ðep„ v¡$Mpe sp¡ R>¡ S>. Afukpdp„ v¡$Mpsu ìe[¼s_y„ ârsrbçb Å¡ ks¹ lp¡e sp¡ Afukp_¡ lV$phu g¡hp R>sp„ Ðep„ s¡_p¡ A_ych \hp¡ Å¡CA¡. lL$uL$s, fÞsy, s¡_p\u DgV$u lp¡e R>¡. L¡$dL¡$ Afukp_¡ lV$phu g¡sp„ S> ârsrbçb A×íe \C S>sy„ lp¡e R>¡. Ap\u |hp£¼s ìep¿ep dyS>b ârsrbçb ks¹ Z _\u, L$pfZL¡$ s¡_p¡ r_j¡^ L¡$ bp^ sp¡ \sp¡ S> lp¡e R>¡. ârsrbçb Aks¹ Z lp¡C iL$sy„ _\u L$pfZ L¡$ s¡ A_ychdp„ Aphsy„ lp¡e R>¡. ârsrbçb, Ap\u, ks¹ Aks¹ bÞ_¡\u rhgnZ lp¡e R>¡. rdÕep lp¡e R>¡. îui„L$fpQpe® dyS>b Aphp ×óV$pÞsp¡dp„ : S>¡_y„ ârsrbçb X$sy„ lp¡e R>¡ s¡_¡ rbçb = b°û kdS>hy„, s¡ ârsrbçb = Æh sfuL¡$ cpksy„ lp¡e R>¡; A_¡ s¡ ârsrbçb_p¡ Apcpk âL$V$ L$f_pfu D`pr^ Afukp¡ L¡$ v$`®Z = dpep_¡ õ\p_¡ kdS>hu.

b°û D`f Äepf¡ dpep_y„ AphfZ Aphu Åe, Ðepf¡ dpepê$`u AphfZdp„ b°û_y„ ârsrbçb Æhê$`¡ v¡$Mphp gpN¡ R>¡. Ap\u S>Ns¹ ks¹_u dpaL$ cprks \pe R>¡. S>X$-ÆhpÐdL$ S>Ns¹, `fÞsy, Å¡ kÐe lp¡s sp¡ s¡_p¡ r_j¡^ L¡$ bp^ i¼e _ lp¡e. Afukp_p lV$u S>hp\u ârsrbçb S>¡d A×íe \C

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Åe R>¡, s¡d ArhÛp-dpep_y„ AphfZ b°ûD`f\u v|$f \C S>sp„ S>X$-ÆhpÐdL$ S>Ns¹_p¡ r_j¡^ L¡$ bp^ \C Åe R>¡. Ap\u S>Ns¹ A¡ îui„L$fpQpe®_p ds¡ kv¹$-Akv¹$ Dce\u rhgnZ rdÕep R>¡.

îuhëgcpQpe®_p ds¡, `fÞsy, S>Ns¹ dpreL$ L¡$ rdÕep _\u. b°û kÐe R>¡ A_¡ s¡hp kÐe b°û¡ S>Ns¹_y„ r_dp®Z L$ey¯ R>¡. b°û kh® _pd-ê$`-L$dp£_¡ pfZ L$fhpdp„ kd\® lp¡hp\u s¡ kh®ch_kd\® R>¡. kh®ch_kd\® A¡hy„ b°û p¡s¡ S>Ns¹ê$`¡ qfZçey„ R>¡; dpep âL©$rs L¡$ fdpÏ _l]. b°û_p k„L$ë`p¡ AkÐe L$v$u \C iL$sp _\u s¡\u s¡ kÐek„L$ë` R>¡. kÐek„L$ë` b°û¡ `p¡sp_u õhsÞÓ BÃR>p\u Ap S>Ns¹_y„ r_dp®Z L$ey¯ R>¡. Ap\u dpV$u\u b_ph¡gp fdL$X$p„ S>¡d d©v$pÐdL$=dpV$u_p„ S> lp¡e R>¡, kp¡_p\u b_ph¡gp Of¡Zp„ S>¡d kyhZp®ÐdL$ S> lp¡e R>¡, s¡d kh®ch_kd\® A_¡ kÐek„L$ë` A¡hp b°û\u b_¡gy„ Ap S>Ns¹ dpreL$ L¡$ rdÕep L¡$hu fus¡ lp¡C iL¡$ ? Ap\u S>Ns¹ AkÐe L¡$ rdÕep _\u fÞsy kÐe S> R>¡.

ÅNrsL$ hõsyAp¡_p¡ Acph kçch¡ L¡$ _l] ?kÐe hõs_y p¡ L$v$u `Z Acph \sp¡ _\u A_¡ S>Ns¹ kÐe R>.¡ A¡

rkÙpÞs Ap`Z¡ kdÆ Nep. S>Ns¹ Å¡ kÐe lpe¡ sp¡ S>Ns¹ L$¡ ÅNrsL$ `v$p\p_£ p¡ L$v$u Z Acph \hp¡ _ ÅC¡ A,¡ fÞs,y S>Ns_¹ p v$p\p_£ p¡ Acph• dpV$g„ y _óV$ \e,„y L$ X$„y bmu Ne,„y `V¡ $²pg¡ DX$u Ne„ y hNf¡ ¡ Dv$plfZpd¡ p„ •Ap`Z¡ b^p A_cy hsp S> lpC¡ A¡ R>uA.¡ s¡ S> âdpZ¡ kdN° S>Ns_¹ p¡ `Z Acph âge hMs¡ \sp¡ lph¡ p_„ y ipõÓpÜ¡ pfp S>Zphhpdp„ Aph¡ R>.¡ Apd S>Ns¹ Å¡ _pihp_¹ lpe¡ sp¡ s_¡ ¡ "kÐe' L$¡d L$lu iL$pe ? Aphp¡ AL¡ $ pep_p¡ âí_ Dv$¹c$h¡ R>.¡

D`fp¡¼s âí__p DÑf_¡ kdS>hpdpV¡$ Acph_y„ õhê$` A_¡ s¡_p âL$pfp¡_¡ kdS>hp M|b S> S>ê$fu R>¡. "cph' A¡V$g¡ L$p¡C hõsy_y„ lp¡hy„, A[õsÐh, kÑp L¡$ lepsu. v$p.s. ""Al] dpV$gy„ R>¡'' Apd L$l¡hp\u dpV$gp_y„ A[õsÒh lepsu L¡$ cph k|rQs \pe R>¡. Äepf¡ L$p¡C hõsy_p„ _ lp¡hp_¡ AkÑp_¡ L¡$ A_[õsÐh_¡ "Acph' L$l¡hpdp„ Aph¡ R>¡. v$p.s. ""dpV$gy„ _óV$ \ey„'' L¡$ ""L$`Xy„$ bmu Ney„'' S>¡hp rh^p_p¡hX¡$ hõsy_p¡ Acph k|rQs L$fhpdp„ Aph¡ R>¡. Þepeds âdpZ¡ Acph Qpf âL$pf_p lp¡e R>¡, S>¡ _uQ¡ dyS>b R>¡ :

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1. AÐeÞspcph"" v¡$iL©$s¹

2. âpNcph "" L$pgL©$s¹

3. âÝh„kpcph " " L$pgL©$s¹

4. AÞep¡Þepcph"" õhê$`L©$s¹

1. AÐeÞspcph : õ\m_¡ A_ygnu_¡ Äepf¡ L$p¡C hõsy_p A[õsÐh_p¡ r_j¡^ L$fhpdp„ Aph¡ R>¡ Ðepf¡ hõsy_p¡ AÐeÞspcph k|rQs \pe R>¡. v$p.s. ""Ap Ap¡fX$pdp„ dpV$gy„ _\u'' hp¼edp„ ""Ap Ap¡fX$pdp„'' iåv$p¡\u L$p¡C õ\m_p¡ r_v£$i L$fu_¡, s¡ õ\mdp„ dpV$gp_p Acph_p¡ r_v£$i L$fhpdp„ Aphu füp¡ R>¡.

2. âpNcph : hõsy Äep„ kyû DÐ`Þ_ \su _\u Ðep„ kyû s¡_p¡ Acph lp¡e R>¡. Ap\u hõsy_u DÐ`rÑ |h£_p Acph_¡ hõsy_p¡ "âpNcph' L$l¡hpdp„ Aph¡ R>¡. v$p.s. M¡X|$s¡ M¡sfdp„ buS> hphu v$u^p lp¡e `fÞsy Äep„ kyû R>p¡X$ ENu S>sp _\u Ðep„ kyû R>p¡X$_p¡ S>¡ Acph lp¡e R>¡, s¡_¡ "R>p¡X$_p¡ âpNcph' L$l¡hpdp„ Aph¡ R>¡. âpL¹$ + Acph = âpNcph. "âpL¹$' A¡V$g¡ `l¡gp„; s¡\u DÐ`rÑ l¡gp„ fl¡_pfp¡ Acph s¡ âpNcph.

3. âÝh„kpcph : "âÝh„k' A¡V$g¡ _pi. hõsy_p¡ _pi \ep `R>u S>¡ Acph \sp¡ lp¡e s¡_¡ hõsy_p¡ "âÝh„kpcph' L$l¡hpdp„ Aph¡ R>¡.

âpNcph A_¡ âÝh„kpcph L$prgL$ Acph R>¡. âpNcph = DÐ`rÑ `l¡gp_p¡ Acph. âÝh„kpcph = _pi \ep R>u_p¡ Acph.

4. AÞep¡Þepcph : A¡L$ hõsy_p buÆ hõsydp„ fl¡sp `fõ`f_p L¡$ AÞep¡Þe_p Acph_¡ "AÞep¡Þepcph' L$l¡hpdp„ Aph¡ R>¡. v$p.s. dpV$gy„ A¡ L$`Xy„$ _\u A_¡ L$`Xy„$ A¡ dpV$gy„ _\u. dpV$gp_y„ p¡sp_y„ L$p¡C A¡L$ r_[íQs õhê$` lp¡e R>¡. A¡ L$pfZ¡ dpV$gy„ dpV$gp rkhpe buSy>„ L„$C `Z _\u lp¡sy„. A\p®s¹ dpV$gpdp„ `p¡sp_p„ rkhpe buÆ bû hõsy_p¡ Acph lp¡e R>¡. s¡\u S> • ""dpV$gy„ L$`Xy„$ _\u, OX$p¡ _\u, V¡$bg _\u'' hN¡f¡ ìehlpf i¼e b_sp lp¡e R>¡. AÞep¡Þepcph õhê$`L©$s Acph R>¡. v$f¡L$ hõsy_y„ `p¡sp_y„ L$p¡C A¡L$ ApNhy„ õhê$` lp¡e R>¡ A_¡ Ap õhê$` S> hõsy_u Ap¡mM lp¡e R>¡, A¡V$gy„ S> _l] bëL¡$

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A¡ Ap¡mM S> A¡ hõsy_¡ buÆ hõsy\u Sy>v$u `pX$su lp¡e R>¡. A¡L$ hõsy_y„ S>¡ õhê$` R>¡ s¡ buÆ hõsy_y„ lp¡sy„ _\u. A\p®s¹ A¡L$ hõsydp„ buÆ hõsy_p¡ Acph lp¡e R>¡. A¡_¡ S> "AÞep¡Þepcph' L$l¡hpdp„ Aph¡ R>¡.

Acph_¡ kdÅhhp dpV¡$ Ap`¡gp D`fp¡¼s ×óV$pÞsp¡ S>Ns¹dp„ fl¡gp `v$p\p£_p R>¡. Þepeds AcphÜpfp S> kdN° S>Ns¹_y„ r_ê$`Z L$f¡ R>¡. S>¡dL¡$ Äepf¡ S>Ns¹ DÐ`Þ_ \ey„ _ lsy„ Ðepf¡ S>Ns¹_p¡ âpNcph øsp¡. âge \i¡ Ðepf¡ S>Ns¹_y„ A[õsÐh _l] flu Åe. A\p®s¹ S>Ns¹_p¡ âÝh„kpcph A_¡ AÐeÞspcph \C S>i¡. S>Ns¹ A¡ Cíhf _\u; Ap\u S>Ns¹ A_¡ Cíhf hÃQ¡ `fõ`f AÞep¡Þepcph R>¡.

Acph _l] Z rsfp¡cph :ÞepedsÜpfp õ\pr`s Acph_p rkÙpÞs_¡ îuhëgcpQpe®

õhuL$pfsp _\u. L$pfZL¡$ Arh_piu kÐe b°û `p¡s¡ S> S>Ns¹ê$`¡ `qfZçey„ lp¡hp\u S>Ns¹_y„ `Z Arh_piu kÐe lp¡hy„ õhpcprhL$ S> R>¡. lh¡ S>Ns¹ Å¡ kÐe lp¡e sp¡ S>Ns¹ L¡$ ÅNrsL$ `v$p\p£_p¡ _pi=Acph L¡$hu fus¡ \C iL¡$ ? Ap\u S>Ns¹_p¡ Acph sp¡ \sp¡ S> _\u, rsfp¡cph dpÓ \pe R>¡.

Al] "Acph' A_¡ "rsfp¡cph' hÃQ_p¡ saphs kdS>hp¡ S>ê$fu R>¡. "Acph' iåv$_p¡ A\® Þepeds A_ykpf hõsy_y„ A[õsÐh kv$Þsf _ fl¡hy„ A¡hp¡ \pe R>¡. Äepf¡ L¡$ "rsfp¡cph'_p¡ A\® hõsy_y„ A[õsÐh Msd \C S>hy„ s¡hp¡ _\u \sp¡. "rsfp¡cph'_u ìep¿ep Ap âdpZ¡ Ap`u iL$pe :

A[õsÐh fphsu hõsy Å¡ p¡sp_p L$pe® (A\®q¾$ep)_¡ âL$V$ _ L$fsu lp¡e sp¡; A\hp sp¡ rhÛdp_¹ lp¡hp R>sp„e s¡ A_ychpsu _ lp¡e sp¡, s¡ hõsy_p¡ rsfp¡cph \ep¡ R>¡ A¡d kdÆ g¡hy„.

v$p.s. `pZu_¡ gp„bp kde ky^u Nfd L$fhpdp„ Aph¡ sp¡ A¡L$ kde A¡hp¡ Aph¡ L¡$ `pÓ A¡L$v$d L$p¡fy„ \C Åe. Þepeds L$l¡i¡ : `pZu_p¡ Acph=_pi \C Nep¡, `pZu_y„ A[õsÐh _ fl¹éy„. rhQpf L$fp¡ ! `pZu_¡ DL$pmhp\u iy„ Mf¡Mf s¡_y„ A[õsÐh _óV$ \C Åe R>¡ ? _p. pZu_y„ A[õsÐh _óV$ \sy„ _\u, s¡_y„ hfpmdp„ aL$s ê$`pÞsfZ \C Åe R>¡. pZu lh¡ hfpm_p

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ê$`dp„ qfZdu Ney„ lp¡e R>¡. S>¡ hõsy ks¹ lp¡e s¡_p A[õsÐh_p¡ _pi-Acph L$v$u `Z \sp¡ _\u. Ap\u S>, D`fp¡¼s ×óV$pÞsdp„, îuhëgcpQpe®_p ds¡ `pZu_p¡ Acph _l] fÞsy rsfp¡cph \sp¡ lp¡e R>¡. hfpm b_u S>hp\u Þlphp `uhp gphhp gC S>hp k]Qhp hN¡f¡ pZu_p L$pep£(A\®r¾$ep); s\p iusgsp sfgsp Apqv$ NyZp¡ Z, âL$V$ flu S>sp _\u. s¡ rsfp¡rls \C S>sp lp¡e R>¡ L¡$ Ry>`pC S>sp lp¡e R>¡. s¡\u S> pZu_¡ lh¡ |h®hs¹ Å¡C Z iL$psy„ _\u. Apd `pZu_p¡ rsfp¡cph \sp¡ lp¡e R>¡, Acph _l], s¡_y„ klz\u dp¡V$pdp„ dp¡Vy„$ âdpZ A¡ R>¡ L¡$ Å¡ DL$msp pZu_u hfpm_¡ A¡L$ L$p¡fp pÓdp„ cfu g¡hpdp„ Aph¡ A_¡ s¡ pÓ_¡ W„$X$p hpsphfZdp„ fpMhpdp„ Aph¡ A\hp sp¡ b„^ pÓD`f W„$Xy$ pZu f¡X$hpdp„ Aph¡ sp¡ pZu_¡ afu\u d¡mhu iL$pe R>¡. lh¡ pZu_p¡ Å¡ Acph \sp¡ lp¡e sp¡ pZu afu\u L¡$hu fus¡ Aphu iL¡$ ? Ap_p\u A¡ kprbs \pe R>¡ L¡$ S>¡ ks¹ R>¡ s¡_p¡ L$v$u Z Acph L¡$ _pi \sp¡ S> _\u. ""L$`X$p_y„ fpM \C S>hy„'', ""dpV$gp_y„ W$uL$fp„ \C S>hy„'', ""bfa_y„ `pZu \C S>hy„'' L¡$ ""`¡V²$p¡g_y„ ^ydpX$p¡ \C S>hy„'' S>¡hp kh®S>_kpdpÞe iåv$âep¡Np¡ Z hõsy_p¡ Acph _l] Z rsfp¡cph \sp¡ lp¡hp_y„ S> kd\®_ L$f¡ R>¡. Ap^yr_L$ rhop_ Z A¡ rkÙpÞsdp„ rhíhpk fph¡ R>¡ L¡$ L$p¡C Z A¡_Æ®_y„ A[õsÐh Msd \sy„ _\u. ApMy„ S>Ns¹ A¡_Æ®\u cf¡gy„ R>¡. A¡_Æ®_p ê$` bv$gpsp„ fl¡ R>¡ `fÞsy A¡_Æ®_y„ õhê$` A¡d_y„ A¡dS> fl¡ R>¡. Ap D`f\u lh¡ kdÆ iL$pe R>¡ L¡$ hõsy_p¡ Acph _l] `fÞsy rsfp¡cph S> \sp¡ lp¡e R>¡. lh¡ Þepeds Üpfp L$[ë`s Qpf âL$pf_p Acphp¡_y„ r_fpL$fZ hp‰c rkÙpÞs_u ×[óV$\u kdÆA¡.

Qsyrh®^ Acph_y„ r_fpL$fZ :AÐeÞspcph_y„ r_fpL$fZ : õ\m_¡ r_v£$i L$fu_¡ Äepf¡ L$p¡C hõsy_p

A[õsÐh_p¡ r_j¡^ L$fhpdp„ Aph¡ R>¡ Ðepf¡ hõsy_p¡ AÐeÞspcph kdÅe R>¡. v$p.s. ""Ap¡fX$pdp„ dpV$gy„ _\u''. sÒh×[óV$\u Å¡sp„ L$p¡C Z hõsy_p¡ AÐeÞs Acph lp¡C S> _\u iL$sp¡, L$pfZ L¡$ S>Ns¹ b°û_y„ qfZpd R>¡ Ap\u ks¹ R>¡; A_¡ "ks¹' s¡_¡ S> L$l¡hpdp„ Aph¡ R>¡ L¡$ S>¡_p¡ L$v$u Z Acph _ \sp¡ lp¡e. hmu, b°û kh®-S>Ns¹ê$`¡ bÞey„ lp¡hp\u, S>Ns¹_u âÐe¡L$ hõsy b°ûpÐdL$ R>¡. b°û ìep`L$ Z R>¡ A_¡ kh®ê$` Z, s¡\u h¡v$ L$l¡ R>¡ ""kh¯ kh®ded¹'' S>Ns¹_u âÐe¡L$ hõsy khp®ÐdL$ R>¡. Ap\u Äepf¡ A¡d L$l¡hpdp„ Aph¡ R>¡ L¡$ "" Ap Ap¡fX$pdp„ dpV$gy„ _\u '' Ðepf¡ A¡_p¡ A\® Ap¡fX$pdp„ dpV$gp_y„ A[õsÐh _\u A¡hp¡ _\u \sp¡,

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`fÞsy, Ap¡fX$pdp„ dpV$gy„ rsfp¡rls fus¡ fl¡gy„ R>¡, A¡hp¡ A\® \pe R>¡. dpV$gy„ L$ep ê$`dp„ rsfp¡rls R>¡ ? A¡hp¡ âí_ \pe sp¡ A¡_p¡ DÑf A¡ R>¡ L¡$ Ap¡fX$p_u S>du_ L¡$ s¡_p D`f fl¡gp fS>L$Zp¡ L¡$ R>¡hV¡$ ApL$pi (Mpgu S>Áep/AhL$pi) Z b°ûê$` lp¡hp\u khp®ÐdL$ lp¡e R>¡. Ap\u s¡-s¡ ê$`p¡dp„ dpV$gp_p¡ rsfp¡cph R>¡ s¡d kdS>hy„ Å¡CA¡. A_ychpÐdL$ b°ûop_ \su hMs¡ op_uAp¡_¡ p¡sp_pdp„ S> kL$m b°ûpÎX$_y v$i®_ \sy„ lp¡hp_y„ h¡v$p¡dp„ r_ê$`Z dm¡ R>¡. îueip¡v$pÆ_p Mp¡mpdp„ `p¡Y¡$gp cNhp_¹_p dyMdp„ kdõs b°ûpÎX$_p v$i®_ \hp, dlpcpfs_p eyÙ `|h£ rhfpV$_u kcpdp„ s\p eyÙ_p d¡v$p_dp„ cNhp_¹Üpfp `p¡sp_p õhê$`dp„ kdõs S>Ns¹_¡ v¡$MpX$hy„, \p„cgpdp„\u îu_©tkl cNhp_¹_y„ âpL$V¹$é, dÞÓ L¡$ ep¡N i[¼s\u L$p¡C Z õ\m¡ L$p¡C Z hõsy L¡$ ìe[¼s _¡ âL$V$ L$fu v¡$sp lp¡hp_p A_¡L$ yfpZâk„Np¡, kÞs îuop_¡íhf¡ pX$p_¡ dyM¡ h¡v$p¡ÃQpf L$fpìep¡ L¡$ dufpbpC_¡ dpV¡$ rhj Z Ad©s \C Ney„. Aphp A_¡L$p_¡L$ âpQu_-Ahp®Qu_ âdpZp¡ `qfZpdu ìep`L$sp A_¡ kh®_u khp®Ðd¼sp rkÙ L$f¡ R>¡. Ap\u, sÒh×[óV$\u Å¡sp„ sp¡ L$p¡C `Z hõsy_p¡ AÐeÞspcph dp_hp_¡ L$p¡C L$pfZ flu S>sy„ _\u. Al], fÞsy, A¡L$ bpbs Ýep_dp„ fpMhp S>¡hu Ap R>¡ L¡$ gugpdp„ rhrh^sp fl¡ s¡ l¡sy\u b°û p¡sp_u khp®ÐdL$sp_¡ L¡$ kh®_u kh®ê$`sp_¡ rsfp¡rls L$fu=Y$p„L$u g¡ R>¡, Ry>`phu g¡ R>¡. Ap\u kh®_u khp®ÐdL$sp_p¡ A_ych b°ûop_u rkhpe L$p¡C_¡ \C iL$sp¡ _\u. A¡L$ Ly$im Arc_¡spdp„ fpd fphZ L„$k L©$óZ ASy>®_ vy$ep£^_ L¡$ kusp Öp¥`v$u hN¡f¡ A_¡L$ `pÓp¡_p¡ Arc_e L$fhp_y„ kpdÕe® lp¡e R>¡, fÞsy Äepf¡ s¡_¡ rhíhprdÓ_p¡ Arc_e L$fhp_p¡ lp¡e R>¡, Ðepf¡ AÞe pÓp¡_p NyZ^d® L¡$ QqfÓ _¡ S>¡d s¡ p¡sp_u AÞv$f Ry>`phu gC_¡ L¡$hm rhíhprdÓ_p S> pÓ_¡ s¡ âL$V$ L$fsp¡ lp¡e R>¡. s¡d S> b°û_¡ S>¡ hMs¡ Äep„ S>¡ ê$`_¡ âL$V$ L$fhy„ lp¡e s¡ hMs¡ Ðep„ s¡ ê$` rkhpe_p b^p ê$`p¡_¡ b°û rsfp¡rls L$fu g¡ R>¡. lp¡e R>¡, fÞsy, s¡dp„ b^p S> ê$`p¡.

âpNcph-âÝh„kpcph_y„ r_fpL$fZ : DÒ`rÑ |h£ hõsy_p¡ Acph âpNcph R>¡. Äépf¡ hõsy_p¡ _pi A¡ âÝh„kpcph R>¡. `pZu A_¡ hfpm_p ×óV$pÞs_u klpesp\u âpNcph s\p âÝh„kpcph _y„ r_fpL$fZ kfmsp\u kdÆ iL$pe R>¡. kdyÖ_y„ pZu k|e®_u Nfdu\u s`u_¡ hfpm b_sy„ lp¡e R>¡. Ap D`f\u kdÆ iL$pe R>¡ L¡$ hfpm Äepf¡ DÐ`Þ_ \C _ lsu Ðepf¡ s¡ pZu_p ê$`dp„ lsu. s¡_p¡ âpNcph _ lsp¡. hfpm_y„ A[õsÐh sp¡ lsy„ S>. Agbs¹,

33

`pZu_p ê$`dp„. s¡ S> âdpZ¡ b°û p¡s¡ S>Nv¹$ê$`¡ b_¡ R>¡. Ap\u Äep„ kyû b°û S>Ns¹_¡ DÐ`Þ_ _\u L$fsp¡ Ðep„ kyû, hfpm S>¡d pZuê$`¡ fl¡su lp¡e R>¡ s¡d, S>Ns¹_y„ A[õsÐh b°ûê$`¡ lp¡e R>¡. S>Ns¹_p¡ âpNcph lp¡sp¡ _\u. âÝh„kpcph S>¡hu Z L$p¡C QuS> lp¡su _\u. L$pfZ L¡$ hfpm Äepf¡ W„$X$u X¡$ R>¡ Ðepf¡ afu pZu b_u_¡ hfksu lp¡e R>¡. Ap\u pZu hfpm A_¡ afu pZu. Apd hfpm b_u S>hp\u Å¡ pZu_y„ A[õsÐh S> Msd \C S>sy„ lp¡e sp¡ hfkpv$_y„ pZu L¡$hu fus¡ Aphu iL¡$ ? Ap\u, `pZu_y„ A[õsÐh Msd \sy„ _\u. dpÓ ê$`pÞsfZ \pe R>¡. Ap S> âdpZ¡ b°û Äepf¡ gugp_¡ k„L¡$gu g¡hp_u BÃR>p L$f¡ R>¡ Ðepf¡ S>Ns¹ y_: b°ûê$` b_u Åe R>¡. S>Ns¹_y„ A[õsÐh Msd \sy„ _\u. Ap_p\u A¡ kprbs \pe R>¡ L¡$ Þepeds¡ L$f¡gu Acph_u L$ë`_p b°û A_¡ S>Ns¹ _p k„bÞ^_u bpbsdp„ r_fp^pf rkÙ \pe R>¡.

AÞep¡Þepcph_y„ r_fpL$fZ : S>Ns¹dp„_u âÐe¡L$ hõsy_y„ A¡L$ buÅ\u S>¡ õhsÞÓ A[õsÐh v¡$Mpe R>¡ s¡_y„ L$pfZ Þepeds hõsyAp¡dp„ fl¡gp AÞep¡Þepcph_¡ dp_¡ R>¡. A¡L$ hõsy_p buÆ hõsydp„ fl¡sp Acph_¡ "AÞep¡Þepcph' L$l¡hpe R>¡. AÞep¡Þepcph_¡ Å¡ õhuL$pfhpdp„ _ Aph¡ sp¡ S>Ns¹_p v$p\p£dp„ fl¡gp pfõ`qfL$ c¡v$_p¡ Mygpkp¡ L¡$d Apù iL$pi¡ ? hmu, AÞep¡Þepcph_p¡ õhuL$pf Å¡ _ L$fhpdp„ Aph¡ sp¡ dpV$gphX¡$ ifuf Y$p„L$hp_y„ A¡V$g¡ L¡$ L$`X$p_y„ L$pe® A_¡ L$`X$phX¡$ `pZu cfhp_y„ A¡V$g¡ L¡$ dpV$gp_y„ L$pe® ip dpV¡$ \sy„ _\u ? Aphu L¡$V$guL$ kdõepAp¡ Þepeds_¡ d|„Thsu lsu.

D`r_jv$p¡dp„ Ap kdõep_y„ kdp^p_ M|b S> kfm fus¡ Ap`hpdp„ Apìey„ R>¡. b°û p¡sp_u Aprhcp®h A_¡ rsfp¡cph i[¼sAp¡\u kh® L$pe® L$f¡ R>¡. b°û Äepf¡ k©[óV$_y„ kS>®_ L$f¡ R>¡ Ðepf¡ ""lz„ A_¡L$ê$`¡ \C ÅJ'' A¡hp k„L$ë`Üpfp s¡ kh® ê$`p¡ pfZ L$f¡ R>¡. Ap`Z¡ Arc_¡sp_p Dv$plfZdp„ l¡gp Å¡C Nep s¡ âdpZ¡, b°û Äepf¡ S>¡-S>¡ ê$`p¡_¡ âL$V$ L$fhp_u BÃR>p L$f¡ R>¡ Ðepf¡ s¡-s¡ ê$`p¡ rkhpe_p buÅ b^p ê$`p¡_¡ Ry>`phu g¡ R>¡, rsfp¡rls L$fu g¡ R>¡. Ap S> L$pfZ R>¡ L¡$ S>Ns¹_u hõsydpÓ b°ûpÐdL$ lp¡hp R>sp„ fõ`f rcÞ_ S>Zpe R>¡ A_¡ s¡Ap¡ A¡L$-buÅ_y„ L$pe® L$fu iL$su _\u.

Ap`Z¡ `|h£ Å¡C Nep L¡$ k©[óV$_y„ âpL$V$é `p¡sp_u Aprhcp®h s\p rsfp¡cph _u i[¼sAp¡\u b°û L$f¡ R>¡. Þepeds_p Acphhpv$_p r_fpL$fZdp„

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Ap`Z¡ b°û_u rsfp¡cphi[¼s_y„ õhê$` kdÄép. lh¡ b°û_u Aprhcp®hi[¼s_¡ Z kdS>hp_p¡ âepk L$fuA¡.

DÐ`rÑ _l] Z Aprhcp®h :Þepeds_p Acph_p rkÙpÞs_¡ _ õhuL$pfu_¡ hpëgc dsdp„

Aprhcp®h-rsfp¡cph_p¡ ipõÓue rkÙpÞs õhuL$pfhpdp„ Apìep¡ R>¡. s¡ S> âdpZ¡ hpëgcds Þepeds_p DÐ`rÑ-rh_pi_p rkÙpÞs_p¡ Z AõhuL$pf Aprhcp®h-rsfp¡cph_p rkÙpÞs_p Ap^pf¡ S> L$f¡ R>¡. Þepeds DÐ`rÑ-_pi_p rkÙpÞsdp„ dp_¡ R>¡ L$pfZ L¡$ s¡Ap¡A¡ AkÐL$pe®hpv$ õhuL$pep£ R>¡. s¡\u rh`fus hp‰c ds Aprhcp®h-rsfp¡cph_p rkÙpÞsdp„ dp_¡ R>¡ L$pfZ L¡$ ApQpe®QfZ¡ kÐL$pe®hpv$_p¡ õhuL$pf L$ep£ R>¡. AkÐL$pe®hpv$ A_¡ kÐL$pe®hpv$ _p `qfQe rh_p DÐ`rÑ s¡d S> Aprhcp®h hÃQ¡ fl¡gp c¡v$_p¡ ¿epg _l] Aphu iL¡$. Ap\u, Ap bÞ_¡ hpv$p¡_p Ap^pf¡ Ap`Z¡ DÐ`rÑ A_¡ Aprhcp®h _p rkÙpÞsp¡_p¡ qfQe ¾$di: d¡mhuA¡ :

AkÐL$pe®hpv$-DÐ`rÑ : DÐ`rÑ `l¡gp„ L$pe® Aks¹ lp¡e R>¡. Ap dpÞesp_¡ "AkÐL$pe®hpv$' L$l¡hpdp„ Aph¡ R>¡. Þepeds AkÐL$pe®hpv$_¡ L$p„CL$ Ap fus¡ kdÅh¡ R>¡.

M¡Xy$s pL$ gZhpdpV¡$ M¡sfdp„ buS>_y„ hph¡sf L$fsp¡ lp¡e R>¡. hph¡sf hMs¡ R>p¡X$(L$pe®)_y„ A[õsÐh lp¡sy„ _\u A\p®s¹ L$pe® Aks¹ lp¡e R>¡; A\hp sp¡ _¥epreL$p¡_u bp¡gudp„ L$l¡hpdp„ Aph¡ sp¡ L$pe®_p¡ âpNcph lp¡e R>¡. Ap Acph Äepf¡ v|$f \pe R>¡ Ðepf¡ L$pe®_u DÐ`rÑ \pe R>¡. A\p®s¹ Aks¹dp„ \u ks¹ DÐ`Þ_ \pe R>¡. Þepedsphg[çbAp¡ "DÐ`rÑ' iåv$_¡ `pqfcprjL$ A\®dp„ hp`f¡ R>¡. s¡d_p ds¡ S>¡ hõsy_y„ kv$Þsf A[õsÐh _ lp¡e s¡ hõsy_y„ A[õsÐhdp„ Aphhy„ A¡ "DÐ`rÑ' iåv$_p¡ A\® R>¡.

kÐL$pe®hpv$-Aprhcp®h : DÐ`rÑ `|h£ L$pe® Aks¹ lp¡e R>¡ A¡ dpÞesp Mp¡V$u R>¡. L$pe®_y„ A[õsÐh s¡_u DÐ`rÑ `l¡gp„ L$pe®ê$`¡ cg¡ _ lp¡e `fÞsy, kv$Þsf s¡_y„ A[õsÐhS> _\u lp¡sy„ A¡hy„ dp_u iL$psy„ _\u. îudlpâcyÆ_p ds dyS>b, L$pe® `p¡sp_u DÐ`rÑ `l¡gp L$pfZê$`¡ A[õsÐh ^fphsy„ lp¡e R>¡; A\p®s¹, DÐ`rÑ `l¡gp `Z L$pe® ks¹ lp¡e R>¡. Ap_¡ S>

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"kÐL$pe®hpv$' L$l¡hpdp„ Aph¡ R>¡. kÐL$pe®hpv$uAp¡_u A¡ pfZp R>¡ L¡$ S>¡d ÅNhy„ A_¡ kyhy„ L¡$ bpg sfyZ eyhp âp¥Y$ Apqv$ ifuf_u Ahõ\pAp¡ lp¡e R>¡ s¡d L$pe® A_¡ L$pfZ A¡ kv¹$-hõsy_u b¡ Ahõ\pAp¡ R>¡. kyjy[às_u Ahõ\pdp„ ifuf r_[ó¾$e b_u S>sy„ lp¡e R>¡. Äepf¡ ÅN©s Ahõ\pdp„ kr¾$e. s¡ S> âdpZ¡ DÐ`rÑ |h£ L$pe® L$pfZ-Ahõ\pê$`¡ fl¡sy„ lp¡hp\u s¡_p¡ A_ych kr¾$e L$pe®ê$`¡ _\u \B iL$sp¡. L$pe®, fÞsy, Äepf¡ âL$V$ \pe R>¡ Ðepf¡ s¡_p¡ A_ych \C iL¡$ R>¡. v$p.s. dpMZ L$pe® R>¡ A_¡ R>pk L$pfZ R>¡. R>pkdp„ dpMZ fl¡gy„ lp¡e S> R>¡. s¡\uS> hgp¡hhp\u s¡ âL$V$ \sy„ lp¡e R>¡. R>pkdp„ Å¡ dpMZ_p¡ Acph lp¡s sp¡ Nd¡ s¡V$gy„ hgp¡hhp R>sp„ dpMZ _uL$mu _ iL$s. Ap S> âdpZ¡ sg A_¡ s¡g, buS> A_¡ h©n hN¡f¡ L$pe®-L$pfZcph_p„ b^pS> Dv$plfZp¡dp„ kÐL$pe®hpv$_p¡ A¡ r_ed kdÆ g¡hp¡ Å¡CA¡ L¡$ v$f¡L$ L$pe® DÐ`Þ_ \sp„ l¡gp L$pfZê$`¡ A[õsÐh ^fphsy„ S> lp¡e R>¡. `pZu_¡ Nd¡ s¡V$gy„ hgp¡hhpdp„ Aph¡ sp¡ `Z dpMZ _uL$msy„ _\u lp¡sy„. L$pfZL¡$ s¡dp„ dpMZ R>¡ S> _l]. S>¡_y„ A[õsÐhS> _\u lp¡sy„, A\p®s¹ S>¡ Aks¹ R>¡ s¡_u DÐ`rÑ \C S> _\u iL$su. Al] AkÐL$pe®hpqv$Ap¡_¡ âí_ L$fu iL$pe R>¡ L¡$ hphZu hMs¡ M¡sf_u s¡ S>Áep`f S>¡d R>p¡X$_p¡ Acph lp¡e R>¡ A\hp R>p¡X$ Aks¹ lp¡e R>¡ s¡d buS> dpV$u Mpsf L¡$ `pZu _¡ R>p¡X$u_¡ Op¡X$p N^¡X$p JV$ hN¡f¡ b^uS> hõsy s\p ìe[¼s _p¡ `Z Acph lp¡e S> R>¡. ApV$gu b^u hõsyAp¡_p¡ Acph lp¡hp R>sp„ buS>dp„\u R>p¡X$ S> âL$V$ \pe R>¡ A¡ S> kÐL$pe®hpv$_p A¡ rkÙpÞs_¡ kprbs L$f¡ R>¡ L¡$ L$pe® s¡_u DÐ`rÑ `l¡gp L$pfZê$`¡ A[õsÐh fph¡ S> R>¡. Ap rkÙpÞs_p õ\pr`s \hp\u _¥epreL$p¡_p¡ DÐ`rÑ_p¡ rkÙpÞs Z AdpÞe W$f¡ R>¡.

DÐ`rÑhpqv$Ap¡_y„ dp_hy„ lsy„ L¡$ S>¡ hõsy_y„ kv$Þsf A[õsÐh _ lp¡e s¡hu hõsy_y„ A[õsÐhdp„ Aphhy„ s¡_¡ "DÐ`rÑ' L$l¡hpdp„ Aph¡ R>¡. kÐL$pe®hpv$_¡ kdÄep bpv$ lh¡ Ap`Z¡ L$lu iL$uA¡ R>uA¡ L¡$ S>¡_y„ A[õsÐhS> _ lp¡e s¡ A[õsÐhdp„ Aphu S> _\u iL$sy„. Ap\u S> hp‰c ds dp_¡ R>¡ L¡$ hõsy_u DÐ`rÑ _\u \su `Z Aprhcp®h \pe R>¡. Aprhcp®h A¡V$g¡ L$pfZ(buS>)-Ahõ\pdp„ fl¡gu hõsy_y„ L$pe®(h©n)-Ahõ\pdp„ Aphhy„. Aprhcp®h A¡ b°û_u A¡L$ i[¼s R>¡. Ap i[¼sv¹$hpfp b°û AâL$V$ fus¡ fl¡g_¡ âL$V$ L$f¡ R>¡, k|ÿd_¡ õ\|m b_ph¡ R>¡, r_[ó¾$e_¡ kr¾$e b_ph¡ R>¡. Å¡ k|ÿd L¡$ r_[ó¾$e ê$`¡ rhÛdp_ hõsy õ\|g L¡$ kr¾$e ê$`dp„ DÐ`Þ_ _ \C iL¡$ sp¡ L$p¡B Z L$pe® DÐ`Þ_ S> L¡$d

36

\B iL¡$ ? Ap\u, S>¡ R>¡ s¡ S> dpÓ âL$V$ S> \pe R>¡, Aprhc|®s S> \pe R>¡.

b°û k[ÃQv$p_Þv$ (=ks¹+rQs¹+Ap_Þv$ ) R>¡. k©rô$_y„ kS>®_ L$fhp_u BÃR>p Äepf¡ b°û_¡ \pe R>¡ Ðepf¡ L$fp¡muep¡ S>¡d p¡sp_u gpmdp„\uS> Åmy„ b_phu_¡ s¡dp„ fl¡sp¡ lp¡e R>¡ s¡d b°û p¡sp_p ks¹ A_¡ rQs¹ NyZ^dp£\u Ap S>X$-ÆhpÐdL$ k©rô$_y„ kS>®_ L$fu_¡ s¡dp„ ¾$uX$p L$f¡ R>¡. Ap_¡ "k©rô$_p¡ Aprhcp®h' L$l¡hpdp„ Aph¡ R>¡. A_¡ Äepf¡ b°û k©rô$_¡ k„L¡$gu g¡hp_u BÃR>p L$f¡ R>¡ Ðepf¡ •L$fp¡muep¡ S>¡d gpm_¡ `p¡sp_u AÞv$f M¢Qu gC_¡ D`f QY$u S>sp¡ lp¡e R>¡ A\hp sp¡ L$pQbp¡ S>¡d `p¡sp_p lp\`N dp\y„ hN¡f¡ A„Np¡_¡ `p¡sp_p ifuf_u AÞv$f kdphu g¡sp¡ lp¡e R>¡ s¡d •b°û kç`|Z® S>Ns¹_p¡ rhge `p¡sp_u AÞv$f S> L$fu g¡ R>¡. Ap_¡ S>Ns¹_p¡ "rsfp¡cph' L$l¡hpdp„ Aph¡ R>¡. S>Ns¹_p Aprhcp®h-rsfp¡cph_u âr¾$ep qv$hk-fps_u dpaL$ A_hfs Qpgsu S> fl¡su lp¡e R>¡. Ap_p\u A¡ õ`ô$ \C Åe R>¡ L¡$ S>Ns¹_u DÐ`rÑ (Aprhcp®h) `l¡gp `Z S>Ns¹_y„ A[õsÐh, s¡_u L$pfZphõ\p_¡ ê$`¡ A\p®s¹ b°û_p ks¹ NyZ^d® sfuL¡$ lp¡e S> R>¡. afu-afu S>Ns¹_p¡ Aprhcp®h \sp¡ S> fl¡sp¡ lp¡e R>¡ s¡\u A¡ rkÙpÞs Z õ`ô$ \C Åe R>¡ L¡$ S>Ns¹_p¡ âge \hp R>sp„ S>Ns¹_p¡ Acph \sp¡ _\u L¡$hm rsfp¡cph S> \pe R>¡.

S>Ns¹ b°û_y„ L$pe® R>¡ A_¡ b°ûpÐdL$ R>¡ Ap hps_¡ kdÄep `R>u L¡$V$guL$ i„L$pAp¡ Dv¹$c$h¡ R>¡. A¡ i„L$pAp¡ _uQ¡ dyS>b R>¡ :

b°û A_Þs R>¡ A_¡ A¡_p kh® ^dp£ Agp¥qL$L$ R>¡. Ap\u b°ûdp„ DÐ`rÑ-_pi, syÃR>sp c¡v$ kpfp`Ï„-Mfpb`Ï„ dpfy„-spfy„ hN¡f¡ gp¥qL$L$ NyZp¡ lp¡sp _\u. s¡ R>sp„e b°ûpÐdL$ S>Ns¹dp„ D`fp¡¼s gp¥qL$L$ NyZp¡_u A_yc|rs ip L$pfZ¡ \pe R>¡ ?

hmu, kp¡_p_p Apc|jZp¡ S>¡d kyhZp®ÐdL$ v¡$MpC Aph¡ R>¡ s¡d b°û S>Ns¹ê$`¡ bÞey„ lp¡hp R>sp„ S>Ns¹ b°ûpÐdL$ ip L$pfZ¡ v¡$Mpsy„ _\u ?

D`fp¡¼s bÞ_¡ âí_p¡_p DÑf kdS>hpdpV¡$ b°û_u i[¼s ìepdp¡rlL$p dpep_¡ kdS>hu S>ê$fu R>¡.

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ìepdp¡rlL$p dpep :_p_p bpmL$p¡ "Ap„^mp¡-`pV$p¡' _pd_u A¡L$ fds fdsp lp¡e R>¡. Ap

fdsdp„ S>¡_p D`f v$ph Apìep¡ lp¡e s¡_u Ap„Mp¡ D`f pV$p¡ bp„^hpdp„ Aph¡ R>¡. Ap„M¡ `pV$p¡ bp„^¡g bpmL$ buÅ bpmL$p¡_¡ ip¡^hp_p¡ âeÐ_ L$f¡ R>¡. ApS> âdpZ¡, k©rô$dp„ Æhp¡ kp\¡ cNhp_¹, A¡L$ fus¡ Å¡sp„, Ap„^mp¡-`pV$p¡ S> fdsp lp¡e R>¡. cNhp_¹_u Agp¥qL$L$ fdsdp„ A_¡ bpmL$p¡_u gp¥qL$L$ fds hÃQ¡ saphs A¡V$gp¡ S> R>¡ L¡$ gp¥qL$L$ fdsdp„ A¡L$ S>Z D`f v$ph lp¡e R>¡ Ap\u A¡L¡$ A_¡L$_¡ ip¡^hp_p lp¡e R>¡. Äepf¡ Agp¥qL$L$ fdsdp„ Ap_p\u DgVy„$ lp¡e R>¡. Ak„¿e ÆhpÐdpAp¡ D`f A¡L$ b°û_¡ ip¡^hp_p¡ v$ph R>¡. b°û ÆhpÐdp kp\¡ k„spL|$L$X$u fdu _\u iL$sp¡. L$pfZ L¡$ b°û sp¡ ìep`L$ R>¡. Ap\u A¡hu sp¡ L$p¡C S>Áep S> _ lp¡C iL¡$ L¡$ Äep„ b°û _ lp¡e. Ap\u, b°û p¡s¡ k„sphp_¡ W¡$L$pZ¡ p¡sp_u i[¼s ìepdp¡rlL$p dpepv¹$hpfp Æhp¡_¡ c°rds L$f¡ R>¡. s¡d_u byrÙD`f Aop_ A_¡ AÞe\pop_ _p¡ `pV$p¡ bp„û v¡$ R>¡. dpepv¹$hpfp c°rds \hp_¡ L$pfZ¡ Ap`Z¡ Æhp¡_¡; S>_L$r`sp kdp_ cNhp_¹_p õhê$`_y„ Aop_, `p¡sp_p s\p cNhp_¹_p ¾$uX$p„NZ kdp_ Ap S>Ns¹_p õhê$`_y„ Aop_, S>Ns¹-Æh kp\¡ cNhp_¹_p kçbÞ^_y„ Aop_; A_¡ õhL$s®ìe_y„ `Z Aop_ \C Åe R>¡. ApV$gy„ S> _l] Ap bû bpbsp¡_¡ Ap`Z¡ s¡_p d|m õhê$`\u Sy>v$u S> fus¡ kdS>sp \C S>CA¡ R>uA¡. Ap S> L$pfZ R>¡ L¡$ S>Ns¹ b°ûpÐdL$ lp¡hp R>sp„ Ap`Z¡ s¡_u b°ûpÐdL$sp_p¡ A_ych L$fu iL$sp _\u s\p S>Ns¹dp„ gp¥qL$L$ Ab°û^dp£_p¡ A_ych L$fsp \C S>CA¡ R>uA¡.

dpep_p L$pep£ :"ìepdp¡l' A¡V$g¡ Aop_ L¡$ c°dZp. dpep Æhp¡_¡ Aop_ê$ù

AphfZ\u Y$p„L$u_¡ c°rds L$f¡ R>¡, Ap\u dpep_¡ "ìepdp¡rlL$p' L$l¡hpdp„ Aph¡ R>¡. dpep `p¡sp_y„ L$pe® b¡ fus¡ L$f¡ R>¡. â\d sp¡ s¡ Æhp¡_¡ hõsy_p kpQp õhê$`_y„ op_ \hp v¡$su _\u. hõsy_p kpQp õhê$`_y„ ApÃR>pv$_ L$fu v¡$ R>¡. buSy>„ S>¡ hõsy `p¡s¡ S>¡hu R>¡ s¡_¡ s¡_p\u Sy>v$u fus¡ v¡$MpX¡$ R>¡; A¡V$g¡ hõsy_p kpQp õhê$`_¡ ApÃR>pqv$s L$ep® R>u s¡_p¡ AÞe\p Apcpk L¡$ âsurs L$fph¡ R>¡. Ap\u dpep_¡ b¡ âL$pf_p âcphp¡ DÐ`Þ_ L$f_pfu dp_hpdp„ Aphu R>¡ :

1. ApÃR>pqv$L$p2. AÞe\pâsursl¡syc|sp

38

ApÃR>pqv$L$p : dpep_y„ â\d L$pe® lp¡e R>¡ : Æhp¡_u byrÙ_y„ ApÃR>pv$_ L$fhp_y„. ApÃR>pv$_ L$fhy„ A¡V$g¡ Y$p„L$u v¡$hy„. cNhp_¹ Æhp¡_u byrÙ_¡ dpepv¹$hpfp A¡hu fus¡ Y$p„L$u v¡$ R>¡ L¡$ S>¡\u Æhp¡_¡ S>Ns¹ b°û hN¡f¡_p hpõsrhL$ õhê$`_y„ op_ flu S>sy„ _\u. Æh Aop_u b_u Åe R>¡.

AÞe\pâsursl¡syc|sp : dpep_y„ buSy>„ L$pe® R>¡ : Aop_u b_¡gp Æhp¡_¡ hõsy_p d|m õhê$`\u Sy>v$p õhê$`_y„ op_ L$fphhy„. A\p®s¹ AÞe\pop_ L$fphhy„. dpep_p Ap L$pe®_¡ L$pfZ¡ S> Æhp¡_¡ S>Ns¹ hN¡f¡_p Mp¡V$p õhê$`_u âsurs \hp gpN¡ R>¡. S>Ns¹ L¡$ ÅNrsL$ hõsy_p DÐ`rÑ-_pi \sp„ S> _\u lp¡sp R>sp„ Æhp¡ S>Ns¹_¡ DÐ`rÑ-_pihp_ kdS>sp lp¡e R>¡. sÒh×rô$\u Å¡sp„ L$p¡C `Z hõsydp„ kpfp`Ï„ L¡$ Mfpb`Ï„ lp¡sy„ _\u. R>sp„ Æhp¡ L$p¡CL$ hõsy_¡ kpfu NZ¡ R>¡ sp¡ L$p¡CL$_¡ Mfpb. s¡ S> âdpZ¡ L$p¡C Z hõsydp„ õhpcprhL$ fus¡ A¡hp¡ L$p¡C NyZ lp¡sp¡ _\u L¡$ S>¡\u sÒh×[óV$\u Å¡sp„ s¡_u bpbsdp„ ""Ap dpfu R>¡'', ""Ap spfu R >¡'' L¡$ ""Ap kph®S>r_L$ R>¡'' hN¡f¡ pfZp L¡$ v$php _¡ kpQp NZu iL$pe. Apd R>sp„ Ap`Z¡ hps-hpsdp„ dpfy„-spfy„ L$fsp lp¡CA¡ R>uA¡. Ap s\p Aphp A_¡L$ Mp¡V$p„ op_p¡ dpep_¡ L$pfZ¡ Æhp¡_¡ \sp„ lp¡e R>¡.

dpep_p bÞ_¡ L$pep£_¡ kdÄep `R>u dpep `p¡sp_y„ L$pe® L$ep âL$pf¡ L$f¡ R>¡ s¡ âr¾$ep_p¡ rhQpf lh¡ âpk„rNL$ b_¡ R>¡.

ìepdp¡l__u âr¾$ep :1. kh®â\d dpep Æh_u byrÙ_¡ Aop_\u Y$p„L$u v¡$ R>¡.2. Ðepf bpv$ S>Ns¹_p rhjep¡(hõsy)_p kdp_ dpreL$

rhjep¡_¡ Æh_u byrÙdp„ DÐ`Þ_ L$f¡ R>¡.

dpreL$ rhjep¡_u DÐ`rÑ_¡ L$pfZ¡ Æhp¡_u byrÙ A¡hu c°rds b_u Åe R>¡ L¡$ dpep_¡ L$pfZ¡ hõsy_p¡ S>¡ âL$pf âL$V$ \pe s¡ S> âdpZ¡ Æh kdS>sp¡ \B Åe R>¡. lh¡ Aphp¡ Æh Äepf¡ S>Ns¹_p rhjep¡_p kç`L®$dp„ Aph¡ R>¡ Ðepf¡ :

(3) byrÙdp„ fl¡gp dpreL$ rhjep¡_y„ ân¡`Z (`fphs®_/REFLECTION) dpep_¡ L$pfZ¡ S>Ns¹_p hpõsrhL$ rhjep¡D`f \B S>sy„ lp¡e R>¡.

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S>Ns¹_p rhjep¡ D`f \sp dpreL$ rhjep¡_p ân¡`Z\u S>¡d ka¡v$ hõsyD`f gpg f„N_p¡ âL$pi _pMsp„ s¡ gpg f„N_u v¡$Mphp gpN¡ R>¡, s¡d S>Ns¹_p rhjep¡ p¡sp_p iyÙ õhê$`dp„ N©lus \hp_¡ õ\p_¡ dpep_p NyZ-^dp£ krls N©lus \hp gpN¡ R>¡. dpepv¹$hpfp Æh_u byrÙ_y„ ApÃR>pv$_ \hp\u Æh Aop_u b_¡ R>¡. Ap âr¾$ep_¡ bpmL$_p ×ô$pÞs hX¡$ kfmsp\u kdÆ iL$pi¡. L¡$dL¡$ Ap kde¡ Æh_u [õ\rs A¡L$ A¡hp Abp¡^ bpmL$ S>¡hu lp¡e R>¡ L¡$ S>¡_¡ kpfp-Mfpb JQ-_uQ L¡$ râe-Arâe _p¡ rhh¡L$ _ lp¡e. _p_y„ bpmL$ p¡s¡ L„$C ÅZsy„ _\u lp¡sy„, Ap\u s¡_¡ S>¡ L„$C Z A_¡ S>¡hy„ Z Å¡hp-kdÅhhpdp„ Aph¡ R>¡, s¡_¡ bpmL$ s¡hy„ dp_u L¡$ kdÆ g¡ R>¡. Å¡ kpfu hõsy_p dpV¡$ s¡ kpfu _\u A¡d riMhhpdp„ Aphsy„ lp¡e sp¡ s¡ bpmL$ kpfu hõsy_¡ `Z Mfpb S> dp_u-kdÆ g¡sp¡ lp¡e R>¡. s¡ S> âdpZ¡ Å¡ Mfpb hõsydpV¡$ s¡ kpfu R>¡ s¡hy„ riMhhpdp„ Aphi¡ sp¡ s¡ Mfpb_¡ `Z kpfu S> dp_u-kdÆ g¡sp¡ lp¡e R>¡. lh¡ Äepf¡ `Z s¡_u kpd¡ L$p¡C kpfu hõsy gphhpdp„ Aphi¡ Ðepf¡ bpmL$ s¡_¡ Mfpb sp¡ kdS>i¡ S>, svy$`fpÞs s¡ hõsy s¡_¡ Mfpb v¡$Mpi¡ Z. dpep Z Ap S> âr¾$ep\u Æhp¡_¡ cp¡mhsu lp¡e R>¡ (Æh_p âL$fZdp„ Ap âr¾$ep_¡ krhõspf kdÅhhpdp„ Aphi¡).

rhjesp :byrÙdp„ DÐ`Þ_ \e¡gp dpreL$ rhjep¡_¡ "rhjesp' L$l¡hpdp„ Aph¡ R>¡.

S>Ns¹dp„ fl¡gp `v$p\p£ L¡$ S>¡_y„ op_ B[ÞÖep¡ hX¡$ Ap`Z_¡ \pe R>¡, s¡Ap¡_¡ B[ÞÖeop__p rhje lp¡hp_¡ L$pfZ¡, "rhje' L$l¡hpdp„ Aph¡ R>¡. dpep_¡ L$pfZ¡ Æh_u byrÙdp„ rhjesp (=S>Ns¹_p rhjep¡ S>¡hpS> dpreL$ rhjep¡)_y„ kS>®_ L$fu_¡ s¡ rhjesp_p¡ ân¡` S>Ns¹_p rhjep¡D`f L$f¡ R>¡. Ap L$pfZ¡ Å¡_pf_¡ S>Ns¹_p rhjep¡_p¡ iyÙ A_ych \hp_¡ W¡$L$pZ¡ rhjesp-rdrîs rhje_p¡ A_ych \hp gpN¡ R>¡. Ap A_ychdp„ rhje_p¡ A_ych sp¡ e\p\® S> lp¡e R>¡ `fÞsy rhjesp_p¡ A_ych dpepS>Þe lp¡hp\u AkÐe lp¡e R>¡. v$p.s. azv$fX$u afsp dpZk_¡ Apk-`pk_u b^u [õ\f hõsyAp¡ Np¡m-Np¡m afsu v¡$Mpsu lp¡e R>¡. Ap A_ychdp„ Apk-`pk fl¡g V¡$bg Myfiu v$uhpg hN¡f¡ hõsyAp¡_p f„N ApL$pf v|$fu hN¡f¡_p¡ A_ych sp¡ e\p\® S> lp¡e R>¡ `fÞsy s¡ hõsyAp¡_y„ Np¡m-Np¡m afsy„ v¡$Mphy„ AhpõsrhL$ lp¡e R>¡. Ap S> âL$pf¡ S>Ns¹_p V¡$bg Myfiu Of `qfhpf kç`rÑ hN¡f¡ S>¡ `Z L$p¡C rhjep¡_p¡ A_ych Ap`Z_¡

40

\sp¡ lp¡e R>¡ s¡ A_ych sp¡ e\p\® S> lp¡e R>¡ fÞsy Ap A_ych_u kp\p¡-kp\ V¡$bg DÐ`Þ_ \ey„, V¡$bg _ô$ \ey„, V¡$bg kpê„$ R>¡, V¡$bg Mfpb R>¡ hN¡f¡_p¡ S>¡ A_ych \pe R>¡ s¡ dpepS>Þe L¡$ rhjespê$` lp¡hp_¡ L$pfZ¡ AhpõsrhL$-AkÐe lp¡e R>¡. Ap\u rhjesp_p¡ A_ych A¡ Ap`Zp¡ c°d lp¡e R>¡.

Al] A¡L$ hps Mpk Ýep_dp„ fpMhu Å¡CA¡ L¡$ dpep Æh_u byrÙdp„S> rhjesp_¡ DÐ`Þ_ L$fsu lp¡e R>¡. S>Ns¹_p rhjep¡ kp\¡ dpep L$p¡C `Z âL$pf_u R>¡X$-R>pX$ L$fsu _\u. L$pfZ L¡$ S>Ns¹ sp¡ b°û¡ b_pìey„ lp¡e R>¡. Ap\u S> rhje_u dpÓ A_yc|rs S> AhpõsrhL$ê$`¡ \su lp¡e R>¡. dpep_p ^dp£ Æh_u dpÓ byrÙ_¡ S> âcprhs L$fsp lp¡e R>¡ s¡ ^dp£ rhje-S>Ns¹dp„ âh¡isp _ lp¡hp\u S>Ns¹ AhpõsrhL$ \C S>sy„ _\u.

S>Ns¹ A_¡ k„kpf :S>Ns¹ b°ûpÐdL$ lp¡hp\u kÐe R>¡ A¡ ipõÓ_p rkÙpÞs_¡ Al]

ky^u_p r_ê$`Z\u Ap`Z¡ kdÆ i¼ep R>uA¡. Apd R>sp„ ipõÓdp„ A_¡L$ W¡$L$pZ¡ ""Ap b^y„ AkÐe R>¡; rdÕep R>¡; c°d R>¡'' Aphy„ r_ê$`Z Å¡hp dm¡ R>¡; sp¡ Ap rhfp¡^pcpk_y„ r_fpL$fZ L¡$hu fus¡ \C iL¡$ ?

Mf¡Mf Å¡sp„ sp¡ ipõÓdp„ L$p¡C Z Ås_p¡ rhfp¡^pcpk R>¡ S> _l]. s¡d R>sp„ S>¡ rhfp¡^pcpk Ap`Z_¡ S>Zpe R>¡ s¡_y„ L$pfZ S>Ns¹ A_¡ k„kpf _¡ A¡L$ kdÆ b¡khp_u Nçcuf c|g R>¡. S>Ns¹ A_¡ k„kpf A¡ bÞ_¡ AgN-AgN hõsy R>¡.

S>Ns¹ A¡ b°û_p Q¥sÞe A_¡ Ap_„v$ NyZ^d®_p rsfp¡^p_`|h®L$ ks¹ NyZ^d®\u âL$V$ \e¡gu _pd-ê$`-L$dp®ÐdL$ S>X$ k©rô$ R>¡. S>Ns¹ b°ûpÐdL$ lp¡hp\u kÐe R>¡. S>Ns¹ L$v$u Z AkÐe L¡$ rdÕep lp¡C iL$sy„ _\u.

S>Ns¹dp„_p Æhp¡ dpep_p âcphdp„ Aphu_¡ `p¡sp_u Al„sp A_¡ ddsp hX¡$ b°ûpÐdL$ S>Ns¹\u rcÞ_ `p¡sp_u A¡L$ L$pë`r_L$ k©rô$ b_ph¡ R>¡, Ðepf¡ s¡hu s¡ Al„sp-ddsp[ÐdL$p k©rô$_¡ "k„kpf' L$l¡hpdp„ Aph¡ R>¡. S>Ns¹ kÐe R>¡. Al„sp-ddsp `Z kÐe R>¡, `fÞsy, S>Ns¹ A_¡ Al„sp-ddsp_u kp\¡ Æh¡ Å¡X$u_¡ DÐ`Þ_ L$f¡g k„kpf AkÐe R>¡. dpep_p âcph l¡W$m Æh¡ dpreL$

41

^dp£_¡ S>Ns¹ D`f W$p¡L$u b¡kpX¹$ép R>¡. A¡ dpreL$ dp£ Æh_¡ S>Ns¹\u rcÞ_ L$p¡C A¡L$ Ah_hu S> k©rô$ v¡$MpX¡$ R>¡. k„kpfê$` A¡ dpreL$ k©rô$ Æh_¡ hpõsrhL$sp\u v|$f gC Åe R>¡. s¡ Æh_¡ "lz„' dp„ s\p "dpfp-spfp' dp„ A¡hp¡ akphu v¡$ R>¡ L¡$ S>¡\u Æh âcy_¡ c|gu Åe R>¡. cNhp_¡ Æh_¡ Ap`¡gu Al„sp\u Æh ""lz„ b°û_p¡ A„i L¡$ v$pk Ry>„( A¡hu b°prûL$ Al„sp )'' _p¡ cph fpMu_¡ âcy_u k¡hp-c[¼s `Z L$fu iL¡$ R>¡. cNhp_¡ Æh_¡ Ap`¡gu ddsp\u Æh ""âcy dpfp cS>_ue Apîe R>¡ ( A¡hu b°prûL$ ddsp )'' _p¡ cph fpMu_¡ âcy_¡ Z p¡sp_p dp_u iL¡$. Al„sp-ddsp_p¡ Aphp¡ kvy$èp¡N L$fhp_p õ\p_¡ S>¡ S>Ns¹_¡ cNhp_¡ `p¡sp_u ¾$uX$pdpV¡$ b_pìey„ R>¡ s¡ S>Ns¹dpV¡$ Æhp¡ ""lz„-dpfy„-spfy„'' L$fhp gpNu Åe R>¡. s¡ Aphp¡ rhè®e dpep_¡ L$pfZ¡ S> \pe R>¡. S>¡ Æhp¡_¡ cNhp_¡ p¡sp_u `y[óV$¾$uX$p_¡ A_yê$` \hp dpV¡$ âL$V$ L$ep® s¡ Æhp¡ Z p¡sp_u dpreL$ Al„sp-ddsp_¡ L$pfZ¡ âcy_u `y[óV$gugp_¡ A_yê$` \hp_¡ W¡$L$pZ¡ âhprlgugpdp„ k„X$p¡hpe¡gp lp¡hp\u p¡s¡ S> S>Ns¹dp„ ¾$uX$p L$fsp lp¡e R>¡. dpep_p âcph¡ âL$V$ \su Al„sp-ddsp_p Aphp vy$fyèp¡N v¹$hpfp `p¡sp_y„ Arls L$fsp Æhp¡_¡ s¡d_p kpQp L$s®ìe_y„ cp_ L$fphhpdpV¡$ Al„sp-ddsp-S>Þe k„kpf_¡ "rdÕep' "AkÐe' L¡$ "c°dê$`' L$l¡hpdp„ Aphsp¡ lp¡e R>¡.

S>Ns¹ A¡ `fdpÐdp_y„ ¾$uX$p„NZ R>¡. s¡ vy$:Mê$` _\u. S>Ns¹_p Agp¥qL$L$ õhê$`_¡ ÅZu_¡ âÐe¡L$ ÆhpÐdpA¡ Ap S>Ns¹dp„ `p¡s-`p¡sp_p L$s®ìe_y„ r_^p®fZ L$fhy„ Å¡CA¡.

rhi¡j hp„Q_dpV¡$ :1.îugpgycV¹$V$Æ-rhfrQs "âd¡efÐ_pZ®h' _pdL$ N°Þ\dp„_p¡ â\d "â`„Qrhh¡L$'.

2.îudlpâcyÆ-rhfrQs "sÒhp\®v $u`r_bÞ^' N°Þ\_y „ â\d "ipõÓp\®âL$fZ'.

3.Np¡õhpdu îu`yfyjp¡ÑdÆ-rhfrQs "k©rô$c¡v$hpv$'.4.Np¡õhpdu îu`yfyjp¡ÑdÆ-rhfrQs "Aprhcp®h- rsfp¡cphhpv$'.5.Np¡õhpdu îu`yfyjp¡ÑdÆ-rhfrQs "âõ\p_fÐ_pL$f'.6.Np¡õhpdu îuíepdd_p¡lfÆ-rhfrQs _hu_ âL$pris "b°ûk|ÓpÏcpóe'

â\d M„X$_u âõsph_p.***

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2. Æhrhh¡L$Æhk©rô$_y„ âep¡S>_ :

S>Ns¹ A¡ b°û_u AQ¡s_ k©rô$ R>¡. b°û_u gugpdp„ S>Ns¹_y„ õ\p_ A¡L$ ¾$uX$p„NZ L¡$ f„Nd„Q kdp_ R>¡. f„Nd„Q lp¡e Z Arc_¡sp _ lp¡e sp¡ _pV$L$ cS>hu iL$psy„ _\u. s¡ S> âdpZ¡ ¾$uX$p„NZ lp¡e `Z ¾$uX$p L$f_pf M¡gpX$u _ lp¡e sp¡ ¾$uX$p Z \C iL$su _\u. L$gpL$pf L¡$ M¡gpX$u rh_p f„Nd„Q L¡$ ¾$uX$p„NZ r_Æ®h r_[ó¾$e A_¡ r_f\®L$ b_u S>sy„ lp¡e R>¡. s¡ S> âdpZ¡ k©rô$dp„ Å¡ Æhp¡ _ lp¡s sp¡ k©rô$ `Z r_Æ®h A_¡ r_[ó¾$e b_u Ås. gugp kçch _ fl¡s. b°û afu A¡L$pL$u S>¡hp¡ S> flu Ås. R>s¡ k©rô$A¡ `Z ¾$uX$p_p¡ Ap_Þv$ gC _ iL$s. ¾$uX$pdpV¡$ M¡gpqX$Ap¡ S>ê$fu lp¡e R>¡. _pV$L$dpV¡$ Arc_¡sp S>ê$fu lp¡e R>¡. s¡ S> âdpZ¡ Ap S>X$ k©rô$D`f ¾$uX$p L$fhpdpV¡$ Æhp¡_¡ âL$V$ L$fhp S>ê$fu lsp. Ap S> L$pfZ R>¡ L¡$ b°û¡ S>X$_u kp\p¡-kp\ Æhp¡_¡ Z âL$V$ L$ep® R>¡.

Æhp¡_p¡ Aprhcp®h :k[ÃQv$p_Þv$ b°û_p ks¹ A_¡ rQv¹$ A„ip¡hX¡$ Æh_p¡ Aprhcp®h \pe

R>¡. Ap Aprhcp®h_u âr¾$ep_¡ hZ®hsp„ D`r_jv$¹dp„ L$l¡hpey„ R>¡ : ""lz„ A¡L$ A_¡L$ \C ÅJ.'' A¡hp âL$pf_u blzch_¡ÃR>p \sp„ A[Á_dp„\u S>¡d Ak„¿e sZMpAp¡ Tfsp„ lp¡e R>¡, s¡d b°ûdp„\u Ak„¿e A„iê$` S>X$-Æhp¡ âL$V$ \ep R>¡. Apd b°û `p¡s¡ S> Æhê$`¡ b_sp¡ lp¡hp\u Æh `Z S>Ns¹_u dpaL$ b°ûpÐdL$ A_¡ b°ûdp„\u ìeyÃQqfs \e¡g b°û_p¡ A„i R>¡.

ìeyÃQfZ ¼ep„ ?b°ûdp„\u Æh_p âL$V$ \hp_u âr¾$ep A¡d kdÅhhpdp„ Aphu R>¡ L¡$

S>¡d A[Á_dp„\u sZMp blpf Tfsp lp¡e s¡d b°ûdp„\u `Z Ak„¿e Æhp¡ R|>V$p X¡$ R>¡. Ap âr¾$ep_p¡ rhQpf L$fsp„ õhpcprhL$ fus¡ âí_ \B iL¡$ L¡$ b°û Å¡ ìep`L$ lp¡e sp¡ Æhp¡ s¡dp„\u Äep„ R|>V$p `X$u_¡ blpf Aphu iL¡$ A¡hy„ Ab°ûpÐdL$ õ\p_ L$ey„ lp¡B iL¡$ ?

Ap i„L$p_y„ kdp^p_ kdyÖ A_¡ sf„N _p ×ô$pÞs\u kdÆ iL$pe R>¡: kdyÖ_p sf„Np¡ (dp¡ÅAp¡) S>¡d kdyÖdp„ S> b_sp lp¡e R>¡; A_¡ kdyÖdp„ S> rhgu_ Z \sp„ lp¡e R>¡, s¡d b°ûpÐdL$ Æh b°ûê$` âv¡$idp„ S> (b°ûdp„ S>)

43

R|>V$p¡ X¡$ R>¡ A_¡ b°ûdp„ S> rhgu_ \C Åe R>¡. rhfyÙ^dp®îe lp¡hp\u b°ûdp„ b^y„ iL¹$é b_¡ R>¡.

S>X$S>Ns¹ b°û_y„ L$pe® fÞsy ÆhpÐdp sp¡ b°ûp„i S> :S>¡ DÐ`Þ_ \pe s¡_¡ "L$pe®' L$l¡hpdp„ Ah¡ R>¡, v$p.s., h©n. S>¡dp„\u

L$p„CL$ DÐ`Þ_ \pe s¡_¡ "L$pfZ' L$l¡hpdp„ Aph¡ R>¡, v$p.s., buS>. L$pe®-L$pfZ_u Ap ìep¿ep_p Ap^pf¡ S> S>Ns¹_¡ "b°û_y„-L$pe®' L$l¡hpdp„ Aph¡ R>¡. Al], fÞsy, rhQpfhp_u hps A¡ R>¡ L¡$ Aprhcp®h sp¡ Æh_p¡ Z b°ûdp„\u \pe R>¡ s¡d R>sp„ Æh_¡ "b°û_y„-L$pe®' _ L$lu_¡ aL$s "A„i' L$l¡hpdp„ Aph¡ R>¡ s¡_y„ L$pfZ iy„ ?

S>Ns¹ A_¡ Æh bÞ_¡_p¡ Aprhcp®h b°ûdp„\u S> \pe R>¡. R>sp„ Aprhc|®s \ep bpv$ S>Ns¹_p v$p\p£ OV$ V$ dL$p_ ifuf _v$u h®s gp¡Yy„$ gpL$Xy„$ hN¡f¡ A_¡L$ _pdp¡ s¡dS> ê$`p¡ _¡ pfZ L$fu g¡sp lp¡e R>¡. Ap rhrcÞ_ _pd-ê$`p¡ s¡d_u A¡L$-buÅ\u AgN Ap¡mMpZ b_u Åe R>¡. ÆhpÐdp_u bpbsdp„ Aphy„ _\u b_sy„. ÆhpÐdpAp¡ Ak„¿e lp¡e R>¡, `fÞsy, s¡Ap¡_p _pd ê$` f„N ApL$pf hS>_ hN¡f¡ S>X$ S>Ns¹_u dpaL$ lp¡sp _\u. `pZu_p rbÞvy$Ap¡ S>¡d A¡L$ kfMp„ lp¡hp\u s¡d_¡ A¡L$-buÅ\u Sy>v$p kdÆ iL$hy„ dyíL¡$g lp¡e R>¡. s¡d S> ÆhpÐdpAp¡_u Ap¡mM S>X$ v$p\p£_u dpaL$ L$fhu dyíL¡$g lp¡e R>¡. Ap S> L$pfZ¡ Æhp¡_¡ b°û_p "A„i' L$l¡hpdp„ Aph¡ R>¡. Äepf¡ S>Ns¹_¡ "b°û_y„-L$pe®' L$l¡hpdp„ Aph¡ R>¡.

Æh AÏê$` R>¡ :ipõÓdp„ ÆhpÐdp_¡ AÏ`qfdpZ dp_hpdp„ Apìep¡ R>¡. b°û ìep`L$

R>¡, Äepf¡ ÆhpÐdp AÏ/k|ÿd/`qf[ÃR>Þ_ R>¡. ÆhpÐdp Q¡s_ R>¡ A_¡ Q¥sÞe L¡$ Q¡s_p s¡ ÆhpÐdp_p¡ d® R>¡. kç`|Z® ifufdp„ ÆhpÐdp_u Q¡s_p_p¡ A_ych \sp¡ lp¡hp\u L¡$V$gpL$ gp¡L$p¡ ÆhpÐdp_¡ `Z b°û_u dpaL$ ìep`L$ kdÆ g¡sp lp¡e R>¡. Ap dpÞesp, fÞsy, c|g cf¡gu R>¡. DÛp_dp„ awg L$p¡B A¡L$ S> õ\m¡ lp¡e R>¡ fÞsy s¡_u kyNÞ^_u A_yc|rs DÛp_dp„ Qp¡d¡f \su S> lp¡e R>¡. Ap\u awg_¡ ìep`L$ dp_u iL$psy„ _\u. s¡ S> âdpZ¡ ÆhpÐdp AÏ S> R>¡, ifuf¥L$v¡$ihs}R>¡, R>sp„ s¡_p Q¡s_p ^d®_u A_yc|rs kyNÞ^_u dpaL$, kç`|Z® ifufdp„ \su lp¡e R>¡.

44

ÆhpÐdp A_¡ S>X$S>Ns¹ b°û\u ArcÞ_ R>¡ :ipõÓdp„ A_¡L$ W¡$L$pZ¡ A¡hy„ L$l¡hpdp„ Apìey„ R>¡ L¡$ b°û rkhpe buSy>„ L$iy„

R>¡ S> _lu. b°û S> A¡L$dpÓ sÒh R>¡. Al] S>¡ L„$C `Z R>¡ s¡ b°û S> R>¡. ipõÓ_p Aphp L$\_p¡_¡ L$pfZ¡ L¡$V$gpL$ gp¡L$p¡ NcfpC_¡ A¡hy„ spfZ L$pY$u b¡ksp lp¡e R>¡ L¡$ Äepf¡ b°û rkhpe Al] buSy>„ L$iy„ \B S> _ iL$sy„ lp¡e sp¡, Ap rhrh^sp`|Z® S>X$S>Ns¹ s\p Ak„¿e ÆhpÐdpAp¡ _u Ap`Z_¡ S>¡ A_yc|rs \C flu R>¡, s¡ r_[íQsê$`\u Ap`Zp¡ c°d lp¡hp¡ Å¡BA¡. Ap\u îui„L$fpQpe£ S>Ns¹_¡ rdÕep dp_u gu^y„. S>Ns¹_p âL$fZdp„ Ap`Z¡ A¡ kdÆ gu^y„ L¡$ S>X$S>Ns¹ rdÕep lp¡C iL$sy„ _\u, A¡V$g¡ L¡$ S>Ns¹ kÐe S> R>¡. s¡ S> âdpZ¡ ÆhpÐdp Z b°û_p¡ S> A„i lp¡hp\u kÐe S> R>¡. Ðepf¡ âí_ A¡ Dcp¡ \pe R>¡ L¡$ S>X$S>Ns¹, ÆhpÐdp A_¡ b°û hÃQ¡ L¡$hp¡ kçbÞ^ li¡ ?

S>X$S>Ns¹ A_¡ ÆhpÐdp A¡ A¡L$ S> sÒh¡ ^pfZ L$f¡gp b¡ ê$`p¡ R>¡. k[ÃQv$p_Þv$ b°û Äepf¡ p¡sp_p rQs¹ A_¡ Ap_„v$ NyZ^dp£_¡ rsfp¡rls L$fu_¡ L¡$hm ks¹ NyZ^d®_¡ A_¡L$ A„ip¡_p ê$`dp„ âL$V$ L$f¡ R>¡, Ðepf¡ b°û_p s¡ âL$V$ kv„$ip¡_¡ "S>X$S>Ns¹' L$l¡hpdp„ Aph¡ R>¡. s¡ S> âdpZ¡ b°û Äepf¡ `p¡sp_p Ap_„v$ NyZ^d®_¡ rsfp¡rls L$fu_¡ ks¹-rQs¹ NyZ^dp£_¡ ANrZs A„ip¡_p ê$`dp„ âL$V$ L$f¡ R>¡ Ðepf¡ b°û_p s¡hp rQv„$ip¡_¡ "ÆhpÐdp' L¡$ "Q¥sÞe' L$l¡hpdp„ Aph¡ R>¡. Apd Ap`Z¡ õ`ô$ê$`\u Å¡C iL$uA¡ R>uA¡ L¡$ S>¡d kp¡_pdp„\u Å¡ h]V$u lpf b„NX$u Tp„Tf hN¡f¡ A_¡L$ Apc|jZp¡ b_phhpdp„ Aph¡ sp¡ h]V$u lpf L¡$ b„NX$u_y„ sÒh L$p„C bv$gpC S>sy„ _\u. s¡d S> b°û¡ `p¡s¡ S> S>X$S>Ns¹ s\p ÆhpÐdpAp¡ _p A_¡L$ ê$`p¡ õh¡ÃR>ep pfZ L$ep® lp¡hp\u sÒh sp¡ A¡L$ b°û S> fl¡, s¡ A¡L$ õhpcprhL$ sÕe R>¡. ApV$gu hps kdÄep R>u Ap`Z¡ lh¡ kdÆ iL$uiy„ L¡$ S>¡d kyhZ®_p b_¡gp Apc|jZp¡ kyhZ®\u rcÞ_ _\u lp¡sp„ s¡d b°û\u S> b_¡gp S>Ns¹-Æh Z b°û\u rcÞ_ _\u S>.

c¡v$krlóÏ Ac¡v$ :S>X$-Æh A_¡ b°û hÃQ¡_p¡ Ac¡v$kçbÞ^ c¡v$_p¡ rhfp¡^u _\u. Ap

kçbÞ^ A¡hp¡ rhgnZ R>¡ L¡$ S>¡ `p¡sp_u AÞv$f S>Ns¹ A_¡ Æh _p c¡v$_¡ kdphu iL¡$ R>¡. Ap\u S> Ap Ac¡v$/AÜ¥s_¡ "c¡v$krlóÏ-Ac¡v$' L$l¡hpdp„ Aph¡ R>¡. c¡v$krlóÏ -Ac¡v$_¡ S> "spv$pÐçe' `Z L$l¡hpdp„ Aph¡ R>¡.

45

kdyÖsV$_u rhrh^ qv$ipAp¡ cZu ^kdksp, _p_p-dp¡V$p A_¡L$rh^ dp¡Å„ sÒh×rô$\u Å¡sp„ kdyÖ S> lp¡e R>¡, `fÞsy, Å¡ s¡Ap¡_¡ s¡Ap¡_p ApL$pf-âL$pf_u c¡v$×rô$\u Å¡hp lp¡e sp¡ kdyÖ\u AgN `Z s¡Ap¡_¡ Å¡C iL$pe R>¡. Apd \hp_y„ L$pfZ A¡ S> R>¡ L¡$ kdyÖ A_¡ s¡_p dp¡Å„ hÃQ¡ _ sp¡ AÐeÞs c¡v$ lp¡e R>¡ L¡$ _ AÐeÞs Ac¡v$. s¡ S> âL$pf¡ S>X$-ÆhpÐdL$ S>Ns¹ A_¡ b°û hÃQ¡ `Z, kdyÖ A_¡ s¡_p dp¡Å„ S>¡hp¡, spv$pÐçe-kçbÞ^ lp¡e R>¡; _ AÐeÞs c¡v$ L¡$ _ AÐeÞs Ac¡v$.

spv$pÐçe :b°û rhfyÙ^dp®îe R>¡. Ap\u `p¡s¡ A¡L$d¡h ArÜsue lp¡hp R>sp„

gugp\£ âL$V$ L$f¡gp S>X$-Æhp¡_p Ü¥s_¡, kdyÖ S>¡d dp¡Å„_u A_¡L$sp_¡ p¡sp_u AÞv$f kdphu g¡sp¡ lp¡e R>¡ s¡d, p¡sp_u AÞv$f kdphu g¡ R>¡. Ap\u S> S>X$-ÆhpÐdL$ S>Ns¹ A_¡ b°û hÃQ¡_p kçbÞ^_¡ c¡v$krlóÏ-Ac¡v$ê$` "spv$pÐçe-kçbÞ^' L$l¡hpdp„ Aph¡ R>¡.

Ap_„v$p„i_p¡ rsfp¡cph :S>Ns¹dp„ b°û_p rQs¹ A_¡ Ap_„v$ Apd b¡ NyZ^dp£ rsfp¡rls lp¡e R>¡.

ÆhpÐdpdp„, Äepf¡, b°û_p¡ L¡$hm Ap_„v$ A„i S> rsfp¡rls lp¡e R>¡. b°ûdp„\u Äepf¡ A„iê$` ÆhpÐdpAp¡ âL$V$ \pe R>¡ Ðepf¡ s¡dp„ ks¹ A_¡ rQs¹ NyZ^dp£_u kp\p¡-kp\ b°û_p¡ Ap_„v$ NyZ^d® `Z s¡ S> fus¡ âL$V$ \sp¡ lp¡e R>¡ L¡$ S>¡d A[Á_dp„\u sZMp r_L$msp lp¡e R>¡. S>¡d s¡ sZMpAp¡dp„ \p¡X$p kde ky^u A[Á_ âL$V$ lp¡e R>¡; s¡dS> Ap_„v$ âL$V$ lp¡hp\u S>, Ðepf¡ ÆhpÐdpdp„ cNhp_¹_p A¥íhep®qv$ Agp¥qL$L$ NyZp¡_p A„iê$` A¥íhe® hue® ei îu op_ A_¡ h¥fpÁe NyZp¡ Z âL$V$ fl¡sp lp¡e R>¡.

Ðepf `R>u cNhqv$ÃR>p\u ÆhpÐdpdp„ Ap_„v$p„i rsfp¡rls/AâL$V$ \C Åe R>¡. Ap_„v$_p rsfp¡^p_ \sp„_u kp\¡ S> A¥íhep®qv$ cNhv¹$Ny$Zp¡_p A„iê$` A¥íhe® hue® ei îu op_ A_¡ h¥fpÁe Apd R>A¡ R> NyZp¡ `Z s¡ ÆhpÐdpdp„ rsfp¡rls \C Åe R>¡. Ap b°ûp„iê$` rQv„$i_¡, Äepf¡ s¡dp„ Ap_„v$p„i rsfp¡rls \B Åe, Ðepf¡ "Æh' L$l¡hpdp„ Aph¡ R>¡.

A¥íhep®qv$ NyZp¡_p rsfp¡rls \hp\u ÆhD`f A_¡L$ rh`fus Akfp¡

46

`X¡$ R>¡. L$ep NyZ_p rsfp¡^p_\u ÆhD`f L¡$hu rh`fus Akf `X¡$ R>¡ s¡ lh¡ Å¡CA¡ :

A¥íhe® : õhps„Ôe, ¼ep„e `Z, A¥íhe®_¡ L$pfZ¡ Aphsy„ lp¡e R>¡. S>¡d Cíhf k©rô$_y„ r_ed_ L$f¡ R>¡, s¡d A¥íhe®hp_¹ ìe[¼sdp„ `Z buÅ_y„ r_ed_ L$fhp_u i[¼s lp¡e R>¡. A¥íhe®_p rsfp¡^p_\u Æh v$u_ b_u Åe R>¡. v$u_ gp¡L$p¡ õhpcprhL$ fus¡ S> fp^u_ A_¡ kp`¡n lp¡e R>¡. A¥íhe®_p rsfp¡^p_\u Æhdp„ Z v$u_sp L¡$ fp^u_sp S>¡hp NyZp¡ Aphu S>sp lp¡e R>¡.

hue® : hue®hp_¹ ìe[¼s i[¼sipmu L¡$ kd\® lp¡e R>¡. hue®_p rsfp¡^p_\u Æh s¡ S> fus¡ Akd\® A_¡ cuê$ b_u Åe R>¡ L¡$ S>¡ fus¡ bmlu_ \hp\u d_yóe cuê$ b_u S>sp¡ lp¡e R>¡. cuê$ d_yóe iÓyAp¡\u `p¡sp_p âpZ L$p¡C `Z cp¡N¡ bQphhp dpV¡$ S>¡d Äep„-Ðep„ ap„ap dpfsp¡ lp¡e R>¡ s¡d hue®frls \hp\u gp¥qL$L$-`pfgp¥qL$L$ A_¡L$ cep¡\u N°õs Æh `p¡sp_p ce_¡ v|$f L$fhp_p D`pe dpÓdp„ S> AV$hpC S>sp¡ lp¡e R>¡.

ei : î¡›$ ìe[¼s eiõhu lp¡e R>¡. s¡ ìe[¼s buÅ kp^pfZ dpZkp¡dpV¡$ Apv$i® b_u S>su lp¡e R>¡. ei_p rsfp¡^p_\u Æhdp„ A_¡L$ âL$pf_u lu_sp cfpC Åe R>¡. L$Z® pk¡ A_¡L$ âL$pf_u i[¼sAp¡ lsu. s¡ blpvy$f A_¡ AÐeÞs Dv$pf lsp¡. hmu s¡_p¡ S>Þd k|e®v¡$h_u L©$`p\u `pÎX$hp¡_u dpsp Ly$[Þs_p Nc®\u \ep¡ lsp¡. klz pÎX$h cpCAp¡ L$fsp„ s¡ dp¡V$p¡ lsp¡. Apd R>sp„ s¡_y„ gpg_-`pg_ fp^p _pd_u A¡L$ v$pkuÜpfp \ey„ lp¡hp\u gOyspN°[Þ\_p cph\u cf¡gp¡ s¡ p¡sp_¡ s¡ fp^p_p¡ yÓ S> kdS>sp¡ lsp¡. v$pku`yÓ lp¡hp_u lu_cph_p_¡ L$pfZ¡ s¡_p¡ b^p¡ ei _ô$ \C Nep¡. s¡_p b^p î¡óW$ Apv$ip£ d|ëelu_ b_u Nep. s¡ A^d®_p¡ `n`psu b_u Nep¡. hpO_p bÃQp_p¡ DR>¡f Å¡ O¢V$pAp¡_p V$p¡mpdp„ \pe sp¡ hpO_y„ bÃQy„ Z O¢V$pAp¡_u dpaL$ b¢-b¢ L$fsy„ A_¡ Opk Mpsy„ \C Åe. Ap S> lu_sp R>¡. lu_ìe[¼s ApÐdrhíhpk\u frls lp¡hp\u Apk-`pk_p gp¡L$p¡ S>¡hy„ L$fsp lp¡e s¡hy„ s¡d_y„ A_yL$fZ L$fhpdp„ S> s¡ p¡sp_y„ î¡e dp_u g¡su lp¡e R>¡. eip¡rhlu_ Æh Z A_yL$fZ L$f_pfp¡ \C Åe R>¡.

îu : "îu' A¡V$g¡ ip¡cp kp¥Þv$e® kç`rÑ kÐL$d® hN¡f¡. b°û_y„ kp¥Þv$e® s¡_u

47

ìep`L$sp R>¡. îu_p rsfp¡^p_\u Æh k|ÿd-õ\|m v¡$lp¡_p AphfZp¡hX¡$ 1 2 3

O¡fpC Åe R>¡. v¡$l_p k„b„^\u s¡_¡• S>Þd A[õsÐh rhL$pk 4 6 6rh`qfZpd A`ne A_¡ d©Ðey •Apd R> cphrhL$pfp¡dp„\u `kpf \hy„ `X¡$ R>¡. hmu, kp^_-kç`rÑ s¡dS> kÐL$dp£\u lu_ \hp_¡ L$pfZ¡ s¡_¡ S>Þd S>fp=h©Ùphõ\p ìepr^=fp¡N A_¡ d©Ðey hN¡f¡ rh`rÑAp¡_p¡ kpd_p¡ L$fhp¡ X¡$ R>¡. hmu, L$pdu yfyj S>¡d p¡sp_u L$pd_pAp¡_¡ k„sp¡jhpdpV¡$ s¡_p D`pep¡dp„ S> AV$hpe¡gp¡ fl¡, s¡d Æh_¡ Z v¡$l-B[ÞÖep¡_u L$pd_pAp¡_¡ k„sp¡jhpdpV¡$ r_fÞsf âeÐ_iug fl¡hy„ X¡$ R>¡.

op_ : op_hp_¹ ìe[¼s_¡ ApÐdp `fdpÐdp s¡Ap¡_p k„b„^ õhL$s®ìe hN¡f¡_u `|Z®ê$`\u õazfZp \su lp¡e R>¡. op__p rsfp¡^p_\u Æh_¡ Aphu b^u õazfZp \su b„^ \C Åe R>¡. qfZpd¡, S>Þd-dfZ_p a¡fpdp„ s¡_¡ S>¡ v¡$l dmsp¡ lp¡e s¡ v¡$l_¡ S> s¡ p¡sp_y„ õhê$` kdS>hp gpN¡ R>¡. ""lz„ yfyj Ry>„'', ""lz„ õÓu Ry>„'', ""lz„ b°pûZ Ry>„'', ""lz„ h¥íe Ry>„'', ""lz„ Nfub Ry>„''; A\hp sp¡ ""lz„ ^_hp_ Ry>„'' Aphp v¡$l L¡$ v¥$rlL$ Ahõ\pAp¡ _¡ L$pfZ¡ S>Þd¡gp Al„L$pfdp„ S> s¡ p¡sp_¡ kurds L$fu g¡sp¡ lp¡e R>¡. Aphp¡ nyÖ Al„L$pf s¡_u `pk¡ S>¡hp L$pep£ S>¡ hMs¡ L$fph¡ s¡ hMs¡ s¡hp L$pep£ L$f_pfp¡ Æh b_u S>sp¡ lp¡e R>¡. Apd Æh v¡$lp^u_ \C Åe R>¡.

h¥fpÁe : p¡sp_pdp„ S> âkÞ_ fl¡hy„ A_¡ k„sp¡ju fl¡hy„ A¡ h¥fpNu lp¡hp_y„ gnZ R>¡. h¥fpÁe_p rsfp¡^p_\u Æhdp„ Ak„sp¡j A_¡ AâkÞ_sp Aph¡ R>¡. `qfZpd¡ S>Þdp¡-S>Þddp„ dmsp-rhM|V$p `X$sp„ `rs-`Ð_u dpsp-r`sp k„srs cpC-cp„Xy$Ap¡ s¡dS> Of-kç`rÑ hN¡f¡ rhjep¡dp„ ddsp fpMhphpmp¡ rhjepk¼s b_u Åe R>¡.

hfZ :A¥íhep®qv$ Agp¥qL$L$ NyZp¡_y„ rsfp¡^p_ \ep bpv$ cNhp_¹ S>¡ Æhp¡_¡ S>¡

âL$pf_y„ am Ap`hp CÃR>¡ s¡ âL$pf¡ s¡Ap¡_y„ hfZ ( hfZu=`k„v$Nu ) L$f¡ R>¡. rcÞ_-rcÞ_ am Ap`hp_u BÃR>p\u cNhp_¹ Æhp¡_y„ hfZ Z y[óV$dpN® ( =iyÙ`yrô$, yrô$`yrô$, dep®v$p`yrô$ L¡$ âhpl`yrô$ ), dep®v$pdpN® L¡$ âhpldpN® dp„ rcÞ_-rcÞ_ âL$pf¡ L$f¡ R>¡. "hfZ' A¡V$g¡ `k„v$Nu. _pV$L$dp„ S>¡d _pV$L$_p

48

r_v£$iL$(X$pef¸L¹$V$f) L$ep L$gpL$pf_¡ L$ey„ `pÓ (fp¡g) cS>hhp Ap`hy„ s¡_u `k„v$Nu _pV$L$ iê$ L$fsp `l¡gp„ L$fsp lp¡e R>¡, s¡d Æhp¡_¡ ArhÛp_p¡ k„b„^ \pe A_¡ s¡ kp\¡ Mf¡Mfu gugp_p¡ Apf„c \pe s¡ `l¡gp„ S> Æhp¡_¡ k©rô$dp„ cS>hhp_p pÓp¡_u hl¢QZu cNhp_¹ L$fu v¡$sp lp¡e R>¡. cNhp_¹ S>¡ Æh_y„ S>¡ am dpN® kp^_ L¡$ ch dpV¡$ hfZ L$f¡ R>¡ s¡ hfZ_¡ Æh L¡$ buSy>„ Z L$p¡C bv$gu iL$sy„ _\u.

`„Q`hp® ArhÛp_p¡ k„b„^ :Æhp¡_y„ hfZ \C Nep bpv$ âcy_u S> BÃR>p\u Æhp¡_¡ ArhÛp_p¡

k„b„^ \pe R>¡. ArhÛp A¡ dpep_y„ S> A¡L$ L$pe® R>¡. ArhÛp_p k„b„^\u Æh_¡ Al„sp-ddsp S>Þd-dfZ p`-`yÎe hN¡f¡_y„ b„^_ \pe R>¡. Ap b„^__y„ L$pe® ArhÛp p„Q âL$pf_p AÝepkp¡Üpfp L$f¡ R>¡. Ap AÝepkp¡ R>¡ :

1. AÞs:L$fZpÝepk2. âpZpÝepk3. B[ÞÖepÝepk4. v¡$lpÝepk5. õhê$`rhõd©rs

"AÝepk' A¡V$g¡ c°d. Ap p„Q AÝepkp¡_¡ "`„Q`hp® ArhÛp' Z L$l¡hpdp„ Aph¡ R>¡. lh¡ s¡_¡ ¾$di: kdÆA¡ :

1.AÞs:L$fZpÝepk : rQÑ Al„L$pf by[v¹$^$ A_¡ d_ _p kd|l_¡ "AÞs:L$fZ' L$l¡hpdp„ Aph¡ R>¡. AÞs:L$fZ S>X$ lp¡e R>¡. s¡d R>sp„ AÞs:L$fZ_p¡ k„b„^ Æh kp\¡ \hp\u Æh p¡sp_¡ AÞs:L$fZê$` kdS>hp gpN¡ R>¡. Ap Æh_p¡ `l¡gp¡ c°d/AÝepk lp¡e R>¡. AÞs:L$fZpÝepk_¡ L$pfZ¡ Æh `p¡sp_¡ kv$ks¹ L$dp£_p¡ L$sp® s¡dS> kv$ks¹ amp¡_p¡ cp¡L¹$sp kdS>hp d„X¡$ R>¡.

2.âpZpÝepk : âpZ Z S>X$ lp¡e R>¡ R>sp„ âpZ kp\¡ k„b„^ \sp„ S> Æh_¡ `p¡s¡ âpZ R>¡ s¡hp¡ c°d \C Åe R>¡. Ap Æh_p¡ âpZpÝepk R>¡.

3.B[ÞÖepÝepk : B[ÞÖep¡ `Z S>X$ lp¡e R>¡ R>sp„ B[ÞÖep¡ kp\¡ k„b„^ \sp„

49

Æh `p¡sp_¡ B[ÞÖe kdS>hp gpNu Åe R>¡. B[ÞÖep¡\u A_ychpsp„ h¥jreL$ kyM-vy$:Mp¡_¡ L$pfZ¡ Æh p¡sp_¡ kyMu A\hp vy$:Mu dp_u g¡hp_u c°dZpdp„ cp¡mhpeu Åe R>¡. Ap_¡ "B[ÞÖepÝepk' L$l¡hpdp„ Aph¡ R>¡.

4. v¡$lpÝepk : _fu Ap„M¡ v¡$Mpsp Ap`Zp õ\|m ifuf_¡ "v¡$l' L$l¡hpdp„ Aph¡ R>¡. v¡$l Z S>X$ lp¡e R>¡ fÞsy Æh_u kp\¡ s¡_p¡ k„b„^ \hp\u Æh p¡sp_¡ v¡$l kdÆ_¡ v¥$rlL$ kyM-vy$:Mp¡_¡ `p¡sp_p„ kyM-vy$:M dp_u g¡sp¡ lp¡e R>¡. Ap Æh_p¡ v¡$lpÝepk R>¡.

5.õhê$`rhõd©rs : `p¡s¡ b°û_p¡ A„i R>¡, A¡hp `p¡sp_p õhê$`_¡ c|gu S>hy„ s¡_¡ "õhê$`rhõd©rs' L$l¡hpdp„ Aph¡ R>¡. S>¡d-S>¡d |hp£L¹$s AÝepkp¡ Æh_¡ hmNsp Åe R>¡ s¡d-s¡d s¡ `p¡sp_p õhê$`_¡ h^y_¡ h^y c|gsp¡ Åe R>¡. `qfZpd¡ p¡sp_p A„iu b°û\u h^y_¡ h^y v|$f \sp¡ Åe R>¡.

bpmL$ Äepf¡ S>Þd¡ R>¡ Ðepf¡ s¡ sØ_ Aby^ lp¡e R>¡. s¡_u Al„sp a¼s s¡_p `p¡sp_p `|fsu S> kurds lp¡e R>¡. s¡_u ddsp `Z a¼s dpsp_p v|$^ `yfsuS> kurds lp¡e R>¡. S>¡d-S>¡d, f„sy, s¡_p¡ kç`L®$ s¡_p r`sp cpC bl¡_ Of cp¡S>_ L$`X$p„ fdL$X$p„ pV$u-`¡_ yõsL$p¡ r_ipm cpC-b„^p¡ bl¡_`ZuAp¡ hN¡f¡ kp\¡ \sp¡ Åe, s¡d-s¡d s¡_u Al„sp-ddsp_p¡ rhõspf h^sp¡ Åe R>¡. Apf„cdp„ Al„sp dpÓ v¡$ldp„ fl¡su lp¡e R>¡. ud¡-^ud¡ Äepf¡ Ap`Z_¡ v¡$l_p _pd_u `pR>m Å¡X$psp r`sp_p _pd_y„ op_ \pe; A\hp sp¡ v¡$l_u opsu-hZ®_y„ op_ \pe; Ðepf¡ Al„sp \p¡X$uL$ rhõspf pd¡ R>¡. Ðepf bpv$ v¡$l S>¡ fdp„ kyfrns fus¡ fl¡sp¡ lp¡e s¡ Of_y„ op_ \sp„ Al„sp s¡ fus¡ Z rhõsfsu lp¡e R>¡. Ap`Z¡ p¡sp_u Ås_u bpbsdp„ Apd r`sp oprs-hZ® L¡$ Of k„b„^u Al„L$pf L¡$mhu g¡sp lp¡CA¡ R>uA¡. oprs-hZ® dpsp-r`sp L¡$ Of _u kp\¡ Ap`Z¡ L¡$V$gp A¡L$d¡L$ \ep R>uA¡ A¡ lL$uL$s Ap`Z_¡ Ðepf¡ kdÅe R>¡ Äepf¡ L$p¡C ìe[¼s Ap`Zu oprs-hZ® hN¡f¡_u bpbsdp„ L„$C AZR>pS>sy„ bp¡g¡ L¡$ s¡_¡ lp_u `lp¢QpX¡$. A¡hp¡ Ahkf D`[õ\s \sp„ A¡hu L$p„CL$ sL$gua Ap`Z_¡ \hp d„X¡$ L¡$ ÅZ¡ L$p¡CA¡ Ap`Zp p¡sp_pD`f S> Ap¾$dZ _p L$fu v$u^y„ lp¡e ! rbgLy$g Ap S> âL$pf¡ Æh `Z `p¡sp_p AÞs:L$fZ âpZ hN¡f¡_¡ `p¡sp_p\u kh®\p ArcÞ_ kdÆ b¡k¡ R>¡. Ap S> Æh_p¡ dp¡V$pdp„ dp¡V$p¡ c°d lp¡e R>¡.

50

v$f¡L$ S>X$ v$p\p£ âL©$rs_p kÒh fS>k¹ A_¡ sdp¡ NyZp¡\u OX$pe¡gp lp¡e R>¡. Ap`Zp„ v¡$l¡[ÞÖepqv$ Z S>X$ lp¡hp\u d|mdp„ sp¡ âpL©$s NyZp¡\u S> r_rd®s lp¡e R>¡. cNhp_¹ Nuspdp„ AS>®y__¡ kdÅh¡ R>¡ L¡$ âL©$rs_p v$f¡L$ NyZp¡_p õhcph r_[íQs R>¡. v$f¡L$ NyZ p¡s-`p¡sp_p õhcph dyS>b Ap`p¡-Ap` L$pe® L$f¡ Åe R>¡. dpepdp¡rls Æh kÒhfS>õsdp¡-NyZpÐdL$ v¡$ldp„ L¥$v$ \e¡gp¡ R>¡. Ap\u S>¡d gNpd rh_p_p Op¡X$pAp¡ khpf_¡ AZNdsu qv$ipAp¡dp„ OkX$u S>sp„ lp¡e R>¡ s¡d, v¡$l B[ÞÖe âpZ AÞs:L$fZ L¡$ õhê$`rhõd©rs `Z ÆhpÐdp_¡ `p¡s-`p¡sp_p rhjep¡ sfa OkX$u Åe R>¡. Äep„ kyû ÆhpÐdp v¡$lpqv$_p AÝepkp¡\u dy¼s _\u \sp¡ Ðep„ kyû Ap M¢QpspZu Qpëep S> L$f¡ R>¡.

v¡$l_u âp[às :`„Q`hp® ArhÛp_p¡ kç`L®$ \ep `R>u Æh_¡ k|ÿd s\p õ\|m v¡$lp¡

âpàs \pe R>¡.

k|ÿdv¡$l : D`fp¡L¹$s v$k k|ÿd B[ÞÖep¡, ê$`-fk-N„^-õì®-iåv$ ê$ù `p„Q sÞdpÓpAp¡ s\p AÞs:L$fZ\u k|ÿdv¡$l OX$pe¡gp¡ lp¡e R>¡. õ\|m B[ÞÖep¡_u A„v$f fl¡gu r¾$ep Nrs ×rô$ Apõhpv$ ApO°pZ õì® L¡$ îhZ hN¡f¡ i[¼sAp¡_¡ "k|ÿd-B[ÞÖep¡' L$l¡hpdp„ Aph¡ R>¡. k|ÿdv¡$l_p¡ _pi õ\|m v¡$l_p _pi\u \sp¡ _\u. k|ÿdv¡$l Æh_u kp\¡ |h®S>Þddp„ L$f¡gp kpfp-_fkp„ L$dp£_u hpk_pAp¡ L¡$ k„õL$pfp¡_¡ gB_¡ Æh_u kp\¡ A¡L$ v¡$l\u buÅ v¡$ldp„ afsp¡ fl¡ R>¡.

õ\|mv¡$l : lpX$-QpdX$p_p S>¡ v¡$l_¡ Ap`Z¡ _fu Ap„M¡ Å¡C iL$uA¡ A_¡ d©Ðey bpv$ A[Á_k„õL$pf L$fpsp„ S>¡ fpM b_u S>sp¡ lp¡e s¡_¡ "õ\|mv¡$l' L$l¡hpdp„ Aph¡ R>¡. Ap õ\|mv¡$l `„Qdlpc|s - `©Õhu S>m s¡S> hpey A_¡ ApL$pi, `p„Q sÞdpÓpAp¡ • ê$` fk N„^ õì® A_¡ iåv$, `p„Q op_¡[ÞÖep¡ Ap„M _pL$ L$p_ Æc A_¡ ÐhQp; s¡dS> `p„Q L$d£[ÞÖep¡ lp\`N dp¡Yy„$ `pey=dgrhkS>®L$ A_¡ D`õ\=S>__¡[ÞÖe \u OX$pe¡gp¡ lp¡e R>¡.

k|ÿd-õ\|m v¡$l_u âp[às \hp\u v¡$lrhrióV$ Æh S>Þd-dfZ_p¡ A_ych L$f¡ R>¡. S>Þd-dfZ_p Q¾$dp„ afsp Æhp¡dp„\u S>¡ Æhp¡_p¡ A„NuL$pf âcyA¡ v¥$huk©[óV$ê$`¡ L$ep£ lp¡e s¡ Æhp¡ âcy_u L©$`p\u kÐk„N hN¡f¡ dmsp„ `„Q`hp® rhÛp_¡ âpàs L$fu_¡ dy[¼s d¡mhu iL¡$ R>¡.

51

`ÊQ`hp® rhÛp :1. h¥fpÁe2. kp„¿e3. ep¡N4. s`5. c[¼s

h¥fpÁe : Of qfhpf _-kç`rÑ hN¡f¡ kp„kpqfL$ rhjep¡dp„ Apk[¼s_p¡ Acph.kp„¿e : h¥fpÁe DÐ`Þ_ \sp„ r_Ðe(ApÐdp) A_¡ Ar_Ðe (`qfhs®_iug v¡$l

hN¡f¡) hÃQ¡ fl¡g c¡v$_p op_`|h®L$ ddspõ`v$ kh®hõsyAp¡_p¡ ÐepN L¡$ k„Þepk i¼e b_¡ R>¡.

ep¡N : ÐepN L$ep® R>u fdpÐdpdp„ rQÑ_¡ [õ\f L$fhpdpV¡$ ed r_ed Apk_ âpZpepd âÐeplpf Ýep_ ^pfZp A_¡ kdpr^ ê$` AóV$p„N ep¡N_p¡ Aæepk L$fhp¡ s¡ ep¡N R>¡.

s` : ×íedp_ S>Ns¹_u b°ûpÐdL$sp A_¡ ApÐdp_u b°ûp„isp _y„ A¡L$pN°sp`|h®L$ rQÞs_ L$fsp fl¡hy„. Ap kp\¡ cNh‰ugp_p rhQpf`|h®L$ kyM-vy$:M t_v$p-âi„kp rdÓ-iÓy hN¡f¡ âÐe¡L$ ÜÞÜp¡dp„ kdp_sp_p¡ cph L¡$mhhp¡ A_¡ s¡ ÜÞÜp¡_¡ kl_ L$fhp.

c[¼s : âcy kp\¡_p A„ip„ricphê$` k„b„^_u r_fÞsf cph_phX¡$ `fdpÐdpdp„ âNpY$ â¡d \hp¡. dp¡nv$psp lp¡hp_p cph_¡ L$pfZ¡ Å¡ `fdpÐdpdp„ â¡d \pe sp¡ s¡hp â¡d_¡ "dep®v$pc[¼s' L$l¡hpdp„ Aph¡ R>¡. `yrô$c[¼sdp„ sp¡ dp¡n_u Z L$pd_p lp¡hu Å¡CA¡ _rl.

ÆhpÐdpAp¡_u ÓZ Ahõ\pAp¡ :ArhÛp A_¡ rhÛp _p D`f S>Zph¡g `p„Q-`p„Q `hp£_¡ L$pfZ¡

ÆhpÐdpAp¡ ÓZ Ahõ\pAp¡dp„\u kpf \pe R>¡ :1. iyÙ2. bÙ/k„kpfu3. dy¼s

iyÙ : b°ûdp„\u A„iê$`¡ Aprhcp®h \ep R>u Ap_„v$p„i_p rsfp¡^p_\u gB_¡ Äep„ ky^u ArhÛp_p¡ k„b„^ \sp¡ _\u, Ðep„ ky^u_u Ahõ\p_¡ Æh_u "iyÙ-Ahõ\p' L$l¡hpdp„ Aph¡ R>¡.

52

bÙ : ArhÛp_p¡ k„b„^ \hp\u Æh S>Þd-dfZ_p Q¾$dp„ b„^pe R>¡. Ap\u Ap Ahõ\p_¡ Æh_u "bÙphõ\p' L¡$ "k„kpfu-Ahõ\p' L$l¡hpdp„ Aph¡ R>¡. Ap Ahõ\pdp„ Æh Ðep„ kyû fl¡ R>¡ L¡$ Äep„ kyû s¡ „Q`hp®rhÛp_¡ âpàs L$fu _\u g¡sp¡.

dy¼s : `„Q`hp® rhÛp_u âp[às `R>u Æh_¡ S>Þd-dfZ_p Q¾$dp„\u dy[¼s dmu Åe R>¡. Ap\u Æh_u Ap Ahõ\p_¡ "dyL¹$sphõ\p' L$l¡hpe R>¡.

ÆhpÐdp_p¡ kpnpÐL$pf :ApL$pi A¡V$g¡ AhL$pi dp„ S>¡d ê$` f„N ApL$pf lp¡sp _\u, s¡\u

Ap„Mp¡hX¡$ s¡_¡ Å¡C iL$psy„ _\u. s¡ S> âL$pf¡ k|ÿdv¡$lrhrióV$ Æhp¡ Z õ\|m âpL©$s ê$` rh_p_p lp¡e R>¡. Ap\u Ap`Zu âpL©$s B[ÞÖep¡ kp\¡ s¡d_p¡ k„r_L$j® \C iL$sp¡ _\u. Ap L$pfZ¡ S> kp^pfZ d_yóe Æhp¡_¡ Å¡C iL$sp¡ _\u. s¡\u S>, A¡V$g¡ L¡$ r_[íQs ê$`¡ v¡$Mpsp _ lp¡hp\u, âcyrkhpe buÅ L$p¡C Z Æh_¡ Å¡C iL$sp _\u sp¡ ÅZu L¡$d iL¡$ L¡$ L$ep¡ Æh `yrô$dpN}e L¡$ dep®v$pdpN}e L¡$ âhpldpN}e R>¡ ? R>sp„e L$ep Æh_u fyrQ îÙp frs L¡$ r_›$p L$ep dpN®_¡ A_ykfhp_u R>¡, Ap L$kp¡V$u_¡ Ap^pf¡ s¡ Æh_y„ L$ep dpN®dp„ âcyA¡ hfZ L$ey¯ li¡ s¡_y„ kp^pfZ A_ydp_ bp„û iL$pe R>¡.

Apd R>sp„e ÓZ Akp^pfZ qf[õ\rsdp„ Æh_p¡ kpnpÐL$pf \C Z iL¡$ R>¡:

1.r_ÅÐdL¥$hëedp„ rQÑh©rÑ_¡ r_fyÙ L¡$ A¡L$pN° b_ph_pfu ep¡Nkp^_pÜpfp d_dp„ ApÐdkpnpÐL$pfu ×rô$_y„ kpdÕe® rhL$rks \pe sp¡ s¡hp âbm op_p¡ÐL$j®hpmp d_hX¡$ ÆhpÐdp_¡ Å¡C iL$pe R>¡.

A\hp2. cNhp_¹_u L©$`p\u âpàs \e¡gu qv$ìe×rô$\u L¡$ S>¡hu ×[óV$ cNhp_¡ ASy>®__¡ Ly$fyn¡Ó_p d¡v$p_dp„ `p¡sp_p v$i®_ L$fphhp Apù lsu s¡hu ×[óV$\u ÆhpÐdp_p `Z Qpnyj v$i®_ L¡$ kpnpÐL$pf i¼e b_u S>sp¡ lp¡e R>¡.

A\hp3. op_dpN}e kp^_pAp¡hX¡$ S>¡_u ×[óV$ b°ûop_p[ÐdL$p b_u

53

NC lp¡e s¡hu b°ûop_kcf ×rô$\u ÆhpÐdp_¡ `Z Å¡C iL$pe R>¡; A_¡ ¼epf¡L$ A`hpv$ê$`¡, cNhp_¹ A¡hu BÃR>p L$f¡ L¡$ d_yóep¡ r_S> L¡$ f ApÐdp_¡ Sy>A¡, Ðepf¡ Z ApÐdp_y„ Qpnyj v$i®_ i¼e b_sy„ lp¡e R>¡. S>¡d, riiy`pg_p¡ cNhp_¡ h^ L$ep£ Ðepf¡, qv$ìe s¡S>`y„S>ê$` Æh riiy`pg_p v¡$ldp„\u r_L$mu_¡ cNhp_¹ îuL©$óZdp„ kdpC S>sp¡ âÐe¡L$ kcpkv$p¡A¡ Å¡ep¡ lsp¡. ÆhpÐdp_p¡ kpnpÐL$pf v¡$hspAp¡ Z L$fu iL¡$ R>¡.

Æhp¡_p NyZp¡ :Æh_p A_¡L$ NyZ^dp£ `¥L$u L¡$V$gpL$ dlÒh`|Z® NyZ^dp£ Ap dyS>b

r_ê$r`s \e¡gp R>¡ :

`qfdpZ : Æh_y„ qfdpZ (ApL$pf/dp`) AÏê$` lp¡e R>¡.k„¿ep : Ak„¿e Æhp¡_y„ âpL$V¹$é$ b°ûdp„\u \hp_¡ L$pfZ¡ fd¡i_p¡ Æh,

dl¡i_p¡ Æh, qv$_¡i_p¡ Æh s\p A¡L$ Æh b¡ Æh ÓZ Æh Apd k„¿ep_p¡ NyZ Z Æhp¡dp„ fl¡ R>¡.

`©\L¹$Ðh : ""fd¡i_p¡ Æh Ap v¡$idp„ rhÛdp_ s¡_p ifufdp„ R>¡ `Z `fv¡$idp„ rhÛdp_ qv$_¡i_p v¡$ldp„ s¡ rhÛdp_ _\u'' Ap âL$pf¡ A¡L$ Æh_y„ buÅ Æh\u Sy>v$p`Ï„ bsphu iL$psy„ lp¡hp\u v$f¡L$ Æhp¡dp„ "`©\L¹$Ðh' _pd_p¡ NyZ `Z lp¡e R>¡.

v¥$riL$ fÐh-A`fÐh : afu\u fd¡i_p¡ Æh fd¡i_p ifufdp„ Atlep R>¡ f„sy Ðep„ qv$_¡i_p ifufdp„ s¡ _\u. Apd Æhdp„ `f-A`f cph `Z v¡$MpX$u iL$psp¡ lp¡hp\u Æhdp„ v¥$riL$ fÐh-A`fÐh NyZ Z lp¡e R>¡.

r¾$epkpdÕe® : Æh A¡L$ v¡$ldp„\u buÅ v¡$ldp„ k„¾$dZ L$fsp¡ lp¡hp\u, s¡_pdp„ v¡$lr_ó¾$dZ A_¡ v¡$lpÞsf L¡$ gp¡L$pÞsf âpàs L$fu iL$hp_y„ r¾$epkpdÕe® Z lp¡e R>¡.

âpZ^pfZâeÐ_ : cNhqv$ÃR>p dyS>b v¡$lâp[às_¡ gpeL$ lp¡hp_¡ L$pfZ¡ ÆhpÐdpdp„ âpZ_¡ pfZ L$fhp_p¡ âeÐ_ A_¡ AÝepk Z i¼e b_¡ R>¡. Ap\u Ap¥`QpqfL$ ê$`\u s¡_pdp„ Ap NyZ Z dp_hpdp„ Aph¡ R>¡.

õhà_âL$piL$Ðh : õhà_ Å¡su hMs¡ õhà__p rhjep¡ blpf _\u lp¡sp AÞs:L$fZdp„ S> lp¡e R>¡. Ap [õ\rsdp„ Æh õhà__y„ âL$pi_ L$f¡ R>¡; A\p®s¹ bp¡^ L$fph¡ R>¡.

54

gp¥qL$L¡$[ÞÖepN°püÐh : Ap`Zu gp¥qL$L$ B[ÞÖep¡hX¡$ Æh_p¡ kpnpÐL$pf L$fu iL$hp¡ i¼e _ lp¡hp\u "gp¥qL$L¡$[ÞÖepN°püÐh' Z Æh_p¡ A¡L$ NyZ R>¡.

rhkr`®Q¥sÞe : p¡s¡ ùv$edp„S> r_hpk L$fsp¡ lp¡hp R>sp„ s¡_y„ Q¥sÞe kç`|Z® ifufdp„ a¡gpe¡gy„ lp¡hp\u s¡dp„ "rhkr`®Q¥sÞe' _pd_p¡ NyZ Z lp¡e R>¡.

ApV$gp NyZp¡ Æh_u A„v$f k©[óV$ v$fçep_ cNhqv$ÃR>p\u Aphsp lp¡e R>¡. Apdp„_p L¡$V$gpL$ NyZp¡ Æh_p õhcphrkÙ lp¡e R>¡ S>epf¡ L¡$ buÅ L¡$V$gpL$ NyZp¡ ApNÞsyL$ L¡$ Ap¥`QpqfL$ Z lp¡e R>¡.

ìep`L$Ðh : dp¡n_p kde¡ rsfp¡rls \e¡g Ap_„v$ Æhdp„ y_: âL$V$ \sp„, p¡s¡ AÏ S> fl¡hp R>sp„e, p¡sp_pdp„ ìep`L$sp_p¡ Z A_ych Æh L$fu iL¡$ R>¡.

Æhp¡_p âL$pf :îud˜Nh•uspdp„ hZ®h¡g âL$pf¡ dy¿eÐh¡ Æhp¡ b¡ âL$pf_p lp¡e R>¡ :

1. v¥$hu2. Apkyfu.

v¥$hu : "v¥$hu-Æhp¡' s¡_¡ L$l¡hpdp„ Aph¡ R>¡ L¡$ S>¡d_u A„v$f cNhp_¡ k|ÿd kÜpk_p õ\pr`s L$f¡gu lp¡e. Ap kv¹$hpk_p_¡ L$pfZ¡ v¥$hu Æhp¡dp„ ApÐdp¡Ùpf_p D`pep¡ Apv$fhp_u fyrQ A_¡ ep¡Áesp Aphsu lp¡e R>¡. kp^_p¡_y„ A_y›$p_ L$fu_¡ âcyL©$`p\u s¡Ap¡ dp¡n L¡$ c[¼s _¡ âpàs L$f¡ R>¡.

Apkyfu : Apkyfu Æhp¡ k©rô$gugp_p kpsÐedpV¡$ âcyA¡ âL$V$ L$ep® R>¡ -dy[¼sgugp_p Ar^L$pfuê$`¡ _rl. Apkyfu Æhp¡_¡ S> "âhplu-Æhp¡' `Z L$l¡hpdp„ Aph¡ R>¡. s¡d_p b¡ D`c¡v$p¡ R>¡ : vy$o® A_¡ Ao.

"`yrô$âhpldep®v$pc¡v$' _pd_p N°Þ\dp„ îuApQpe®QfZ¡ Æhp¡_p b^p S> âL$pfp¡_y„ krhõsf hZ®_ L$ey¯ R>¡. s¡ dyS>b v¥$huÆhp¡ dy¿eÐh¡ b¡ âL$pf_p lp¡e R>¡ :

1. yrô$Æh2. dep®v$pÆh

55

`yrô$Æh : ipõÓÜpfp r_rjÙ A¡hu L$p¡C `Z bpbsdp„ ApÐe[ÞsL$ fyrQ sp¡ S>¡Ap¡ _ S> fpMsp lp¡e, s¡dS> ipõÓue õhN®-dp¡npqv$ amp¡dp„ `Z S>¡d_¡ L$p¡C Ås_u fyrQ _ lp¡e; svy$`fp„s S>¡ Æhp¡_¡ yrô$âcydpV¡$ õhê$`pk[¼s L¡$ cS>_pk[¼s lp¡e sp¡ s¡hp Æhp¡_¡ `yrô$Æhp¡ kdS>hp. A¡V$g¡ L¡$ L$p¡C `Z gp¥qL$L$ L¡$ pfgp¥qL$L$ am L¡$ dy[¼s _¡ Z d¡mhhpdp„ S>¡Ap¡_¡ ApÐe[ÞsL$ fyrQ _ lp¡e s¡hp; A_¡ âcy_u k¡hp-L$\p-c[¼sdp„S> `p¡sp_p Æh__u kp\®L$sp kdS>_pfp Æhp¡_¡ "`yrô$Æh' L$l¡hpdp„ Aph¡ R>¡.

dep®v$pÆh : ipõÓÜpfp r_rjÙ lp¡e A¡hu L$p¡C `Z bpbsdp„ dep®v$pÆhp¡_¡ `Z ApÐe[ÞsL$ fyrQ sp¡ lp¡su _\u. s¡ R>sp„e `yÎeL$dp£_u dep®v$pdp„ flu_¡ õhN®; A\hp sp¡ ipõÓue kp^_p¡_u dep®v$p dyS>b r_óL$pdL$d® op_p¡`pk_p L¡$ depv$p®c[¼sÜpfp dp¡n d¡mhhp_u Arcgpjp dep®v$pÆhp¡_¡ lp¡e R>¡, s¡\u Aphp Æhp¡_¡ "dep®v$pÆh' L$l¡hpdp„ Aph¡ R>¡.

`yrô$Æhp¡ afu Qpf âL$pf_p lp¡e R>¡ :1. iyÙ`yrô$2. yrô$`yrô$3. dep®v$p`yrô$4. âhpl`yrô$

iyÙ`yrô$ : cNhp_¹ kpnps¹ âL$V$ \C_¡ A\hp sp¡ AÞe L$p¡C âL$pf¡ S>epf¡ Æh_¡ õ_¡l_y„ v$p_ L$f¡ R>¡, Ðepf¡ s¡ Æh h°S>cL¹$sp¡_u dpaL$ âcydp„ ky×Y$ s¡dS> kh®\u Ar^L$ õ_¡lhpmp¡ \C Åe R>¡. Ap\u h°S>cL¹$sp¡ S>¡hp cphhpmp Æhp¡_¡ "iyÙ`yrô$Æh' L$l¡hpdp„ Aph¡ R>¡.

`yrô$`yrô$ : cNhÐk¡hpdp„ D`ep¡Nu lp¡e A¡hu kh® bpbsp¡_y„ s\p âcy_p õhê$`_y„ dplpÐçe_y„ L¡$ NyZ^dp£_y„ `Z op_ Aphp Æhp¡_¡ âcyL©$`p\u kp„`X¡$g kÐk„N L¡$ ep¡Áe Nyfy Üpfp kl¡S>¡ dmu Åe R>¡. Aphu L©$`p A¡V$g¡ L¡$ yrô$ S>¡ y[óV$Æhp¡D`f hfk¡ s¡ Æhp¡_¡ "`yrô$`yrô$-Æh' L$l¡hpdp„ Aph¡ R>¡.

dep®v$p`yrô$ : Blgp¥qL$L$-`pfgp¥qL$L$ amp¡_u bpbsp¡dp„ S>¡Ap¡_¡ Apk[¼s lp¡su _\u f„sy âcyk¡hp_u syg_pdp„ S>¡Ap¡_¡ âcy_p„ Agp¥qL$L$ NyZp¡_p„

56

îhZ-L$us®_-õdfZdp„ Apk[¼s h^pf¡ lp¡e s¡hp `yrô$Æhp¡_¡ "dep®v$p`yrô$-Æh' L$l¡hpdp„ Aph¡ R>¡.

âhpl`yrô$ : âcyk¡hp k„b„û bpü L$pep£dp„ h^y X$su fyrQ fph_pfp `Z âcy_u bpbsdp„ Aë` õhê$`pk[¼shpmp yrô$Æhp¡_¡ "âhpl`yrô$-Æh' L$l¡hpdp„ Aph¡ R>¡.

dy[¼s_p b¡ âL$pfp¡ :1. ÆhÞdy[¼s2. rhv¡$ldy[¼s

ÆhÞdy[¼s : h¥fpÁe kp„¿e Apqv$ rhÛp_p `p„Q `hp£ âpàs \sp„ S> ÆhD`f_y„ ArhÛp_y„ b„^_ Y$ugy„ `X$u Åe R>¡. Æh_p v¡$l B[ÞÖe âpZ AÞs:L$fZ A_¡ õhê$`rhõd©rs_p AÝepkp¡ v|$f \C Åe R>¡. Ap AÝepkp¡ v|$f \hp R>sp„, k„rQs s\p âpfå^ L$dp£_p amp¡ cp¡Nhhp_p Äep„ kyû bpL$u füp lp¡e Ðep„ kyû, v¡$l_p¡ rhge(d©Ðey) \sp¡ _\u. ArhÛp_y„ b„^_, fÞsy, Y$ugy„ `X$u S>hp\u Al„sp-ddspS>Þe k„kpf Æh_p¡ Ry>V$u Åe R>¡. Apd, ArhÛp AÝepk A_¡ k„kpf \u frls Æh_p v¡$l_p¡ Äep„ kyû rhge \sp¡ _\u Ðep„ kyû s¡ Æh_¡ "ÆhÞdy¼s' L$l¡hpdp„ Aph¡ R>¡. ÆhÞdy[¼s A¡ Al„sp-ddspÐdL$ k„kpf\u dmsu dy[¼s R>¡. ÆhÞdyL¹$s ÅNrsL$ b„^_p¡\u dyL¹$s _\u lp¡sp¡. Æh_dy[¼s A_¡ rhv¡$ldy[¼s hÃQ¡_p¡ c¡v$ kdS>hp\u S>Ns¹ A_¡ k„kpf hÃQ¡_p¡ c¡v$ õ`ô$ê$`\u kdS>dp„ Aphu iL¡$ R>¡.

rhv¡$ldy[¼s : ÆhÞdyL¹$s d_yóe_¡ Äepf¡ rhÛdp_ A_¡ ApNpdu v¡$l\u `Z Ry>V$L$pfp¡ dmu Åe R>¡, Ðepf¡ s¡ "rhv¡$ldy¼s' L$l¡hpe R>¡. rhv¡$ldy[¼s_p A_¡L$ âL$pfp¡ R>¡. S>¡ Æh_u S>¡hu ep¡Áesp lp¡e, s¡ dyS>b, cNhp_¹ dy[¼s R>u s¡ Æh_¡ s¡hy„ õ\p_ Ap`sp lp¡e R>¡. dy¼s L¡$hm v¥$hu Æhp¡ S> \C iL¡$ R>¡. Apkyfu Æhp¡ dy¼s \C iL$sp _\u.

dyL¹$Ðer^L$pfu v¥$hu Æhp¡_p b¡ âL$pfp¡ :1. yrô$Æh2. dep®v$pÆh

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`yrô$Æh_u dy[¼s : `yrô$Æhp¡ â\d sp¡ âcy_u rhi¡j L©$`p_¡ L$pfZ¡ dy[¼s_u Z L$pd_p\u frls b_u L¡$hm cNhÐõhê$`pk[¼sê$`p r_Ny®Z c[¼s_¡ S> c|smD`f hfsp lp¡e R>¡. s¡\u v¡$l`ps R>u Z s¡Ap¡ r_Ðegugpdp„ Z âcy_u õhê$`pk[¼s L¡$ cS>_pk[¼s _p¡ S> gpc d¡mh_pfp lp¡e R>¡.

dep®v$pÆhp¡_u dy[¼s : dep®v$pÆhp¡ dpV¡$ ipõÓdp„ L$d®ep¡N op_ep¡N D`pk_p-c[¼sep¡N s\p kp„¿e-ep¡N S>¡hp A_¡L$ kp^_p¡ bsphhpdp„ Apìep R>¡. Ap kp^_p¡_p A_yóW$p_Üpfp dep®v$pÆhp¡ e\pr^L$pf dy[¼s d¡mh¡ R>¡.

dy[¼s_p rhrh^ âL$pfp¡ :L$. L¡$hm r_óL$pd L$d® L$fhp\u ApÐdp_„v$ê$`p dy[¼sgpc \pe R>¡.

A\hpM$. b°ûop_ krls h¥qv$L$ L$dp£Üpfp b°ûp_„v$âp[àsê$`p dy[¼s dm¡ R>¡.

A\hpN$. b°û¡ ^pfZ L$f¡gp h¡v$p¡L¹$s A[Á_ hfyZ Apqv$; s\p `yfpZp¡L¹$s rih vy$Np® NZ`rs Apqv$ v¡$hê$`p¡_u b°ûby[v¹$^$\u ApS>Þd r_óL$pdcph\u c[¼s`|h®L$ D`pk_p L$fhp\u s¡-s¡ v¡$hspAp¡_p gp¡L$dp„ A\hp sp¡ s¡-s¡ v¡$hõhê$`dp„ kpgp¡¼e kprô®$ kprdàe kpê$àe A\hp kpeyÄe ê$`p dy[¼s âpàs \pe R>¡.

A\hpO$. L$p¡C `Z v¡$h_p¡ Apîe L$ep® rkhpe L¡$hm kp„¿e A\hp ep¡N Üpfp `Z ApÐdp_„v$_p A_ych_p ê$`¡ dy[¼s âpàs \pe R>¡.

Apkyfu Æhp¡_u dy[¼s :Apkyfu Æhp¡_u dy[¼s bpbsdp„ A¡d kdS>hy„ : S>¡ Æhp¡_¡ cNhp_¹

Apkyfu b_phhp BÃR>¡ R>¡ s¡ Æhp¡dp„ hfZ kde¡ S> Akv¹$hpk_p õ\pr`s L$fu v¡$ R>¡. Akv¹$hpk_p dy[¼s d¡mhhpdp„ ârsb„^L$ b_u S>su lp¡e R>¡. Ap Akv¹$hpk_p_¡ L$pfZ¡ Apkyfu Æhp¡ Apkyfu v¡$l_¡ âpàs L$f¡ R>¡. s¡Ap¡_u fyrQ

58

õhcphhips¹ r_[Þv$s L$dp£ L$fhpdp„ S> \pe R>¡. Ap_p `qfZpd¡ s¡Ap¡_¡ lu_ep¡_uAp¡dp„ S>Þd g¡hp `X¡$ R>¡. Apd, Apkyfu Æhp¡ âge `e®Þs k„kpfu v$ipdp„ S> S>Þdsp-dfsp fl¡ R>¡. s¡Ap¡ âge`e®Þs dyL¹$s \sp _\u. cNhp_¹ Äepf¡ k©rô$_¡ k„L¡$gu g¡hp_u (âge_u) BÃR>p L$f¡ R>¡, Ðepf¡ Apkyfu Æhp¡_u ArhÛp_p¡ _pi L$fu_¡ s¡Ap¡_¡ `p¡sp_p õhê$`dp„ rhgu_ L$fu v¡$ R>¡. Ap_p\u `l¡gp„ Nd¡ s¡V$gp kp^_p¡ L$fhp R>sp„ Z Apkyfu Æhp¡ dy¼s \C iL$sp _\u.

rhi¡j hp„Q_dpV¡$ :1.îugpg|cË$Æ-rhfrQs âd¡efÐ_pZ®hpÞsN®s rÜsue "Æhrhh¡L$'.2.îuhëgcpQpe®-rhfrQs sÒhp\®v$u`r_b„^ N°Þ\pÞsN®s ipõÓp\®âL$fZ.3.Np¡õhpdu îu`yfyjp¡ÑdÆ-rhfrQs ÆhpÏÐhhpv$.4.Np¡õhpdu îu`yfyjp¡ÑdÆ-rhfrQs ÆhârsrbçbÐhMÎX$_hpv$.5.Np¡õhpdu îu`yfyjp¡ÑdÆ-rhfrQs âõ\p_fÐ_pL$f.6.Np¡õhpdu îuíepdd_p¡lfÆ-rhfrQs _hu_ âL$pris "b°ûk|ÓpÏcpóe'

M„X$-4_u âõsph_p.

***

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3. d|gê$`rhh¡L$`fsÒh :

vy$r_ep_p ^d®-v$i®_p¡dp„ `fõ`f A_¡L$ rhjep¡D`f OZp b^p dsc¡v$p¡ dp¡S|>v$ füp R>¡ A_¡ flu iL¡$ R>¡. OZp-b^p d®-v$i®_p¡, fÞsy, S>¡ A¡L$ rkÙpÞs_u bpbsdp„ dlv„$i¡ kldrs ^fph¡ R>¡ s¡ rkÙpÞs R>¡ : L$p¡CL$ i[¼s L¡$ L$p„BL$ A¡L$ sÒh A¡hy„ R>¡ L¡$ S>¡ kh®d|m R>¡, S>¡_¡ kh®o kh®kd\® kh®L$sp® / khp£`pv$p_ kh®ìep`u kh£íhf kh®amv$psp / khp®_„v$ A_¡ kh®i¡j dpÞep rkhpe R|>V$L$p¡ S> _\u. Aphp sÒh_¡ "`fsÒh' L$l¡hy„ ep¡Áe S> NZpe.

b°û-`fdpÐdp-cNhp_¹-îuL©$óZ A_¡ s¡d_p Ahspfp¡ :cpfsue k_ps_ d®-v$i®_dp„ s¡ fsÒhdpV¡$ S> "b°û' "`fdpÐdp'

L¡$ "cNhp_¹' rhN¡f¡ _pdp¡ hp`fhpdp„ Apìep„ R>¡. Ap ÓZ¡e _pdp¡ `fsÒh_p ÓZ AgN-AgN pkpAp¡_¡ v$ip®h_pfp _pdp¡ R>¡.

bû° : A_cy hpsp„ L$¡ A_cy hpsus b^p S> _pd ê$` A_¡ L$dp£ _u cusf kl_z p D`pv$p_sep rhÛdp_ AL¡ $ AMX„ $ kÑp_¡ hv¡ $p¡ r_jv$pd¡ p„ "bû° ' L$lh¡ pdp„ Apìe„y R>.¡

`fdpÐdp : ÆhpÐdp_u syg_pdp„ s¡ `fdsÒh L¡$ b°û _¡ "`fdpÐdp' `Z L$l¡hpdp„ Aph¡ R>¡. s¡ A¡L$ A¡hp¡ khp®Ðdp R>¡ L¡$ S>¡ kh® ApÐdpAp¡\u î¡›$ R>¡, f R>¡, kh®_u cusf rbfpS>sp¡ A„sfsdpÐdp R>¡, râesd R>¡. s¡\u s¡_¡ "`fdpÐdp' L$l¡hpdp„ Aph¡ R>¡. `fsÒh_p `fdpÐdp lp¡hp_p `pkp_y„ r_ê$`Z Mpk L$fu_¡ Nusp hN¡f¡ ipõÓdp„ L$fhpdp„ Apìey„ R>¡.

cNhp_¹ : A¡ `fd sÒh Äepf¡ k©[óV$gugp âL$V$ L$fu_¡ `p¡sp_p A¥íhe® hue® ei îu, op_, h¥fpÁe Apqv$ qv$ìe NyZp¡_¡ âL$V$ L$f¡ Ðepf¡ s¡_¡ dlpcpfs, lqfh„i`yfpZ, rhóÏ`yfpZ, îudv¹$cpNhs hN¡f¡ A¥rslprkL$-`p¥fprZL$ N°Þ\p¡ "cNhp_¹' L$l¡sp lp¡e R>¡.

îuL©$óZ : s¡ cNhp_¹ Äepf¡ `p¡sp_u qv$ìe ANrZs kdN° i[¼sAp¡ kp\¡ `p¡sp_p c¼sp¡_¡ õhê$`p_„v$_y„ v$p_ L$fhp c|smD`f âL$V$ \sp lp¡e Ðepf¡ îudv¹$cpNhsdp„ "îuL©$óZ' _pd¡ hZ®hpep R>¡.

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1 2 3Ahspfp¡ : s¡ îuL©$óZ_p ÓZ NyZphspfp¡ : b°ûp rhóÏ A_¡ rih sfuL¡$ ipõÓp¡dp„ hZ®hpep R>¡. gugphspfp¡ sp¡ Ak„¿e lp¡hp R>sp„e cpNhs Apqv$ `yfpZp¡dp„ krhi¡jsep Qp¡huk Ahspfp¡, s¡dp„ `Z âdyM v$i Ahspfp¡ A_¡ s¡dp„ `Z Qpf `y[óV$-Ahspfp¡ îu_©tkl îuhpd_ îufpd A_¡ îubgfpd _p ê$`¡ hZ®hpe¡gp R>¡.

D`f Å¡ey„ s¡ âdpZ¡ b°û_p„ `fdpÐdp A_¡ cNhp_¹ lp¡hp_p„ `pkpAp¡_y„ r_ê$`Z ÆhpÐdp_¡ A_¡ k©[óV$ L¡$ Ahspf _u gugpAp¡_¡ ×[óV$dp„ fpMu_¡ L$fhpdp„ Aphsy„ lp¡e R>¡. Ap\u Ap b^p r_ê$`Zp¡ kp`¡nr_ê$`Z_u âr¾$ep dyS>b \sp„ r_ê$`Zp¡ R>¡. r_f`¡n hõsy×[óV$ L¡$ sÒh×[óV$ \u S>epf¡ `fsÒh_y„ r_ê$`Z L$fhpdp„ Aphsy„ lp¡e Ðepf¡ s¡_¡ "b°û' L$l¡hpsy„ lp¡e R>¡. Ap\u "b°û' A¡ `fsÒh_u r_f`¡nk„op R>¡ s¡d L$lu iL$pe. `fsÒh_p b°û`n_y„ r_ê$`Z h¡v$p¡`r_jv$p¡dp„ L$fhpdp„ Apìey„ R>¡.

k[ÃQv$p_„v$ lp¡hy„ s¡ b°û_y„ ApNhy„ õhê$` R>¡ :h¡v$p¡-D`r_jv$p¡ b°û_¡ k[ÃQv$pÞv$pÐdL$ sfuL¡$ hZ®h¡ R>¡.

ks¹ + rQs¹ + Ap_„v$ = k[ÃQv$p_„v$.

k[ÃQv$p_„v$ A¡ b°û_y„ õhê$`gnZ A¡V$g¡ L¡$ ApNhu Ap¡mM R>¡.

ks¹ : "ks¹' A¡V$g¡ A[õsÐh kÑp L¡$ lp¡hp`Ï„. b°û_y„ A[õsÐh Adp`-A_„s R>¡. b°û kh®õ\m¡ kh®L$pmdp„ A_¡ kh®ê$`¡ kh®_¡ ìep`u_¡ fl¡gy„ R>¡. b°û_p Aphp A_„s Adp` L¡$ Akud A[õsÐh_¡ L$pfZ¡ S> b°û_¡ "ks¹' NyZ^d®hpmy„ L$l¡hpdp„ Aph¡ R>¡.

rQs¹ : "rQs¹'_p¡ A\® R>¡ Q¥sÞe. op_ Q¥sÞe_p¡ âdyM NyZ lp¡hp\u "rQs¹' L$l¡sp„ b°û_u kh®cpkL$sp_y„ r_ê$`Z L$fhpdp„ Aphsy„ lp¡e R>¡.

Ap_„v$ : b°û_y„ dy¿e õhê$`gnZ sp¡ "Ap_„v$' S> R>¡. b°ûdp„ fl¡gu AâpL©$s-Agp¥qL$L$ h¥jreL$ vy$:Mp¡\u Ak„õ`©óV$ A_„s i[¼sAp¡_¡ L¡$ NyZ^dp£_¡ "Ap_„v$' L$l¡hpdp„ Aph¡ R>¡.

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s¡ S> b°û S>Ns¹_p¡ kS>®L$-`pgL$-k„lpfL$ R>¡ :b°û_y„ gnZ s¡_p L$pe®_u ×[óV$\u Z h¡v$p¡dp„ L$fhpdp„ Apìey„ R>¡. h¡v$p¡

L$l¡ R>¡ : S>¡_p hX¡$ Ap S>Ns¹ DÐ`Þ_ \pe R>¡, S>¡_p Ap^pf¡

Ap S>Ns¹_„y A[õsÐh V$L$u füy„ R>¡; A_¡ A„s¡ S>¡_u A„v$f S>Ns¹ kdpC S>hp_y„ R>¡, s¡ S>Ns¹_p DÐ`rÑ-[õ\rs-ge_p ArcÞ_r_rdÑp¡`pv$p_ L$pfZê$` sÒh_¡ "b°û' L$l¡hpdp„ Aph¡ R>¡.

b°û A_„s R>¡. s¡_p NyZ^dp£ `Z A_„s R>¡. h¡v$p¡ `Z b°û_p kç`|Z® õhê$`_y„ hZ®_ L$fu iL$hpdp„ p¡sp_¡ Akd\® NZph¡ R>¡. Ðepf¡ kpdpÞe Æh b°û_p„ õhê$` L¡$ NyZp¡ _y„ hZ®_ ¼ep„\u L$fu iL¡$ ! Apd R>sp„ b°û_p õhê$`_¡ kdS>hpdpV¡$ s\p s¡_u bpbsdp„ âQpqfs L¡$V$guL$ N¡fkdÅ¡_¡ v|$f L$fhpdpV¡$ Z b°û_p„ h¡v$p¡¼s L¡$V$gpL$ NyZp¡_¡ ÅZhp M|b S> S>ê$fu R>¡.

"b°û' L$lp¡ L¡$ "kh®ìepr`-sÒh' L$lp¡ ; A\® A¡L$ S> :"b°û'iåv$_p¡ A\® ìep`L$ \pe R>¡. ìep`L$ A¡V$g¡ S>¡ õ\p_ kde L¡$

hõsy-õhê$`_u kudpAp¡dp„ b„^pe¡gy„ _ lp¡e s¡. Ap_¡ Ap`Z¡ \p¡X$uL$ kfmsp\u kdS>hp_p¡ âeÐ_ L$fuA¡ :

õ\p_/v¥$riL$`qfÃR>¡v$ : b°û L$p¡C `Z âL$pf_u õ\m_u kudpdp„ b„^pe¡gy„ _\u. A¡hy„ L$p¡C õ\m _\u L¡$ Äep„ b°û_y„ A[õsÐh _ lp¡e. b°û_y„ A[õsÐh kh® õ\m¡ lp¡e R>¡. dpfy„ sdpfy„ L¡$ sd¡ hp„Qu füp R>p¡ s¡ yõsL$_y„ A[õsÐh L$p¡C Qp¡½$k S>Áep |fsy„ kurds lp¡e R>¡. v$p.s. Å¡ lz„ Of_u A„v$f lp¡J sp¡ Of_u blpf lp¡C iL$sp¡ _\u A_¡ Å¡ blpf lp¡J sp¡ A„v$f lp¡C iL$sp¡ _\u. Apd dpfy„ A[õsÐh dep®qv$s R>¡. s¡ S> âdpZ¡ S>Ns¹dp„ fl¡g v$f¡L$ hõsy L¡$ ìe[¼s _p_u-dp¡V$u õ\m_u dep®v$pdp„ b„^pe¡gu lp¡e R>¡. õ\m_u dep®v$p_¡ "v¥$riL$`qfÃR>¡v$' L$l¡hpdp„ Aph¡ R>¡. b°û_¡ õ\m_u Aphu dep®v$p _X$su _\u lp¡su. ApMf¡ b°û S> sp¡ kdN° k©[óV$_p¡ Ap^pf R>¡ !

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kde/L$prgL$`qfÃR>¡v$ : b°û_¡ kde_u `Z L$p¡C dep®v$p _X$su _\u. S>Ns¹_p `v$p\p£ kde_u dep®v$pdp„ b„^pe¡gp lp¡e R>¡. cysL$pm_p v$p\p£_y„ A[õsÐh ApS>¡ _\u. ApS>_u A_¡L$ hõsyAp¡ L$pg¡ _l] flu Åe. s¡ S> âdpZ¡ Aphsu L$pg_u A_¡L$ hõsyAp¡ fdqv$hk¡ _l] lp¡e. Aphu kde_u dep®v$p b°û_¡ _X$su _\u. cys crhóe A_¡ hs®dp_ Apd ÓZ¡e L$pmdp„ A¡L$u kp\¡ b°û A[õsÐh ^fph¡ R>¡. L$pfZ L¡$ L$pm `Z sp¡ b°ûdp„ S> fl¡sp¡ lp¡e R>¡. kde_u dep®v$p_¡ "L$prgL$`qfÃR>¡v$' L$l¡hpdp„ Aph¡ R>¡. b°û L$pgL©$s qfÃR>¡v$\u frls R>¡.

hõsyõhê$`L©$s qfÃR>¡v$ : b°û_¡ õhê$` L¡$ ApL$pf-âL$pf _u `Z dep®v$p lp¡su _\u. Op¡X$p¡ ìy R>¡ `Z d_yóe _\u lp¡C iL$sp¡. d_yóe õÓu L¡$ yfyj lp¡C iL¡$ R>¡ Z h®s L¡$ _v$u _\u lp¡C iL$sp. Apd S>Ns¹_p v$f¡L$ v$p\p£ L$p¡CL$ _¡ L$p¡CL$ õhê$` L¡$ ApL$pf-âL$pf_u dep®v$pdp„ b„^pe¡gp lp¡e R>¡. b°û_¡ Aphu L$p¡C Z dep®v$p lp¡su _\u. b°û A¡L$-ArÜsue lp¡hp R>sp„ S>Ns¹_p kh® S>X$-Q¡s_ ê$`p¡_¡ Myv$ pfZ L$f¡ R>¡.

Apd Ap`Z¡ kdÄep L¡$ b°û v¡$i L$pm A_¡ õhê$` _u kudpAp¡\u f lp¡hp_¡ L$pfZ¡ kh®Ó kh®v$p A_¡ kh®ê$`¡ fl¡g R>¡. Ap L$pfZ¡ S> s¡_¡ "kh®ìepù' L$l¡hpdp„ Aph¡ R>¡ A_¡ Ap S> A\®dp„ s¡_¡ "b°û' Z L$l¡hpdp„ Aph¡ R>¡.

s¡ kh®ìepù khp®ÐdL$ lp¡hp\u rÓrh^-c¡v$-rhhrS>®s Z R>¡ :b°û hõsy L¡$ õhê$` _u kudpdp„ b„^pe¡gy„ _\u s¡ kp„cmu_¡ L¡$V$gpL$

c¡v$hpqv$Ap¡_p d_dp„ i„L$p \su lp¡e R>¡ L¡$ S>X$ Æh A_¡ AÞsep®du \u b°û_p¡ c¡v$ õ`óV$ê$`¡ v¡$MpC Aph¡ R>¡. Ðepf¡ b°ûdp„ hõsyL©$s¹ qfÃR>¡v$ _\u s¡hy„ L¡$d L$lu iL$pe ? Ap\u b°ûdp„ kÅsue rhÅsue A_¡ õhNs c¡v$p¡ R>¡ s¡hy„ kprbs \pe R>¡.

b°û_p sp[ÒhL$ õhê$`_p op_\u Ap i„L$p_y„ r_fpL$fZ kdS>sp„ l¡gp„ "kÅsuec¡v$' "rhÅsuec¡v$' A_¡ "õhNsc¡v$' L$p¡_¡ L$l¡hpe s¡ kdÆiy„ :

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kÅsuec¡v$ : L$p¡C A¡L$ NyZ^d® Äepf¡ A_¡L$ hõsyAp¡dp„ ìep`L$ fus¡ s¡d_p DÐ`Þ_ \sp„_u kp\¡ S> dmu Aphsp¡ lp¡e sp¡ s¡_¡ "Års' L$l¡hpdp„ Aph¡ R>¡. v$p.s. ASy>®_ eyr^r›$f vy$ep£^_ L$Z® hN¡f¡ Sy>v$u-Sy>v$u ìe[¼sAp¡ R>¡, fÞsy, s¡ b^p_¡ Ap`Z¡ A¡L$ iåv$ "d_yóe' \u bp¡gphu iL$uA¡ R>uA¡. L$pfZ L¡$ s¡ b^pdp„ d_yóeÐh Års kdp_ê$`¡ fl¡gu lp¡e R>¡. A¡L$ S> Års_p lp¡hp_¡ L$pfZ¡ b^p d_yóep¡_¡ "kÅsue' L$l¡hpdp„ Aph¡ R>¡. Al] Ýep_dp„ g¡hp_u hps A¡ R>¡ L¡$ b^p d_yóep¡ Års_u ×[óV$\u A¡L$Åsue lp¡hp R>sp„ ìe[¼s_u ×[óV$\u rcÞ_-rcÞ_ lp¡e R>¡. Ap\u d_yóep¡dp„ kÅsuec¡v$ R>¡ s¡d L$lu iL$pe R>¡. Æhp¡_¡ b°û_p kÅsue dp_u iL$pe R>¡. b°ûp„i lp¡hp_¡ L$pfZ¡ b°û_p„ NyZ^dp£, Q¥sÞe r_Ðesp hN¡f¡, Æhdp„ Z fl¡gp lp¡e R>¡. Al] Ýep_dp„ g¡hp_u hps A¡ R>¡ L¡$ Æhp¡_u DÐ`rÑ Å¡ b°û rkhpe L$p¡C buÅ sÒh\u \C lp¡s sp¡ b°û A_¡ Æh hÃQ¡ kÅsuec¡v$ k„chu iL$s. b°û p¡s¡ S> Å¡ Æhê$` bÞep¡ lp¡e sp¡ b°û A_¡ Æh hÃQ¡ kÅsuec¡v$ k„chu iL$sp¡ _\u.

rhÅsuec¡v$ : `fõ`f Akdp_ NyZ^dp£ ^fph_pf_¡ "rhÅsue' L$l¡hpdp„ Aph¡ R>¡. v$p.s. S>X$ A_¡ Æh. S>X$ `v$p\p£_¡ p¡sp_p A[õsÐh_y„ cp_ lp¡sy„ _\u. s¡Ap¡dp„ kyM-vy$:M BÃR>p âeÐ_ hN¡f¡ NyZp¡ lp¡sp _\u. Äepf¡ Æhdp„ Ap b^p NyZp¡ lp¡e R>¡. Ap\u S>X$-Æh hÃQ¡ rhÅsuec¡v$ lp¡e R>¡. õÓu-`yfyj Npe-Op¡X$p¡ d_yóe-`iy hN¡f¡ rhÅsuec¡v$_p ×óV$pÞsp¡ R>¡. S>X$-S>Ns¹_¡ b°û\u rhÅsue dp_u iL$pe R>¡. lL$uL$sdp„ sp¡ Æh_u dpaL$ S> S>X$-S>Ns¹ `Z b°û_p¡ S> A„i lp¡e R>¡. R>sp„, Æh_u syg_pdp„ S>X$ v$p\p£dp„ b°û_p NyZ^dp£_p¡ rsfp¡cph h^y âdpZdp„ lp¡e R>¡. Ap\u S>X$_¡ rhÅsue dp_hpdp„ Aph¡ R>¡. Ap rhÅsuesp, `fÞsy, sp[ÒhL$ _\u. gugp_u rkrÙdpV¡$ A_¡L$ _pd-ê$`p¡ ^pfZ L$fhp_u BÃR>p\u Myv$ b°ûdp„ S> A_¡ `p¡s¡ b°û¡ S> âL$V$

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L$f¡gu Ap rhÅsuesp R>¡. Ap\u sÒh×[óV$A¡ S>X$ `v$p\p£ Äepf¡ b°û\u rhÅsue _\u, Ðepf¡ b°û A_¡ S>X$ hÃQ¡ rhÅsuec¡v$ Z ¼ep„\u i¼e lp¡e ?

õhNsc¡v$ : h©n A_¡ s¡_u X$pmuAp¡_p¡, ifuf A_¡ s¡_p A„Np¡_p¡ L¡$ diu_ A_¡ s¡_p õ`¸Af-`pV®¹$k¹ hÃQ¡_p c¡v$p¡_¡ "õhNsc¡v$' L$l¡hpdp„ Aph¡ R>¡. A¡L$ Ahehu hõsydp„ fl¡gp Ahehp¡_p„ M„X$p¡_p c¡v$_¡ "õhNsc¡v$' L$l¡hpdp„ Aph¡ R>¡. AÞsep®du A¡ b°û_y„ A¡L$ rhrióV$ ê$` R>¡. AÞsep®du_y„ L$pe® âÐe¡L$ Æhdp„ flu_¡ s¡_y„ r_ed_ L$fhp_y„ lp¡e R>¡. AÞsep®dudp„ b°û_p ks¹ rQs¹ A_¡ Ap_„v$ Apd ÓZ¡e NyZ^dp£ âL$V$ lp¡e R>¡. Ap\u S>X$ s¡dS> Æh _u syg_pdp„ AÞsep®du_¡ b°û_p¡ õhNsc¡v$ dp_hpdp„ Aph¡ R>¡. sÒh×[óV$A¡ Å¡sp„ AÞsep®du A_¡ b°û hÃQ¡ L$p¡C `Z âL$pf_p¡ c¡v$ lp¡sp¡ _\u. L$pfZ L¡$ AÞsep®duê$`¡ `Z b°û `p¡s¡ S> âL$V$ \sy„ lp¡e R>¡. Ap\u b°û A_¡ AÞsep®du hÃQ¡ õhNsc¡v$ Z k„chu iL$sp¡ _\u.

kÅsue rhÅsue A_¡ õhNs c¡v$p¡\u frls lp¡hp\u b°û_u ìep`L$sp r_vy®$óV$ rkÙ \pe R>¡. ìep`L$sp S> b°û_y„ A¥íhe® R>¡. kh®Ó kh®v$p A_¡ kh®ê$`dp„ b°û Ah[õ\s lp¡hp_¡ L$pfZ¡ S> kdN° k©[óV$_y„ r_ed_ L$f_pfp¡ Cíhf Z s¡ S> R>¡.

s¡ A_¡L$ qv$ìe NyZ^dp£\u qf`|Z® lp¡e R>¡ :kpL$pf : ìep`L$ lp¡hp R>sp„ b°û kpL$pf Z R>¡. S>¡d Ýhr__p sf„Np¡

v¡$i rhv¡$i s\p AhL$pi hN¡f¡ kh® õ\m¡ ìepàs lp¡e R>¡. ìep`L$ ê$`dp„ s¡ kp„cmu _\u iL$psp„ fÞsy f¡X$uAp¡dp„ s¡ S> Ýhr_-sf„Np¡ iåv$_p ê$`dp„ kpL$pf `Z b_u S>sp„ lp¡e R>¡. Ýhr_sf„Np¡_u S> dpaL$ ×[óV$sf„Np¡ Z kh®Ó ìepàs lp¡e R>¡. ìep`L$ ê$`dp„ s¡_¡ `Z Ap`Z¡ Å¡C iL$sp„ _\u `fÞsy V¡$guhuT_ k¡V$dp„ s¡ S> ìep`L$ sf„Np¡ kpL$pf×íe Z b_u S>sp„ lp¡e R>¡. Ap S> fus¡ b°û ìep`L$ Z R>¡ A_¡ s¡d R>sp„ kpL$pf Z R>¡ S>.

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Aìee : b°û_p„ DÐ`rÑ-_pi \sp _\u. s¡ k_ps_-Arh_piu sÒh R>¡. k©[óV$ v$fçep_ S>X$ Æh hN¡f¡ A_¡L$ ê$`p¡_¡ pfZ L$fsy„ lp¡hp R>sp„ b°ûdp„ L$p¡C `Z rhL$pf Aphsp¡ _\u. Ap L$pfZ¡ b°û_¡ "Aìee' L$l¡hpdp„ Aph¡ R>¡. b°û_u dpaL$ S> b°û_p AâpL©$s-Agp¥qL$L$ A_„s NyZ-^dp£ Z rhL$pffrls Arh_piu L¡$ Aìee lp¡e R>¡. rhL$pffrls lp¡hy„ A¡ S> b°û_y„ hue® R>¡. "hue®' A¡V$g¡ kpdÕe®. Arh_piu lp¡hy„ s¡ S> hue®hp_¹ L¡$ kpdÕe®ipgu lp¡hy„ L$l¡hpe.

kh®kd\® : b°û kh® âL$pf_u Agp¥qL$L$ i[¼sAp¡\u kç`Þ_ = kh®kd\® lp¡hp_¡ L$pfZ¡ s¡_¡ "L$sy¯-AL$sy¯-AÞe\pL$sy¯kd\®' L$l¡hpdp„ Aph¡ R>¡ :

L$sy¯-kd\® : S>¡ Æhp¡ S>` s` eo Ýep_ ed r_ed hN¡f¡ ipõÓue kp^_p¡\u frls lp¡e R>¡ s¡Ap¡_¡ `Z DÑd am_y„ v$p_ L$fhpdpV¡$ b°û kd\® R>¡. Ap b°û_p L$sy¯-kd\® lp¡hp_y„ âdpZ R>¡. h°S>cL¹$sp¡ D`fp¡L¹$s kh® kp^_p¡\u frls lsp„ R>sp„ cNhp_¹ îuL©$óZ¡ ep¡NuAp¡ L¡$ op_uAp¡ dpV¡$ Z vy$g®c lp¡e s¡hy„ fd am s¡Ap¡_¡ Apàey„.

AL$sy¯-kd\® : L$p¡C ìe[¼s Nd¡ s¡V$gp ipõÓue kp^_p¡\u kç`Þ_ lp¡e R>sp„ Å¡ b°û_u BÃR>p s¡_¡ am Ap`hp_u _ lp¡e sp¡ s¡_¡ L$p¡C `Z âL$pf_y„ am _ Ap`hpdpV¡$ `Z b°û kd\® R>¡. Ap b°û_p AL$sy¯-kpdÕe®_y„ ×óV$pÞs R>¡.

AÞe\pL$sy¯-kd\® : cNhÃQqfÓp¡_p Ahgp¡L$_\u A¡hy„ Z Å¡hpdp„ Aph¡ R>¡ L¡$ S>¡ gp¡L$p¡A¡ cNhp_¹ âÐe¡ L$pd ¾$p¡^ gp¡c dp¡l S>¡hp ipõÓr_rjÙ cphp¡ fp¿ep lsp s¡hp vy$óV$kp^_ Ly$åÅ |s_p L„$k riiy`pg hN¡f¡_p¡ Z DÙpf cNhp_¡ L$ep£ lsp¡. Ap b°û_y„ AÞe\pL$sy¯-kpdÕe® R>¡.

kh®kd\® lp¡hy„ A¡ b°û_p¡ ei R>¡. ei s¡_p¡ S> a¡gpsp¡ lp¡e R>¡ L¡$ S>¡ kh®i[¼sdp_ lp¡e. NyZfrls_u L$urs®_y„ Np_ L$p¡Z L$f¡ ? i[¼sfrls_¡ pdhp L¡$ ÅZhp `Z L$p¡Z BÃR>p fpM¡ ? kpdÕe®frls_¡ `pdhp\u `Z ip¡ gpc ? Ap\u b°û_¡ r_Ny®Z r_^®d®L$ dp__pfpAp¡ b°û_¡ A_y`põe Aâpàe Ao¡e

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A_¡ Aag b_phu v¡$sp lp¡e R>¡. hõsys: b°û r_Ny®Z r_^®d®L$ _ lp¡C AâpL©$s Agp¥qL$L$ kh®NyZp¡\u kç`Þ_ R>¡ A_¡ Ap\u S> b°û b^pdpV¡$ D`põe o¡e âpàe A_¡ agê$` R>¡. Ap b°û_p¡ ei R>¡.

õhsÞÓ : A`qfrds-op_-i[¼s A_¡ A`qfrds-r¾$ep-i[¼s lp¡hp_¡ L$pfZ¡ b°û õhsÞÓ R>¡. op_ lp¡e `Z r¾$epi[¼s _ lp¡e sp¡ dpZk `fsÞÓ b_u S>sp¡ lp¡e R>¡. A_¡L$ cZ¡gp-NZ¡gp `[ÎX$s gp¡L$p¡ ip dpV¡$ buÅ_u QpL$fu L$fsp Å¡hp dm¡ R>¡ ? Ap_y„ L$pfZ s¡d_pdp„ r¾$epi[¼s_p¡ Acph lp¡e R>¡. s¡ S> âdpZ¡ r¾$epi[¼s lp¡e `Z op_ _ lp¡e sp¡ s¡hp¡ dpZk `Z `fsÞÓ b_u S>sp¡ lp¡e R>¡. dSy>fdp„ s¡_p dprgL$ L$fsp„ A_¡L$NZu h^y i[¼s lp¡C iL¡$ R>¡ `fÞsy op_i[¼s_p Acphdp„ `fsÞÓ b_u_¡ s¡ Æh_`e®Þs dSy>fu S> L$ep® L$fsp¡ lp¡e R>¡. fsÞÓsp\u dy[¼s s¡ S> d¡mhu iL¡$ R>¡ L¡$ S>¡_pdp„ op_i[¼s A_¡ r¾$epi[¼s Apd bÞ_¡ i[¼sAp¡ lp¡e. b°û A_„s op_i[¼s s¡dS> A_„s r¾$epi[¼s, Apd bÞ_¡ i[¼sAp¡\u kç`Þ_ lp¡hp_¡ L$pfZ¡ õhsÞÓ R>¡. b°û_y„ õhps„Ôe S> b°û_u îu-ip¡cp R>¡. hpO Nd¡ s¡V$gp¡ i[¼sipmu lp¡e fÞsy Å¡ s¡ ]S>fpdp„ yfpe¡gp¡ lp¡e sp¡ s¡_u b^u ip¡cp kdpàs \C S>su lp¡e R>¡. s¡ S> âdpZ¡ Nd¡ s¡V$gp¡ [ÎX$s Z Å¡ L$p¡C_u QpL$fu L$fsp¡ lp¡e sp¡ s¡_u ip¡cp Z fl¡su _\u. Ap\u ip¡cp sp¡ s¡_u S> lp¡e R>¡ L¡$ S>¡ õhsÞÓ lp¡e. Ap\u S> b°û_p õhps„Ôe_¡ s¡_u "îu=ip¡cp' L$l¡hpdp„ Aph¡ R>¡.

kh£íhf : õhsÞÓ lp¡hp_¡ L$pfZ¡ b°û D`f dpep hN¡f¡ L$p¡C `p¡sp_p¡ âcph `pX$u iL$sy„ _\u. b°û_¡ L$p¡C p¡sp_p hidp„ L$fu iL$sy„ _\u. DgV$p_p¡ b°û S> kh®_¡ p¡sp_p hidp„ fpMsp¡ lp¡e R>¡. Ap\u S> b°û_¡ "kh£íhf' Z L$l¡hpdp„ Aph¡ R>¡.

kh®o : b°û Å¡ kh®Ó kh®v$p A_¡ kh®hõsydp„ ìepàs lp¡e R>¡ sp¡ A¡hu L$C bpbs lp¡C iL¡$ R>¡ L¡$ S>¡ b°û_u ÅZL$pfu\u blpf lp¡e ! Ap\u S> b°û kh®o `Z R>¡. kh®osp A¡ b°û_p¡ op_ NyZ R>¡.

r_Ny®Z : b°û AâpL©$s Agp¥qL$L$ A_„s NyZp¡\u kç`Þ_ lp¡hp R>sp„ âpL©$s gp¥qL$L$ kh® NyZp¡\u frls R>¡. Ap L$pfZ¡ b°û_¡ "r_Ny®Z' L¡$ "r_^®d®L$' `Z L$l¡hpdp„ Aph¡ R>¡. âpL©$s NyZp¡\u frls lp¡hy„ A¡ S> b°û_p¡ h¥fpÁe NyZ R>¡.

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1 2Ap âL$pf¡ b°û_p ìep`L$sp = A¥íhe® Aìeesp=hue® 3 4 5 6kh®i[¼sdÑp=ei õhpsÞÔe=îu kh®o=op_ A_¡ âpL©$sNyZhrS>®ssp

= hf¥ pÁe Apd R> NZy p_¡ „y r_ê$`Z L$e.y Ap rkhpe `Z bû° _p buÅ A_L¡ $ NZy ^dp_£ „y r_ê$`Z ipõÓpd¡ p„ Åh¡ p dm¡ R>.¡

khp®^pf : k©[óV$_y„ kS>®_ L$fu_¡ s¡_p Ap^pfê$`¡ b°û p¡s¡ b_sy„ lp¡hp\u b°û_¡ "khp®^pf' Z L$l¡hpdp„ Aph¡ R>¡.

kh®rhgnZ : kdyÖ sf„Np¡ê$`¡ âL$V$ \sp¡ lp¡hp R>sp„ sf„Np¡dp„ s¡ kdpàs \C _\u S>sp¡, L¡$dL¡$ s¡ qf`|Z® R>¡. s¡ S> âL$pf¡ Ak„¿e S>X$-Æh-ê$`¡ b°û âL$V$ \sp¡ lp¡hp R>sp„ s¡ S>X$-Æh-Apqv$dp„ kdpàs \C S>sp¡ _\u. sf„Np¡ê$`¡ b_hp R>sp„ kdyÖ_y„ õhsÞÓ õhê$` fl¡sy„ lp¡e R>¡. s¡d S> b°û kh®ê$` lp¡hp R>sp„ kh®\u õhsÞÓ-rhgnZ Z R>¡ S>.

Ap_y„ L$pfZ kdS>hp S>¡hy„ R>¡ : r`sp_p NyZp¡ yÓdp„ Aphsp lp¡e R>¡, `yÓ_p r`spdp„ _l]. kdyÖ_p NyZp¡ sf„Np¡dp„ Aphsp lp¡e R>¡, sf„Np¡_p NyZp¡ kdyÖdp„ _l]. Ap_pD`f\u A¡ rkÙpÞs õ\pr`s \pe R>¡ L¡$ l„d¡ip L$pfZ_p NyZp¡ S> L$pe®dp„ Aphsp lp¡e R>¡, L$pe®_p NyZp¡ L$pfZdp„ Aphsp _\u. Ap\u S> b°û Äepf¡ S>X$ L¡$ Æh _p ê$`p¡_¡ pfZ L$f¡ R>¡ Ðepf¡ s¡ S>X$_u dpaL$ AQ¡s_ L¡$ Æh_u dpaL$ AÏ L¡$ `qf[ÃR>Þ_ b_u _\u S>sp¡. Ap L$pfZ¡ S> b°û_¡ "kh®rhgnZ' L$l¡hpdp„ Aph¡ R>¡.

ArcÞ_r_rdÑp¡`pv$p_ : k©[óV$_y„ r_rdÑ s\p D`pv$p_ Apd bÞ_¡ L$pfZê$` b°û S> R>¡ (Ap_y„ r_ê$`Z rhõspf`|h®L$ \C Qy¼ey„ R>¡).

rhfyÙ^dp®îe : sÒhs: b°û A¡L$-ArÜsue lp¡hp R>sp„ k©[óV$ kde¡ s¡ A_¡L$ rhfyÙ ê$`p¡_¡ pfZ L$f¡ R>¡. p¡s¡ ìep`L$ lp¡hp R>sp„ Æhê$`¡ AÏ b_u Åe R>¡. kh®L$pfZp¡_y„ Z L$pfZ lp¡hp R>sp„ S>Nv¹$ê$`¡ L$pe® Z b_u Åe R>¡. kh®ê$`p¡_¡ ^pfZ L$fsy„ lp¡hp R>sp„ s¡ kh®\u rhgnZ `Z R>¡. Aphp `fõ`f A_¡L$ rhfyÙ dp£_¡ pfZ L$fsy„ lp¡hp\u b°û rhfyÙ^dp®îe R>¡.

sL$p®Np¡Qf : b°û_p õhê$`_¡ sL®$_u k„Ly$rQs by[v¹$^$kpdÕe®\u kdÆ

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iL$psy„ _\u. b°û_u ìep`L$sp rhfyÙ^dp®îesp hN¡f¡_¡ L$pfZ¡ sL®$_p r_edp¡ b°û_u kpd¡ `pR>p `X¡$ R>¡. Ap L$pfZ¡ b°û_¡ "eyL¹$ÐeNp¡Qf' L¡$ "sL$p®Np¡Qf' L$l¡hpdp„ Aph¡ R>¡.

A×íe : b°û_y„ õhê$` AâpL©$s Agp¥qL$L$ lp¡hp_¡ L$pfZ¡ d_yóe `p¡sp_u âpL©$s-gp¥qL$L$ B[ÞÖep¡ hX¡$ b°û_p¡ kpnpÐL$pf L$fu iL$sp¡ _\u. s¡ S> âdpZ¡ A_r^L$pfu-Aep¡Áe Æhp¡ `Z b°û_y„ v$i®_ L$fu iL$sp _\u. Ap\u b°û_¡ "A×íe' L$l¡hpdp„ Aph¡ R>¡.

õh¡ÃR>ep-×íe : A×íe lp¡hp R>sp„ b°û S>¡_¡ p¡sp_p õhê$`_y„ v$i®_ L$fphhp BÃR>¡ R>¡ s¡_u kpd¡ p¡sp_y„ õhê$` âL$V$ Z L$f¡ R>¡. Ap\u b°û, L$epf¡L$, õh¡ÃR>ep ×íe `Z b_sy„ lp¡e R>¡. AhspfL$pg s\p A_hspfL$pg dp„ `Z cNhp__p v$i®_ A_¡L$ Æhp¡A¡ L$ep® lp¡hp_y„ yfpZp¡ s\p gp¡L$ dp„ ârkÙ$ R>¡ S>.

v$i®_ Ap`hp L¡$ _ Ap`hp A¡ b°û_u õhsÞÓ BÃR>pD`f r_c®f L$f¡ R>¡. cNhp__p v$i®_ `Z b^p_¡ A¡L$kfMp \sp„ _\u lp¡sp. S>¡ ÆhpÐdp kpd¡ cNhp_¹ `p¡sp_y„ S>¡hy„ A_¡ S>¡V$gy„ õhê$` âL$V$ L$fhp_u BÃR>p L$f¡ R>¡ s¡_¡ cNhp__y„ s¡hy„ A_¡ s¡V$gy„ S> õhê$` ×rô$Np¡Qf \sy„ lp¡e R>¡. Ap_y„ ârkÙ$ ×ô$pÞs L„$k_u kcpdp„ `^pfsp cNhp__p v$i®_ rcÞ_-rcÞ_ cphhpmp c¼sp¡_¡ rcÞ_-rcÞ_ ê$`¡ \ep lp¡hp_y„ R>¡. L„$k_u kcpdp„ `^pfsp cNhp_¹ r÷Ap¡_¡ L$pdv¡$h S>¡hp gpNsp lsp„, Np¡`-kMpAp¡_¡ rdÓ S>Zpsp lsp„, hX$ugp¡_¡ kyLy$dpf bpmL$ S>¡hp v¡$Mpsp lsp„, Äepf¡ L„$k_p `l¡ghp_p¡_¡ sp¡ cNhp_¹ kpnps¹ d©Ðeyê$`¡ v¡$Mpsp lsp„. S>¡_p ùv$edp„ S>¡hp¡ cph lp¡e R>¡ cNhp_¹ s¡_¡ s¡hp ê$`¡ S> v$i®_ Ap`sp lp¡e R>¡. D¼s OV$_p\u A¡ rkÙpÞs kdÆ iL$pe R>¡ L¡$ Ahspf_p kdedp„ Z cNhp_¹ b^p Æhp¡_¡ p¡sp_p k[ÃQv$p_Þv$ Agp¥qL$L$ õhê$`_p v$i®_ _\u Ap`sp„. Ap_p¡ A\® A¡hp¡ `Z _\u kdS>hp_p¡ L¡$ cNhp__p s¡-s¡ ê$`p¡ âpL©$s L¡$ gp¥qL$L$ lp¡e R>¡. cNhp__p v$i®_ âpL©$s bpmL$, qL$ip¡f L¡$ eyhp ê$`¡ A\hp sp¡ iÓy L¡$ dlp`yfyj ê$`¡ \sp lp¡hp R>sp„e sÒhs: sp¡ cNhp_¹ ld¢ip k[ÃQv$p_Þv$ê$` Agp¥qL$L$S> lp¡e R>¡. S>¡ gp¡L$p¡_p¡ A¡hp¡ DÃQ Ar^L$pf lp¡sp¡ _\u L¡$ s¡Ap¡ cNhp__p k[ÃQv$p_Þv$ õhê$`_p v$i®_ L$fu iL¡$ s¡Ap¡_¡ ""S>¡hu ×rô$ s¡hu k©rô$'' Þepe¡ cNhp_¹ spfsçe\u v$i®_ Ap`sp„ lp¡e R>¡. Aop_u `yfyjp¡_¡ gp¡L$k×i âL$V$ ê$` A_ychpe `Z s¡_u

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k[ÃQv$p_Þv$pÐdL$sp _ S>Zpe. iyóL$ op_u `yfyjp¡_¡ b°û_u k[ÃQv$p_Þv$pÐdL$sp S>Zpe fÞsy gp¡L$k×i ê$` s¡d_¡ Av¹$cy$s L¡$ rhõdeS>_L$ S> gpN¡. op_u-c¼s yfyjp¡_¡ gp¡L$k×i âL$V$ ê$` A_¡ k[ÃQv$p_Þv$pÐdL$sp b¡D A¡L$u kp\¡ • cNhv¹$c$[¼s L¡$ cNhëgugp dp„ Äepf¡ S>¡hp A_ych_u A`¡np h^y lp¡e Ðepf¡ âcy s¡hp •S>Zpe, âcy_u rhfyÙ^dp®îesp_¡ s¡Ap¡ ÅZu-dp_u L¡$ dpZu iL$sp„ lp¡hp\u.

kdp_ : b°û_u k©rô$dp„ L$p„BL$ S>X$ê$`¡ lp¡e R>¡ sp¡ L$p¡BL$ Æhê$`¡. Æhp¡dp„ `Z d_yóep¡ sp¡ kp^_pQfZÜpfp `p¡sp_p¡ ApÐdp¡Ùpf L$fhp kd\® lp¡e R>¡; Äepf¡ L¡$ kp^_pQfZ_p kpdÕe®\u rhlu_ ìy-`rnAp¡ rbQpfp ApÐdp¡Ù$pf `Z L$fu iL$sp _\u lp¡sp. Æhp¡dp„ L$p¡BL$ kyÞv$f sp¡ L$p¡BL$ Ly$ê$`, L$p¡BL$ kd\® sp¡ L$p¡BL$ Akd\®, L$p¡C kyMu sp¡ L$p¡C vy$:Mu, L$p¡C dy[¼sep¡Áe sp¡ L$p¡C dy[¼s-Aep¡Áe, L$p¡C pù sp¡ L$p¡C yÎeipgu hN¡f¡ lp¡e R>¡. Ap_¡ L$pfZ¡ A¡hy„ L$p¡B_¡ Qp¡¼L$k S> gpNi¡ L¡$ b°û_u k©rô$ Akdp_sp, c¡v$cph, n`ps L¡$ rhjdsp \u cf`|f R>¡. Aphu AZkdS>_¡ L$pfZ¡ S> b°ûdp„ Akdp_sp-rhjdsp_p¡ v$p¡jpfp¡`Z Aop_u gp¡L$p¡Üpfp hpf„hpf \sy„ S> fl¡ R>¡.

b°û_p Akdp_ `n`psu L¡$ ¾|$f lp¡hp_p„ Apn¡`p¡_¡ r_fp^pf A_¡ Aop_\u â¡qfs kdS>hp Å¡BA¡. Mf¡Mf Å¡sp„ b°ûdp„ Akdp_sp L¡$ ¾|$fsp lp¡BS> _\u iL$su. L$pfZ L¡$ Akdp_ L¡$ ¾|$f \hp dpV¡$ b°û_¡ `p¡sp_p\u L$p¡C rcÞ_ ìe[¼s L¡$ hõsy _u S>ê$f `X$i¡. b°û_u kdõep NZp¡ sp¡ kdõep A_¡ rhriô$sp NZp¡ sp¡ rhriô$sp A¡ R>¡ L¡$ s¡ Akdp_ L¡$ ¾|$f \hp dpV¡$ `p¡sp_p\u rcÞ_ lp¡e s¡hp¡ "L$p¡BL$' gph¡ ¼ep„\u ? b°û rkhpe Al] buSy>„ L$p¡C lp¡e sp¡ _¡! lh¡ Å¡ b°û `p¡s¡ S> S>X$-Æh, ^_u-r_^®_, dp¡V$p¡-_p_p¡, `pù-`yÎepÐdp hN¡f¡ b_sy„ lp¡e sp¡ b°û_p D`f Akdp_ `n`psu L¡$ ¾|$f lp¡hp_p¡ Apn¡` \C S> _\u iL$sp¡. S>X$-ÆhpÐdL$ S>Ns¹ A¡ b°û_u ApÐdk©rô$ R>¡ Ap\u b°û r_v$p£j A_¡ kh®kd S> R>¡.

L$d®amv$psp : kpfp L$dp£ L$f_pfp„ kpfy„ am âpàs L$f¡ R>¡. Mfpb L$dp£ L$f_pfp„ Mfpb am âpàs L$fsp„ lp¡e R>¡. Aphy„ b¡-`p„Q-v$k ×ô$pÞsp¡dp„ Å¡ep `R>u L¡$V$gpL$ gp¡L$p¡ A¡hu ^pfZp bp„û g¡sp lp¡e R>¡ L¡$ d_yóe `p¡sp_p L$dp£\u am_¡ DÐ`Þ_ L$fu iL¡$ R>¡. Ap ^pfZp_p¡ A\® Å¡ A¡hp¡ \sp¡ lp¡e L¡$ Cíhf_u

70

BÃR>p L¡$ r_eÞÓZ rh_p L$d® `p¡s¡ S> õhsÞÓ L¡$ r_f`¡n ê$`¡ d_yóe_¡ am Ap`sp lp¡e R>¡ sp¡ Ap ^pfZp sv¹$v$_ Mp¡V$u R>¡. L$p¡C `Z am d_yóe õhâeÐ_\u DÐ`Þ_ L$fu iL$sp¡ _\u. Af¡ ! d_yóe Äepf¡ L$p¡C L$d® `Z, Bíhf¡ÃR>p rh_p, L$fhpdp„ kd\® _\u lp¡sp¡ Ðepf¡ L$d®am_¡ DÐ`Þ_ L$fhpdpV¡$ ¼ep„\u õhsÞÓ b_u iL$hp_p¡ R>¡ ! kpfp L¡$ Mfpb b^p âL$pf_p„ L$d®amp¡ Cíhf `p¡sp_u õhsÞÓ BÃR>p\u S> Ap`sp¡ lp¡e R>¡. am Ap`hpdp„ Cíhf dpV¡$ A¡ S>ê$fu _\u lp¡sy„ L¡$ s¡ d_yóe_p„ L$dp£_¡ Å¡B_¡S> am Ap`¡. Cíhf BÃR>¡ sp¡ L$d®_¡ gÿedp„ g¡ Z A_¡ BÃR>¡ sp¡ _ Z g¡. L$d®r_ers_p„ b^p r_edp¡ Æh_¡ gpNy `X$sp lp¡e R>¡. Cíhf sp¡ b^p r_edp¡ L¡$ ip÷p¡\u D`f õhsÞÓ lp¡e R>¡. ¼epf¡L$ L$d®r_edp¡dp„ b„^pC S>hp_u gugp âL$V$ L$fsp¡ lp¡e sp¡ s¡ `Z s¡_u BÃR>p_¡ Apû_S> lp¡e R>¡ - L$d®r_edp¡_¡ Apû_ _l]. S>¡d `p¡sp_u BÃR>p\u gp¡L$p¡ `¡ÞV$ $D`f b¡ëV$ bp„û g¡sp lp¡e R>¡ !

D`fp¡¼s NyZp¡ rkhpe õd©rs-`yfpZp¡dp„ buÅ `Z b°û_p„ A_¡L$ NyZp¡_y„ hZ®_ Å¡hp dm¡ R>¡. sv$_ykpf îudv¹$c$pNhs b°û_p Aphp L¡$V$gpL$ NyZp¡_y„ hZ®_ L$f¡ R>¡ :

kÐe rhÓsp v$ep ndp ÐepN kÞsp¡j _d°sp id v$d s` kpçe kl_iugsp Dv$pku_sp ip¥e® s¡S> bg õd©rs Ly$igsp L$p[Þs ^¥e® d©vy$sp âNëcsp âîe iug i[¼s Nçcufsp [õ\fsp dp_ A_l„L$pf hN¡f¡ hN¡f¡.

`fb°û îuL©$óZ :D`r_jv$p¡ S>¡_¡ "b°û' "`fb°û' "ApÐdp' "kÐe' "fk' "Ap_Þv$'

"A_Þs' "c|dp' L¡$ "_pfpeZ' hN¡f¡ L$l¡ R>¡ s¡ îuL©$óZS> R>¡. s¡ S> âdpZ¡ `yfpZp¡ S>¡_¡ "cNhp_¹' L$l¡ R>¡ A\hp sp¡ õd©rsAp¡ S>¡_¡ "`yfyjp¡Ñd' L¡$ "`fdpÐdp' L¡$ "`fd¡íhf' L$l¡ R>¡ s¡ `Z îuL©$óZS> R>¡. Ap\u `|hp£¼s b^p Agp¥qL$L$ NyZp¡ fb°û îuL©$óZ_pS> R>¡ s¡d kdS>hy„.

Anfb°û :k©rô$_¡ âL$V$ L$fhp_u BÃR>p \sp„ `fb°û klz â\d `p¡sp_p

Anfb°ûê$ù `pkp_¡ kr¾$e L$f¡ R>¡. Anfb°ûdp„ `fb°û_p ks¹ rQs¹ s\p

71

Ap_Þv$ Ap ÓZ¡e NyZ^dp£ âL$V$ lp¡e R>¡. `fb°û_u BÃR>p\u Anfb°û S> S>X$-ÆhpÐdL$ k©rô$ê$`¡ `qfZd¡ R>¡. Ap\u k©rô$_¡ âL$V$ L$fhpdpV¡$ `fb°û¡ ^pfZ L$f¡gp kh®L$pfZ-L$pfZê$`_¡ "Anfb°û' L$l¡hpdp Aph¡ R>¡.

Anfb°û_p¡ fb°û kp\¡_p¡ kçbÞ^ :Anfb°û A¡ fb°û_p¡ d®(NyZ^d®) L¡$ i[¼s Z R>¡ A_¡ fb°û

_y„ ^pd(r_hpkõ\p_) `Z R>¡. Ap\u Anfb°û_p¡ `fb°û kp\¡ ^d®-^d} s\p pd-^pdu lp¡hp_p¡ rhgnZ kçbÞ^ R>¡.

^d®-^rd®-kçbÞ^ : d® l„d¡ip d}dp„ S> fl¡sp¡ lp¡e R>¡. v$p.s. `yó` ^d} R>¡ sp¡ s¡dp„ fl¡_pfu NÞ^ s¡ `yó`_p¡ ^d® lp¡e R>¡. k|e® ^d} R>¡ sp¡ s¡ k|e®dp„ fl¡_pfp¡ âL$pi s¡_p¡ ^d® lp¡e R>¡. Anfb°û A¡ `fb°û_p¡ ^d® L¡$ i[¼s R>¡. Ap\u ^d®×rô$\u s¡_¡ rhQpfhpdp Aph¡ R>¡ Ðepf¡ k|e®_p âL$pi_u dpaL$ Anfb°û fb°ûdp„ fl¡gy„ S>Zpe R>¡.

^pd-^prd-kçbÞ^ : Of_p dprgL$_¡ "^prd' L$l¡hpdp Aph¡ R>¡ Äepf¡ L¡$ Of_¡ "^pd' L$l¡hpdp Aph¡ R>¡. ^pdu ^pddp„ fl¡sp¡ lp¡e R>¡. Anfb°û A¡ fb°û_y„ pd R>¡. lh¡ Å¡ pd×rô$\u Å¡hpdp Aph¡ sp¡ fb°û Anfb°ûdp„ fl¡gy„ S>Zpi¡.

`fb°ûdp„ Anfb°û A_¡ Anfb°ûdp„ `fb°û ! Ap kçbÞ^ d_yóe_u nyÖ by[Ù$\u kdS>dp„ _ Aph¡ A¡hp¡ Ai¼e kçbÞ^ S>Zpe R>¡, `fÞsy, rhfyÙ^dp®îe lp¡hp\u b°ûdpV¡$ L„$C Z Ai¼e _\u lp¡sy„. Anfb°û A_¡ `fb°û hÃQ¡_p Ap rhgnZ kçbÞ^_¡ h÷ A_¡ sp„sZp„_p ×ô$pÞs_p Ap^pf¡ \p¡X$pL$ A„i¡ kdÆ iL$pe R>¡ :

A¡L$ s¥epf h÷_¡ Å¡ Ahehu_p ê$`dp„ Å¡hpdp„ Aph¡ sp¡ L$`X$pdp„ hZpe¡gp spZp„-hpZp„ L$`X$p_p Ahehê$`¡ S>Zpi¡. Ap ×rô$\u Å¡sp„ h÷_¡ "^d}' A_¡ sp„sZp„Ap¡_¡ "^d®' L$l¡hpi¡. A\p®s¹ ""h÷dp„ sp„sZp„Ap¡ fl¡ R>¡'' A¡d L$l¡hy„ X$i¡. ApS> ×ô$pÞs_¡ buÆ ×rô$\u rhQpqfA¡ sp¡ sp„Zp„-hpZp„Ap¡_¡

72

hZhp\u L$`Xy„$ s¥epf \sy„ lp¡e R>¡. Ap\u, sp„sZpAp¡ L$`X$p_y„ "D`pv$p_' L¡$ "kdhpeu-L$pfZ' L$l¡hpi¡ L¡$ S>¡dp„ L$pe® DÐ`Þ_ \sy„ lp¡e R>¡. sp„sZp„Ap¡dp„ DÐ`Þ_ \sy„ lp¡hp\u L$`Xy„$ "L$pe®' L$l¡hpe R>¡. L$pe® ld¢ip `p¡sp_p D`pv$p_ L$pfZdp„ fl¡sy„ lp¡e R>¡. S>¡d dpV$gy„ dpV$udp„ L¡$ Of¡Zp„ kp¡_p-Qp„v$udp„ fl¡sp„ lp¡e R>¡. L$pfZ_¡ "^d}'L$l¡hpe R>¡ Äepf¡ L¡$ L$pe®_¡ "^d®' L$l¡hpdp Aph¡ R>¡. A¡V$g¡ Ap ×rô$\u Å¡hp S>sp„ sp„sZp„Ap¡ d} b_u Åe R>¡ A_¡ L$`Xy„$ d®. lh¡ Ap`Z_¡ sp„sZp„Ap¡dp„ L$`Xy„$ fl¡sy„ lp¡e A¡hy„ gpNi¡.

D`fp¡¼s ×ô$pÞsdp„ Ap`Z¡ Å¡ey„ L¡$ Å¡hp_p¡ ×rô$L$p¡Z bv$gpC S>hp\u ^d®-^d}dp„ `Z `fõ`f DgV$p-kygV$u lp¡e R>¡. s¡ S> âdpZ¡ Anfb°û_¡ `Z Å¡hp_p¡ ×rô$L$p¡Z bv$gpsp„ Anfb°û ¼epf¡L$ ^d®ê$`¡ sp¡ ¼epf¡L$ ^pdê$`¡ âsus \pe R>¡.

NrZsp_Þv$ :`fb°û_¡ Å¡ awg kdS>hpdp„ Aph¡ sp¡ Anfb°û s¡_u kyNÞ^ R>¡.

kyNÞ^_u suh°sp S>¡V$gu awgdp„ lp¡e R>¡ s¡V$gu âkf¡g kyNÞ^dp„ lp¡su _\u. s¡ S> âdpZ¡ S>¡V$gp¡ Ap_Þv$ fb°ûdp„ lp¡e R>¡ s¡V$gp¡ Anfb°ûdp„ âL$V$ S>Zpsp¡ _\u. Ap L$pfZ¡ Anfb°û_¡ "NrZsp_Þv$'L$l¡hpe R>¡. Al] afu\u epv$ L$fu g¡hy„ Å¡BA¡ L¡$ `fb°û_p A¥íhe® hue® ei îu op_ h¥fpÁe A`qf[ÃR>Þ_Ðh kh®ch_kpdÕe® hN¡f¡ |hp£¼s AâpL©$s-Agp¥qL$L$ NyZ^dp£_¡ "Ap_Þv$'iåv$\u L$l¡hpdp Aph¡ R>¡.

r_fpL$pf :S>¡d k|e® kpL$pf lp¡e R>¡ `fÞsy Qp¡d¡f a¡gpe¡gp¡ s¡_p¡ âL$pi

ìep`L$=r_fpL$pf lp¡e R>¡, s¡d `fb°û kpL$pf R>¡ Äepf¡ L¡$ Anfb°û s¡_u ìep`L$sp lp¡hp\u r_fpL$pf R>¡. Anfb°û_u âp[às op_dpN®\u \pe R>¡ Äepf¡ L¡$ `fb°û îuL©$óZ_u âp[às c[¼s\u \pe R>¡.

Anfb°û_u âsursdp„ Ar^L$pfc¡v$ :op_u A_¡ c¼s_¡ Anfb°û_u âsurs rcÞ_-rcÞ_ ê$`¡ \su lp¡e

R>¡. c¼s_u ×rô$ `fb°û îuL©$óZ_¡ ip¡^su lp¡hp\u Anfb°û_y„ v$i®_ c¼s_¡ `fb°û_p pd sfuL¡$ \sy„ lp¡e R>¡. Äepf¡, op_u_u ×rô$ pdu fb°û yfyjp¡Ñd

73

îuL©$óZ ky^u lp¢Qu iL$su _ lp¡hp\u s¡_¡ Anfb°û_y„ v$i®_ pdê$`¡ \sy„ _\u. op_u_¡ Anfb°û_u âsurs ìep`L$ k[ÃQv$p_Þv$ õhe„âL$pi NyZpsus hN¡f¡ê$`¡ \su lp¡e R>¡. op_u_¡ Anfb°ûâp[àsê$` am dm¡ R>¡.

k©rô$âr¾$epOu A¡L$ L$pe® R>¡. Ou_y„ L$pfZ v|$^ lp¡e R>¡. fÞsy v|$^dp„\u ku^y„ S> Ou

DÐ`Þ_ \C _\u S>sy„. v|$^_y„ â\d v$l] b_¡ R>¡, v$l]_u R>pk b_¡ R>¡, R>pkdp„\u dpMZ b_¡; A_¡ R>¡ëg¡ sb¼L¡$ Ou lp\dp„ Aphsy„ lp¡e R>¡. Ap ¾$ddp„ Ou_y„ L$pfZ dpMZ, dpMZ_y„ L$pfZ R>pk, R>pk_y„ L$pfZ v$l] A_¡ v$l]_y„ L$pfZ v|$^ b_sy„ lp¡e R>¡. Al] v|$^ A¡ L$pe®ê$` Ou krls Ou_p S>¡V$gp Z L$pfZp¡ R>¡ s¡ b^p_y„ Apqv$L$pfZ NZpe R>¡. Ap ×ô$pÞsdp„ A¡L$ R>¡hpX¡$ v|$^ R>¡ Äepf¡ L¡$ buS>¡ R>¡hpX¡$ Ou R>¡. v|$^_¡ ApÛL$pfZ dp_u iL$ep Äepf¡ Ou A¡ A[Þsd L$pe® R>¡. v|$^ A_¡ Ou _u hÃQ¡ A_¡L$ L$pfZp¡_u L$X$uAp¡ R>¡. s¡ S> âdpZ¡ âL©$s kÞv$c®dp„ A¡L$ R>¡hpX¡$ `fb°û R>¡ Äepf¡ buS>¡ R>¡hpX¡$ S>X$-ÆhpÐdL$ S>Ns¹ R>¡. fb°û ApÛL$pfZ R>¡ Äepf¡ S>Ns¹ A¡ A[Þsd L$pe® R>¡. fb°û A_¡ S>Ns¹ hÃQ¡ L$pfZ-L$pe®cph_u A_¡L$ L$X$uAp¡ Å¡X$pe¡gu lp¡e R>¡. Ap L$X$uAp¡_y„ op_ \pe sp¡ Ap`Z¡ kdÆ iL$uiy„ L¡$ b°ûdp„\u S>Ns_y„ âpL$V¹$e L$C âr¾$ep\u \ey„.

`fb°û k©rô$_y„ r_dp®Z Anfb°ûdp„ L$f¡ R>¡. Ap\u k©rô$_p r_dp®Z_u 1 2 3 4 5iê$Apsê$`¡ Anfb°ûdp„ L$$pg L$d® õhcph âL©$rs A_¡ `yfyj, ApV$gp

sÒhp¡ klz â\d DÐ`Þ_ \pe R>¡. dL$p__y„ r_dp®Z L$fhpdpV¡$ S>¡d rkd¡ÞV$ IV$p¡ `Ð\f Q|_p¡ gp¡M„X$ hN¡f¡ h`fpsp lp¡e R>¡ s¡d L$pg-L$d®-õhcphpqv$_¡ Ap k©rô$_p„ Q|_p-`Õ\f S>¡hp kdS>hp Å¡BA¡. Anfb°û_p ks¹-rQs¹-Ap_Þv$pÐdL$ lp¡hp\u, s¡_p ks¹ A_¡ rQs¹ NyZ^dp£\u L$pg L$d® õhcph âL©$rs A_¡ `yfyj sÒhp¡_u DÐ`rÑ \pe R>¡. Äepf¡ Ap_Þv$\u ìerô$-AÞsep®du_u DÐ`rÑ \su lp¡e R>¡. Anfb°û_u kv„$ic|s kÐh-fS>k¹-sdp¡NyZp[ÐdL$p âL©$rsdp„\u dls¹sÒh, Al„L$pf, p„Q sÞdpÓpAp¡(iåv$ õ`i® ê$` fk NÞ^), `p„Q dlpc|sp¡(ApL$pi hpey s¡S> S>g `©Õhu), `p„Q op_¡[ÞÖep¡(Ap„M _pL$ L$p_ Æc ÐhQp), `p„Q L$d£[ÞÖep¡(lp\`N dp¡Yy„$ D`õ\=S>__¡[ÞÖe `pey=DÐkN£[ÞÖe); A_¡ d_ Ap 23 sÒhp¡_u DÐ`rÑ \pe R>¡. rQv„$ic|s `yfyjdp„\u Ak„¿e ÆhpÐdpAp¡_u DÐ`rÑ \pe R>¡. Anfb°û_p„ Ap_Þv$p„idp„\u k[ÃQv$p_Þv$pÐdL$ Ak„¿e ìerô$-AÞsep®du DÐ`Þ_ \pe R>¡.

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AÞsep®du v$f¡L$ ÆhpÐdp_u A„v$f flu_¡ s¡_y„ r_ed_ L$f¡ R>¡. Ap AÞsep®du kdrô$-AÞsep®du_p A„iê$` lp¡e R>¡.

kdrô$AÞsep®du :Anfb°ûdp„\u S>¡ âL$pf¡ ìerô$-AÞsep®du âL$V$ \pe R>¡, s¡S> âL$pf¡

k©rô$r_ed_ L¡$ Ahspf L$pep£_¡ L$fhpdpV¡$ `fb°û `p¡s¡S> kdrô$-AÞsep®du `Z b_¡ R>¡. kdrô$-AÞsep®du_¡ S> "rhfpV$`yfyj' "kdrô$`yfyj' "b°ûpÎX$d|rs®' "`fdpÐdp' "_pfpeZ' "Apv¹$e$phspf' L¡$ "kL$pgphspfphspfu' `Z L$l¡hpdp Aph¡ R>¡. `fb°û Anfb°ûê$`¡ khp£`pv$p_ b_¡ R>¡ sp¡ kdrô$-AÞsep®duê$`¡ OV$-OV$dp„ rhÛdp_ klw_p r_eÞsp-Cíhf b_¡ R>¡. `fb°û Anfb°ûê$`¡ op_uAp¡_y„ D`põe b_¡ R>¡ sp¡ AÞsep®duê$`¡ dep®v$pc[¼sdp„ cS>_ue b_¡ R>¡. âL©$rs_p„ kÐhfS>õsdp¡ NyZp¡_y„ r_ed_ L$fp_pfp„ NyZphspf v¡$hsp : b°ûp rhóÏ A_¡ rih _y„ âpL$V$é `Z kdrô$-AÞsep®duê$` ^pfZ L$f_pf îuL©$óZdp„\u S> \sy„ lp¡e R>¡. s¡ S> âdpZ¡ dÐõe hpfpl hNf¡ gugphspfp¡_y„ âpL$V$é Z.

Ap kdN° r_ê$`Z_¡ A¡L$×[óV$dp„ S> by[ÙNs L$fhpdpV¡$ ApNm“p ‘p“p E‘f Ap`hpdp„ Aphsu kpfZu Arsie D`L$pqfZu \i¡—. Sy>Ap¡ ApNm“y„ ‘p“y„.

rhi¡j hp„Q_ dpV¡$—:1.îugpgycË$ÆL©$s "âd¡efÐ_pZ®h' _pdL$ N°Þ\dp„_p¡ "d|gê$`rhh¡L$'.2.îudlpâcyÆ-rhfrQs "sÒhp\®v$u`r_bÞ^' N°Þ\_p "kh®r_Z®eâL$fZ'

dp„ Aphsy„ "âd¡eâL$fZ'.3.îudlpâcyÆ-rhfrQs s©sueõL$Þ^kybp¡r^_udp„ k©[óV$âL$fZ (3&8-11).4.îudlpâcyÆ-rhfrQs "AÏcpóe'dp„ â\dpÝepe.5.Np¡õhpdu îu`yfyjp¡ÑdÆ-rhfrQs "âõ\p_fÐ_pL$f' N°Þ\dp„_p¡

"âd¡eâL$fZ'.6.Np¡õhpdu îuíepdd_p¡lfÆÜpfp _hu_ âL$pris "`Óphgçb_d¹' N°Þ\_u

`pR>m Ap`¡g r_b„^ : ""b°ûhpv$L$u c|rdL$pL¡$ ê$`d¢ `Óphgçb_ N°Þ\L¡$ L$Õe Ap¥f dlÒh L$p AÝee_''.

***

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_p¢^—: Ap kpfZudp„ Óp„ku guV$uAp¡ R>¡ s¡ pkp L¡$ hõsy-hfs_ _¡ HrNs L$f¡ R¡

Äepf¡ L¡$ ku^u guV$uAp¡ pe®-^pfL$cph¡ L¡$ L$pe®-L$pfZcph¡ A¡L$dp„\u âL$V$ \sp„

buÅ ê$`p¡_¡ HrNs L$f¡ R>¡.

L$d® õhcph L$pg âL©$rs `yfyj

dlv¹$

âpZ-byqÙ Al„L$pf

spdk Al„L$pf fpS>k Al„L$pf kp[ÐhL$ Al„L$pf

`„QsÞdpÓp v$irh^-B[ÞÖep¡ d_

`„Qdlpc|s Ak„¿eÆhpÐdpAp¡— Ak„¿eìe[óV$-AÞsep®rdAp¡

k[ÃQv$p_„v$-`fb°û-`|Z®`yfyjp¡ÑdkpL$pf-cNhp_¹

îuL©$óZ

b°ûp„X$d|rs®-kd[óV$-AÞsep®du-rhfpV¹$ `fdpÐdp-kL$gphspfphspfu

_pfpeZ

NyZphspfp¡ gugphspfp¡(b°ûp-rhóÏ-rih) (dÐõe-hfplpqv$)

r_fpL$pf-kh®L$pfZL$pfZc|sAnfb°û

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4. `yrô$rhh¡L$sÒhv$i®_ A_¡ ^d®v$i®_ Ap b¡ `np¡_y„ lp¡hy„ A¡ L$p¡C `Z k„âv$pe_u

`qf`|Z®spdpV¡$ AphíeL$ lp¡e R>¡. sÒhv$i®_(philosophy)`n_¡ âd¡e`n `Z L$l¡hpdp„ Aph¡ R>¡. Äepf¡ L¡$ d®v$i®_`n_¡ ApQpf, ìehlpf L¡$ kp^_p n sfuL¡$ Ap¡mMhpdp„ Aph¡ R>¡. `yrô$c[¼sdpN® A_¡ `yrô$ifZpNrsdpN® A¡ hpëgckçâv$pe_p„ ^d®v$i®_ `np¡ R>¡. ApS>¡ hpëgckçâv$pe_y„ _pd Aphsp„ s¡_u bpbsdp„ gp¡L$p¡ \p¡Xy„$-OÏ„ Å¡ L$p„BL$ ÅZ¡ R>¡ sp¡ s¡ "lh¡guk„âv$pe' sfuL¡$ L¡$ S>¡ s¡_y„ sØ_ Mp¡Vy„$ A_¡ c°pdL$ _pd-õhê$` R>¡, A\hp dpÓ c[¼sdpN® sfuL¡$ Al] A¡ L$l¡hy„ Aâpk[P¹$N$L$ _l] NZpe L¡$ c[¼s A¡ a¼s hpëgckçâv$pe_¡ S> _l] `f„sy buÅ `Z OZp b^p k„âv$pep¡_¡ dpÞe kp^_p R>¡ S>. ^d®v$i®_`n_p A_¡L$ ¡V$p np¡ lp¡e R>¡. s¡dp„, dy¿eÐh¡, 1. rkÙp„s 2. ìehlpf 3. am A_¡ 4. cph_p np¡_p¡ kdph¡i \pe R>¡. sÒh krls â\d ÓZ `np¡_y„ r_ê$`Z "`yrô$âh¡i-1'dp„(`©›$ 43-44 D`f) \e¡gy„ R>¡. cph`n_u kdS> lh¡ R>u, e\phkf, Ap`hpdp„ Aphi¡.

hëgck„âv$pe_p sÒhv$i®_ `n\u dp¡V$p cpN_p gp¡L$p¡• k„âv$pe_p A_yepeuAp¡ `Z •sØ_ AÅZ R>¡ A¡d L$l¡hpdp„ L$p¡C Arsiep¡[¼s _\u S>Zprs. kpL$pf-b°ûhpv$ A¡ hpëgck„âv$pe_y„ sÒhv$i®_ R>¡. Ap_¡ S> `pR>m\u "iyÙpÜ¥sb°ûhpv$' _pd Z Ap`hpdp„ Apìey„ R>¡. kpL$pfb°ûhpv$_p âdyM âd¡e-sÒhp¡ : `fb°û, Anfb°û, AÞsep®du, Æh, S>Ns¹ hN¡f¡_y„ krhõspf r_ê$`Z Ap |h£ L$fhpdp„ Apìey„ R>¡.

kpL$pf / iyÙ$pÜ¥s b°ûhpv$ :sÒh sp¡ A¡L$ dpÓ b°û S> R>¡. Ap S>X$-ÆhpÐdL$ k©rô$dp„ S>¡ L„$C Z

_pd ê$` L¡$ L$d® v¡$MpC füp„ R>¡ s¡ b^y„, gugp_u BÃR>p\u, b°û S> õhe„ bÞey„ R>¡. Ap\u S>, dpep âL©$rs yfyj L$pg L$d® õhcph fdpÏ hN¡f¡ S>¡ L$p¡C Z sÒh / sÒhp¡_¡ k©rô$_p D`pv$p_ L¡$ r_rdÑ L$pfZ sfuL¡$ dp_hpdp„ Aph¡ R>¡ s¡ b^p ê$`p¡ Z õhe„ b°û¡ S> pfZ L$ep¯ R>¡. Aphp A_¡L$ _pd-ê$`-L$dp£dp„ ìepàs-a¡gpe¡gy„ lp¡hp R>sp„ b°û_y„ A¡L$ kpL$pf-`yfyjp¡Ñd-L©$óZ õhê$` Z R>¡ L¡$ S>¡ Ap b^p\u f-î¡›$, õhs„Ó A_¡ Argàs R>¡. A\p®s¹ A_¡L$ rhfyÙ^dp£_p¡ Apîe A¡hy„ b°û S>Ns¹-k©rô$ ê$`¡ ìep`L$-A_¡L$ lp¡hp R>sp„ îuL©$óZ õhê$`¡ kpL$pf-

77

A¡L$ Z R>¡. îuhëgcpQpe®QfZ_p Ap hpv$_¡ S> kpL$pf / iyÙ$pÜ¥s b°ûhpv$ L$l¡hpdp„ Aph¡ R>¡.

sÒhv$i®_ A¡ L$p¡C Z k„âv$pedpV¡$ pep kdp_ lp¡e R>¡ Äepf¡ d®-kp^_p A¡ s¡_p D`f QZhpdp„ Aphsu Bdpfs kdp_ lp¡e R>¡. pep rh_p_u Bdpfs A[õ\f lp¡e R>¡, L$p¡C `Z kde¡ S>du_v$p¡õs \C iL¡$ R>¡. Ap\u k„âv$pe_u d®-kp^_pdp„ ApNm h^hp dpNsp A_yepreAp¡ dpV¡$ sÒhv$i®__y„ op_ lp¡hy„ Myb S> AphíeL$ lp¡e R>¡.

sÒh×rô$ A_¡ gugp×rô$ :îuhëgcpQpe® k©rô$_¡ b¡ ×rô$\u Å¡h¡ R>¡ :

1. sÒh×rô$ 2. gugp×rô$

N„cufsp\u rhQpf L$fsp„ k©rô$_u bpbsdp„ L¡$V$gpL$ âí_p¡ D˜h¡ R>¡. S>¡d L¡$ :

k©rô$_y„ hpõsrhL$ õhê$` iy„ li¡ ? k©rô$_p OV$L$ d|mc|s sÒhp¡ L$ep-L$ep A_¡ L¡$V$gp„ li¡ ? k©rô$_y„ k„Qpg_ L$p¡Z L$fsy„ li¡ ? k©rô$_p„ OV$L$ sÒhp¡_p¡ b°û kp\¡ L¡$hp¡ k„b„^ li¡ ? k©rô$_y„ k„Qpg_ L$ep r_edp¡\u \sy„ li¡? k©rô$_p¡ Aprhcp®h-rsfp¡cph s¡dS> s¡_u [õ\rs L$ep„ L¡$hu fus¡ A_¡ ¼epf¡ \su li¡ ? hN¡f¡.

sÒh×rô$\u k©rô$_¡ Å¡hpdp„ Aph¡ sp¡ Ap / Aphp âí_p¡_p kdp^p_p¡ kpL$pfb°ûhpv$_u klpesp\u Apù iL$pe R>¡. âí_p¡_u i©„Mgp, f„sy, ApV$gp dpÓ\u AV$L$u S>su _\u. Ap kp\¡ L¡$V$gpL$ A¡hp Z âí_p¡ D˜hsp lp¡e R>¡ L¡$ S>¡_p„ kdp^p_p¡ sÒh×rô$\u Apù iL$psp„ _\u. S>¡hp L¡$ :

k©rô$ ip dpV¡$ A[õsÐhdp„ Aphu li¡ ? sÒh Å¡ A¡L$ S> õhuL$pfhpdp„ Aph¡ sp¡ k©rô$dp„ ApV$gu bû rhrh^sp_p¡ iy„ Mygpkp¡ ? A\p®s¹ L$p¡BL$ Æh sp¡ L$p„BL$ S>X$, L$p¡BL$ d_yóe sp¡ L$p¡BL$ v¡$h Aphy„ ip dpV¡$ ? Æhp¡dp„ Z L$p¡BL$ lu_ sp¡ L$p¡BL$ î¡›$, L$p¡BL$ vy$:Mu sp¡ L$p¡BL$ kyMu, L$p¡BL$ c¼s sp¡ L$p¡BL$

78

Ac¼s Aphy„ ip L$pfZ¡ ? Äepf¡ b^y„ âcy S> L$f¡ A_¡ L$fph¡ R>¡ sp¡ R>u ip L$pfZ¡ L$p¡B_¡ õhN® dm¡ R>¡ Äepf¡ L$p¡B_¡ _L®$ ?

Ap A_¡ Aphp buÅ Z âí_p¡_p k„sp¡jL$pfL$ DÑf gugp×rô$\u S> Apù iL$pe R>¡. Al] A¡L$ hps Ýep_dp„ fpMu g¡hu Å¡BA¡ L¡$ sÒh×rô$ A_¡ gugp×rô$ A¡ A¡L$ buÅ_u rhfp¡û _\u, `|fL$ S> R>¡. S>¡ gp¡L$p¡ Ap b¡ ×rô$_u hÃQ¡ kdÞhe kpû _\u i¼ep s¡Ap¡ L$p„ sp¡ sÒh_¡ L$p„ sp¡ gugp_¡ AÞepe L$fu b¡W$p R>¡. sÒh D`f h^y X$sp¡ cpf Ap`_pfpAp¡ gugp-k©rô$_¡ rdÕep AkÐe L¡$ syÃR> dp_u b¡k¡ R>¡. Ap_p\u rh`fus, gugp-k©rô$ D`f S> k„`|Z® ×rô$ L¡$[ÞÖs L$f_pfpAp¡ Cíhf-sÒh_p¡ rsfõL$pf L$fu b¡k¡ R>¡. Äepf¡ L¡$ sÒh A_¡ gugp Ap bÞ_¡ ×rô$_p¡ õhuL$pf L$fhp R>sp„ `Z S>¡Ap¡ Ap bÞ_¡ ×rô$ hÃQ¡ kdÞhe kpû _\u iL$sp s¡Ap¡ sÒh-b°û A_¡ gugp-k©rô$_¡ `fõ`f AÐeÞs rcÞ_ dp_u g¡ R>¡. dlpâcy îuhëgcpQpe®QfZ_u A¡ Akp^pfZ rhi¡jsp R>¡ L¡$ Ap`¡ sÒh A_¡ gugp Ap bÞ_¡ ×rô$Ap¡_p¡ kâdpZ kdÞhe kpû_¡ iyÙpÜ¥s-`yrô$c[¼sdpN®_y„ âhs®_ L$ey¯. Ap`¡ _ sp¡ S>Ns-k©rô$_¡ rdÕep AkÐe L¡$ syÃR> dp_u R>¡ L¡$ _ b°û-sÒh_p¡ rsfõL$pf L$ep£ R>¡. s¡ S> fus¡, dlpâcy_u ×rô$dp„ b°û A_¡ k©rô$_u hÃQ¡_p¡ k„b„^ _ sp¡ ApÐe[ÞsL$c¡v$-Ü¥s ê$` R>¡ L¡$ _ ApÐe[ÞsL$pc¡v$-L¡$hgpÜ¥s ê$`. b°û A_¡ k©rô$ _u hÃQ¡, dlpâcy_u ×rô$dp„ spv$pÐçe-iyÙpÜ¥s ê$` k„b„^ R>¡. A\p®s¹, k©rô$_¡ Å¡ sÒh×rô$\u Å¡hpdp„ Aph¡ sp¡ b°û S> A¡L$ dpÓ sÒh R>¡. A_¡ Å¡ gugp×rô$\u Å¡hpdp„ Aph¡ sp¡ A¡L$d¡h sÒh b°û¡ gugp\£ pfZ L$f¡gp„ A_¡L$ _pd-ê$`-L$dp£ S> Ap k©rô$ R>¡.

sÒhv$i®__p¡ DØ¡íe :îuApQpe®QfZ¡ âL$V$ L$f¡gp k©rô$_p Aphp sÒh-flõe_¡ _ ÅZ_pfp

gp¡L$p¡ `fdpÐdp_¡ `p¡sp_p\u OZp¡-OZp¡ v|$f kdS>¡ R>¡. A_¡ Ap L$pfZ¡ S> s¡Ap¡_u A„v$f ce gOysp S>¡hu cph_pAp¡ Of L$fu S>su lp¡e R>¡. `fdpÐdp Ap`Zp\u A¡V$gp¡ v|$f A×íe L¡$ Aõ`©íe _\u S>¡V$gp¡ L¡$ Ap`Z¡ s¡_¡ dp_u b¡W$p R>uA¡. s¡ Ap`Zp\u A¡V$gp¡ _ÆL$ R>¡ L¡$ S>¡V$gp Ap`Z¡ Ap`Zp\u _ÆL$ R>uA¡. L$Z-L$Zdp„ ìepàs s¡ fdpÐdp_¡ Ap`Z¡ Å¡C iL$uA¡ R>uA¡, s¡_p¡ õì® Z L$fu iL$uA¡ R>uA¡ A¡V$gp¡ s¡ kygc R>¡. S>Ns_u DÐ`rÑ-[õ\rs-âge_p ArcÞ_-r_rdÑp¡`pv$p_ L$pfZê$` s¡ `fdpÐdp kpL$pf-îuL©$óZ õhê$`¡

79

Ap`Zp Ofdp„ âL$V$ \C_¡ p¡sp_p õhê$`p_Þv$_y„ dp¡npr^L$ Agp¥qL$L$ kyM Z Ap`u iL¡$ R>¡. AsA¡h S>¡ gp¡L$p¡_p d_dp„ îuL©$óZ_p s¡ õhê$`p_Þv$_y„ kyM d¡mhhp_u BÃR>p \su lp¡e s¡dZ¡ iyÙpÜ¥s-`yrô$c[¼sdpN®_p¡ Apîe g¡hp¡ Å¡BA¡. Ap hps `yrô$Æhp¡_¡ kdÅhhu A¡ S> dlpâcy îuhëgcpQpe®_p kpL$pfb°ûhpv$_p¡ fd A_¡ Qfd DØ¡íe R>¡.

`yrô$ :"`yrô$'A¡ cNhp__p¡ A¡L$ NyZ-^d® R>¡. "`yrô$'_¡ A_yN°l-L©$`p;

âkßsp, k„sp¡j, v$ep, ndp S>¡hp Sy>v$p-Sy>v$p _pdp¡\u Z Ap¡mMhpdp„ Aph¡ R>¡. cpNhspqv$ ip÷p¡dp„ A_¡L$ v¥$hu Æhp¡ D`f A_¡L$ âL$pf¡ cNhp__u yrô$-L©$`p \C lp¡hp_p âk„N hZ®hhpdp„ Apìep R>¡. Ap hZ®_p¡_p Ap^pf¡ cNhp__u yrô$_y„ hN}L$fZ _uQ¡ dyS>b L$fu iL$pe R>¡.

E‘f v$ip®h¡g kpfZudp„ cNhp__u dy¿eÐh¡ b¡ âL$pf_u `yrô$ (= 1

L©$`p) kdS>dp„ Aph¡ R>¡. kpdÕep®_y`psu A¡V$g¡ L¡$ kp^pfZ `yrô$ A_¡ 2õhcphp_y`psu A¡V$g¡ L¡$ rhi¡j yrô$.

kpdÕep®_y`psu / kp^pfZ yrô$ :1 2 3 4cNhp__p kpdÕe® = i[¼s_y„ hZ®_ ip÷dp„ A¥íhe® hue® ei îu

5 6op_ h¥fpÁe hN¡f¡ Agp¥qL$L$ NyZp¡_p ê$`dp„ L$fhpdp„ Apìéy„ R>¡. cNhp_¹

õhê$`pk[¼sâv$

`yrô$-A_yN°l

1. kpdÕep®_y`prs/kp^pfZ`yrô$(dep®v$pÆhrhjeL$)

2. õhcphp_y`prs/rhi¡j`yrô$(`yrô$ÆhrhjeL$)

A¥íhe®-hue®-ei-îu-op_-h¥fpÁepqv$^d®âpL$V$éL$pfu Ap_Þv$pÐdL$^rd®âpL$V$éL$pfu

L$.kykp^_ÆhrhjeL M.r_:kp^_ÆhrhjeL$ N.vy$ô$kp^_ÆhrhjeL$

A. âkpv$ Ap. sp¡j(kp^_pr^L$agâv$) (kp^_p_yL|$gagâv$)

B.v$ep C.ndp

L$pg-L$d®-õhcphpqv$bp^L$

80

`p¡sp_p NyZ / NyZp¡_¡ Äepf¡ L$p¡C Æh_u A„v$f Ap„riL$ L¡$ |Z® ê$`¡ âL$V$ L$f¡ R>¡ Ðepf¡ cNhp__u s¡ yrô$_¡ "kpdÕep®_y`prs`yrô$' L$l¡hpdp„ Aph¡ R>¡. cNhp__u Aphu `yrô$_u L$pd_p dep®v$pdpN}Æhp¡ L$fsp lp¡e R>¡. kpdÕep®_y`psu`yrô$_u L$pd_p yrô$Æhp¡A¡ fpMhu _ Å¡BA¡.

Ap_¡ S> Å¡ buÅ iåv$p¡dp„ L$l¡hpdp„ Aph¡ sp¡ S>¡ `yrô$ klS>sp, õhpcprhL$sp L¡$ A_pepk¡ _ \su lp¡e A\p®s¹ S>¡ `yrô$ L$fhpdp„ cNhp__¡ rhQpf L¡$ k„L$ë` L$fhp¡ X$sp¡ lp¡e, cNhp__u s¡hu yrô$_¡ kpdÕep®_y`psu`yrô$ L$lu iL$pe R>¡. Aphu yrô$ L$fsp kde¡ cNhp_¹ p¡sp_¡ s¡dp„ blz k„X$p¡hsp _\u lp¡sp. õhe„ Argàs flu_¡ A¥íhep®qv$ NyZp¡Üpfp A\hp sp¡ hpkyv¡$h k„L$j®Z Ar_fyÙ âÛyç_ S>¡hp ìe|lp¡Üpfp A`¡rns L$pe® `|Z® L$fphu g¡sp lp¡e R>¡. Ap`Z¡ Z OZu hMs¡ Aphy„ L$fsp lp¡BA¡ R>uA¡. Ap`Zu Mpk qfrQs L¡$ õ_¡lu _ lp¡e s¡hu L$p¡C ìe[¼s Ap`Zu dv$v$ g¡hpdpV¡$ Aph¡ A\hp s¡ dykubsdp„ R>¡ s¡hy„ Ap`Zp ÅZhpdp„ Aph¡ sp¡ _p¡L$f-QpL$fÜpfp, V¡$guap¡_-V$`pg\u L¡$ Ap¡mMusp gp¡L$p¡Üpfp Ap`Z¡ s¡_¡ dv$v$ dp¡L$gphu v¡$sp lp¡BA¡ R>uA¡. ìe[¼sNsê$`¡ Ap`Z¡ p¡s¡ s¡dp„ blz-JX$p¡ fk g¡sp _\u lp¡sp. OZu hMs¡ sp¡ Aphu dv$v$ L$fhpdp„ Ap`Z_¡ L$p¡BL¡$ b¡-Qpf hMs epv$ A`phhy„ X$sy„ lp¡e R>¡. Ap âL$pf_u dv$v$ L$fhpdp„ Ap`Z¡ blz-JX$p¡ fk _\u gC iL$sp s¡_y„ L$pfZ Z kdÆ iL$pe s¡hy„ R>¡. Aphp kde¡ Ap`Zp d_dp„ syfs A¡hp¡ rhQpf Aphsp¡ lp¡e R>¡ L¡$ Apd sp¡ L$p¡C qv$hk dp¡Yy„$ Z _\u v¡$MpX$sp A_¡ Äepf¡ dv$v$_u S>ê$f `X$u R>¡ Ðepf¡ v$p¡X$sp Apìep R>¡. dv$v$ dpN_pf_u õhp\®-cph_p Ap`Z_¡ fk g¡sp„ AV$L$phsu lp¡e R>¡. Aphy„ S> cNhp__u bpbsdp„ Z kdS>hy„ Å¡BA¡.

cNhp__p A_yN°l`pÓ Æhp¡ ÓZ âL$pf_p lp¡C iL¡$ R>¡.1. kykp^_2. r_:kp^_ A_¡ 3. vy$ô$kp^_

sv$_ykpf cNhp__u L©$`p Z ÓZ âL$pf_u lp¡C iL¡$ R>¡.1/L$. kykp^_ÆhrhjeL$1/M. r_:kp^_ÆhrhjeL$ A_¡1/N. vy$ô$kp^_ÆhrhjeL$

81

lh¡ Ap`Z¡ Ap ÓZ¡e âL$pf_u L©$`p_p¡ ¾$di: rhQpf L$fuiy„.

1/L$. kykp^_ÆhrhjL$ - A_yN°l :`p¡sp_u d_p¡L$pd_p_¡ `|fu L$fhpdpV¡$ S>¡ h°s S>` s` su\® eo hN¡f¡

D`pep¡-kp^_p¡ Apv$fu iL$sp lp¡e s¡hp Æh_¡ "kykp^_Æh' L$l¡hpdp„ Aph¡ R>¡. Aphp kykp^_ Æh_u D`f cNhp_ b¡ âL$pf¡ A_yN°l L$fsp lp¡e R>¡ :

A. kp^_pr^L$agâv$ A_¡Ap. kp^_p_yL|$gagâv$.

1/L$/A. kp^_pr^L$agâv$ A_yN°l : A_yN°l_p Ap âL$pf_¡ Ap`Z¡ A¡L$ gp¥qL$L$ ×ô$pÞs\u kdÆiy„. ^pfp¡ L¡$ A¡L$ L$gpL$pf `p¡sp_u L$p¡C L$pd_p_¡ k„sp¡jhp_u A`¡np\u Ap`Zu `pk¡ Aph¡ R>¡. Ap`Z¡ s¡_¡ A¡L$ L$gpL©$rs b_phhp_y„ L$luA¡ R>uA¡. A¡ A¡L$ AÐeÞs kyÞv$f L$gpL©$rs b_phu_¡ gph¡ R>¡. s¡_¡ Å¡B_¡ Ap`Z¡ L$gpL$pf D`f A¡V$gp "âkÞ_' \C S>BA¡ R>uA¡ L¡$ s¡_u dl¡_s_p bv$gpdp„, ìehlpf¡, S>¡V$gu fL$d s¡_¡ Ap`hu Å¡BA¡ s¡_p L$fsp„ h^y fL$d s¡_¡ `yfõL$pf_p ê$`dp„ Apù v$BA¡ R>uA¡. Ap S> âL$pf¡ `p¡sp_u d_p¡L$pd_p |Z® L$fhpdpV¡$ Äepf¡ L$p¡C ìe[¼s h°s s` S>¡hp kp^_ L$f¡ R>¡ A_¡ s¡_¡ L$pfZ¡ cNhp__¡ Å¡ "âkÞ_sp' \pe R>¡ sp¡ s¡_p kp^_ L$fsp„ Z Ar^L$ am cNhp_¹ s¡_¡ Apù v¡$sp lp¡e R>¡. kyv$pdpÆ_p„ `[Ð_A¡, vy$fpN°l`|h®L$, kyv$pdpÆ_¡ cNhp_¹ `pk¡\u ^_ dpNu gphhpdpV¡$ dp¡L$ëep. cNhp_¡ s¡d_p dyW$u cpf p¦Ap_p bv$gpdp„ v¡$hfpS> BÞÖ_p S>¡hu k„`rÑ s¡d_u [Ð__¡ Apù v$uû. kyv$pdpÆ_u [Ð_ D`f cNhp__p¡ Ap A_yN°l s¡dZ¡ L$f¡gp kp^__u kfMpdZu\u OZp¡ Ar^L$ lsp¡.

1/L$/Ap. kp^_p_yL|$gagâv$ A_yN°l : ¼épf¡L$ cNhp_¹ Æhp¡_¡, s¡d_u kp^_p\u k„syô$ (âkÞ_ _l]) \B_¡, s¡Ap¡_u d_p¡L$pd_p A_ykpf A\hp sp¡ s¡dZ¡ L$f¡g âeÐ_p¡/kp^_p¡ A_ykpf S> am Ap`sp lp¡e R>¡. kp^_\u h^y, D`fp¡¼s âL$pf¡, am Ap`sp _\u lp¡sp. cNhp__p Aphp A_yN°l_¡ "kp^_p_yL|$g-agâv$-A_yN°l' L$l¡hpdp„ Aph¡ R>¡. v$p.s. °yhÆ kphL$udpsp_p rsfõL$pf\u vy$:Mu \B_¡ S>„Ngdp„ Nep. fpÄe`v$ âpàs \pe s¡hu L$pd_p\u Ðep„ s¡dZ¡ DN° s`íQep® L$fu. cNhp_¹ s¡d_p s`\u "k„syô$' \ep A_¡ s¡d_¡

82

fpÄe`v$ A`pìey„. Ap cNhp__p¡ kp^_p_yL|$gagâv$ A_yN°l lsp¡.

1/M. r_:kp^_ÆhrhjeL$ A_yN°l :r_:kp^_Æh : S>¡ Æh, hZ® tgN v¡$l Apey `p` Aop_ S>¡hp

L$pfZp¡\u Aph¡gu L$p¡BL$ Ås_u Aep¡Áesp_¡ L$pfZ¡, `p¡sp_u d_p¡L$pd_p `|Z® L$fhpdpV¡$ L$p¡C `Z Ås_p âeÐ_p¡ L$fu iL$sp¡ _ lp¡e s¡hp Æh_¡ "r_:kp^_Æh' L$l¡hpdp„ Aph¡ R>¡. Al] `yrô$Æh_u r_:kp^_sp_¡ Sy>v$u kdS>hu Å¡BA¡.

kp^_ L$fu iL$hp kd\® Æh_p D`f S>¡d cNhp_¹ A_yN°l L$fsp lp¡e R>¡ s¡d r_:kp^_ Æh D`f Z cNhp_ A_yN°l L$f¡ R>¡ s¡hy„ Å¡hpdp„ Aph¡ R>¡. Nfub Aklpe L¡$ r_b®m ìe[¼s_¡ Å¡B_¡ v$epcph ÅN¡ R>¡. s¡d r_:kp^_ Æhp¡ D`f cNhp_¹ S>¡ A_yN°l L$f¡ R>¡ s¡ `Z v$epê$` S> lp¡e R>¡. v$p.s. `pÎX$h-L$p¥fh eyÙ kde¡ dpep® Ne¡gp A_¡L$ k¥r_L$p¡ D`f cNhp__u v$ep×rô$ `X$u lsu. s¡ k¥r_L$p¡A¡ dy[¼s_p L$p¡C Z kp^_p¡ L$ep¯ _ lsp„ s¡d R>sp„ s¡Ap¡_¡ dy[¼s dmu NB.

1/N. vy$ô$kp^_ÆhrhjeL$ A_yN°l :vy$ô$kp^_Æh : gp¡L$ h¡v$ L¡$ c[¼s _u ×rô$\u S>¡ L$dp£ r_rjÙ L¡$ r_[Þv$s

NZhpdp„ Aphsp„ lp¡e s¡hp L$dp£ L$f_pfp Æhp¡_¡ "vy$ô$kp^_Æh' L$l¡hpdp„ Aph¡ R>¡.

kykp^_ A_¡ r_:kp^_ Æhp¡_u dpaL$ vy$ô$kp^_Æhp¡ D`f `Z cNhp__p¡ A_yN°l \sp¡ Å¡hpdp„ Aph¡ R>¡. L$p¡C bpmL$ sp¡ap_ L$f¡ sp¡ `Z hX$ugp¡ s¡_p âÐe¡ ndpcph gphu_¡ s¡_p pg_-`p¡jZdp„ c¡v$cph _ fpMsp lp¡e s¡hy„ OZu hpf Å¡hpdp„ Aphsy„ lp¡e R>¡. s¡ S> âdpZ¡ OZu hpf cNhp_¹ vy$ô$kp^_Æhp¡_p v„$X$_ue L$dp£_¡ ndp L$fu_¡, L$p¡BL$ hMs sp¡ s¡d_¡, DÑd am `Z âv$p_ L$fu v¡$sp lp¡e R>¡. cNhp_¹ Ap b^y„ L$fhpdpV¡$ õhs„Ó lp¡e R>¡. cNhp_¹ D`f L$p¡C Z r_edp¡ gpNy X$sp _\u. v$p.s. vy$ô$ L$dp£ L$fhphpmp L„$k bL$pkyf s©Zphs® |s_p S>¡hp A_¡L$ Akyfp¡ lsp„ L¡$ S>¡d_¡ cNhp_¡ p¡sp_p lp\¡ dpfu_¡ A¡hu dy[¼s Ap`u v$u^u L¡$ S>¡ A_¡L$ kÐL$dp£ L$ep® R>u S> âpàs \C iL¡$ R>¡.

83

r_:kp^_ s\p vy$ô$kp^_ Æhp¡ D`f cNhp_¹ Äepf¡ A_yN°l L$f¡ R>¡ Ðepf¡ s¡d_p L$pg(=d©Ðey ) L$d®(=kpfp„-Mfpb ) õhcph(=v¥$hu-Apkyfu hN¡f¡) hN¡f¡ Å¡ s¡d_p DÙpfdp„ ApX¡$ Aphsp„ lp¡e sp¡ s¡ b^p_p¡ Z cNhp_¹ bp^ L$fu v¡$sp lp¡e R>¡. A\p®s¹ cNhp_¹ s¡ b^p_¡ NZL$pfsp _\u. cNhp__p Aphp A_yN°l_¡

L$pgbp^L$-A_yN°l,L$d®bp^L$-A_yN°l A_¡õhcphbp^L$-A_yN°l

• L$l¡hpdp„ Aph¡ R>¡. s¡ S> âdpZ¡ A_yN°l L$fhpdp„ cNhp_¹ v¡$h v$p_h L¡$ dp_h _p¡ c¡v$ Z Å¡sp _\u lp¡sp.

L$pgbp^L$-A_yN°l : rhíhê$` eohX¡$ Akyf-v¥$Ðep¡_¡ eocpN `lp¢QpX$sp lsp. Ap ÅZu_¡ BÞÖ¡ rhíhê$`_p¡ h^ L$ep£. rhíhê$`_p r`sp Ðhô$pA¡ yÓ_p d©Ðey_p¡ bv$gp¡ g¡hpdpV¡$ BÞÖ_¡ dpf¡ s¡hp¡ yÓ DÐ`Þ_ L$fhp_u BÃR>p\u A¡L$ eo L$ep£. ep¡Áe fus¡ ApQf¡g eo L$p¡C qv$hk r_óam Åe _l]. eo_p amõhê$`¡ h©Ópkyf_pd_p¡ rhL$fpm v¥$Ðe DÐ`Þ_ \ep¡. BÞÖ, `f„sy, cNh˜¼s lsp¡. v¥$Ðe_p lp\¡ s¡_y„ d©Ðey \pe s¡hy„ cNhp_¹ BÃR>sp _ lsp. Ap\u cNhp_¡ eo_p k„L$ë`dp„ c|g L$fphu v$u^u. Ap_p `qfZpd¡, cNhqv$ÃR>p\u, BÞÖ¡ S> h©Ópkyf_p¡ h^ L$fu v$u^p¡. Apd BÞÖ_p d©Ðey_¡ AV$L$phu_¡ cNhp_¡ BÞÖ D`f "L$pg( d©Ðey )bp^L$ A_yN°l' L$ep£.

L$d®bp^L$-A_yN°l : AÅrdg A¡L$ vy$ô$ "dpZk' lsp¡. _ L$fhp_p„ b^p„ L$pdp¡ A¡ L$fu Qy¼ép¡ lsp¡. A¡_p yÓ_y„ _pd A¡Z¡ _pfpeZ fp¿ey„ lsy„. yÓ_y„ _pd "_pfpeZ' bp¡gsp„-bp¡gsp„ A¡_y„ d©Ðey \ey„. "_pfpeZ'A¡ cNhp__y„ _pd lp¡hp\u A_¡ dfsp„ kde¡ s¡Z¡ cNhp__p _pd_p¡ DÃQpf L$ep£ lp¡hp\u cNhp_¡ AÅrdg_p b^p vy$óL$dp®_p¡ _pi L$fu_¡ s¡_p¡ DÙpf L$ep£. vy$ô$kp^_Æh D`f cNhp__p¡ Ap "L$d®bp^L$-A_yN°l' \ep¡.

õhcphbp^L$-A_yN°l : v¡$hp¡_p iÓy rlfÎepn A_¡ rlfÎeL$ri`y _¡ cNhp_¡ BÞÖ_u âp\®_p\u dpep®. `yÓip¡L$\u ¾$p¡r^s \e¡gu dpsp qv$rsA¡ BÞÖ_p Arcdp__¡ sp¡X$u iL¡$ A¡hp yÓp¡_u L$pd_p L$fu. ÷udp¡ldp„ A„^ b_¡gp dlrj® L$íe`Üpfp qv$rs_¡ Nc® füp¡. qv$rs_u kNcp®hõ\pdp„ BÞÖ¡ h¡j bv$gu_¡

84

qv$rs_u Myb k¡hp-QpL$fu L$fu. dp¡L$p¡ dmsp„ BÞÖ¡ qv$rs_p `¡V$dp„ âh¡i L$fu_¡ qv$rs_p Nc® D`f s¡_p Adp¡O hÇ>\u âlpf L$ep£. hÇ>âlpf\u Nc®õ\qv$rs`yÓp¡_y„ d©Ðey r_[íQs lsy„. `f„sy, õhcphbp^L$ cNhp__p A_yN°l_¡ L$pfZ¡ hÇ> Nc®_¡ dpfhp_¡ W¡$L$pZ¡ s¡_p Vy$L$X$p L$fu_¡ S> ip„s \C Ney„. Vy$L$X$p \C S>hp R>sp„ Nc®_y„ d©Ðey cNhÐL©$`p\u _ \ey„. Nc®_p Ap¡NZ`Qpk Vy$L$X$p \ep. s¡ b^p dfy•Zp¡ BÞÖ_u kp\¡ õhN®dp„ Nep. Aphp¡ S> A_yN°l cNhp_¡ `furns D`f L$ep£ lsp¡. AíhÐ\pdpA¡ `p„X$hp¡_p h„i_p¡ _pi L$fhpdpV¡$ DÑfp_p Nc® D`f b°ûp÷ R>p¡X¹$éy„$. b°ûp÷\u DÑfp_p Nc®_y„ d©Ðey r_[íQs lsy„. cNhp_¡, f„sy, b°ûp÷_p¡ p¡sp_p õhê$`dp„ rhge L$fu_¡ Nc®_u fnp L$fu. Apd cNhp_¡ b°ûp÷_p õhcph_p¡ Z bp^ L$ep£. Ap cNhp__p¡ "õhcphbp^L$-A_yN°l' \ep¡.

cNhp__u L©$`p_¡ S>`-s`pqv$ kp^_p¡, r_:kp^_sp, vy$ô$kp^_sp, L$pg, L$d® L¡$ õhcph S>¡hp L$p¡C `Z `qfbmp¡ âcprhs L$fu iL$sp _\u. cNhp__u L©$`p Ap b^p\u õhs„Ó, Aõ`©ô$ L¡$ Aâcprhs lp¡e R>¡. Apd R>sp„ cNhp_¹ `p¡sp_u õhs„Ó BÃR>p\u Aphp L$p¡BL$ `qfbmp¡_¡ `p¡sp_u L©$`p hfkphhp_y„ r_rdÑ dp_u g¡ sp¡ A¡ Sy>v$u hps R>¡. ApV$gp r_ê$`Z bpv$ lh¡ `yrô$_y„ gnZ Ap âdpZ¡ Apù iL$pe •

L$pg L$d® õhcph hN¡f¡_p¡ bp^ L$f_pf cNhp__p A_yN°l NyZ_¡ "`yrô$' L$l¡hpdp„ Aph¡ R>¡.

Al] kyû Ap`Z¡ cNhp__p kpdÕep®_y`psu L¡$ kp^pfZ A_yN°l_p âL$pfp¡_p¡ rhQpf L$ep£. lh¡ cNhp__p õhcphp_y`psu L¡$ rhi¡j A_yN°l_p¡ rhQpf L$fuiy„.

2.õhcphp_y`psu / rhi¡j A_yN°l :Äepf¡ Ap`Zp L$p¡BL$ õ_¡lu_¡ Ap`Zu dv$v$_u S>ê$f `X¡$ R>¡ Ðepf¡

Ap`Z¡ `Ó gMu_¡, ap¡_ L$fu_¡ L¡$ _p¡L$f_¡ dp¡L$gu_¡ L$pd Qgphu _\u g¡sp. Ås¡-ê$bfy Nep rh_p Ap`Zp d__¡ k„sp¡j \sp¡ _\u lp¡sp¡. s¡ S> âdpZ¡ cNhp_ Äepf¡ L$p¡C yrô$Æh D`f A_yN°l L$f¡ R>¡ Ðepf¡ p¡sp_u Ås_¡ Æh_¡ kp¢ù v¡$ R>¡. kpdÕep®_y`prs / kp^pfZ A_yN°l\u Al] DgVy„$ lp¡e R>¡. Ðep„

85

NyZp¡_p âpL$V¹$é$ Üpfp Æh_p D`f A_yN°l \sp¡ lp¡e R>¡. Äepf¡ Al] p¡sp_p (õhê$`) âpL$V¹$é$ Üpfp A_yN°l \sp¡ lp¡e R>¡. Ðep„ `fp¡n flu_¡ A_yN°l \sp¡ lp¡e R>¡. Äepf¡ Al] A_yN°l L$fhpdpV¡$ cNhp_¹ kpnps¹ `^pfsp lp¡e R>¡. AÅrdg_p¡ DÙpf _pd Üpfp \ep¡. h©Ópkyf_¡ dpfhp\u BÞÖ_¡ b°ûlÐep_y„ `p` gpÁey„. BÞÖÜpfp cNhp__y„ Ýep_ L$fhpdp„ Aphsp„ cNhp_¡ BÞÖ_¡ s¡ `p`dp„\u dy¼s L$ep£. °yhÆA¡ s` L$ey¯ A_¡ cNhp_¡ s¡d_¡ fpÄe`v$ A`pìey„. Ap cNhp__p `fp¡n A_yN°l_p âk„Np¡ R>¡. h°S>c¼sp¡ D`f cNhp_¡ Aphu `fp¡n fus¡ A_yN°l _ L$ep£. yrô$Æhp¡_¡ Å¡B_¡ cNhp_¹ p¡sp_¡ fp¡L$u iL$sp _\u. cNhp_¹ p¡s¡ S> s¡Ap¡_u hÃQ¡ âL$V$ \C Nep A_¡ s¡Ap¡_¡ õhê$`pk[¼s_y„ v$p_ L$ey¯. Ap cNhp__p kpnps¹ A_yN°l_y„ ×ô$pÞs R>¡. yrô$c¼sp¡ cNhp__p Aphp kpnps¹ A_yN°l_u S> L$pd_p fpMsp lp¡e R>¡. kpdÕep®_y`prs A_yN°l_u L$pd_p `yrô$Æhp¡dp„ lp¡su _\u. `yrô$Æhp¡_u L$pd_p_y„ r_ê$`Z L$fsp„ îuApQpe®QfZ "Qsy:ígp¡L$u'N°Þ\dp„ Apop L$f¡ R>¡ :

Äepf¡ îuNp¡Ly$gp^ui âcy_¡ khp®Ðdcph\u ùv$edp„ ^pfZ L$fu gu^p R>¡ sp¡ `R>u lh¡ s¡_p\u Ar^L$ gp¥qL$L$ L¡$ h¥qv$L$ hX¡$ Z iy„ d¡mhhp_y„ bpL$u flu Åe R>¡ ? l¡ yrô$Æhp¡ ! sd¡ d_¡ DÑf Ap`p¡ !

kdpS>-`qfhpf_p `Z L¡$V$gpL$ gp¡L$p¡ dpV¡$ Ap`Zp dp¡Y$pdp„\u Aphp„ hp¼ép¡ r_L$mu S>sp„ lp¡e R>¡. ""sdpfp\u h^y buSy>„ iy„ lp¡C iL¡$ R>¡. sd¡ Aphu Nep sp¡ b^y„ Aphu Ney„''. Aphu S> L$pd_p `yrô$Æhp¡_u `yrô$âcy_pdpV¡$ lp¡e R>¡ A_¡ lp¡hu Å¡BA¡. Aphu L$pd_p_¡ S> õhê$`pk[¼s Z L$l¡hpdp„ Aph¡ R>¡. Ap\u S>, Aphu L$pd_p fpMhphpmp Æhp¡_¡ cNhp_¹ `p¡sp_p A¡hp A¥íhe® hue® ei îu op_ L¡$ h¥fpÁe NyZ-^dp£dp„ Apk¼s \hp v¡$sp _\u L¡$ S>¡ Apk[¼s `p¡sp_u õhê$`pk[¼s_p âcphê$`¡ _ lp¡e. kv$p_Þv$ cNhp_¹ s¡Ap¡_¡ p¡sp_p ^d}-õhê$`dp„ S> Apk¼s L$f¡ R>¡. cNhp__p Aphp A_yN°l_¡ "dlp`yrô$' Z L$l¡hpdp„ Aph¡ R>¡. `|h®r_qv®$ô$ kpfZudp„ cNhp__p Aphp A_yN°l_¡ "õhcphp_y`prs' L$l¡hpdp„ Apìep¡ R>¡ s¡_y„ L$pfZ kdS>hp S>¡hy„ R>¡. kpdÕe® ld¢ip ìe[¼s_p hidp„ lp¡e R>¡. BÃR>¡ sp¡ kpdÕe®_p¡ D`ep¡N L$f¡ _ BÃR>¡ sp¡ _ `Z L$f¡. kpdÕe®_u bpbsdp„ Aphu sV$õ\sp_u h©rÑ ìe[¼s L¡$mhu iL¡$ R>¡. õhcph_u bpbsdp„ Ap_p\u DgVy„$ lp¡e R>¡. õhcph ìe[¼s_p hidp„ lp¡sp¡

86

_\u, ìe[¼s õhcph_p hidp„ lp¡e R>¡. Ap\u S> Ap`Z¡ p¡sp_p õhcph\u rhfyÙ ApQfZ L$fu iL$sp _\u lp¡sp. õhcph_u kpd¡ gpQpf \C S>sp lp¡BA¡ R>uA¡. cNhp__y„ `Z Aphy„ S> lp¡e R>¡. kpdÕep®_y`prs A_yN°l L$fhpdp„ cNhp_¹ dep®v$pÆh âÐe¡ sV$õ\sp L¡$ Argàssp _p¡ cph L¡$mhu iL¡$ R>¡. Aphp¡ ìehlpf, `f„sy, cNhp_¹ `yrô$Æhp¡_u kp\¡ L$fu _\u iL$sp. Ðep„ cNhp__¡ `p¡sp_p¡ õhcph ApX¡$ Aph¡ R>¡. õhcph fhi \B_¡, gpQpf \B_¡ cNhp_¹ `yrô$Æh_u kp\¡ A¡L$-d¡L$ \C Åe R>¡. `p¡sp_u Ås_¡ kp¢`u b¡k¡ R>¡. cNhp__p iåv$p¡dp„ Ap_¡ L$l¡hy„ lp¡e sp¡ :

kdp¡@l„ kh®c|s¡jy _ d¡ Ü¡óep¡[õs _ râe: &e¡ cS>[Þs sy dp„ c¼Ðep dre s¡ s¡jy Qpàeld¹ &&

cphp\® : lz„ âprZdpÓdpV¡$ kdp_ Ry>„. _ L$p¡C dpfpdpV¡$ râe R>¡ L¡$ _ sp¡ L$p¡C dpfpdpV¡$ Arâe lp¡C iL¡$ R>¡ (Ap cNhp__y„ kpdÕe® R>¡ ). f„sy S>¡ gp¡L$p¡ dpfu â¡d`|h®L$ k¡hp L$f¡ R>¡ s¡ c¼sp¡ dpfpdp„ fl¡gp R>¡ A_¡ lz„ s¡Ap¡dp„ fl¡gp¡ Ry>„ (Ap cNhp__p¡ õhcph R>¡).

`yrô$_p c¡v$\u c[¼s_p c¡v$ :D`fp¡¼s rhh¡Q_\u cNhp__p A_yN°l_p b¡ âdyM c¡v$p¡ 1.

kpdÕep®_y`prs / kp^pfZ A_yN°l A_¡ 2. õhcphp_y`prs / rhi¡j A_yN°l _p¡ rhQpf L$fhpdp Apìep¡. cNhp__p A_yN°l_p¡ A_ych âÐen fus¡ \C iL$sp¡ _\u. Ap\u cNhp_¹ L$ep Æh D`f L$ep âL$pf_p¡ A_yN°l L$f¡ R>¡ s¡_y„ `Z op_ \C iL$sy„ _\u. cNhp__p A_yN°l_y„ A_ydp_ c¼sp¡Üpfp L$fhpdp„ Aphsu c[¼s_p âL$pf\u A\hp sp¡ c¼sp¡_u L$pd_p\u \C iL¡$ R>¡.

dep®v$pc[¼s : S>¡ c¼sp¡ gp¥qL$L$-`pfgp¥qL$L$ cp¡N L¡$ dp¡n d¡mhhp_u L$pd_p\u c[¼s L$fsp lp¡e R>¡ s¡d_p D`f cNhp__p¡ kpdÕep®_y`prs / kp^pfZ A_yN°l lp¡hp_p¡ r_íQe L$fu iL$pe R>¡. Ap_¡ S> Å¡ buÆ fus¡ L$l¡h„y lp¡e sp¡ S>¡ Æhp¡ D`f cNhp__p¡ kpdÕep®_y`prs / kp^pfZ A_yN°l lp¡e R>¡ s¡ Æhp¡_u cNhp_dp„ c[¼s gp¥qL$L$-`pfgp¥qL$L$ cp¡N L¡$ dp¡n d¡mhhp_u L$pd_p\u \su lp¡e R>¡. Aphu c[¼s_¡ "dep®v$pc[¼s' L$l¡hpdp„ Aph¡ R>¡.

`yrô$c[¼s : S>¡ c¼sp¡ D`fp¡¼s L$pd_p fp¿ep rh_p cNhp__p õhê$`p_Þv$_¡ d¡mhhp_u L$pd_p\u c[¼s L$fsp lp¡e R>¡ s¡d_p D`f cNhp__p

87

õhcphp_y`prs / rhi¡j A_yN°l lp¡hp_p¡ r_íQe \pe R>¡. Ap_¡ S> Å¡ buÅ iåv$p¡dp„ L$l¡hpdp„ Aph¡ sp¡ S>¡ Æhp¡ D`f cNhp__p¡ õhcphp_y`prs / rhi¡j A_yN°l lp¡e R>¡ s¡ Æhp¡_u cNhp_dp„ c[¼s cNhp__p õhê$`p_Þv$_¡ d¡mhhp_u L$pd_p\u \su lp¡e R>¡. Aphu c[¼s_¡ "`yrô$c[¼s' L$l¡hpdp„ Aph¡ R>¡.

`yrô$c[¼s_p D`fp¡¼s gnZ_¡ Å¡sp„ `yrô$\u c[¼s_y„ A_¡ c[¼s\u `yrô$_y„ A_ydp_ L$fu iL$pe R>¡. Ap\u S> L$l¡hpdp„ Aph¡ R>¡ L¡$ c¼s_p D`f \_pfu cNhp__u L©$`p S> c[¼s b_u S>su lp¡e R>¡. A\p®s¹ c[¼s_y„ buS>ê$` `yrô$ lp¡e R>¡ Äepf¡, yrô$_y„ agê$` c[¼s lp¡e R>¡. yrô$ A_¡ c[¼s _p rhjedp„ ApV$gy„ rhi¡j ÅZhy„ Å¡BA¡.

Qsyrh®^ yrô$c[¼s :`yrô$c[¼s_p Qpf âL$pfp¡_y„ hZ®_ dlpâcy îuhëgcpQpe£

"`yrô$âhpldep®v$pc¡v$'N°Þ\dp„ L$e¯y R>¡.

1. yrô$`yrô$c[¼s2. dep®v$p`yrô$c[¼s3. âhpl`yrô$c[¼s A_¡4. iyÙ`yrô$c[¼s

1.`yrô$`yrô$-c[¼s : cNhp_¹, cNhp__u gugp, gugp`qfL$f(h°S>c¼s hN¡f¡), gugp_p õ\m(Np¡Ly$m h©Þv$ph_ hN¡f¡), S>Ns-Æh hN¡f¡ bpbsp¡_y„ hpõsrhL$ op_ s\p âcydp„ ky×Y$ kh®\u Ar^L$ â¡d`|h®L$ L$fhpdp„ Aphsu âcyk¡hp_¡ "`yrô$`yrô$-c[¼s' L$l¡hpdp„ Aph¡ R>¡.

2.dep®v$p`yrô$-c[¼s : cNhp_¹ îuL©$óZ_p Agp¥qL$L$ NyZp¡_p â¡d`|h®L$ îhZ-õdfZ-L$us®_Üpfp L$fhpdp„ Aphsu c[¼s_¡ "dep®v$p`yrô$-c[¼s' L$l¡hpdp„ Aph¡ R>¡.

3.âhpl`yrô$-c[¼s : âcydp„ õ_¡l s\p dplpÐçeop_ rh_p dpÓ L$s®ìe`pg__p ê$`¡ L$fhpdp„ Aphsp âcy_p k¡hp-õdfZ_¡ "âhpl`yrô$-c[¼s' L$l¡hpdp„ Aph¡ R>¡.

4.iyÙ`yrô$-c[¼s : cNhp_¹ kpnps¹ âL$V$ \B_¡ A\hp sp¡ buÅ L$p¡C âL$pf¡ Äepf¡ L$p¡C `yrô$Æh_¡ õ_¡l-c[¼s_y„ v$p_ L$f¡ R>¡ Ðepf¡ s¡ Æh Ap`p¡Ap`

88

S> âcydp„ ky×Y$ kh®\u Ar^L$ õ_¡lhpmp¡ \B_¡ h°S>c¼sp¡_u dpaL$ âcy_p k¡hp-õdfZpqv$ L$fhp gpNu S>sp¡ lp¡e R>¡. Ap\u, âcydp„ õ_¡l_u DÐ`rÑ \ep bpv$ klS>cph\u Ap`d¡m¡ \_pfp„ âcy_p k¡hp-õdfZpqv$_¡ "iyÙ`yrô$-c[¼s' L$l¡hpdp„ Aph¡ R>¡.

`yrô$c[¼s_p D`fp¡¼s Qpf âL$pfp¡_u bpbsdp„ b¡ rhQpf^pfp Qpgu Aphu R>¡.

1. `yrô$Æhp¡ Qpf âL$pf_p õhcph L¡$ ep¡Áesp hpmp lp¡e R>¡ : kp^pfZ, dÝed, DÑd A_¡ AÐeyÑd. Ap\u S>¡ `yrô$c¼s_p¡ S>¡hp¡ õhcph L¡$ S>¡hu ep¡Áesp lp¡e s¡ A_ykpf cNhp_¹ s¡_¡ `yrô$c[¼s_y„ v$p_ L$fsp lp¡e R>¡. S>¡d L¡$ kp^pfZ `yrô$Æh_¡ âhpl`yrô$c[¼s, dÝed `yrô$Æh_¡ dep®v$p`yrô$c[¼s, DÑd `yrô$Æh_¡ `yrô$`yrô$c[¼s Äepf¡ DÑdp¡Ñd yrô$c¼s_¡ iyÙ`yrô$c[¼s _y„ v$p_ cNhp_¹ L$fsp lp¡e R>¡. c[¼sdp„ fl¡gu rhrcÞ_sp_¡ L$pfZ¡ c[¼sdp„ âpàs \sp amdp„ Z \p¡X$u rcÞ_sp Aphsu lp¡e R>¡. Al], f„sy, A¡L$ hps õdfZdp„ fl¡ L¡$ L$p¡C `Z [õ\rsdp„ `yrô$Æh_¡ âpàs \sy„ am dep®v$pdpN}e am L$fsp„ sp¡ î¡›$ S> lp¡e R>¡.

2. yrô$Æhp¡ sp¡ b^p A¡L$ kfMp S> lp¡e R>¡; Ahõ\p L¡$ L$np, `f„sy, s¡Ap¡_u rcÞ_-rcÞ_ lp¡e R>¡. Ap\u S>¡ `yrô$Æh Äepf¡ S>¡ Ahõ\p / L$npdp„ lp¡e s¡ A_ykpf cNhp_¹„ s¡_¡ âhplpqv$ `yrô$c[¼s_„y„ v$p_ L$fsp lp¡e R>¡. Ap rhQpf^pfp_p A_ykpf âhpl`yrô$-c[¼s, dep®v$p`yrô$-c[¼s A_¡ `yrô$`yrô$c[¼s A¡ `yrô$c[¼s_p„ DÑfp¡Ñf D`f QY$sp„ `Nr\ep„ R>¡. S>¡d-S>¡d `yrô$c¼s î¡›$ L$np_¡ âpàs L$fsp¡ Åe R>¡ s¡d-s¡d s¡_¡ î¡›$ `yrô$c[¼s_u âp[às \su Åe R>¡.

Atl, `f„sy, Ýep_dp„ g¡hp ep¡Áe hps A¡ R>¡ L¡$ L$p¡C Æh_y„ hfZ(`kÞv$Nu) cNhp_¡ Å¡ yrô$Æh sfuL¡$ L$ey¯ li¡ sp¡, âhpl`yrô$c[¼s_u

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L$npdp„ lp¡hp R>sp„ s¡_u L$pd_p sp¡ âcy_p õhê$`p_Þv$_u S> fl¡hp_u. gp¥qL$L$-`pfgp¥qL$L$ nyÖ amp¡ L¡$ dp¡n d¡mhhp_u L$pd_p âhpl`yrô$c¼sp¡dp„ `Z lp¡C iL$su _\u. Al] A¡L$ õ`ô$sp L$fhu S>ê$fu S>Zpe R>¡. A_¡ s¡ A¡ L¡$ yrô$Æhp¡ _u k©rô$ Z cNhp_¡ AÞe dep®v$p âhplu L¡$ Qj®Zu Æhp¡_u kp\¡ S> L$fu R>¡. `yrô$Æhp¡A¡ AÞe Æhp¡_u kp\¡ A¡L$ S> S>Nsdp„ fl¡hp_y„ R>¡. Aphu [õ\rsdp„ `p`L$d®, sÄS>Þe k„õL$pf, vy$:k„N, spdkpqv$h©rÑ hN¡f¡ L$pfZkf A¡ klS> k„ch R>¡ L¡$ yrô$Æh_p d_dp„ Z AÞeÆhp¡_u dpaL$ \p¡X$p kdedpV¡$ gp¥qL$L$, `pfgp¥qL$L$ L¡$ dp¡n kçb[Þ^ L$pd_pAp¡ ÅN©s \C Åe. Aphu L$pd_pAp¡, `fÞsy, yrô$Æhdp„ õ\peu ê$`¡ V$L$u iL$su _\u, s¡ sÐL$prgL$S> lp¡e R>¡.

rhi¡j hp„Q_dpV¡$:1. îugpg|cV¹$V$Æ rhfrQs âd¡efÐ_pZ®hdp„_p¡ "`yrô$rhh¡L$'.2. "c[¼sl¡syr_Z®e'(Qp¥MçbpâL$pi_)_u s\p AÏcpóe MÎX$-4 _u

Np¡.îuíepdd_p¡lfÆ(qL$i_NY$-`pgp®) rgrMs c|rdL$p.3. îuhëgcpQpe® rhfrQs "`yrô$âhpldep®v$pc¡v$' N°Þ\.

***

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5. `yrô$c[¼sAr^L$pfrhh¡L$`yrô$c[¼sdpN}e am Ap`hp_u BÃR>p \sp„ Æh D`f L©$`p rhQpfu_¡

cNhp_¹ s¡_u A„v$f `yrô$c[¼sdpN® k„b„û fyrQ DÐ`Þ_ L$fph¡ R>¡. Aphu fyrQhpmp¡ Æh `yrô$c[¼sdpN®dp„ âh¡ihpdpV¡$ s\p dpN®_p am_¡ âpàs L$fhpdpV¡$ Ar^L$pfu(=ep¡Áesphpmp¡ ) NZpe R>¡. cNhp__u L©$`p âÐen fus¡ Å¡C L¡$ A_ychu iL$psu _\u. cNhÐL©$`p lp¡hp L¡$ _ lp¡hp _y„ op_ ìe[¼s_u `yrô$c[¼sdpN®dp„ fyrQ R>¡ L¡$ _l] s¡_p Ap^pf¡ S> \C iL¡$ R>¡. Ap\u yrô$dpN®_p rkÙp„sp¡ âdpZ¡ kh®õhkd`®Z`|h®L$ âcyk¡hp-õdfZde Æh_ rhsphhp_u õ\peu fyrQ Å¡ L$p¡C ìe[¼sdp„ ÅN©s \su lp¡e sp¡ s¡_p D`f âcy_u L©$`p R>¡ s¡hy„ kdÆ iL$pe R>¡. âcy_u L©$`p rh_p, L¡$d L¡$, Ap âL$pf_u fyrQ \hu i¼é S> _\u lp¡su.

õ\peu fyrQ S> kpQu fyrQ :S>¡ âL$pf_y„ kpdprS>L$-`pqfhpqfL$ hpsphfZ, k„N, â¡fZp, AÝee_,

`|h®S>Þd_p k„õL$pfp¡ hN¡f¡ âpàs \pe R>¡, kpdpÞe fus¡ s¡ S> âL$pf_u fyrQ d_yóedp„ ÅN©s \su lp¡e R>¡. fyrQ b¡ âL$pf_u Å¡hp dmsu lp¡e R>¡. õ\peu s\p Aõ\peu. L¡$V$gpL$ rhjep¡dp„ d_yóep¡_u fyrQ Aë`L$pgu_ lp¡e R>¡. Aphu fyrQ S>¡ rhjep¡dp„ lp¡e R>¡ s¡ rhjep¡\u d_yóe \p¡X$p S> kdedp„ L„$V$pmu S>sp¡ lp¡e R>¡. `qfZpd¡, S>¡ L$pe®_p¡ Apfçc s¡Z¡ DÐkplc¡f L$ep£ lp¡e R>¡ s¡ L$pe®_¡ `Z• Aõ\peu fyrQ_p L$pfZ¡ •s¡_p `qfZpd kyû `lp¢QpX$hy„ s¡_pdpV¡$ i¼e flu S>sy„ _\u. A\p®s¹ Aõ\peu fyrQ_p Ap^pf¡ Ap`Z¡ L$p¡C L$pe® / kp^_pdp„ r_›$php_ b_u _\u iL$sp. Ap hps Å¡ kdS>dp„ Aphsu lp¡e sp¡ ApNm_u hps õ`ô$ \C S>i¡.

`yrô$c[¼sdpN®dp„ âh¡i d¡mhhp_p¡ dp`v„$X$ Äepf¡ ìe[¼s_u dpN®fyrQ_¡ dp_hpdp„ Apìep¡ R>¡ Ðepf¡ s¡_¡ õ\peufyrQ_p A\®dp„ S> kdS>hp¡ Å¡BA¡. Ap\u, dpN®dp„ âh¡i d¡mhhpdpV¡$ Aph_pf_u dpN®k„b„û S>¡ fyrQ v¡$MpC flu R>¡ s¡ õ\peu R>¡ L¡$ Aõ\peu s¡_y„ Z funZ L$fu g¡hy„ S>ê$fu b_u Åe R>¡.

L$p¡C rhjedp„ Äepf¡ Ap`Z_¡ fyrQ \pe R>¡ Ðepf¡ kh®â\d Ap`Z¡ s¡_u bpbsdp„ e\pkçch rhi¡j dprlsu A¡L$rÓs L$fhp_p¡ âepk L$fsp

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lp¡BA¡ R>uA¡. dprlsu A¡L$rÓs \C Nep R>u Z Å¡ Ap`Zu fyrQ s¡dp„ L$ped fl¡ R>¡ sp¡ buÅ ¾$ddp„ Ap`Z¡ s¡_¡ âpàs L$fhp_p¡ âeÐ_ L$fsp lp¡BA¡ R>uA¡. fyrQ_p rhje_u âp[às \C Nep R>u Z Å¡ Ap`Zu fyrQ s¡dp„ kdpàs _\u \su sp¡ Ap`Z¡ s¡ rhje_¡, e\pep¡Áe, Ap`Zp Æh_-ìehlpfdp„ gphhp_p¡ âeÐ_ L$fuA¡ R>uA¡. gp„bp kde ky^u Ap`Zp Æh_-ìehlpfdp„ gpìep R>u `Z Å¡ Ap`Zu fyrQ s¡dp„\u Ap¡R>u _\u \su A\p®s¹ s¡_p ârs Dv$pku_sp_p¡ cph _\u ÅNsp¡, s¡_¡ Å¡B_¡ / kp„cmu_¡ / epv$ L$fu_¡ `Z fp¡dp„Q_p¡ A_ych \pe R>¡ sp¡ kdS>hy„ Å¡BA¡ L¡$ s¡ rhjedp„ Ap`Zu fyrQ õ\peu R>¡, Aõ\peu _\u. Aphu S> õ\peu fyrQ Äepf¡ L$p¡C d_yóe_p d_dp„ `yrô$c[¼sdpN®_y„ A_ykfZ L$fhpdpV¡$ ÅN¡ R>¡ Ðepf¡ kdS>hy„ Å¡BA¡ L¡$ s¡_p D`f âcy_u L©$`p Ahíe R>¡, A_¡ s¡\u S> s¡ `yrô$c[¼sdpN®_y„ A_ykfZ L$fhpdpV¡$ kyep¡Áe R>¡.

fyrQ \hp_p¡ âL$pf :v¥$huÆhp¡dp„\u S>¡ Æhp¡_¡ `yrô$c[¼s_p¡ Ar^L$pf Ap`hp_u BÃR>p

âcy L$f¡ R>¡ s¡d_p Æh_dp„ âcy A¡hp„-A¡hp„ r_rdÑp¡ Dcp„ L$fu v¡$sp lp¡e R>¡ L¡$ S>¡_p L$pfZ¡ s¡Ap¡_u ( âp\rdL$ )fyrQ cNhÞdpN®dp„ DÐ`Þ_ \C S>su lp¡e R>¡. ìe[¼s_u A„v$f fyrQ_y„ ÅNh„y„ A¡ âdyM bpbs lp¡e R>¡, fyrQ_p ÅNfZ_y„ r_rdÑ L„$C Z lp¡C iL¡$ R>¡. qfhpfdp„ Aip[Þs, h¡`pfdp„ _yL$kp_u, fp¡N / hp^®¼e, AÞ^p_yL$fZ, k„N, D`v¡$iîhZ, QdÐL$pqfL$ A_ych, su\®epÓp S>¡hp„ A_¡L$ r_rdÑp¡\u gp¡L$p¡_u A„v$f cNhÞdpN®dp„ fyrQ DÐ`Þ_ \C lp¡hp_p„ ×ô$pÞsp¡ Å¡hp dmsp lp¡e R>¡. fyrQ DÐ`Þ_ \ep bpv$ kÐk„NÜpfp c¼sp¡ `pk¡\u âcy_p õhê$`-_pd-gugp-NyZp¡_¡, îuApQpe®QfZ s\p `yrô$c¼sp¡ _p QqfÓp¡ s\p õhê$` _¡ s¡dS> `yrô$c[¼sdpN®_p rkÙp„sp¡_¡ kp„cmhp_p¡ s¡dS> A_ychhp_p¡ gpc fyrQhp_ ìe[¼s_¡ dmsp¡ lp¡e R>¡. Ap_p `qfZpd¡ cNhÐL©$`p`pÓ Æhp¡_u fyrQ `yrô$c[¼sdpN®dp„ ×Y$sf \C S>su lp¡e R>¡. L¡$V$gpL$ rhi¡j L©$`p`pÓ Æhp¡dp„ sp¡ âcy Ås¡ S>, L$p¡C `Z r_rdÑ rh_p, AÞs:â¡fZp\u c[¼sdpN®dp„ fyrQ S>Nphu v¡$sp lp¡e R>¡. Aphp L$p¡C Z âL$pf¡ DÐ`Þ_ \e¡gu fyrQhpmp Æhp¡_p¡ Ar^L$pf yrô$c[¼sdpN®dp„ rkÙ \pe R>¡.

fyrQ S>Nphhp_p¡ kpQp¡ A_¡ iyÙ D`pe :op_ BÃR>p A_¡ âeÐ_ Ap ¾$d lp¡e R>¡ L$p¡C L$pe®_u A„v$f Ap`Zp

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âh©Ñ A\hp L$p¡C L$pe®\u r_h©Ñ-v|$f \hp_p¡. kh®â\d Ap`Z_¡ L$p¡C L$pe® / hõsy_u bpbsdp„ âÐen L¡$ `fp¡n fus¡ op_ \sy„ lp¡e R>¡. op_ \hp `f s¡_u bpbsdp„ Ap`Zp A„v$f fyrQ-AfyrQ-D`¡np Apdp„\u L$p¡C A¡L$ cph ÅN¡ R>¡. AfyrQ A\hp D`¡np( =_ fyrQ L¡$ _ AfyrQ )_p¡ cph ÅNhp `f s¡ L$pe® / hõsy sfa Ap`Zu âh©rÑ _\u \su. A\hp sp¡ Ap`Z¡ s¡_p\u r_h©Ñ \C S>sp lp¡BA¡ R>uA¡. A_¡ Å¡ L$p¡C L$pe® / hõsydp„ fyrQ \pe R>¡ sp¡ Ap`Zdp„ s¡ L$pe® L$fhp_u L¡$ s¡ hõsy_¡ âpàs L$fhp_u BÃR>p ÅN©s \su lp¡e R>¡. sv$_Þsf s¡ dpV¡$ Ap`Z¡ âh©Ñ \sp lp¡BA¡ R>uA¡.

L$pe®_u kamsp A\hp Akamsp Ap`Zp âeÐ_ D`f Ap^pqfs lp¡e R>¡. Ap`Zp¡ âeÐ_ Å¡ ep¡Áe qv$ipdp„ A_¡ ep¡Áe âL$pf_p¡ li¡ sp¡ L$pe® kam \i¡ AÞe\p Akam. âeÐ__y„ ep¡Áe L¡$ Aep¡Áe lp¡hy„ Z y_:, L$pe® / hõsy rhjeL$ Ap`Zp op__p D`f Ap^pf fpM¡ R>¡. AsA¡h, k|ÿdsp\u Å¡ rhQpf L$fhpdp„ Aph¡ sp¡ AÞssp¡NÒhp op_ S> kamsp A\hp Akamsp_y„ d|m rkÙ \pe R>¡.

Ap`Zp¡ rhQpe® rhje R>¡ : fyrQ. |h£ Ap`Z¡ Å¡ey„ L¡$ fyrQ_u DÐ`rÑ op_\u \su lp¡e R>¡. Ap`Ï„ op_ Å¡ hpõsrhL$-e\p\® (S>¡ S>¡hy„ lp¡e s¡_y„ s¡ S> âL$pf_y„ op_) li¡ sp¡ s¡_u bpbsdp„ Ap`Zu fyrQ AfyrQ A\hp D`¡np `Z e\p\® S> li¡. qfZpd¡, Ap`Zu âh©rÑ A\hp Aâh©rÑ / r_h©rÑ Z e\p\® S> li¡. Ap`Zu âh©rÑ Å¡ e\p\® li¡ sp¡ am Ahíe âpàs \i¡. A_¡ Å¡ Ap`Zu âh©rÑ Ae\p\® li¡ sp¡ s¡_p b¡ qfZpd Aphu iL¡$ R>¡. 1. Ae\p\® âh©rÑ_p qfZpd¡ am_u âp[às\u kh®\p h„rQs-v|$f fl¡hy„ X¡$. A\hp 2. Å¡ am dm¡ sp¡ L$v$pQ s¡ Ap`Z_¡ Arcgrjs S> _ lp¡e. Ap bÞ_¡ [õ\rsAp¡dp„ Ap`Zp¡ îd kpdÕe® A_¡ kde ap¡NV$ Åe R>¡. Aë`Æhu Aë`kd\® d_yóedpV¡$ Ap [õ\rs AÐeÞs cep_L$ kprbs \C iL¡$ R>¡, Mpk L$fu_¡ Aphu Nrs Å¡ s¡_u d®_u bpbsdp„ \su lp¡e sp¡.

hs®dp_ kdedp„ c[¼s-^d® A_¡ „^p hÃQ¡_u c¡v$f¡Mp kdpàs \su v¡$MpC flu R>¡. ^„^p¡ sp¡ gp¡L$p¡ ^d® dyS>b _\u L$fu füp `f„sy ^d®_y„ ^„^pL$fZ Ahíe \C füy„ R>¡. ^dp®QfZ, ^dp®Ýee_, ^dp£`v¡$i L¡$ `R>u ^d®_u kp\¡ Å¡X$pe¡g L$p¡C Z n¡Ódp„ A¡ b^u sfL$ubp¡_p¡ âep¡N \sp¡ Å¡C iL$pe R>¡ L¡$ S>¡

93

A¡L$ Ly$im h¡`pfu `p¡sp_p h¡`pf_u A„v$f L$fsp¡ lp¡e R>¡. Al] Ap`Ï„ âdyM gÿe dp£`v¡$i/^d®âQpf R>¡. Ap rhje_¡ Ap`Z¡ Ars N„cufsp\u rhQpfhp¡ Å¡BA¡ L¡$ S>¡\u Ap_¡ L$pfZ¡ \_pfp rh_piL$ qfZpdp¡\u bQu iL$pe.

h¡`pfu _y„ gÿe lp¡e R>¡ : `p¡sp_p dpg_y„ h^ydp„ h^y h¡QpZ L$fhy„ L¡$ S>¡\u s¡ h^y\u h^y _ap¡ L$dpC iL¡$. p¡sp_p gÿe_¡ pf pX$hp dpV¡$ h¡`pfu • gp¡L$p¡_u fyrQ, s¡d_y„ Æh_ ^p¡fZ s\p fuscps, AphíeL$sp/A_phíeL$sp, gp¡L$p¡ L$p¡_pÜpfp âcprhs \pe R>¡ s¡_u k„cph_pAp¡, cprh kde, fpS>_ursL$ `qf[õ\rs, õhkdp_ dpg_u bÅfdp„ [õ\rs hN¡f¡ bpbsp¡_¡ Ýep_dp„ fpMu_¡ • p¡sp_p dpg_p¡ âQpf A¡hu fus¡ L$fsp¡ lp¡e R>¡ L¡$ S>¡\u s¡_p âQpf_p k„`L®$dp„ Aph_pf ìe[¼s s¡_p¡ dpg MfuÛp rh_p flu S> _ iL¡$. dp¡V¡$ cpN¡ A¡hy„ Å¡hp dmsy„ lp¡e R>¡ L¡$ Aphp âQpfp¡ hpõsrhL$sp\u OZp v|$f lp¡e R>¡. OÏ„ L$fu_¡ s¡dp„ Mp¡V$u gpgQp¡ A_¡ `p¡sp_p dpg_p AhpõsrhL$ NyZp¡_y„ hZ®_ S> lp¡e R>¡. âQpf_u Aphu sfL$ubp¡\u Ar`qfrQs A_¡ L¡$V$gpL$ sp¡ s¡_p\u ky`qfrQs gp¡L$p¡ `Z Äepf¡ Aphp (Ly$)âQpf_p k„`L®$dp„ Aph¡ R>¡ Ðepf¡ s¡Ap¡ A¡hy„ rhQpfhp gpNsp lp¡e R>¡ L¡$ s¡ hõsy_¡ _ Mfuv$hphpmp Ap vy$r_epdp„ dpÓ s¡Ap¡ p¡s¡ S> bÃep R>¡ A\hp s¡ hõsy_¡ _ Mfuv$hphpmp_¡ kdpS>dp„ dpÞesp S> _\u dmu iL$su A\hp s¡ hõsy_¡ _l] Mfuv$u_¡ s¡Ap¡ blz dp¡V$p gpc_¡ Nydphu füp R>¡ A\hp ApV$gp¡ b^p¡ âQpf S>¡_p¡ R>¡ s¡dp„ S>fyf L„$BL$ sp¡ rhi¡jsp li¡ S> hN¡f¡. A_¡ Ap_p `qfZpd¡ gp¡L$p¡ s¡ rb_D`ep¡Nu/AgpcL$pfu DÐ`pv$_p¡_¡ Mfuv$u b¡ksp lp¡e R>¡ A_¡ hpõsrhL$sp_y„ op_ \e¡ dp\y„ Z L|$V$sp lp¡e R>¡.

h¡`pfdp„ sp¡, L¡$V$guL$ lv$ ky^u, Ap âL$pf_u v$NpMp¡fu_¡ L$pev$p_u dpÞesp âpàs \e¡gu lp¡e R>¡. r_^p®qfs lv$\u blpf S>B_¡ h¡`pfdp„ L$fhpdp„ Aphsu v$NpMp¡fu_¡ sp¡ L$pev$p¡ `Z v„$X$`pÓ dp_¡ R>¡. Ap`Zp ip÷p¡dp„ `Z h¡`pf_¡ kÐe A_¡ AkÐe _y„ rdîZ L$l¡hpdp„ Apìey„ R>¡. Ap\u, \p¡Xy„$ OÏ„ AkÐe sp¡ h¡`pfdp„ nçe lp¡C `Z iL¡$ R>¡. ^d®âQpf L¡$ ^dp£`v¡$i dp„, `f„sy, Ap âL$pf_u v$NpMp¡fu_¡ nçe _\u dp_u iL$psu.

cpfsue âpQu_ ^d®`f„`fpdp„ ^d®dpNp£/^d®kçâv$pep¡_¡ AÐeÞs Apv$f\u Å¡hpdp„ Aphsp lsp. L¡$V$gpL$ A`hpv$p¡_¡ R>p¡X$u_¡, ApS>¡ `Z Apv$f\u Å¡hpdp„ Aph¡ R>¡. Ap`Zp kdpS>dp„ S>¡V$gp ^d®kçâv$pep¡ ApS>¡

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âQrgs R>¡ s¡V$gp S> A_¡ L$v$pQ s¡_p\u Z h^y d®kçâv$pep¡ c|sL$pmdp„ Z âQrgs lsp S>. Al] Ýep_ Ap`hp ep¡Áe bpbs A¡ R>¡ L¡$ Ærhs A\hp

1 2 3 4d©sâpe: b^p d®kçâv$pep¡dp„ ip÷ue âdpZ- âd¡e- kp^_- am_p¡ s\p s¡Ap¡_u pfõ`qfL$ A¡L$hpL$ésp_p¡ ApN°l Å¡hp dm¡ R>¡. s¡ S> âdpZ¡ D`v¡$iL$p¡ s\p A_yepeu _p rhjedp„ ep¡Áesp-Aep¡Áesp_p dp_v„$X$p¡ Z âpàs \pe R>¡. Ap_p\u rh`fus dp¡V$p cpN_p Ap^yr_L$ kçâv$pep¡dp„ _ sp¡ ip÷uesp_p¡ L$p¡C A„i Å¡hp dm¡ R>¡ L¡$ _ âdpZ-âd¡e-kp^_-am hÃQ¡ `pfõ`qfL$ A¡L$hp¼ésp Å¡hp dm¡ R>¡. L¡$V$gpL$ kçâv$pep¡dp„ sp¡ âdpZ-âd¡e-kp^_ L¡$ am _p¡ Dëg¡M kfMp¡ `Z Å¡hp dmsp¡ _\u lp¡sp¡. A_¡ D`v¡$iL$-A_yepeu_u ep¡Áesp-Aep¡Áesp_p dp_v„$X$_u bpbsdp„ sp¡ ce„L$f AfpS>L$sp S> Å¡hp dmsu lp¡e R>¡.

^d®âQpf_p rhjedp„ Å¡ rhQpf L$fhpdp„ Aph¡ sp¡ S>¡V$gp âdpZdp„ ^d®âQpf ApS>¡ \C füp¡ R>¡ s¡V$gp¡ S> A_¡ L$v$pQ s¡_p\u Z rhi¡j âdpZdp„ `|h®L$pmdp„ Z \sp¡ S> lsp¡. ApS>¡, f„sy, fd|m\u saphs s¡_p DØ¡íe s\p âL$pf-fus dp„ Aphu Nep¡ R>¡. ^d®âQpf_p¡ hpõsrhL$ DØ¡íe lp¡e R>¡ : î¡e( dy[¼s / c[¼s )_u âp[às_p sfa gp¡L$p¡_u fyrQ_¡ S>Nphhu s\p î¡eâp[àsê$` am_p S>¡-S>¡ ip÷ue kp^_ s\p âdpZ-âd¡e kçâv$peÜpfp r_^p®qfs L$fhpdp„ Apìep„ lp¡e s¡_y„ e\p\® op_ ^d®â¡du S>_sp_¡ L$fphhy„ L¡$ S>¡\u î¡eâp[àsdp„ fyrQhpmp d_yóep¡ rcÞ_-rcÞ_ kçâv$pep¡¼s âdpZ-âd¡epqv$_u syg_p L$fu_¡ s\p p¡sp_u fyrQ i[¼s hN¡f¡_p¡ rhQpf L$fu_¡ L$p¡C A¡L$ kçâv$pe_u `k„v$Nu `p¡sp_p L$ëepZdpV¡$ L$fu iL¡$. ^d®âQpfL$p¡A¡ L¡$hm Ap A_¡ Ap S> DØ¡íe_¡ gÿedp„ fpMu_¡ âQpfL$pe® L$fhy„ Å¡BA¡. Ap Dv$pÑ DØ¡íe_¡ R>p¡X$u_¡ âQpfL$p¡ Å¡ A_yepreAp¡_u k„¿ep_¡ h^pfhp, Bsf kçâv$pe_p A_yepreAp¡_¡ `p¡sp_p kçâv$pedp„ M¢Qu gphhp, ìe[¼s`|Å âQpqfs L$fhp, ^_ ei hN¡f¡_u âp[às, Bsf kçâv$pe_u W¡$L$X$u DX$phhp S>¡hp lu_prslu_ DØ¡íe\u âQpfL$pe® L$f¡ R>¡ Ðepf¡ s¡d L$fhp\u _ sp¡ s¡d_p kçâv$pe_y„ _ p¡sp_y„ L¡$ _ sp¡ s¡hp vy$óâQpf_¡ L$pfZ¡ kçâv$pedp„ âh¡i_pfp gp¡L$p¡_y„ Z ¼ëepZ \C iL¡$ R>¡. hs®dp_ kdedp„ d®kçâv$pep¡dp„ fõ`f Arhíhpk ârsõ`^p® s\p L$gl _y„ S>¡ hpsphfZ Å¡hp dm¡ R>¡ s¡_u `pR>m_y„ A¡L$ L$pfZ Mp¡V$p DØ¡íe\u \sp¡ ^d®âQpf `Z R>¡ S>. Ap\u Aphp S>OÞe DØ¡íep¡_¡ R>p¡X$u_¡ A_yepreAp¡_¡

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s¡d_u ep¡Áesp A_ykpf î¡eâp[às \pe A¡hp iyÙ DØ¡íe\u Å¡ d®âQpf_y„ L$pe® L$fhpdp„ Aph¡ sp¡ prd®L$ S>Nsdp„ âhrs®s kh®rh^ v|$jZp¡_¡ v|$f L$fu iL$pe R>¡.

L$p¡C MpÛ v$p\®_p hpõsrhL$ õhpv$_¡ Å¡ dpZhp¡ L¡$ ÅZhp¡ lp¡e sp¡ s¡_u A„v$f L$p¡C `Z âL$pf_p gugpk|L$p dkpgp _p¿ep rh_p s¡_p iyÙê$`dp„ s¡_¡ Mphp¡ Å¡BA¡. ^d®_u bpbsdp„ `Z Aphy„ S> lp¡e R>¡. L$p¡C A¡L$ ^d®kçâv$pe_p âdpZ-âd¡e-kp^_-amdp„ Ap`Zu fyrQ hpõsrhL$ R>¡ L¡$ _l] s¡ bpbs_y„ op_ Ap`Z_¡ Ðepf¡ S> \C iL¡$ R>¡ L¡$ Äepf¡ b^p d®kçâv$pep¡ `p¡s`p¡sp_p rkÙp„sp¡_¡ s¡_p hpõsrhL$ s\p iyÙ ê$`dp„• s¡_p d|mê$`dp„ L$p¡C `Z âL$pf_p¡ h^pfp¡-OV$pX$p¡ L¡$ ky^pfp¡ L$ep® rh_p s\p Mp¡V$p âgp¡c_p¡ ce L¡$ R>m-L$`V$ _¡ R>p¡X$u v$B_¡ •âõsys L$f¡. d®âQpf_p Aphp iyÙ âL$pf_¡ R>p¡X$u_¡ Äepf¡ AÞe L$p¡C vy$ô$ âL$pfp¡Üpfp `p¡sp_p kçâv$pedp„ gp¡L$p_u fyrQ_¡ S>Nphhp_p¡ âeÐ_ L$fhpdp„ Aph¡ R>¡ Ðepf¡ r_[íQsê$`\u kdÆ g¡hy„ Å¡BA¡ L¡$ s¡hp b_phV$u âQpfp¡_p L$pfZ¡ ÅNhphpmu gp¡L$p¡_u fyrQ `Z b_phV$u S> lp¡hp_u, s¡ fyrQ hpõsrhL$ _\u S> lp¡C iL$su. AhpõsrhL$ fyrQ_p Ap^pf¡ kçâv$pe_u A„v$f ârhô$ \_pf A_yepeu _ sp¡ kçâv$pe_p hpõsrhL$-ApÝep[ÐdL$ DØ¡íe_¡ `|Z® L$fu iL¡$ R>¡ L¡$ _ `p¡s¡ `Z L$p¡C ApÝep[ÐdL$ gpc_¡ âpàs L$fu iL¡$ R>¡. Ap\u, ApÝep[ÐdL$ / Apr^v¥$rhL$ gÿe_u âp[às_p DØ¡íe_¡ gB_¡ âh©Ñ \e¡gp ^d®kçâv$pe_p ApQpep£ s\p sv$poàs âQpfL$p¡ A¡• AÞ_n¡Ó, DÛp_, ¾$uX$p„NZ, rQqL$Ðkpge, rhîpdõ\g, rhÛpge, R>pÓphpk, ìyL$ëepZ, Öìeklpe, c|rdv$p_, rQqL$Ðkp-rirbf, f¼sv$p_, L©$rj, kd|lgÁ_, dsgpc, Aë`k„¿eL$pr^L$pf, h¡`pf, è®V$_ hNf¡ •cp¥rsL$ bpbsp¡ k„b„û âgp¡c_p¡_¡ s\p qaëd-V$u.hu._p L$gpL$pfp¡, DÛp¡N`rs, fpS>_¡sp hN¡f¡_¡ p¡sp_p kçâv$pe_p âQpf_y„ dpÝed _ b_phhp„ Å¡BA¡.

kçâv$pe_p A_yepreAp¡_¡ A\hp S>_kp^pfZ_¡ cp¥rsL$ kyrh^pAp¡ Ap`hu A¡ A¡L$ hps R>¡ Äepf¡ cp¥rsL$kyrh^pAp¡_p D`L$pf l¡W$m ìe[¼s_¡ v$bphu_¡ A\hp s¡hu gpgQ Apù_¡ s¡_¡ `p¡sp_p ^d®kçâv$pedp„ M¢Qu gphhp_u âh©rÑ L$fhu A¡ buÆ hps R>¡. k_ps_^dp£¼s Arsr\kÐL$pf, Np¡N°pkpqv$Üpfp âprZeo, AcphN°õs_¡ AÞ_pqv$_y„ v$p_ hN¡f¡ ìe[¼sNs õsf D`f \_pfp ^dp®QfZ\u `Z Äepf¡ kdpS>_u AphíeL$sp `|Z® _ \su lp¡e

96

s¡hu [õ\rsdp„ DÑd `n sp¡ A¡ NZpe L¡$ S>_spA¡ âipk_(kfL$pf)Üpfp kdN° kdpS>¡ s¡_p klep¡Nu b_u_¡ `p¡sp_u AphíeL$spAp¡_u `|rs® L$fphhu Å¡BA¡. L$pfZ L¡$ âÅ_u AphíeL$spAp¡_¡ |Z® L$fhp_u S>hpbv$pfu Mf¡Mf sp¡ âÅ `pk¡\u L$f hk|g L$f_pf âipk__u S> lp¡e R>¡. ^d®kçâv$pe A\hp ^dp®Qpe®_u _l]. ^dp®Qpe® A\hp sp¡ âipk_ rkhpe_u L$p¡C `Z ìe[¼s A\hp k„õ\p Äepf¡ âÅrls_p L$pep£ L$fhp gpN¡ R>¡ Ðepf¡ kfhpm¡ sp¡ âÅ_¡ S> _yL$kp_ \sy„ lp¡e R>¡. L$pfZ L¡$ dp®Qpe®, kdpS>k¡hu k„õ\p L¡$ L$p¡C AÞe Z `p¡sp_p Np„W$_p `¥kp MQ}_¡ S>_rlsp¡_p„ L$pep£ _\u L$fsp lp¡sp. `¥kp sp¡ S>_spA¡ S> Ap`hp `X$sp lp¡e R>¡. Ap\u S>_spA¡ `¥kp b¡ W$¡L$pZ¡ Ap`hp `X$sp lp¡e R>¡, A¡L$ sp¡ kfL$pf_¡ A_¡ buÅ kdpS>k¡hu k„õ\p_¡. A_¡ s¡_p bv$gpdp„ L$pd sp¡ L$p¡C A¡L$ S> L$fsy„ lp¡e R>¡, s¡ Z S>fyfuAps dyS>b_y„ _l]. AsA¡h,

""kpfufus¡ ApQf¡g buÅ_p ^d®_u kfMpdZudp„ kpfufus¡ _ ApQfu kL$psp¡ lp¡e s¡hp¡ õh^d® `Z DÑd NZpe R>¡. õh^d®dp„ d©Ðey `Z î¡eõL$f lp¡e R>¡. `f^dp®QfZ, f„sy, ce„L$f lp¡e R>¡'' (Nusp.3&35).

cNhp__p Ap Apv¡$ip_ykpf v$f¡L¡$ `p¡s`p¡sp_y„ L$pe® L$fhy„ Å¡BA¡, buÅbuÅ_y„ _l]. cNhp__p Ap D`v¡$i_¡ _ kdÆ_¡ ^dp®Qpep£ Äepf¡ `p¡sp_p dy¿e L$pep£-^dp£`v¡$i hN¡f¡_¡ R>p¡X$u_¡ kdpS>k¡hp fpS>_urs S>¡hp„ Lp$ep£dp„ X|$bu Åe R>¡ Ðepf¡ s¡_p Myb S> tQspS>_L$ qfZpdp¡ Aphsp„ lp¡e R>¡. buÅ gp¡L$p¡ L$f¡ S> R>¡ s¡hy„ rhQpfu_¡ âipk_ âÅrls_p L$pep£\u rhdyM \C S>sy„ lp¡e R>¡. kdpS>k¡hp hN¡f¡ L$pep£\u âpàs \su L$urs®_p gp¡cdp„ ^dp®Qpe® õh^d®ê$` ^dp£`v¡$i, ip÷pÝee_, ^dp®_y›$p_ hN¡f¡\u rhdyM \C S>sp lp¡e R>¡. kdpS> ^dp®Qpep£ `pk¡\u ^d®gpc_¡ W¡$L$pZ¡ cp¥rsL$gpc_u âp[às_u A`¡np k¡hsp¡ \C Åe R>¡. A¡L$ kçâv$pe_p dp®Qpe®Üpfp S>_rls_y„ L$pe® ify L$fpsp„ buÅ kçâv$pe_p ^dp®Qpe£ `p¡sp_p A_yepreAp¡_¡ Ðep„ gpc g¡sp AV$L$phhpdpV¡$ •i[¼s BÃR>p A\hp S>ê$fuAps lp¡e L¡$ _ lp¡e sp¡ `Z •s¡ kçâv$pe S>¡hp„ S> L¡$ s¡_p\u `Z h^y QY$uepsp„ L$pep£ L$fhp_u ârsõ`^p®dp„ Dsfhy„ `X$sy„ lp¡e R>¡. Ap b^p_p L$pfZ¡ gp¡L$p¡_u ^d®kçâv$pe_u A„v$f fyrQ-âh©rÑ Z d®rkÙp„sp¡_p Ap^pf¡ _ \B_¡ D`fp¡¼s cp¥rsL$ kyrh^p-gpc_u

97

Mp¡V$u A`¡npAp¡_¡ L$pfZ¡ \hp gpNsu lp¡e R>¡. Aphu Mp¡V$u A`¡npAp¡_¡ gB_¡ kçâv$pe_u A„v$f âh¡i_pfp gp¡L$p¡ kçâv$pe Nyfy s\p `p¡sp_p `Z A^:`s__y„S> L$pfZ b_sp lp¡e R>¡.

Ap b^u bpbsp¡_p¡ rhQpf L$fsp„ ìe[¼s_u dpN®fyrQ_u rhiyÙsp AÐeÞs dlÐh_u b_u Åe R>¡. Ap\u ApS>_p kdedp„ dp®Qpep£A¡ p¡sp_u `pk¡ Aph_pfp v$unpr\®Ap¡_u dpN®fyrQ_u funp rhi¡jê$`\u L$fhu Å¡BA¡ A¡hy„ S>Zpe R>¡. A_¡ v$unp\} Å¡ kçâv$pe_p ^d®rkÙp„sp¡_¡ `p¡sp_p Æh_dp„ Dspfhp_u fyrQ\u _l] `f„sy L$p¡C cp¥rsL$ gpc_u fyrQ\u kçâv$pedp„ âh¡i d¡mhhpdpV¡$ Apìep¡ lp¡e sp¡ A¡hp v$unp\}_¡ r_fpi S> L$fhp¡ Å¡BA¡. s¡_¡ kçâv$pedp„ âh¡i _ S> Ap`hp¡ Å¡BA¡. dpN®fyrQ_p kÞv$c®dp„ ApV$gp¡ âpk„rNL$ Mygpkp¡ L$fu_¡ lh¡ fyrQ_p rhi¡j âL$pfp¡_p¡ rhQpf L$fuiy„.

fyrQ_p âL$pf :1. `fp¡nfyrQ A_¡ 2. A`fp¡nfyrQ Apd fyrQ b¡ âL$pf_u dp_hpdp„

Aphu R>¡. lh¡ Ap`Z¡ fyrQ_p Ap bÞ_¡ âL$pfp¡_p¡ ¾$di: rhQpf L$fuiy„.

1. fp¡nfyrQ :cNhp__p ApÞsf L¡$ bpü L$p¡C Z âL$pf_p A_ych rh_p kÐk„N,

îhZ, L$us®_ hN¡f¡Üpfp cNhp_dp„ DÐ`Þ_ \su fyrQ_¡ "`fp¡nfyrQ' L$l¡hpdp„ Aph¡ R>¡.

c¼sp¡_p QqfÓp¡_y„ Ahgp¡L$_ L$fhp\u ÅZhp dm¡ R>¡ L¡$ fyrQ DÐ`Þ_ \hp `pR>m kÐk„N A¡ kp¥\u âbm r_rdÑ lp¡e R>¡. îuApQpe®QfZ îuâcyQfZ Apqv$ kçâv$pepQpep£_p kÐk„N\u cNhv¹$c$[¼s_u î¡›$ Ahõ\p_¡ S>¡dZ¡ âpàs L$fu s¡hp 84-252 h¥óZhp¡_u hpsp® Ap_u kpnu R>¡. ks¹ yfyj_p k„N_¡ "kÐk„N' L$l¡hpdp„ Aph¡ R>¡. kÐ`yfyjp¡_p¡ k„N L$fhp\u s¡d_u iyÙ-`rhÓ ApQpf-r¾$ep_y„ Ahgp¡L$_ L$fhp_p¡, s¡d_p D`v¡$ip¡_¡ kp„cmhp_p¡, s¡d_u qfQep®-Apv$f-kÐL$pf\u s¡d_p Apiuhp®v$ âpàs L$fhp_p¡, cNhp__p _pd-NyZ-gugp-õhê$`_p L$us®_-hZ®__¡ kp„cmhp_p¡, s¡d_u `pk¡ Aph_pfp c¼sp¡_p A_ychp¡ s¡dS> i„L$p kdp^p_p¡ _¡ r_L$V$\u kp„cmhp-ÅZhp_p¡, `p¡sp_u MpduAp¡_¡ ÅZhp-ky^pfhp hN¡f¡_p¡ Agæe Ahkf

98

âpàs \sp¡ lp¡e R>¡. Ap\u S> îuApQpe®QfZ "`ÊQígp¡L$u'N°Þ\dp„ Apop L$f¡ R>¡ L¡$ kÞs`yfyj k„kpffp¡N\u ùX$us d_yóe_p k„kpffp¡N_¡ dV$pX$u_¡ cNhv¹$c[¼sê$ù Apfp¡Áe Ap`_pfu Ap¥jû kdp_ lp¡e R>¡. "`Óphgçb_'N°Þ\dp„ `Z Ap`¡ g¿ey„ R>¡ L¡$ rhÜp_ kÐ`yfyjp¡_¡ Ahíe kp„cmhp Å¡BA¡ L$pfZ L¡$ s¡Ap¡ kÞdpN®_y„ fnZ L$f_pfp lp¡e R>¡.

`yrô$c[¼sdpN}e k˜¼sp¡_p k„Ndp„ flu_¡ Äepf¡ cNhp__p _pd-NyZ-gugp s¡dS> õhê$`_p îhZ-L$us®_-õdfZ L$fhpdp„ Aph¡ R>¡ Ðepf¡ s¡ îhZpqv$_p dpÝed\u c¼s_p AÞs:L$fZdp„ âh¡i L$fu_¡ cNhp_¹ ûf¡-ûf¡ c¼s_p ùv$e_¡ iyÙ b_phu v¡$ R>¡. Aphu fus¡ iyÙ ùv$e \e¡gp c¼s_u cNhp_dp„ fyrQ DÐ`Þ_ \su lp¡e R>¡. `fdcpNhs _pfv$Æ_p `|h®S>Þd_p h©ÑpÞsdp„ cNhp_dp„ s¡d_u fyrQ DÐ`Þ_ \hp_u âr¾$ep_y„ S>¡ hZ®_ R>¡ s¡dp„ `Z kÐk„N A_¡ cNhp__p îhZ-L$us®_-õdfZ_¡ S> cNhv¹$fy$rQ_u DÐ`rÑ_y„ L$pfZ dp_hpdp„ Apìey„ R>¡.

`|h®S>Þddp„ _pfv$Æ b°pûZ c¼sp¡_u k¡hp L$f_pfu A¡L$ v$pku_p yÓ lsp. _p_u Jdf\u S> c¼sp¡_p¡ k„N âpàs lsp¡. k`®_p L$fX$hp\u dpsp_y„ d©Ðey \sp„, cNhp_¡ b„^_ L$pàey„ A¡hp¡ rhQpf L$fu_¡, bpmL$ _pfv$Æ Of R>p¡X$u_¡ Qpgu r_L$þep. kÐk„N s¡dS> c¼sp¡_u k¡hp_p âsp`¡ byrÙ sp¡ kp[ÒhL$ lsu S>. c¼sp¡_p k„N v$fçep_ kp„cm¡g cNhp__p õhê$`hZ®__y„ õdfZ L$fhp gpÁep. cNhp__p õhê$`_y„ õdfZ L$fhp_u S>¡ fyrQ _pfv$Æ_¡ \C s¡ cNhp__p ApÞsf L¡$ bpü L$p¡C Z âL$pf_p A_ych rh_p DÐ`Þ_ \C lsu. Ap\u Aphu fyrQ_¡ rkÙp„sdp„ "`fp¡nfyrQ' L$l¡hpdp„ Aph¡ R>¡.

cNhp_¹ S>¡ c¼s_¡ c[¼s_p dpN® D`f Qgphhp dpNsp lp¡e R>¡ s¡_p ùv$edp„ k|ÿd-buS>fyù c[¼s k©rô$_p Apf„cdp„ S> fp¡ù v¡$sp lp¡e R>¡. Aphu k|ÿdc[¼s_¡ S> "c[¼shr^®_u'N°Þ\dp„ îuApQpe®QfZ "buS>cph'iåv$\u Ap¡mMph¡ R>¡. c[¼s_p buS>cph_„y õ\p`_ cNhp_¡ S>¡ Æh_u A„v$f L$ey¯ _ lp¡e s¡ Æh cNhp__p„ îhZ-L$us®_-õdfZ L¡$ k¡hp L$fu iL$sp¡ _\u.

2. A`fp¡nfyrQ :cNhp__u ApÞsf L¡$ bpü A_yc|rs \hp_¡ L$pfZ¡ cNhp_dp„ S>¡

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rhi¡jfyrQ DÐ`Þ_ \su lp¡e R>¡ s¡ fyrQ_¡ "A`fp¡nfyrQ'L$l¡hpdp„ Aph¡ R>¡. _pfv$Æ_p QqfÓ_y„ Å¡ rhi¡j Ahgp¡L$_ L$fhpdp„ Aph¡ sp¡ :

c¼sp¡_u k¡hp A_¡ s¡Ap¡Üpfp L$fhpdp„ Aphsp„ cNhp__p NyZNp_ hN¡f¡_p îhZ\u Äepf¡ _pfv$Æ_u A„v$f cNhp_dp„ fyrQ DÐ`Þ_ \C Ðepf¡ s¡Ap¡ rhi¡j DÐkpl\u cNhp__p õhê$`_y„ tQs_ L$fhp gpÁep„. AQp_L$S> _pfv$Æ_¡ p¡sp_p ùv$edp„ cNhp__u kpnps¹ A_yc|rs \B. \p¡X$u S> hpfdp„, `f„sy, cNhp_¹ rsfp¡rls \C Nep„. dlpdykubs¡ âpàs L$f¡gy„ ^_ AQp_L$ Mp¡hpC S>hp\u S>¡hy„ vy$:M \pe s¡hy„ vy$:M _pfv$Æ_¡ \ey„. cNhÐâ¡fZp\u õhõ\b_u_¡ _pfv$Æ y_: s¡ õhê$`_¡ pdhpdpV¡$ cNhp__p _pdpqv$_y„ L$us®_ L$fhp gpÁep„. cNhv$_yc|rs \ep bpv$ DÐ`Þ_ \e¡g _pfv$Æ_u Ap fyrQ_¡ rkÙ$pÞsdp„ "A`fp¡nfyrQ' L$l¡hpdp„ Aph¡ R>¡.

`fp¡nfyrQ_p L$pfZ¡ L$fhpdp Aphsp„ cNhp__p„ k¡hp-îhZ-L$us®_pqv$\u k|ÿdc[¼sê$`u buS>cph uf¡ uf¡ h©rÙ pd¡ R>¡.

""S>¡d-S>¡d c¼svy$:Mp`lpfu cNhp_¹ îuL©$óZ r_S>c¼s_p d_dp„ âh¡i L$fsp Åe R>¡ s¡d s¡d c¼s_u r_›$p k¡hp, îhZ, L$us®_ hN¡f¡ kp^_p¡dp„ h^su Åe R>¡''

îuApQpe®QfZ_p Ap L$\_ dyS>b AÞs:ârhô$ cNhp__u õawrs® c¼s_¡ `p¡sp_p AÞs:L$fZdp„ \hp gpN¡ R>¡. cNhp__p„ îhZ-L$us®_pqv$ kde¡ \_pfp fp¡dpÊQ, Aîy`ps, Agp¥qL$L$ Ap_Þv$, DÐkpl, k¡hp-îhZ-L$us®_-õdfZ_¡ fp¡L$hp_u BÃR>p _ \hu hN¡f¡ gnZp¡\u `Z cNhp__u AÞs:õazfZp A_ychu iL$pe R>¡. Apd AÏdpÓ A_ych\u Apip_y„ qv$ìe qL$fZ v¡$Mpsp„ c¼s_p ùv$edp„ S>¡ (DÐkpl D‰pk sÐ`fsp ê$`u) rhi¡j fyrQ DÐ`Þ_ \su lp¡e R>¡ s¡_¡ "A`fp¡nfyrQ' L$l¡hpdp„ Aph¡ R>¡.

fyrQ_p¡ rhL$pk â¡d-Apk[¼s-ìek_ :cNhp_Üpfp Æhdp„ õ\p`¡g buS>cph_p rhL$pk_p ¾$d_y„ r_ê$`Z

îuApQpe®QfZ¡ "c[¼shr^®_u'N°Þ\dp„ L$e®y„ R>¡. sv$_ykpf : 1. â¡d 2. Apk[¼s A_¡ 3. ìek_ / dp_ku A¡ buS>cph_p rhL$pk_u ÓZ Ahõ\pAp¡

100

dp_hpdp„ Aphu R>¡. âcy_p„ k¡hp-îhZ-L$us®_-õdfZpqv$\u âpàs \su D`fp¡¼s Ahõ\pAp¡_y„ qfQpeL$ gnZ Ap dyS>b Apù iL$pe.

1. â¡d : âcy\u Bsf b^p rhjep¡dp\u c¼s_u ddsp v|$f \B_¡ L¡$hm âcydp„ S> ddsp \C S>hu c¼s_u s¡ Ahõ\p_¡ "cNhs¹-â¡d' L$l¡hpdp„ Aph¡ R>¡. buS>cph_¡ L$pfZ¡ DÐ`Þ_ \e¡g cNhv¹$fy$rQ S> â¡d_p ê$`dp„ `qfZdsu lp¡e R>¡.

2. Apk[¼s : âbm cNhÐâ¡d_¡ L$pfZ¡ âcy\u Bsf v$f¡L$ AcNhv$ue hõsy-ìe[¼sdp„ AfyrQ \C S>sp„ c¼s_¡ Äepf¡ s¡ (AcNhv$ue hõsy-ìe[¼s) b^y„ `p¡sp_u c[¼skp^_pdp„ b„^_ê$` S>Zphp gpN¡ R>¡ Ðepf¡ c¼s_u s¡ Ahõ\p_¡ "cNhv¹$-Apk[¼s' L$l¡hpdp„ Aph¡ R>¡. cNhÐâ¡d S> ApNm hû_¡ cNhv$pk[¼sdp„ qfZdsp¡ lp¡e R>¡.

3. ìek_ : A¡L$ nZ `Z Äepf¡ c¼s_y„ d_ cNhp_dp„\u v|$f _ lV$sy„ lp¡e Ðepf¡ c¼s_p cNhÐâ¡d_u s¡hu `qf`¼h Ahõ\p_¡ "cNhv¹$-ìek_' L$l¡hpdp„ Aph¡ R>¡. cNhv$pk[¼s S> hû_¡ cNhv¹$ìe$k_dp„ `qfZdsu lp¡e R>¡.

dp_ku : "rkÙp„sdy¼sphgu' N°Þ\dp„ îuApQpe®QfZ¡ s_yrhÑÅ k¡hp\u args \_pfu dp_kuk¡hpê$`p S>¡ Ahõ\p_y„ r_ê$`Z L$e®y„ R>¡ s¡ A_¡ D`fp¡¼s ìek_phõ\p_¡ A¡L$ S> kdS>hu Å¡BA¡. A¡L$ S> d_p¡hõ\p_y„ r_ê$`Z AgN-AgN ×rô$\u AgN-AgN _pdp¡\u L$fhpdp„ Apìey„ R>¡. c[¼s_p¡ rhL$pk â¡d Apk[¼s A_¡ ìek_ Ahõ\p_p ê$`dp„ hZ®hhpdp„ Aph¡ R>¡. Äepf¡ L¡$ k¡hp_p¡ rhL$pk kp^_ê$`p s_yrhÑÅk¡hp s\p amê$`p dp_ku Ahõ\p_p ê$`dp„ hZ®hhpdp„ Aph¡ R>¡.

ApQpe®QfZ âhrs®s `yrô$c[¼sdpN® A¡ A¡hp¡ dpN® R>¡ L¡$ S>¡dp„ cNhp__u L©$`p\u S> c¼s_y„ b^y„ \pe R>¡. AhspfL$pgdp„ sp¡ c¼sp¡Üpfp kp^_ L$fphhp_p õ\p_¡ cNhp_¹ p¡s¡ S> c¼sp¡A¡ L$fhp_p„ kp^_p¡ L$fu g¡sp lp¡e R>¡. A\p®s¹ DÃQ\u DÃQsf A_¡ DÃQsf\u DÃQsd Ahõ\p D`f `lp¢QhpdpV¡$ c¼s¡ S>¡ âeÐ_p¡ L$fhp_p lp¡e R>¡ s¡ âeÐ_p¡ c¼s pk¡ L$fpìep rh_p cNhp_¹

101

`p¡sp_p kpdÕe®\uS> s¡-s¡ Ahõ\p D`f c¼s_¡ lp¢QpX$u v¡$sp„ lp¡e R>¡. Ap\u kp^_pQfZ AhspfL$pgdp„ Ady¿e b_u S>sy„ lp¡e R>¡. cNhp__u L©$`p_¡ kfMu fus¡ TughpdpV¡$ A_hspfL$pgdp„, `f„sy, c¼sp¡_¡ kp^_pQfZ_u A`¡np fl¡su lp¡e R>¡. Ap\u `yrô$c[¼sdpN®dp„ cNhp__u L©$`p\u S> c¼s_y„ b^y„ rkÙ \sy„ lp¡hp R>sp„ îuApQpe®QfZ¡ S>¡ k¡hp-îhZ-L$us®_-õdfZ hN¡f¡ kp^_p¡_y„ r_ê$`Z L$ey¯ R>¡ s¡ r_f\®L$ b_sp„ _\u. L$pfZ L¡$ L©$`p\u S> b^y„ \sy„ lp¡hp R>sp„e c¼s D`f \e¡gu cNhp__u L©$`p_¡ îuApQpe®QfZp¡¼s kp^_p¡ hX¡$ rMghhp/rhL$kphhp_p¡ Å¡ âeÐ_ L$fhpdp„ _ Aph¡ sp¡ s¡ L©$`p M¡sfdp„ fp¡`¡gp, `f„sy, `pZu-Mpsf-âL$pi hN¡f¡_y„ `p¡jZ Apàep rh_p_p S>du_dp„ fbpe¡gp buS>_u dpaL$ r_[ó¾$e S> fl¡ R>¡. A_hspfL$pgdp„, Ap\u cNhp__u L©$`p_¡ c[¼sdpN}e kp^_p¡hX¡$ rhL$kphhp_p¡ âeÐ_ sp¡ c¼s¡ L$fhp_p¡ S> lp¡e R>¡.

S>¡dp„ Ar^L$pf âpàs \ep¡ lp¡e s¡_y„ õhê$` Äep„ kyû ÅZhpdp„ _ Aph¡ Ðep„ kyû âpàs \e¡gp Ar^L$pf_u dlÑp-L$uds_y„ cp_ \C iL$sy„ _\u. Ap L$pfZ¡ S> Ap âL$fZdp„ buS>cph-fyrQ\u âpf„c L$fu_¡ am kyû_u `yrô$c[¼s_u epÓp_y„ rhõspf`|h®L$ hZ®_ L$fhpdp„ Apìey„ R>¡.

`yrô$c[¼sdpN®dp„ S>¡V$gp Z kp^_p¡_y„ r_ê$`Z L$fhpdp„ Apìey„ R>¡ s¡ b^p_y„ kp^_`Ï„ dp_ku/ìek_ Ahõ\p kyû_„y lp¡e R>¡. A¡V$g¡ L¡$ cNhp_¡ `yrô$Æh_u A„v$f c[¼s_p buS>cph_y„ fp¡`Z L$fu_¡ S>¡ L©$`p L$fu R>¡ s¡ L©$`p_p¡ rhL$pk c¼s c[¼sdpN}e D`pep¡Üpfp dp_ku/ìek_ Ahõ\p kyû L$fu iL¡$ R>¡. dp_ku/ìek_ Ahõ\p\u ApNm `yrô$c¼s_¡ âpàs \sp„ khp®Ðdcph hN¡f¡ amp¡, f„sy, cNhp__u L©$`p\u S> âpàs \sp„ lp¡e R>¡.

rhi¡j hp„Q_dpV¡$ :1.îugpg |cË$Æ rhfrQs âd¡efÐ_pZ®h N °Þ\_p ¡ `p „Qdp ¡-

"`yrô$c[¼sAr^L$pfrhh¡L$'2.cNhv¹$N$usp3.îucpNhs4.îuhëgcpQpe® rhfrQs "sÒhp\®v$u`r_bÞ^'_y„ c[¼sâL$fZ

102

6. khp®Ðdcphrhh¡L$

khp®Ðdcph :cNhp_dp„ \sp r_fy`pr^L$( r_óL$`V$ A_¡ r_:õhp\® ) DÐL$V$ õ_¡l_¡

"khp®Ðdcph' L$l¡hpdp„ Aph¡ R>¡. khp®Ðdcph A¡ ìek_ / dp_ku Ahõ\p `R>u c¼s_¡ âpàs \_pfu õ_¡l-c[¼s_u S> A¡L$ rhriô$ Ahõ\p R>¡. "khp®Ðdcph'dp„ ÓZ iåv$p¡ R>¡ : kh®, ApÐd A_¡ cph. 1. kh® = (L$) b^u B[ÞÖep¡, AÞs:L$fZ, v¡$l, âpZ, ApÐdp A_¡ Ap b^p_u h©rÑAp¡. (M) S>X$-ÆhpÐdL$ kdN° S>Ns. 2. ApÐdp = cNhp_¹. A_¡ 3. cph = â¡d õ_¡l frs L¡$ c[¼s. Ap v$ÃR>¡v$_¡ ×rô$dp„ fpMu_¡ Å¡ A\® L$fhpdp„ Aph¡ sp¡ :

L. cNhÐk¡hp A_¡ NyZNp_(=L$\p) S>Þe âbm cNhv$pk[¼s_¡ L$pfZ¡ b^u B[ÞÖep¡, AÞs:L$fZ, v¡$l, âpZ, ApÐdp A_¡ Ap b^p_u h©rÑAp¡Üpfp c¼s_¡ blpf âL$V$ s¡dS> NyZNp_ hMs¡ ùv$edp„ âL$V$ cNhp__p õhê$`p_Þv$_p¡ A_ych \hp gpN¡ R>¡.

M. Ap S> âdpZ¡ DÐL$V$ cNhv$pk[¼s_¡ L$pfZ¡ c¼s Äepf¡ cNhp_¹ rkhpe buSy>„ b^y„ c|gu Åe R>¡ Ðepf¡ s¡_¡ p¡sp_p râesd fdpÐdp rkhpe buSy>„ L„$C v¡$Mpsy„ S> _\u lp¡sy„. kdN° S>X$-ÆhpÐdL$ S>Ns L¡$ S>¡ hõsys: cNhv$pÐdL$ A_¡ cNhv¹$ê$` S> R>¡ s¡_p¡ c¼s_¡ ""Ap b^y„ îuL©$óZ S> R>¡'' A¡ âL$pf_p¡ A_ych \hp gpN¡ R>¡; A\p®s¹ S>X$-ÆhpÐdL$ S>Nsdp„ rsfp¡rls \e¡gp b°û_p rQs¹-Ap_Þv$ NyZ^dp£ â¡du c¼s_p kpd¡ âL$V$ \C Åe R>¡. qfZpd¡ S>Ns_p S>X$-Æh kdN° v$p\p£ s¡_¡ k[ÃQv$p_Þv$pÐdL$-b°ûpÐdL$ v¡$Mphp gpN¡ R>¡.

c¼s_u Aphu (L$-M, bÞ_¡) Ahõ\pAp¡_¡ "khp®Ðdcph' L$l¡hpdp„ Aph¡ R>¡. khp®Ðdcph_y„ hZ®_ :

-"k¡hpag'N°Þ\dp„ "Agp¥qL$L$kpdÕe®' ê$`¡,

103

-"c[¼shr^®_u'N°Þ\dp„ "ìek_p¡Ñf-L©$sp\®sp' ê$`¡,- "rkÙ$p„sdy¼sphgu'N°Þ\dp„ "dp_ku-k¡hp' ê$`¡ Äepf¡- "r_fp¡^gnZ'N°Þ\dp„ "amr_fp¡^' ê$`¡ âpàs \pe R>¡.

khp®Ðdcph_p âL$pfp¡ :îucpNhsdp„ cNhÐk„ep¡N A_¡ cNhrÜep¡N Apd bÞ_¡

Ahõ\pdp„ c¼sp¡_¡ \_pfp khp®Ðdcph_p A_ych_y„ hZ®_ L$fhpdp„ Apìey„ R>¡. k„ep¡N A¡V$g¡ rdg_, c¡V$p¡, dmhy„ L¡$ kpnpÐL$pf \hp¡ s¡. rhep¡N / rhâep¡N A¡V$g¡ rhMyV$p L¡$ AgN X$hy„ s¡.

k„ep¡NL$pgu_ khp®Ðdcph :cNhp__p¡ k„ep¡Np_ych c¼sp¡_¡ AhspfL$pm A_¡ A_hspfL$pm _p

c¡v$\u b¡ âL$pf¡ \sp¡ lp¡e R>¡.

1. AhspfL$pmdp„ - A\p®s¹ cNhp_¹ Äepf¡ c|sm D`f Ahspf g¡sp lp¡e R>¡ Ðepf¡ S>¡ c¼sp¡_¡ cNhp__p„ v$i®_ k¡hp hN¡f¡_p¡ Ahkf kp„`X¡$ R>¡ s¡d_¡ cNhp__p k„ep¡N_p¡ A_ych âpàs \sp¡ lp¡e R>¡. s¡ S> âdpZ¡

2. A_hspfL$pmdp„ - A\p®s¹ S>¡ kde¡ cNhp_¡ Ahspf gu^p¡ _\u lp¡sp¡ s¡ kde¡; v$p.s. L$rmeyNdp„ AÐepf¡ âcy_u õhê$`k¡hp L$f_pfp c¼sp¡_¡, S>¡V$gp¡ kde s¡Ap¡ âcyk¡hpdp„ lp¡e R>¡ s¡V$gp¡ kde, âcy_p k„ep¡N_p¡ A_ych \sp¡ lp¡e R>¡.

h¡ÏNus_p„ kybp¡r^_u (îuhëgcpQpe®rhfrQs îucpNhs`yfpZ_u ìep¿ep) dp„ b^u B[ÞÖep¡_p cNhp_dp„ rhr_ep¡N_¡ "khp®Ðdcph' L$l¡hpdp„ Apìep¡ R>¡. sv$_ykpf : hpZu\u cNhp__u kp\¡ k„gp`(hps-rQs), Ap„Mp¡\u v$i®_, bplzAp¡\u cNhp__y„ AprgP¹$N$_, lp\p¡hX¡$ cNhp__u k¡hp, ÐhQp\u cNhp__p¡ õ`i®, L$p_\u cNhp__u h¡Ï_p õhfp¡_y„ îhZ, `NhX¡$ cNhp__p r_L$V$ S>hy„ hN¡f¡. Ap k„ep¡NL$pgu_ khp®Ðdcph_y„ hZ®_ R>¡.

rhâep¡NL$pgu_ khp®Ðdcphp_ych :cNhp__p rhâep¡N_p¡ A_ych `Z c¼sp¡_¡ AhspfL$pm A_¡

104

A_hspfL$pm _p c¡v$\u b¡ âL$pf¡ \sp¡ lp¡e R>¡. sv$_ykpf

1. AhspfL$pmdp„ c¼sp¡ S>¡V$gp¡ kde cNhp__p r_L$V$ _\u lp¡sp s¡V$gp¡ kde s¡d_¡ cNhp__p rhep¡N_p¡ A_ych \sp¡ lp¡e R>¡. s¡ S> âdpZ¡

2. A_hspfL$pmdp„ S>¡ c¼sp¡ S>¡V$gp¡ kde âcyk¡hpdp„ _\u lp¡sp s¡V$gp - A_hkf_p kdedp„ A\hp sp¡ S>¡d_¡ cNhÐõhê$`k¡hp_p¡ Ahkf S> âpàs \ep¡ _ lp¡e s¡d_¡ cNhp__p rhep¡N_p¡ A_ych \sp¡ lp¡e R>¡.

cNhp__p k„ep¡N kde¡ k¡hp_¡ Äepf¡ rhep¡N kde¡ âcy_p NyZNp__¡ î¡›$ dp_hpdp„ Aph¡ R>¡. cNhrÜep¡Ndp„ âcy_p„ NyZNp_ L$f_pf c¼s_u Apk[¼s Äepf¡ Qfd Ahõ\p `f `lp¢Qu Åe R>¡ Ðepf¡ s¡_p dpV¡$ cNhp__p rh_p fl¡hy„ Ai¼é b_u S>sy„ lp¡e R>¡. p¡sp_p rhfl¼g¡i_¡ L$pfZ¡ k„sá c¼s_p D`f L©$`p L$fu_¡ cNhp_¹ s¡_p ùv$edp„ âL$V$ \C Åe R>¡. rhep¡Nphõ\pdp„ c¼s_p ùv$edp„ cNhp__p âpL$V$é_¡ S> "khp®Ðdcph' L$l¡hpdp„ Aph¡ R>¡. rhep¡N_u Ahõ\pdp„ c¼s_¡ Äepf¡ cNhp__y„ ApÞsfâpL$V$é _\u A_ychpsy„ Ðepf¡ s¡_¡ k„ep¡NL$pg S>¡hp¡ kh£[ÞÖep¡_p cNrÜr_ep¡N_p¡ gpc âpàs \sp¡ _\u. cNhrÜfldp„ c¼s ¼epf¡L$ A¡hu DÞdÑ Ahõ\pdp„ Z lp¢Qu S>sp¡ lp¡e R>¡ L¡$ Äepf¡ s¡_¡ kh®Ó s\p p¡sp_u A„v$f Z ""lz„ L©$óZ Ry>„'' A¡hu cNhp__u A_yc|rs \hp gpN¡ R>¡. cNhp__p rsfp¡rls \C Nep R>u cNhp__¡ ip¡^u-ip¡^u_¡ \pL$u lpfu Ne¡gp„ h°S>c¼sp¡ cNhp__y„ Äepf¡ NyZNp_ L$fhp„ gpÁep„ Ðepf¡ S>¡d â¡du L¡$ â¡rdL$p_¡ fõ`fdp„ âbm Apk[¼s_¡ L$pfZ¡ A¡L$buÅ_p ApNd__u L¡$ D`[õ\rs _u c°dZp \su lp¡e R>¡ s¡d h°S>c¼sp¡_¡ "Apk[¼sc°dÞepe'\u kh®Ó s\p A¡L$buÅ_u A„v$f `Z cNhp__y„ v$i®_ \hp gpÁey„. (gp¥qL$L$ âk„Ndp„ \su Aphu A_yc|rs c°dê$` lp¡e R>¡. c[¼sdp„ cNhp_¹ rhjeL$ Aphu A_yc|rs, `f„sy, e\p\® S> lp¡e R>¡, cNhp__p c¼s_p cphp_yê$` õhê$` ^pfZ L$fu iL$hp_p kpdÕe®_¡ L$pfZ¡). Ap_p `qfZpd¡ h°S>cL¹$sp¡ A¡L$buÅ_¡ cNhp_¹ ÅZu_¡ cNhp_¡ L$f¡gu |s_pdpfZpqv$ A_¡L$ gugpAp¡_y„ A_yL$fZ L$fhp„ gpÁep„. cNhrÜep¡Ndp„ \sp khp®Ðdcph_p¡ Ap Z A¡L$ âL$pf R>¡.

105

kpQp¡ khp®Ðdcph sp¡ c[¼s\u \pe s¡ S> :îucpNhsdp„ hZ®hpey„ R>¡ L¡$ DW$sp„-b¡ksp„ kysp„-ÅNsp„ Qpgsp„-

afsp„ v$f¡L$ kde¡ v$f¡L$ Ahõ\pdp„ îuL©$óZ_y„ S> tQs_ L$f_pfp L„$k_¡ kç`|Z® S>Ns L©$óZde v¡$Mphp gpÁey„. Al] Ap`Z¡ L„$k_¡ `Z khp®Ðdcph_p S>¡hu A_yc|rs \su Å¡C iL$uA¡ R>uA¡. L„$k_¡ \su A_yc|rs_¡, f„sy, khp®Ðdcph L$l¡h„y ep¡Áe _l] NZpe. L$pfZ L¡$ Ap`Z¡ `|h£ Å¡C Nep s¡ âdpZ¡ "cph'_p¡ A\® â¡d \pe R>¡. Ap ×rô$A¡ khp®Ðdcph_u A_yc|rsdp„ cNhp_dp„ â¡d Ar_hpe®`Z¡ lp¡hp¡ Å¡BA¡. L„$k sp¡ cNhp__p¡ h¡fu lsp¡. s¡_¡ \e¡gu Aphu A_yc|rs_y„ L$pfZ â¡d _ lp¡C Ü¡j L¡$ ce lsp¡.

dep®v$pdpN}e khp®Ðdcph :khp®Ðdcph_u A_yc|rs S>¡d `yrô$c[¼sdpN®dp„ \su lp¡e R>¡ s¡d

dep®v$pdpN®dp„ `Z \suS> lp¡e R>¡. `yrô$c[¼sdpN}e s\p dep®v$pdpN}e khp®Ðdcph hÃQ¡ saphs A¡V$gp¡ lp¡e R>¡ L¡$ dep®v$pdpN}e khp®Ðdcphdp„ L¡$hm ApÐdp\u A_¡ s¡ `Z b°ûp_Þv$_u A_yc|rs \su lp¡e R>¡; Äepf¡ `yrô$c[¼sdpN}e khp®Ðdcphdp„ b^u B[ÞÖep¡ AÞs:L$fZ s\p ApÐdp\u `Z cS>_p_Þv$_u A_yc|rs \pe R>¡. Ap S> L$pfZ R>¡ L¡$ `yrô$c[¼sdpN}e khp®Ðdcph dep®v$pdpN}e khp®Ðdcph L$fsp„ î¡›$ NZpe R>¡.

c¼s_p cphp_ykpf khp®Ðdcph :c¼sp¡ cNhp_dp„ AgN-AgN cphhpmp lpe¡ R>.¡ L$pB¡ L$ k¿e, L$pB¡ L$

iN„© pf, L$pB¡ L$ hpÐkëe sp¡ L$pB¡ L$ v$põe. S>¡ c¼sp¡ cNhp_dp„ S>h¡ p cph\u Apk¼s \pe R>¡ sh¡ p âL$pf_p khpÐ® dcph_u A_cy r| s s¡ c¼sp_¡ ¡ \su lpe¡ R>.¡ Ap\u `ry ô$c[¼sdpN}e khpÐ® dcphdp„ rhrh^sp A_¡ kfksp `Z flg¡ u R>.¡ Ap\u rh`fus op_dpN}e khpÐ® dcph rhrh^spfrls A_¡ ipÞsfkpÐdL$ lpe¡ R>.¡

rhi¡j hp„Q_dpV¡$ :1.îugpg|cË$Æ rhfrQs âd¡efÐ_pZ®hdp„_p¡ R>Ì$p¡ "khp®Ðdcphrhh¡L$'.2.îuhëgcpQpe® rhfrQs "r_fp¡^gnZd¹' N°Þ\.3.Np¡. îuíepdd_p¡lfÆ rhfrQs "r_fp¡^gnZd¹' s\p "k¡hpagd¹' N°Þ\p¡_u c|rdL$p.4.îuh¡v$ìepk rhfrQs îucpNhs`yfpZ_p¡ v$kdp¡ õL$Þ^.

***

106

7. `yrô$dpN}eagrhh¡L$

c¼s_u L$pd_p cNhp_¹ :`yrô$c¼s_u L$pd_p_p¡ rhje L¡$hm cNhp_S> lp¡e R>¡. cNhp_¹

rkhpe AÞe L$p¡C `Z hõsy_u L$pd_p `yrô$c¼s_p d_dp„ lp¡C iL$su _\u. Ap\u S> îuApQpe®QfZ¡ "`yrô$âhpldep®v$pc¡v$'N°Þ\_u A„v$f ""cNhp_¡h rl agd¹'' L$lu_¡ cNhp__¡ S> `yrô$c[¼sdpN®dp„ amê$` dpÞep R>¡. c¼sp¡_u d_p¡L$pd_p `|Z® L$fhpdpV¡$ cNhp_¹ c|sm D`f 1. õhê$`\u A_¡ 2. NyZ\u Apd b¡ âL$pf¡ âL$V$ \sp„ lp¡e R>¡.

1. õhê$`\u âpL$V$é (= bpük„ep¡N) : v$i®_ hpsQus õì® ¾$uX$p Apqv$ \C iL¡$ s¡hu fus¡ Äepf¡ cNhp_¹ c¼sp¡_p„ hÃQ¡ âL$V$ \pe R>¡ Ðepf¡ s¡_¡ cNhp__y„ "õhê$`\u âpL$V$é' \ey„ L$l¡hpdp„ Aph¡ R>¡.

2. NyZ\u âpL$V$é (=ApÞsfk„ep¡N) : NyZNp_pqv$Üpfp Äepf¡ cNhp_¹ c¼s_p ùv$edp„ âL$V$ \pe R>¡ Ðepf¡ s¡_¡ cNhp__y„ "NyZ\u âpL$V$é' \ey„ L$l¡hpdp„ Aph¡ R>¡.

Apd bÞ_¡ âL$pf¡ c|sm D`f \sp cNhp__p âpL$V¹$e$_¡ amê$` S> dp_hpdp„ Aph¡ R>¡. ApÞsf L¡$ bpü L$p¡C `Z âL$pf¡ Äepf¡ cNhp_¹ c¼sp¡_p hÃQ¡ âL$V$ \pe R>¡ Ðepf¡ c¼s `p¡sp_p v¡$l âpZ AÞs:L$fZ ApÐdp krls `p¡sp_u bû B[ÞÖep¡hX¡$ cNhp__p õhê$`_p¡ Ap_Þv$p_ych L$fu iL¡$ R>¡. c¼s_¡ Äepf¡ cNhp__p¡ rhep¡N lp¡e R>¡ Ðepf¡ c¼s_p ùv$edp„ âL$V$ \B_¡ cNhp_¹ s¡_¡ `p¡sp_p k„ep¡N_y„ kyM Ap`¡ R>¡ A_¡ Äepf¡ rhep¡N _\u lp¡sp¡ Ðepf¡ bpü âL$V$ õhê$`¡ k„ep¡NkyM Ap`sp lp¡e R>¡. Apd cNhp__p rhep¡N(=NyZNp_) kde¡ ApÞsfâpL$V$é A_¡ k„ep¡N(=k¡hp) kde¡ bpüâpL$V$é _y„ Q¾$ Å¡ kss Qpgsy„ fl¡ sp¡ s¡_p\u h^y DÑd am c¼s_pdpV¡$ buSy>„ L$p„C lp¡C iL$sy„ _\u.

rÓrhâm :Ap c|sm D`f Ap v¡$ldpV¡$ cNhp_¹ S> S>¡d `yrô$c¼sdpV¡$ amê$`

107

lp¡e R>¡ s¡d Ap v¡$l_p Ahkp_ `R>u `fgp¡L$dp„ `Z cNhp_¹ S> `yrô$c¼s_y„ am/gÿe lp¡e R>¡. "k¡hpag'_pd_p N°Þ\dp„ îuApQpe®QfZ¡ c¼s_¡ k¡hpdp„ âpàs \_pfp ÓZ amp¡_y„ r_ê$`Z L$ey¯ R>¡. s¡ A_ykpf :

1. Agp¥qL$L$kpdÕe®2. kpeyÄe3. h¥Ly„$W$pqv$ qv$ìegp¡L$dp„ k¡hp¡èp¡rNv¡$lâp[às

- Ap ÓZ amp¡ NZpìep„ R>¡. lh¡ Ap`Z¡ Ap ÓZ¡ amp¡_p kçbÞ^dp„ ¾$di: rhQpf L$fuiy„.

Agp¥qL$L$kpdÕe® :`|h® âL$fZdp„ hZ®h¡g amr_fp¡^ ìek_p¡ÑfL©$sp\®sp s_y_hÒh L¡$

khp®Ðdcph _¡ S> k¡hpamdp„ "Agp¥qL$L$kpdÕe®' L$l¡hpdp„ Apìey„ R>¡. Ap am_u âp[às c¼s_¡ Ap S> gp¡L$dp„ \su lp¡hp_¡ L$pfZ¡ Ap_¡ L$p¡C gp¥qL$L$am kdÆ _ b¡k¡ s¡ L$pfZ¡ Ap_¡ "Agp¥qL$L$' L$l¡hpdp„ Apìey„ R>¡. kpf A¡ S> R>¡ L¡$ Ap gp¡L$dp„ dmsy„ lp¡hp R>sp„ Ap am Agp¥qL$L$ S> lp¡e R>¡. dep®v$pdpN}e dy[¼s_u kp\¡ Å¡ `yrô$c[¼sdpN}e Ap am_u syg_p L$fhpdp„ Aph¡ sp¡ Agp¥qL$L$kpdÕe®_u âp[às_¡ `yrô$c¼s_u ÆhÞdy[¼s L$lu iL$pe. B[ÞÖehp_¹ c¼s_p dpV¡$ Agp¥qL$L$kpdÕe®\u hû_¡ buSy>„ L$p¡C Z am lp¡C _\u iL$sy„. S>¡ c¼s_¡, f„sy, Agp¥qL$L$kpdÕe®_u âp[às \su _\u s¡ `yrô$c¼sp¡_¡ cNhÐk¡hp_p agõhê$` v¡$lphkp_ `R>u h¥Ly„$W$pqv$ cNhëgp¡L$p¡dp„ k¡hp¡èp¡Nu v¡$l_u A\hp sp¡ kpeyÄe_u âp[às \pe R>¡.

kpeyÄe :`yfyjp¡Ñd îuL©$óZ_p õhê$`dp„ `yrô$c¼s_p rhge_¡ "kpeyÄe'

L$l¡hpdp„ Aph¡ R>¡. kpeyÄe_¡ S> `yrô$c¼s_u rhv¡$ldy[¼s kdÆ iL$pe. Agp¥qL$L$kpdÕe®_u syg_pdp„ kpeyÄe A¡ Np¥Z am R>¡. fdpÐdp_u A„v$f rhge \sp„ |h£ v¡$l-B[ÞÖepqv$_p¡ Z rhge ÊQdlpc|sp¡dp„ \C S>sp¡ lp¡e R>¡. Ap\u S> v¡$l-B[ÞÖepqv$\u frls yrô$Æh cNhp__p v$i®_-õì®-îhZpqv$_y„ kyM âpàs L$fu iL$sp¡ _\u. Ap S> L$pfZ R>¡ kpeyÄe_¡ Np¥Z-Ady¿e am dp_hp_y„. `yfyjp¡Ñd îuL©$óZ_y„ kpeyÄe `pd¡gp `yrô$c¼sp¡_¡ `Z, cNhp_¹ BÃR>¡ sp¡,

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afu\u `p¡sp_p õhê$`dp„\u âL$V$ L$fu_¡ s¡d_¡ `p¡sp_p h¥Ly„$W$pqv$ qv$ìe-Agp¥qL$L$ ^pdp¡dp„ qv$ìev¡$l Apù_¡ p¡sp_u k¡hp_p¡ kyAhkf y_: Apù iL¡$ R>¡. Å¡ Apd _ \pe sp¡ yrô$c¼s_¡ L¡$hm kpeyÄeê$` am S> âpàs \pe R>¡.

h¥Ly„$W$pqv$dp„ k¡hp¡èp¡Nu v¡$l_u âp[às :S>¡ `yrô$c¼sp¡_¡ c|sg D`f Agp¥qL$L$kpdÕe®_u âp[às \C Åe R>¡

s¡Ap¡_¡ v¡$lphkp_ R>u cNhp__p h¥Ly„$W$ hN¡f¡ qv$ìe gp¡L$p¡dp„ âcyk¡hp L$fu iL$hp ep¡Áe qv$ìe-_|s_ ifuf_u âp[às \su lp¡e R>¡. Ap dy¿e am R>¡ A_¡ c|sg D`f âpàs \e¡g Agp¥qL$L$kpdÕe®ê$` am_y„ S> A¡L$ buSy>„ ê$` R>¡. S>¡Ap¡_¡, f„sy, c|sg D`f Agp¥qL$L$kpdÕe®_u âp[às _\u \su s¡Ap¡_¡ h¥Ly„$W$pqv$dp„ âh¡iê$ù Np¥Zam_u âp[às \su lp¡e R>¡.

k¡hpagN°Þ\p¡¼s amp¡dp„ L¡$V$guL$ buÆ `Z i¼espAp¡ fl¡gu R>¡. sv$_ykpf, S>¡ c¼sp¡_¡ c|sg D`f Agp¥qL$L$kpdÕe®_u âp[às \C _\u lp¡su s¡Ap¡_¡ -cNhp_¹ Å¡ kpeyÄe _\u Ap`sp sp¡ -Np¥Zamê$` k¡hp¡èp¡Nu v¡$l_u âp[às \su lp¡e R>¡. Np¥Zamê$` k¡hp¡èp¡Nu v¡$l_u âp[às L$fphu_¡, Å¡ cNhp_¹ BÃR>¡ sp¡, s¡Ap¡_¡ dy¿eamê$` k¡hp¡èp¡Nu v¡$l Z Ap`sp lp¡e R>¡. _l] sp¡ Np¥Zam S>¡V$gp¡ S> Ar^L$pf s¡Ap¡_p¡ kdS>hp¡ Å¡BA¡. Ap S> âdpZ¡ S>¡ c¼sp¡_¡ cNhp_¹ kpeyÄe Ap`¡ R>¡ s¡Ap¡_¡ `Z `p¡sp_p õhê$`dp„\u âL$V$ L$fu_¡ ku^y„ dy¿eamê$` k¡hp¡èp¡Nu v¡$l Apù iL¡$ R>¡. A\hp sp¡ Np¥Zamê$` k¡hp¡èp¡Nu v¡$l Apù_¡ R>u dy¿eamê$` k¡hp¡èp¡Nu v¡$l Ap`¡ R>¡.

"k¡hpag'N°Þ\_p kÞv$c®dp„ rhQpf L$fsp„ _uQ¡ dyS>b âL$pfp¡ ×rô$Np¡Qf \pe R>¡ :

1. Agp¥qL$L$kpdÕe® • v¡$lphkp_ `R>u dy¿eamê$` k¡hp¡èp¡Nu v¡$l_u âp[às.

2. Agp¥qL$L$kpdÕe® âpàs _ \pe sp¡ v¡$lphkp_ `R>u kpeyÄe_u âp[às. A_¡ Å¡ cNhp_¹ BÃR>¡ sp¡ Ðepf bpv$ Np¥Zamê$` k¡hp¡èp¡Nu v¡$l_u âp[às A_¡ A„s¡ dy¿eamê$` k¡hp¡èp¡Nu v¡$l_u âp[às.

3. Agp¥qL$L$kpdÕe® âpàs _ \pe sp¡ v¡$lphkp_ `R>u kpeyÄe A_¡ Å¡ cNhp_¹ BÃR>¡ sp¡ Ðepf bpv$ L¡$hm

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Np¥Zamê$` k¡hp¡èp¡Nu v¡$l_u âp[às.4. Agp¥qL$L$kpdÕe® âpàs _ \pe sp¡ L¡$hm kpeyÄe_u âp[às.5. Agp¥qL$L$kpdÕe® âpàs _ \pe sp¡ Np¥Zamê$` k¡hp¡èp¡Nu v¡$l_u âp[às A_¡ Ðepf bpv$ dy¿eamê$` k¡hp¡èp¡Nu v¡$l_u âp[às.

6. Agp¥qL$L$kpdÕe® âpàs _ \pe sp¡ L¡$hm Np¥Zamê$` k¡hp¡èp¡Nu v¡$l_u âp[às.

Ap âdpZ¡ `yrô$c[¼sdpN}e amp¡_p¡ k¡hpag N°Þ\p¡¼s Agp¥qL$L$kpdÕe®, kpeyÄe A_¡ h¥Ly„$W$pqv$dp„ k¡hp¡èp¡Nu v¡$l_u âp[às Ap ÓZ amp¡_p õhê$` s\p s¡ amp¡ L$p¡_¡ dmu iL¡$ R>¡ s¡ bpbsdp„ âpQu_ ìep¿epL$pfp¡dp„ dsc¡v$ füp R>¡. s¡ dsc¡v$p¡_p¡ Z ApR>p¡ ¿epg d¡mhu g¡hp¡ Å¡BA¡.

1. `yrô$`yrô$Æh_¡ â\d, dep®v$p`yrô$Æh_¡ rÜsue A_¡ âhpl`yrô$Æh_¡ s©sue Apd `yrô$Æh_u L$np âdpZ¡ dm_pfp„ Ap amp¡ R>¡.

2. ÓZ¡ amp¡ A_y¾$d¡ DÑd dÝed A_¡ kp^pfZ amp¡ R>¡.3. â\d `yrô$c[¼s_y„ am R>¡. Äepf¡ AÞe b¡

dep®v$pc[¼s_p„ amp¡ R>¡.4. kpeyÄe DÑd am R>¡. Äepf¡ AÞe b¡ DÑdam_u

ep ¡Áesp L ¡ $mhu Ap`_pfp „-Ar^L$pfrkrÙê$` AhpÞsfamp¡ R>¡.

5. â\d b¡ `yrô$c[¼s_p„ amp¡ R>¡. Äepf¡ ÓuSy>„ dep®v$pc[¼s_y„ am R>¡.

6. â\d ArsA„sf„Nk¡hp_y„, buSy>„ A„sf„Nk¡hp_y„ Äepf¡ ÓuSy>„ brlf„Nk¡hp_y„ am R>¡.

cNhp__u A_yc|rs_p A_¡L$ âL$pfp¡ lp¡C iL¡$ R>¡. cNhp_¡, `f„sy, S>¡_¡ S>¡hp¡ cph Apàep¡ lp¡e sv$_ykpf cNhp__u A_yc|rs_p âL$pfp¡dp„ c¼sp¡_¡ amê$`sp S>Zpsu lp¡e R>¡. Ap\u am_u bpbsdp„ D`f S>¡ dsc¡v$p¡ S>ZpC füp R>¡ s¡_y„ L$pfZ, AÞe L$p„C _l] `f„sy, c¼sp¡_u amfyrQ_u rcÞ_sp S> kdS>hy„ Å¡BA¡.

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Ap^yr_L$ `yrô$c¼sp¡_¡ `Z k¡hpagp¡¼s am_u âp[às \C iL¡$ R>¡. cNhp_¹ S>¡ Æh_¡ am_y„ v$p_ L$fhp BÃR>¡ R>¡ s¡_¡ L$ep kp^_Üpfp ¼epf¡ A_¡ L$ey„ am Ap`hy„ s¡ l¡g¡\u S> _½$u L$fu fpMsp lp¡e R>¡. Ap_¡ A_y¾$d¡ kp^_hfZ, S>ÞdhfZ A_¡ amhfZ L$l¡hpdp„ Aph¡ R>¡. AsA¡h Æh cNhp_¹Üpfp B[ÃR>s kp^_ L$fu_¡ r_^p®qfs am_¡ r_^p®qfs S>Þddp„ âpàs L$fsp¡ lp¡e R>¡. `yrô$c[¼sdpN®dp„ 1. NyZNp_`|h®L$ õhN©ldp„ s_yrhÑÅ k¡hp A\hp 2. L¡$hg NyZNp_ Ap b¡ dy¿e kp^_p¡_y„ r_ê$`Z îuApQpe®QfZ¡ L$ey¯ R>¡. NyZNp_k„ey¼s k¡hp A\hp L¡$hm NyZNp_ Üpfp âcydp„ A_y¾$d¡ â¡d Apk[¼s A_¡ ìek_ L¡$mhu_¡ `yrô$c[¼sdpN} k¡hpag N°Þ\p¡¼s am_¡ `p¡sp_u ep¡Áesp A_ykpf âpàs L$fu iL¡$ R>¡.

`yrô$dpN® A¡ L©$`p_p¡ dpN® R>¡. AsA¡h, Al] ky^u yrô$dpN}e kp^_ A_¡ amp¡ _y„ S>¡ r_ê$`Z L$fhpdp„ Apìey„ R>¡ s¡dp„ âcy_u rhi¡j L©$`php_ `yrô$Æhp¡_p¡ S> Ar^L$pf kdS>hp¡ Å¡BA¡. âcyL©$`prhlu_ Æhp¡_p¡ sp¡ Ap dpN®dp„ âh¡i Z i¼e _\u lp¡sp¡.

`|hp£¼s amp¡_u A_yc|rs sp¡ yrô$c[¼sdpN}_¡ cNhp_¹ L$fph¡ Ðepf¡ S> \C iL$su lp¡e R>¡ `f„sy, am_u A_yc|rs L$fhp ep¡Áe `p¡sp_¡ b_phhpdpV¡$ c¼s¡ cph_u S>¡ Ahõ\p kp^_pQfZÜpfp âpàs L$fhp_u lp¡e R>¡ s¡_¡ kçâv$pedp„ "r_fp¡^' _pd\u Ap¡mMhpdp„ Aph¡ R>¡. AsA¡h, âpk„rNL$ lp¡hp\u r_fp¡^_p k„b„^dp„ k„rnàs rhQpf L$fhpdp„ Aph¡ R>¡.

r_fp¡^ :c¼s Äepf¡ S>X$-ÆhpÐdL$ S>Ns¹-â`ÊQ_¡ c|gu S>B_¡ cNhp_dp„

`|Z®`Z¡ Apk¼s(sÞde) b_u Åe R>¡ Ðepf¡ c¼s_p¡ cNhp_dp„ "r_fp¡^' \ep¡ L$l¡hpe R>¡. (r_=rhi¡jê$`\u L¡$ k„`|Z®`Z¡. fp¡^=fp¡L$, fyL$phV$, O¡fp¡, AV$L$ph ) Vy„$L$dp„ L$l¡hy„ lp¡e sp¡ â`ÊQrhõd©rs`|h®L$ cNhv$pk[¼s A¡V$g¡ r_fp¡^.

ep¡NdpN®dp„ `Z r_fp¡^_y„ r_ê$`Z L$fhpdp„ Apìey„ R>¡. Ðep„, `f„sy, L¡$hm rQÑh©rÑAp¡_p r_fp¡^_u S> hps R>¡. L¡$hm rQÑh©rÑ_p r_fp¡^_¡ `yrô$c[¼sdpN®dp„ |Z® _\u d_psp¡. yrô$c[¼sdpN®dp„ sp¡ v¡$l B[ÞÖe âpZ d_ byrÙ Al„L$pf rQÑ ApÐdp s\p ApÐdue AÞe hõsy A_¡ õhS>_p¡ `Z

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âcyk¡hp-õdfZdp„ Å¡X$pC Åe s¡_¡ r_fp¡^ dp_hpdp„ Aph¡ R>¡.

r_fp¡^ c¼s_p¡ A_¡ cNhp__p¡ Z :c¼s S>¡d S>Ns_¡ c|gu_¡ cNhp_dp„ Apk¼s b_u S>sp¡ lp¡e R>¡

s¡d cNhp__p `Z c¼sdp„ Apk¼s \sp lp¡hp_p A_¡L$ âk„Np¡ c[¼sip÷p¡dp„ ârkÙ R>¡ S>. cNhp_¡ Nuspdp„ ASy>®__¡ L$üy„ R>¡ :

""S>¡ c¼sp¡ d_¡ â¡d`|h®L$ cS>¡ R>¡ s¡Ap¡ dpfpdp„ R>¡ A_¡ lz„ s¡Ap¡dp„ Ry>„''.(Nusp 9 - 29)

cNhp__p Ap L$\_\u kdÆ iL$pe R>¡ L¡$ c¼s S>¡d cNhp_dp„ r_fyÙ \pe R>¡ s¡d cNhp_¹ Z c¼sdp„ r_fyÙ \pe R>¡.

r_fp¡^_p L$pfZ-õhê$`-L$pe®-âep¡S>_ :r_fp¡^_y„ L$pfZ : cNhp__p c¼sp¡dp„ A_¡ c¼sp¡_p cNhp_dp„

sÞde b_u S>hp_u L$\p cpNhs_p v$idõL$Þ^dp„ "r_fp¡^gugp'ê$`¡ hrZ®s \C R>¡. h°S>dp„ âL$V$ \B_¡ cNhp_¡ h°S>c¼sp¡_u kp\¡ A¡hu-A¡hu qv$ìe gugpAp¡ L$fu L¡$ S>¡_¡ L$pfZ¡ s¡Ap¡ kysp„ ÅNsp„, Qpgsp„, hpsQus L$fsp„, fds-Nçds L$fsp„, õ_p_ L$fsp„ L¡$ cp¡S>_ L$fsp„ `Z buSy>„ b^y„ c|gu_¡ L¡$hm cNhp_dp„ S> s‰u_ fl¡hp„ gpÁep„. s¡Ap¡ S>Ns-â`ÊQ_¡ c|gu S>B_¡ îuL©$óZdp„ A_Þecph\u Apk¼s b_u Nep„. hpÐkëecphhpmp _Þv$-eip¡v$pÆ, k¿ecphhpmp Np¡`bpmL$p¡, dp^ye®cphhpmp„ Np¡r`L$pAp¡ _u Aphu S> Nrs \B. cNhp__p rhep¡N kde¡ s¡Ap¡_y„ ifuf sp¡ e„Ó_u dpaL$ `p¡sp_y„ L$pe® L$fsy„ Åe Z d_ îuL©$óZdp„ S> gpÁey„ fl¡. h°S>_p sp¡ iy-`nu-h©n-`h®s s¡dS> _v$u _u Z Aphu S> [õ\rs \C NB.

Ap S>Nsdp„ cNhp__u S>¡hu gugpAp¡_p L$pfZ¡ c¼s â`ÊQ_¡ c|gu S>B_¡ cNhp_dp„ A_Þecph\u Apk¼s \C S>sp¡ lp¡e cNhp__u s¡ gugp c¼s_p cNhp_dp„ r_fyÙ \hp_y„ "L$pfZ' dp_hpdp„ Aph¡ R>¡. AhspfL$pmdp„ sp¡ cNhp_¹ p¡sp_p âL$V$ õhê$` A_¡ gugp Üpfp c¼s_¡ p¡sp_pdp„ Apk¼s b_phu v¡$sp lp¡e R>¡. A_hspfL$pmdp„, `f„sy, A¡ i¼e _\u lp¡sy„. Apd R>sp„ `yrô$c[¼sdpN®dp„ sp¡ k¡hp\£ Ofdp„ rbfpS>dp_ cNhÐõhê$`_¡ cNhp__p¡

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kpnps¹ Ahspf S> kdS>hpdp„ Aphsp„ lp¡hp\u A_hspfL$pm lp¡hp R>sp„ Z õhN©ldp„ L$fhpdp„ Aphsu cNhÐk¡hp_¡ yrô$c[¼sdpN®dp„ cNh‰ugp_u âÐen A_yc|rs S> dp_hpdp„ Aph¡ R>¡. `yrô$c[¼sdpN} S>¡ c¼sp¡_¡ õhN©ldp„ cNhÐk¡hp L$fhp_y„ kp¥cpÁe âpàs \pe R>¡ s¡Ap¡_p dpV¡$ S>¡V$gp¡ kde s¡Ap¡ cNhÐkçdyM lp¡e R>¡ s¡V$gp¡ kde âL$V$gugpÐdL$ cNhÐk¡hp s¡d_p cNhp_dp„ r_fp¡^_y„ L$pfZ b_su lp¡e R>¡ Äepf¡ L¡$ k¡hp_p A_hkfdp„ õhk¡ìe cNhp__p„ NyZNp_ A¡ s¡d_p cNhp_dp„ r_fp¡^_y„ L$pfZ b_sp„ lp¡e R>¡. S>¡Ap¡_¡, f„sy, Aphy„ kp¥cpÁe âpàs \sy„ _\u s¡Ap¡ âcy_p L¡$hm NyZNp_Üpfp `Z âcydp„ r_fyÙ \C iL¡$ R>¡. Ap hps_y„ r_ê$`Z îuApQpe®QfZ¡ "c[¼shr^®_u'_pd_p N°Þ\dp„ L$ey¯ R>¡. A_hspfL$pmdp„ cNhp_¹ âL$V$ _ lp¡hp R>sp„ `Z cNhp__p NyZp¡_y„ A¡hy„ dplpÐçe lp¡e R>¡ L¡$ NyZNp_ L$f_pf c¼s cNhp_dp„ r_fyÙ \C S>sp¡ lp¡e R>¡. A\p®s¹ cNhp__p NyZp¡_p L$us®_\u Z â`ÊQ-S>Ns_y„ rhõdfZ A_¡ cNhv$pk[¼s kygc \C S>sp„ lp¡e R>¡.

r_fp¡^_y„ õhê$` : r_fp¡^_p L$pfZ_¡ kdÆ gu^p `R>u r_fp¡^_p õhê$`_u bpbsdp„ rhi¡j L„$C L$l¡hp`Ï„ fl¡sy„ _\u. S>Ns-â`ÊQ_¡ |Z®`Z¡ c|gu S>B_¡ cNhp_dp„ A_Þe cph\u Apk¼s b_u S>hy„ s¡ S> r_fp¡^_y„ õhê$`(Ap¡mM) R>¡.

r_fp¡^_y„ L$pe® : L$pfZ A_¡ õhê$` _¡ kdÆ gu^p bpv$ r_fp¡^_y„ L$pe® A¡V$g¡ L¡$ s¡_u Akf / ârsr¾$ep_¡ Z ÅZu g¡hu Å¡BA¡.

r_fp¡ _u Akf cNhv$¹ìe$k_ lpe¡ R>.¡ S>¡ c¼s cNhp_dp„ r_fÙy \C Åe R>¡ AV¡ $g¡ L$¡ â`ÊQ_¡ rhkfu S>B_¡ cNhv$pk¼s \C Åe R>¡ s_¡ ¡ cNhp__p ke„ pN¡ A_¡ rhepN¡ _u A_cy r| s suhs° p\u \hp gpN¡ R>.¡ hS° >c¼spd¡ pV$¡ îucpNhsdp„ L$lh¡ pe„y R>¡ L$¡ Npep_¡ ¡ QfphhpdpV$¡ h_dp„ ^pfg¡ p îuL$©óZ_p„ v$i_® rh_p hS° >(NpL¡ $ym)dp„ flg¡ p„ _Þv$-eipv¡ $p sd¡ S> Np¡ uAp¡ _¡ AL¡ $-AL¡ $ m kp-¡kp¡ eNy S>h¡ X$u gpNsu lsu. h_dp\„ u Npep¡ Qfphu_¡ cNhp_¹ Äepf¡ pR>p hS° >dp„ `^pfsp Ðepf¡ sd¡ _p„ v$i_® L$fu_¡ sd¡ _¡ `fd Ap_Þv$ \sp.¡ hS° >c¼sp_¡ u Ap Ahõ\p_¡ "c[¼shr^_® u'NÞ° \dp„ "ìek_-Ahõ\p' L$lh¡ pC R>.¡ r_fp¡ _„y õhê$` k„ Þ_ \sp„ S> r_fp¡ _u Akf A\ps® ¹ ìek_v$ip v$¡Mphp gpNsu lpe¡ R>.¡ s\¡ u S> cNhp__p ke„ pN¡ kde¡ `fdp_Þv$_u A_c| r| s A_¡ AL¡ $ nZ `Z

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cNhrÜepN¡ _¡ kl_ _ L$fu iL$h„y A¡ r_fp¡ _„y L$pe® dp_hpdp„ Aph¡ R>.¡

AhspfL$pmdp„ cNhp_¹ S>¡V$gp¡ kde h°S>(Np¡Ly$m)dp„ fl¡sp s¡V$gp¡ kde _Þv$-eip¡v$p s\p Np¡ùAp¡ _¡ cNhp__p k„ep¡N_¡ L$pfZ¡ `fdp_Þv$_u A_yc|rs \su lsu. A_¡ cNhp_¹ Äepf¡ h_dp„ Npep¡ QfphhpdpV¡$ `^pfsp Ðepf¡ s¡d_¡ cNhp__p suh° rhep¡N_u A_yc|rs \hp gpNsu lsu. A_hspfL$pmdp„ cNhÐk¡hp_p¡ Ahkf A¡ cNhp__p k„ep¡N_u A_yc|rs R>¡ s\p A_hkf A¡ rhep¡N_u A_yc|rs R>¡. Ap\u r_fp¡^_p L$pe®ê$` ìek_v$ip_p¡ A_ych c¼sp¡_¡ AhspfL$pm_u dpaL$ A_hspfL$pmdp„ Z \sp¡S> lp¡e R>¡.

r_fp¡^_y„ âep¡S>_ : k¡hpagN°Þ\dp„ hZ®h¡g Agp¥qL$L$kpdÕe® kpeyÄe A_¡ h¥Ly„$W$pqv$dp„ k¡hp¡èp¡Nu v¡$l_u e\pep¡Áe âp[às \hu A¡ S> r_fp¡^_y„ âep¡S>_ dp_hpdp„ Aph¡ R>¡, A_hspfL$pmdp„. AhspfL$pmdp„ sp¡ cNhp_¹ `p¡sp_u d_p¡lpfu gugpAp¡ s¡ S> qv$ìe õhê$` Üpfp c¼sp¡_¡ khp®Ðdcph âv$p_ L$fsp lp¡e R>¡. S>¡ c¼sp¡_¡ cNhp__p s¡hp k„ep¡N_y„ kyM âpàs \sy„ _\u lp¡sy„ s¡Ap¡_¡ cNhp_¹ kpeyÄedy[¼s A\hp sp¡ Apîecphp`rÑ âv$p_ L$f¡ R>¡. (k¡hpagdp„ S>¡ am_¡ ""h¥Ly„$W$pqv$dp„ k¡hp¡èp¡Nu v¡$l_u âp[às''_pd Ap`hpdp„ Apìey„ R>¡ s¡_¡ S> îucpNhsdp„ "Apîecphp`rÑ' L$l¡hpdp„ Apìey„ R>¡.)

â`ÊQrhõd©rs`|h®L$ cNhv$pk[¼sê$` r_fp¡^_p L$pfZ, L$pe®, õhê$` A_¡ âep¡S>_ _p¡ rhQpf L$ep® `R>u lh¡ kp^_r_fp¡^ A_¡ amr_fp¡^ _u bpbsdp„ Z rhQpf L$fu g¡hp¡ Å¡BA¡.

kp^_r_fp¡^ :r_fp¡^_u kp^_ê$`sp AhspfL$pm A_¡ A_hspfL$pm _p c¡v$\u

rcÞ_ rcÞ_ lp¡e R>¡.

AhspfL$pm : c|sm D`f âL$V$ \B_¡ c¼sp¡_p hÃQ¡ \su cNhÐ¾$uX$p AhspfL$pmdp„ kp^_r_fp¡^ NZpe R>¡. A\p®s¹ c¼sp¡_p¡ cNhp_dp„ r_fp¡^ \hpdp„ kp^_ê$` NZpe R>¡. s¡ S> âdpZ¡ AhspfL$pmdp„ cNhp__p rhep¡N kde¡ c¼sp¡_y„ cNhp__p NyZNp_dp„ s‰u_ \C S>hy„ s¡ `Z kp^_r_fp¡^ NZpe R>¡. k„n¡`dp„ L$l¡hpdp„ Aph¡ sp¡ k„ep¡Ndp„ cNhÐ¾$uX$p A_¡ rhep¡Ndp„

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cNhv¹$Ny$ZNp_ A¡ AhspfL$pmdp„ r_fp¡^_u rkrÙ \hp dpV¡$_p kp^_(kp^_r_fp¡^) NZpe R>¡.

A_hspfL$pm : c¼sp¡_p¡ cNhp_dp„ r_fp¡^ rkÙ \hpdpV¡$ A_hspfL$pmdp„ cNhÐ¾$uX$p_y„ õ\p_ c¼s_p Ofdp„ L$fhpdp Aphsu îuL©$óZ_u s_yrhÑÅ k¡hp gC g¡ R>¡. A\p®s¹ A_hspfL$pmdp„ s_yrhÑÅ k¡hp A¡ c¼s_¡ â`ÊQ_u rhõd©rs L$fphu_¡ cNhv$pk[¼s L$fphhp_y„ kp^_(kp^_r_fp¡^) NZpe R>¡. S>¡ c¼sp¡_¡ cNhÐk¡hp L$fhp_y„ kp¥cpÁe âpàs \sy„ _\u s¡hp rhep¡Nu c¼sp¡dpV¡$ cNhëgugp-õhê$`-NyZ-_pd_y„ îhZ-õdfZ-L$us®_ kp^_r_fp¡^ NZpe R>¡.

amr_fp¡^ :AhspfL$pm lp¡e L¡$ A_hspfL$pm r_fp¡^_u amphõ\p sp¡ bÞ_¡dp„

kdp_ S> lp¡e R>¡. gugp, NyZNp_, s_yrhÑÅ k¡hp L¡$ îhZ-L$us®_-õdfZ Üpfp c¼s Äepf¡ S>Ns_¡ c|gu S>B_¡ cNhp_dp„ A_Þeê$`\u Apk¼s b_u Åe R>¡ Ðepf¡ s¡_¡ r_fp¡^_u agphõ\p L$l¡hpdp„ Aph¡ R>¡. c[¼sdpN}e kdõs kp^_p¡_p¡ kpf r_fp¡^_u rkrÙdp„ fl¡gp¡ R>¡. r_fp¡^_u rkrÙ \sp„ S> c¼s_¡ dp_kuk¡hp, ìek_, khp®Ðdcph, s_y_hÒh, Agp¥qL$L$kpdÕe®, kpeyÄe, k¡hp¡`ep¡Nu v¡$l hN¡f¡_p ê$`dp„ c[¼sdpN}e amp¡_u A_yc|rs \hp gpN¡ R>¡.

c¼sp¡_p cphp_yê$` gugp :cNhp__p c¼sp¡ spdk fpS>k kp[ÒhL$ r_Ny®Z S>¡hp rhrcÞ_

cphp¡hpmp lp¡e R>¡. v$f¡L$ cphhpmp c¼sp¡ cNhp_dp„ r_fyÙ \C iL¡$ A_¡ s¡Üpfp yrô$c[¼sdpN}e am_¡ âpàs L$fu iL¡$ s¡dpV¡$ cNhp_¹ c¼sp¡_p cph_p A_yê$` s¡d_u kp\¡ ¾$uX$p L$f¡ R>¡ A¡ cpNhs_p Ahgp¡L$_\u kdS>dp„ Aph¡ R>¡. Al] A¡L$ hps Ýep_dp„ fpMhu Å¡BA¡ L¡$ c¼sp¡_y„ kp[ÒhL$pqv$ cphp¡hpmp lp¡h„y A_¡ c[¼s_y„ kp[ÒhL$pqv$ lp¡hy„ A¡ b¡dp„ OZp¡ saphs lp¡e R>¡.(c[¼s_p kp[ÒhL$pqv$ âL$pfp¡_y„ hZ®_ "`yrô$âh¡i-2'dp„ `©›$ k„.49-53 D`f L$fhpdp„ Apìey„ R>¡.) `yrô$c¼sp¡Üpfp L$fhpdp„ Aphsu c[¼s sp¡ kh®\p r_Ny®Z A¡V$g¡ L¡$ r_óL$pd-r_óL$`V$ S> lp¡e R>¡. õhe„ c¼sp¡, f„sy, kp[ÒhL$pqv$ cphp¡hpmp lp¡C iL¡$ R>¡. cNhp_¹ Äepf¡ c|sm D`f Ahsf¡ R>¡ Ðepf¡ `yrô$c¼sp¡_p kp[ÒhL$pqv$cphp¡_¡ AÞe L$p¡C kp^_pQfZÜpfp bv$ghp_¡ õ\p_¡ p¡s¡ c¼sp¡_p

115

cphp¡_p A_yê$` rhrh^ ¾$uX$pAp¡ L$fsp lp¡e R>¡. p¡sp_p cphp_yê$` cNhp__u ¾$uX$pAp¡_p A_ych\u rhrcÞ_ cphp¡hpmp c¼sp¡_p¡ r_fp¡^ cNhp_dp„ S>ëv$u\u \C Åe R>¡. îuApQpe®QfZ rhfrQs cpNhs_u "kybp¡r^_u'ìep¿epdp„ r_ê$r`s rhrcÞ_ cphp¡hpmp c¼sp¡_y„, s¡d_p cphp¡_p A_yê$` cNhp__u gugpAp¡_y„ s¡dS> s¡ gugpAp¡_p L$pfZ¡ c¼sp¡_p cphp¡dp„ Aphsp qfhs®__y„ hZ®_ A¡L$ hMs k„n¡`dp„ kdÆ g¡hp\u Ap bpbs rhi¡j õ`ô$ \C S>i¡.

- cNhp_¡ Äepf¡ hp„kmu hNpX$u Ðepf¡ s¡ kp„cmu_¡ ip÷ s\p gp¡L$ dep®v$p_p Aop__¡ L$pfZ¡ h°S>c¼sp¡ gp¡L$h¡v$_u b^u dep®v$pAp¡_¡ sp¡X$u_¡ cNhp__u pk¡ h_dp„ v$p¡X$u Apìep„.- îueip¡v$pÆ dl¡dp_p¡_u ApNsp-õhpNspdp„ s‰u_ b_u S>B_¡ cNhp__¡ c|gu Nep„. cNhp_¹ c|M_¡ L$pfZ¡ fX$hp gpÁep R>sp„ fX$hp_p¡ AhpS> îueip¡v$pÆ kp„cmu _ i¼ep„.- cNhp__p Agp¥qL$L$ õhê$`_p Aop__p L$pfZ¡ h°S>c¼sp¡ cNhp__¡ p¡sp_p S>¡hp S> kpdpÞe d_yóe kdS>sp„ lsp„.

Aop_, Bóep®, Apmk hN¡f¡ sdp¡NyZ_y„ L$pe® NZpe R>¡. h°S>c¼sp¡_p `|hp£¼s gnZp¡ s¡d_p spdkcph_¡ âL$V$ L$f¡ R>¡. cNhp_¡ NpXy„$ D\gphu_¡, dyMdp„ b°ûpÎX$_y„ v$i®_ L$fphu_¡, Akyfp¡_¡ dpfu_¡ s¡dS> Aphu A_¡L$ gugpAp¡Üpfp h°S>c¼sp¡_p spdkcph_¡ v|$f L$ep£.

fpS>k : Q„Qmsp L¡$ ipfuqfL$-dp_rkL$ Aip[Þs A¡ fÅ¡NyZ_y„ L$pe® NZpe R>¡. cNhp__p d\yfp `^pfu S>hp_¡ L$pfZ¡ h°S>c¼sp¡_p s_-d_ AipÞs b_u Nep„ lsp„. cNhp_¡ DÙhÆ_p dpÝed\u h°S>c¼sp¡_¡ k„v¡$ip¡ dp¡L$ëep¡. cNhp__p k„v¡$i\u h°S>c¼sp¡_¡ A¡ hps_y„ op_ \ey„ L¡$ cNhp_¹ sp¡ b^p_p ApÐdpdp„ AÞsep®du õhê$`¡ rbfpS>¡ S> R>¡. cNhp__p¡ rhep¡N L$p¡B_¡ `Z ¼epf¡ `Z lp¡C iL$sp¡ _\u. h°S>c¼sp¡_p¡ fpS>kcph v|$f \ep¡. s¡d_p¡ DÜ¡N ipÞs \ep¡.

kp[ÒhL$ : fpS>kcph_p v|$f \hp\u h°S>c¼sp¡ kp[ÒhL$ bÞep„. DÙhÆA¡ D`v¡$i¡g op_ s¡d_u byrÙdp„ [õ\f \C S>hp_¡ L$pfZ¡ S> Äepf¡

116

Ly$fyn¡Ódp„ afu\u s¡Ap¡_p¡ d¡mp` îuL©$óZ_u kp\¡ \ep¡ Ðepf¡ s¡dZ¡ h°S>dp„ pR>p `^pfhp_u âp\®_p îuL©$óZ_¡ _ L$fu. s¡dZ¡ sp¡ dpÓ A¡V$gu S> âp\®_p L$fu L¡$ A¡d_y„ d_ ¼epf¡e îuL©$óZ\u v|$f _ Åe.

r_Ny®Z : kÒhNyZ `Z Äepf¡ r_h©Ñ \C Åe R>¡ Ðepf¡ r_Ny®Z Ahõ\p_u âp[às \pe R>¡. h°S>c¼sp¡_p kÒhNyZ_u r_h©rÑ \sp„ s¡Ap¡ r_Ny®Z Ahõ\p_¡ âpàs \ep„. s¡Ap¡ cNhÞde b_u Nep„. r_Ny®Zphõ\p_u âp[às \ep R>u cNhp__u r_Ðegugpdp„ âp[às \pe R>¡.

_h^pc[¼s :Ap`Z¡ D`f Å¡ey„ s¡ âdpZ¡ cNhp_¹ `p¡s¡ S> h°S>c¼sp¡_p kp^_

b_u Nep. A\p®s¹ p¡sp_p spdkpqv$ cphp¡_¡ v|$f L$fhpdpV¡$ S>¡ kp^_p¡-D`pep¡ h°S>c¼sp¡A¡ L$fhp Å¡Bsp lsp s¡ kp^_p¡ s¡d_pÜpfp L$fpìep rh_p S> cNhp_¡ h°S>c¼sp¡_p spdkpqv$cphp¡_¡ v|$f L$fu_¡ s¡d_¡ r_Ny®Zsp âpàs L$fphu Ap`u. Ap L$\p, `f„sy, AhspfL$pm_u R>¡. A_hspfL$pm A\p®s¹ hs®dp_dp„ sp¡ cNhv¹$c$¼sp¡A¡ âpàs cNhÐL©$`p_¡ khp£ÃQ amâp[às ky^u rhL$kphhpdpV¡$ e\pr_qv®$ô$ kp^_p L$fhp_u lp¡e S> R>¡.

ApQpe®QfZ¡ r_fy`pr^L$ (r_óL$pd-r_óL$`V$) c[¼s_¡ `yrô$c[¼sdpN}e kp^_p_p ê$`dp„ õhuL$pfu R>¡. ip÷dp„ hZ®h¡g dplpÐçe_p op_`|h®L$ cNhp_dp„ \_pfp r_óL$pd ky×Y$ A_¡ khp®r^L$ õ_¡l_¡ "c[¼s' L$l¡hpdp„ Aph¡ R>¡. ip÷hrZ®s cNhp__p dplpÐçe_y„ op_ \hp\u cNhv¹$ê$`, cNhv¹$Ny$Z, cNhÞ_pd, cNhëgugp s\p cNhëgugpõ\mp¡ âÐe¡ rhi¡j Apv$f s\p â¡d cph ÅN©s \sp¡ lp¡e R>¡. c[¼s_y„ dy¿e `pk„y r_óL$pd ky×Y$ A_Þe khp®r^L$ õ_¡l lp¡e R>¡. d_dp„ õ_¡l âL$V$ \C Nep¡ lp¡e f„sy Å¡ s¡_u Arcìe[¼s _ \pe sp¡ s¡hp¡ õ_¡l-cph d_dp„ S> `X$ép¡-`X$ép¡ fy„^pC S>sp¡ lp¡e R>¡. Ap\u S> c¼s_p d_dp„ fl¡gp cNhÐõ_¡l_¡ Arcìe¼s L$fhp_p¡ D`pe ip÷dp„ _h^pc[¼s_pê$`dp„ bsphhpdp„ Apìep¡ R>¡. sv$_ykpf:

1. îhZ 2. L$us®_ 3. õdfZ4. pv$k¡h_ 5. AQ®_ 6. h„v$_7. v$põe 8. k¿e9. ApÐdr_h¡v$_

_¡ _h^pc[¼s kdS>hu Å¡BA¡. ip÷p¡¼s _h^pc[¼s_p¡ kdph¡i

117

îuApQpe®QfZ¡ `yrô$c[¼sdpN®dp„ L$\p`n A_¡ k¡hp`ndp„ L$ep£ R>¡. L$\p`n_¡ S> "_pdk¡hp' "_pdfrs' L¡$ "NyZNp_' ê$`¡ `Z Ap¡mMhpdp„ Aph¡ R>¡. L$\p`ndp„ cNhëgugp-õhê$`-NyZ-_pdp¡_p îhZ-L$us®_-õdfZ L$fhp_p¡ D`v¡$i L$fhpdp„ Apìep¡ R>¡. L$\p`ndp„, Ap\u, _h^pc[¼sdp„_u â\d ÓZ •îhZ-L$us®_-õdfZ• c[¼s_p¡ kdph¡i \C Åe R>¡. k¡hp`n_p 1. bpü A_¡ 2. ApÞsf Apd b¡ âL$pfp¡ lp¡e R>¡. k¡hp_p bpü`ndp„ pv$k¡h_, AQ®_ A_¡ h„v$_ L$fhp_p¡ D`v¡$i R>¡. Äepf¡ ApÞsf`ndp„ v$põe, k¿e A_¡ ApÐdr_h¡v$__p¡ D`v¡$i R>¡. Apd õhê$`k¡hp_p `ndp„ _h^pc[¼sdp„_u bpL$u_u R> c[¼s_p¡ kdph¡i \C Åe R>¡. ip÷p¡¼s _h^pc[¼s A_¡ îuApQpe®QfZp¡¼s k¡hp-L$\p[ÐdL$pc[¼s _p D`fp¡¼s kdÞhe_¡ A^p¡r_qv®$ô$ kpfZu_u klpesp\u kfmsp\u kdÆ iL$pi¡.

kpdpÞe fus¡ Ah¡ „y Åh¡ pdp„ Aphs„y lpe¡ R>¡ L$¡ kp^pfZL$np_p gpL¡ $p¡ Äepf¡ dÞÓS>`, L$\pîhZ, kh¡ p-`Å| , su\e® pÓp, s`íQep® L$¡ L$us_® L$fsp lpe¡ R>¡ Ðepf¡ \pX¡ $p kdedp„ S> sA¡ p_¡ „y d_ cV$L$hp gpNs„y lpe¡ R>.¡ \pL$, sÞÖp-r_Öp L$¡ L$„V$pmp _p¡ `Z A_cy h \sp¡ lpe¡ R>.¡ A_¡ ¼epfL¡ $ sp¡ Ap b^p L$pfZ¡ ¾$p¡ pqv$ spdkcphp¡ `Z âL$V$ \C S>sp lpe¡ R>.¡ `ps¡ p_p õhcph_¡ A_Ly $|m dpN® _ A`_phhp,¡ A_r^L$pfQô¡ $p, Aop_, dpNv® $i_® _p¡ Acph, kN„ v$pj¡ S>h¡ p A_L¡ $ L$pfZp¡ rkhpe Aph„y \hp_„y AL¡ $ âdMy L$pfZ d_pe¡ pN¡ _p¡ Acph

_h^pc[¼s

L$\p`n/_pdfrs / _pdk¡hp / NyZNp_

k¡hp`n / s_yrhÑÅk¡hp îhZ L$us®_ õdfZ

bpü ApÞsf

`pv$k¡h_ AQ®_ h„v$_

v$põe k¿e ApÐdr_h¡v$_

118

`Z lpe¡ S> R>.¡ ifuf\u S>¡ L$pe® gh¡ pdp„ Aphs„y lpe¡ s¡ L$ped® p„ Å¡ d__¡ `Z bry Ù`h| L® $ ÅX¡ $hpdp„ _ Aph¡ sp¡ h| p¼£ s ârsr¾$epAp¡ \hu AÐeÞs õhpcprhL$ b_u Åe R>.¡ _pdkh¡ p L$¡ õhê$`kh¡ p Z Å¡ L$¡hm r¾$epÐdL$ b_u Åe sp¡ sd¡ p„ `Z `h| p¼£ s A_L¡ $ rhL$© rsAp¡ Aphu S>hp_u i¼espAp¡ flg¡ u R>¡ S>. Apd _ \pe s¡ dpV$¡ _pdkh¡ p s\p õhê$`kh¡ p L$fsp-„ L$fsp„ kh¡ L$, kì¡ eõhê$`, gugp, kh¡ p, kh¡ põ\m, kh¡ p¡ epN¡ u kpdNu° hNf¡ _¡ p Agpq¥ L$L$-gugpÐdL$ õhê$`_„y rQÞs_=cph_pAp¡ L$fhp_p¡ D`v$¡i `Z îuApQpeQ® fZ¡ kph^p_u `h| L® $ L$epS£ > R>.¡

cph_p :1. õhê$`cph_p2. gugpcph_p3. cphcph_p

• Apd cph_p_p ÓZ âL$pfp¡ kçâv$pedp„ D`qv$ô$ \ep R>¡.

õhê$`cph_p : k¡ìe cNhÐõhê$` k„b„^u rQÞs_ / Ýep__¡ "õhê$`cph_p' L$l¡hpdp„ Aph¡ R>¡.

gugpcph_p : k¡hp_u r¾$epAp¡ (âcy_¡ S>Nphhp, õ_p_-i©„Npf L$fhp, `p¡Y$pX$hp hN¡f¡)dp„ L$fhp_p `yrô$`yfyjp¡Ñd cNhp_¹ îuL©$óZ_u qv$ìe h°S>gugpAp¡_p rQÞs__¡ "gugpcph_p' L$l¡hpdp„ Aph¡ R>¡.

cphcph_p : h°S>c¼sp¡_p ùv$edp„ âcy âÐe¡ S>¡hp Agp¥qL$L$ cphp¡ lsp s¡hp cphp¡_p rQÞs_ / Ýep__¡ cph(_u)cph_p L$l¡hpdp„ Aph¡ R>¡. s¡ âL$pf_p cphp¡ Ap`Zp ùv$edp„ ÅN¡ s¡dpV¡$ h°S>c¼sp¡_p cphp¡_¡ Arcìe¼s L$f_pfp„ c¼sp¡_p„ `v$p¡-L$us®_p¡_¡ Nphp„, îucpNhspqv$ ip÷p¡dp„ hrZ®s h°S>c¼sp¡_p õhê$`-QqfÓ_y„ AhNpl_ L$fhy„, cNhp_¹ A_¡ h°S>c¼sp¡ _p r_hpkõ\p_ê$` h°S>c|rddp„ h°S>c¼sp¡_u kp\¡ cNhp_¡ L$f¡gu gugpAp¡_y„ cph_ L$fhy„ s¡_¡ `Z cph(_u)cph_p

119

L$lu iL$pe R>¡. `yrô$c¼sp¡dpV¡$ h°S>c¼sp¡ Apv$i®-Nyfyê$` NZpe R>¡. h°S>c¼sp¡_p ùv$edp„ îuL©$óZdpV¡$ S>¡hp Agp¥qL$L$ rhrcÞ_ cphp¡ lsp s¡hp cphp¡ Ap`Zp ùv$edp„ ×Y$ \ep lp¡e L¡$ _l] s¡d R>sp„ s¡ cphp¡_u cph_p `yrô$c¼sp¡Üpfp rhfrQs v$p¡_p Np_ hN¡f¡Üpfp Ahíe L$fhu Å¡BA¡.

Ap S> âL$pf¡ k¡hpdp„ Dèp¡Nu QuS>hõsyAp¡_p `Z Agp¥qL$L$-Apr^v¥$rhL$ õhê$`_y„ A_ykÞ^p_ / rQÞs_ L$fhy„ Å¡BA¡. v$p.s. âcy_p rbfpS>hp_p õ\p_dp„ _Þv$fpeÆ_p Of_y„, S>gdp„ îuedy_pS>g_y„, `yó` / `yó`dpgpdp„ h°S>c¼sp¡_y„ •Apd e\p¡¼s e\pfyrQ `yrô$gugp`qfL$f k„b„û• rQÞs_ L$fhy„ Å¡BA¡. s¡ S> âdpZ¡ âcyk¡hp L$f_pf¡ Z p¡sp_u A„v$f v$põe hN¡f¡ cphp¡ fpMhp Å¡BA¡. Ap rkhpe âcyk¡hpdp„ ârsb„^ L$f_pfp• gp¡L$p¡, gpgQ-¾$p¡^-gp¡c-Aop_-Arcdp_-Bóep® S>¡hp d_p¡rhL$pfp¡ s¡dS> AÞepîe, vy$:k„N, Akdr`®scp¡N, rhjepk[¼s hN¡f¡ Apkyfucphp¡• dp„ `Z e\pep¡Áe `|s_p s©Zphs® bL$pkyf AOpkyf L„$k S>¡hp Akyfp¡_u cph_p `Z rhQpfhu Å¡BA¡. Apd S>¡hu `Z cph_p L$fhp\u ùv$edp„ âcyc[¼s [õ\f L¡$ âh©Ù \C iL$su lp¡e A\hp sp¡ S>¡hu `Z cph_p L$fhp\u k¡hp_u gugpÐdL$sp A_ychpsu lp¡e s¡hu yrô$gugpk„b„û cph_p k¡hp, k¡ìe, k¡hL$ s¡dS> k¡hpP¹$N$ hõsy ìe[¼sdp„ s\p k¡hpârsb„^L$p¡dp„ L$fhu Å¡BA¡. âcyL©$`p Äepf¡ `Z \i¡ Ðepf¡ h°S>c¼sp¡_p S>¡hp¡ c[¼s-cph `Z ùv$edp„ õ\pr`s \BS> S>i¡.

kp^_p_yê$` cph_p :õhN©ldp„ kh®õhkd`®Z`|rh®L$p s_yrhÑÅ k¡hp s\p Å¡ s¡ _ b_¡ sp¡

cNh‰ugp-õhê$`-NyZ-_pdp¡_p L¡$hm îhZ-L$us®_-õdfZ = L$\p A¡ dy¿e b¡ kp^_p_p¡ r_v£$i îuApQpe®QfZ¡ `yrô$c[¼sdprN®Ap¡dpV¡$ L$ep£ R>¡. bÞ_¡ kp^_p_p kp^L$p¡A¡ Agp¥qL$L$ `yrô$cph_pAp¡`|h®L$ k¡hp s¡dS> L$\pdp„ âh©Ñ \hy„ Å¡BA¡. k¡hpkp^_pdp„ Å¡X$pe¡gp kp^L$p¡A¡ k¡hp-õdfZ kde¡ L$fhp_u cph_pAp¡_y„ rhõspf`|h®L$ r_ê$`Z ApNm L$fhpdp„ Aphi¡. S>¡ `yrô$c[¼sdprN®Ap¡, `f„sy, cNhÐk¡hp _\u L$fu iL$sp s¡dZ¡ cNhp__p h°S>\u d\yfp `^pfu Nep `R>u h°S>c¼sp¡_¡ \e¡gp rhfl_u cph_p L$fsp„-L$fsp„ âcy_p îhZ-L$us®_-õdfZ L$fhp„ Å¡BA¡. îhZ-L$us®_-õdfZdp„

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`Z h°S>c¼sp¡_p kpd¡ DÙ$hÆÜpfp hrZ®s cNhp__p QqfÓp¡_p îhZ-L$us®_-õdfZ_u cph_p L$fhu Å¡BA¡.

âd¡efÐ_pZ®h N°Þ\_p "`yrô$dpN}eamrhh¡L$'dp„ îugpg|cË$ÆA¡ Ap^yr_L$ `yrô$c[¼sdprN®Ap¡dpV¡$ `yrô$c[¼sdpN}e kp^_p_y„ s¡_u cph_p krls r_ê$`Z L$ey¯ R>¡. Ap r_ê$`Z îucpNhs_p v$kdp õL$Þ^dp„ hZ®hpe¡g cNhp__u Ahspfgugp_p Ap^pf¡ s\p s¡ S> ¾$d\u L$fhpdp„ Apìey„ R>¡ s¡\u Al] Z s¡_p¡ rhQpf s¡ S> ¾$d\u L$fuiy„.

Aprhcp®hp¡Ðkh :cNhp__p Ahspf_p âep¡S>_p¡, Apd sp¡, ^d®õ\p`_-

Akyfk„lpfpqv$ A_¡L$ bsphhpdp„ Apìep R>¡. cNhp__p Ahspf_y„, f„sy, Mfy„ âep¡S>_ sp¡ c¼s_p DÙpf_u L$pd_pS> lp¡e R>¡. Ap\u cNhp_¹ Äepf¡ ""lz„ Ap Æh_p¡ DÙpf L$fui'' A¡ âL$pf_u BÃR>p L$f¡ R>¡ Ðepf¡ S>¡d âl¹gpv$Æ_p DÙpfdpV¡$ \p„cgpdp„\u âL$V$ \ep lsp s¡d c¼sdpV¡$ õhe„ âL$V$ \C S>sp lp¡e R>¡. îuhkyv¡$h-v¡$hL$uÆ A_¡ îu_Þv$-eip¡v$pÆA¡ cNhp__p S>¡hp `yÓ_u L$pd_p L$fu lsu. rQ[Þsspr^L$ am âv$p_ L$fhphpmp cNhp_¹ õhe„ s¡d_¡ Ðep„ `yÓ b_u_¡ âL$V$ \C Nep„. fpdphspfdp„ s`õhu F>rj-dyr_Ap¡A¡ cNhp__¡ `rscph\u Å¡ep lsp. îuL©$óZphspfdp„ cNhp_¡ s¡d_¡ h°S>Np¡`u b_phu_¡ s¡d_u d_p¡L$pd_p `|Z® L$fu. Ap L$\p AhspfL$pm_u R>¡. A_hspfL$pmdp„, `f„sy, Aphy„ cNhÐâpL$V$é v$f¡L$ c¼sdpV¡$ kygc lp¡sy„ _\u. Apd R>sp„ A_hspfL$pmdp„ Å¡ L$p¡C c¼s cNhÐõhê$`_¡ Ofdp„ `^fphu_¡ s¡d_u â¡d`yh®L$ k¡hp L$f¡ R>¡ sp¡ AhspfL$pm S>¡hy„ S> kyM cNhp_¹ s¡_¡ âv$p_ L$f¡S> R>¡ Ap A_ychrkÙ rkÙp„s R>¡. AsA¡h, b°ûk„b„^v$unp N°lZ L$ep® bpv$ Nyfy Äepf¡ cNhÐõhê$`_¡ rióe_p Ofdp„ ^fph¡ R>¡ Ðepf¡ ""cNhp_¹ Mpk dpfpS> dpV¡$ âL$V$ \ep R>¡'' s¡hp Ap_Þv$_p DdmL$p\u `qfhpf_p ApÐdue c¼sp¡_u kp\¡ cNhp__p âpL$V$é_p¡ DÐkh DS>hhp¡ Å¡BA¡. îu_Þv$fpeÆ_p Ofdp„ cNhp__y„ âpL$V$é \ey„ Ðepf¡ Np¡Ly$mdp„ S>¡ DÐkh îu_Þv$-eip¡v$p s¡dS> h°S>hprkAp¡A¡ DS>ìep¡ lsp¡ s¡_u cph_p Ap kde¡ L$fhu Å¡BA¡. Aphu S> cph_p\u, ârshj®, `p¡sp_p Ofdp„ âcy `^pep® lp¡e s¡ qv$hk¡ s¡dS> îuL©$óZS>ÞdS>eÞsu_p qv$hk¡ `Z dlp¡Ðkh d_phhp¡ Å¡BA¡. DÐkh_¡ DS>hhp_p¡ âL$pf p¡s`p¡sp_p Nyfy pk¡\u kdÆ g¡hp¡ Å¡BA¡.

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ârsb„^op_ :cNhp__p âpL$V$é `R>u \p¡X$p S> qv$hkp¡dp„ îu_Þv$fpeÆ L„$k_¡ L$f

Ap`hpdpV¡$ d\yfp Nep Ðep„ îuhkyv¡$hÆÜpfp s¡d_¡ ÅZhp dþey„ L¡$ Np¡Ly$mdp„ A_¡L$ D`Öhp¡ \C füp R>¡. îu_Þv$fpeÆ sfs S> Np¡Ly$m pR>p hþep. Ap sfa h°S>dp„ "`|s_p'_pd_u A¡L$ fpnku L„$k_u Apop\u _hp S>Þd¡gp bpmL$p¡_¡ dpfu _pMhp dpV¡$ Aphu lsu.

îuhkyv¡$hÆ_u `pk¡\u îu_Þv$fpeÆ_¡ S>¡d `p¡sp_p `yÓ îuL©$óZD`f Aph_pfu rh`rÑ_y„ op_ dþey„ øsy„ s¡d Ap^yr_L$ `yrô$c[¼sdprN®A¡ AÞepîe, Akdr`®scnZ, vy$:k„N, vy$fpQpf, Akv$pgp` L¡$ AkrÜQpf; s¡dS> L$pd-¾$p¡^-gp¡c-dp¡l-dv$-dpÐõe® S>¡hp c[¼sdpN®_p ârsb„^L$p¡_y„ op_ kv¹$Ny$fy L¡$ îuApQpe®QfZp¡_p N°Þ\p¡ v¹$h$pfp d¡mhhy„ Å¡BA¡.

cNhp__y„ ifZ :îuhkyv¡$hÆ_p hQ_p¡\u i„qL$s îu_Þv$fpeÆ Äepf¡ AÐeÞs

rQÞspsyf bÞep Ðepf¡ s¡d_¡ buÅ¡ L$p¡C D`pe _ k|S>sp„, ""cNhp_¹ S> c¼sp¡_p fnL$ R>¡, cNhp_¹ S> c¼s_y„ Apîeõ\p_ R>¡'' •Aphp rhQpfÜpfp s¡dZ¡ cNhp__y„ ifZ õhuL$pe®y„.

Ap D`f\u kdÆ iL$pe R>¡ L¡$ Ap^yr_L$ `yrô$c[¼sdprN®A¡ `Z Nyfy `pk¡\u c[¼sdpN®_p D`fp¡¼s ârsb„^L$p¡_y„ op_ d¡mhu_¡ âcy_y„ S> ifZ `L$X$hy„ Å¡BA¡; L$pfZ L¡$ c[¼sdpN®_p ârsb„^L$p¡_y„ r_hpfZ cNhp_Üpfp S> \pe R>¡.

ArhÛp_pi :D`r_jv¹$dp„ L$pd-¾$p¡^-gp¡cpqv$ s¡dS> rhjepk[¼s-AÞepîepqv$

Apkyfucphp¡_¡ v¥$Ðe-fpnk L$l¡hpdp„ Apìep R>¡. A\p®s¹ âL$V$ ê$`¡ v¡$Mpsp„ |s_p, bL$pkyf, AOpkyf hN¡f¡ v¥$Ðep¡_y„ A¡L$ õhê$` c¼sp¡_u A„v$f fl¡gp D`fp¡¼s Apkyfu cphp¡ Z lp¡e R>¡ S>. âL$V$ v¡$Mpsp v¥$Ðep¡_p¡ cNhp_¹ v¹$h$pfp _pi \sp„ c¼sp¡_p A„v$f(d_dp„) fl¡gp Apkyfucphp¡_p¡ Z _pi \C Åe R>¡. Ap\u S> îuL©$óZ S>¡d-S>¡d `|s_p s©Zphs® hN¡f¡ Akyfp¡_p¡ _pi L$fsp Nep s¡d-s¡d h°S>c¼sp¡_p d_dp„ fl¡gp Apkyfucphp¡_p¡ Z _pi \sp¡ Nep¡.

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îuhkvy $¡hÆA¡ S>¡ kde¡ îu_Þv$fpeÆ_¡ NpL¡ $ym S>hpdpV$¡ Qs¡ ìep s¡ S> kde¡ `s| _p _pd_u AL¡ $ rhL$fpm fpnku L$„k_u Apop\u kv„y $f ÷u_„y ê$` b_phu_¡ NpL¡ $ymdp„ âhi¡ u NC lsu. hS° >c¼sp_¡ u Av„ $f flg¡ ArhÛp-Aop__„y ÆhsÅ„y Ns„y õhê$` `s| _p lsu. `s| _p_¡ ÅB¡ _¡ îueipv¡ $pÆ sd¡ S> Np¡ pgp¡ s_¡ p D`f Ah¡ p sp¡ dpr¡ ls \C Nep„ L$¡ AÅZu ìe[¼s_¡ `ps¡ p_„y bpmL$ _ v$¡MpX$hy„ ÅB¡ A¡ sh¡ p `ps¡ p_p dpsc© ph_¡ îueipv¡ $pÆ sd¡ S> îuL$©óZ_„y fnZ L$fhpdpV$¡ sd¡ _¡ r_e¼y s L$fhpdp„ Apìep R>¡ sh¡ p ps¡ p_p õhê$`_¡ Np¡ pgp¡ cg| u Nep.„ `s| _p_p ApL$jZ® \u dpr¡ ls \B_¡ s_¡ ¡ îuL$©óZ_u `pk¡ sA¡ pA¡ ¡ S>hp v$u^u. Äepf¡ cNhp_¡ `s| _p_p¡ h^ L$ep£ Ðepf¡ `s| _p_p _pi_u kp\pk¡ p\ hS° >c¼sp_¡ u ArhÛp-Aop__p¡ `Z _pi \C Nep.¡ sA¡ p_¡ ¡ `ps¡ `ps¡ p_p õhê$`_u _y : õdr© s \C NB. sA¡ p_¡ p âpZ-v$¡l-B[ÞÖe-AÞs:L$fZ kb„ „ u AÝepk-cd° p¡ Z v$|f \C Nep. lh¡ R>u îuL$©óZ_u fnpdp„ kph^p_ flh¡ p_p¡ sd¡ Z¡ kL„ $ë` L$ep.£

cNhp__u `|s_pdpfZ gugp\u A¡ rkÙ \pe R>¡ L¡$ cNhp_¡ S>¡d `|s_p_p¡ _pi L$fu_¡ h°S>c¼sp¡_u ArhÛp_¡ v|$f L$fu v$u^u lsu s¡d A_hspfL$pmdp„ `Z cNhp_¹ s¡d_p k¡hp-õdfZdp„ `fpeZ lp¡e s¡hp Ap^yr_L$ c¼sp¡_u ArhÛp_¡ v|$f L$fi¡. AsA¡h, `yrô$dprN®A¡ s¡hu ìe[¼sdp„ `|sp_p_u cph_p L$fhu Å¡BA¡ L¡$ S>¡_p L$pfZ¡ p¡sp_p k¡ìeõhê$`_p kyMdp„ L¡$ s¡d_p k¡hp-õdfZdp„ rhÂ_ \s„y lp¡e.

N©lpk[¼s_p¡ _pi :s¡ qv$hk cNhp__p r_ó¾$dZ (â\dhpf bpmL$_¡ Of\u blpf gC

S>hp_p)k„õL$pf_p¡ lsp¡. dl¡dp_p¡_u AhfS>hf Qpgy lsu. îueip¡v$pÆ cNhp__¡ A¡L$ NpX$p_u _uQ¡ R>p„eX$pdp„ p¡Y$pX$u_¡ dl¡dp_p¡_p õhpNsdp„ ìeõs b_u Nep„ lsp„. cNhp_dp„\u s¡d_y„ Ýep_ lV$u Ney„ lsy„. c¼s p¡sp_¡ rhkfu_¡ k„kpfdp„ Apk¼s b_u Åe s¡ cNhp__¡ L¡$d fyQ¡ ! îueip¡v$pÆ_¡ p¡sp_pdp„ `y_: Apk¼s L$fhpdpV¡$ cNhp_¹ c|M_p blp_¡ fX$hp gpÁep. îueip¡v$pÆ sp¡ N©lL$pe®dp„ A¡V$gp„ fp¡hpe¡gp lsp„ L¡$ s¡Ap¡ cNhp__y„ fyv$_ kp„cmu S> _ i¼ep„. cNhp_¹ sp¡ c¼s_u N©l-k„kpfdp„_u Apk[¼s_¡ R>p¡X$ph¡ S> R>¡. cNhp_¡ Av¹$cy$s gugp L$fu. cNhp_¡ p¡sp_p bÞ_¡ QfZp¡_¡ D`f L$ep¯. NpXy„$ D\gu Ney„. NpX$pdp„ fpM¡gp„ vy$^-v$l]-d^-Ou hN¡f¡\u cf¡gp„ hpkZp¡ syV$u-awV$u Nep„. gp¥qL$L$

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`v$p\p£_p¡ _pi \hp\u îueip¡v$pÆ_y„ Ýep_ cNhp_¹ sfa Ney„. Apd cNhp_¡ N©l-k„kpf Apk[¼s_p¡ _pi L$fu_¡ c¼sp¡_p¡ r_fp¡^ p¡sp_pdp„ L$ep£.

cNhp_¡ iL$V$cÊS>_gugp L$fu_¡ k„kpfpk¼s îueip¡v$pÆ_¡ `p¡sp_pdp„ y_: Apk¼s b_pìep„ s¡_p\u A¡ rkÙ \pe R>¡ L¡$ cNhp_\u rhdyM b_¡gp Ap^yr_L$ `yrô$c¼sp¡_¡ `Z cNhv$pk[¼sdp„ ApX¡$ Aph_pfp ârsb„^p¡_p¡ _pi L$fu_¡ cNhp_¹ `y_: `p¡sp_pdp„ Apk¼s L$fi¡ S>. AsA¡h, cNhp_\u rhdyM b_ph_pfp„ gp¥qL$L$ L$pep£dp„ s¡dS> V$u.hu.S>¡hp gp¥qL$L$ `v$p\p£dp„ iL$V$pkyf_u cph_p L$fhu Å¡BA¡.

fpS>kcph_u r_h©rÑ :`|s_p_p¡ h^ \sp„ S> L„$k_¡ A¡ rhíhpk \C Nep¡ L¡$ s¡_¡ dpfhphpmp¡

Np¡Ly$mdp„ S> R>¡. Ap\u s¡Z¡ s©Zphs® _pd_p A¡L$ Arsbrg›$ v¥$Ðe_¡ cNhp__¡ D`pX$u gphhpdpV¡$ Np¡Ly$m dp¡L$ëep¡. cNhp_¹ s¡ kde¡ b¡ hj®_p lsp. îueip¡v$pÆ cNhp__¡ p¡sp_p Mp¡mpdp„ b¡kpX$u_¡ fdpX$u füp lsp„. s©Zphs®_p ApNd__y„ op_ \sp„ S> îueip¡v$pÆ_¡ v|$f dp¡L$ghp_p l¡sy\u cNhp_¡ p¡sp_y„ hS>_ A¡L$pA¡L$ A_¡L$NÏ„ h^pfu gu^y„. yÓ_p cpf\u uX$us \B_¡ îueip¡v$pÆ cNhp__¡ S>du_D`f ^fphu_¡ cNhp__y„ Ýep_ fsp„-^fsp„ N©lL$pe® L$fhp gpÁep„. îueip¡v$pÆ_p Qpëep S>hp bpv$ s©Zphs® h„V$p¡rmep¡ b_u_¡ Apìep¡. Qp¡d¡f ^|m DX$sp„ h°S>c¼sp¡_¡ v¡$Mpsy„ b„^ \C Ney„. Ap sL$_p¡ gpc gB_¡ s©Zphs® cNhp__¡ DW$phu_¡ gC Nep¡. cNhp__p¡ cpf kl_ _ L$fu iL$hp_¡ L$fZ¡ \p¡X$p S> kdedp„ s©Zphs® S>du_D`f V$L$pep¡ A_¡ d©Ðey pçep¡.

s©Zphs® fÅ¡NyZ_y„ d|s®ê$` lsp¡. s¡_p L$pfZ¡ A\p®s¹ fS>-^|m DX$hp_¡ L$pfZ¡ h°S>c¼sp¡_¡ cNhp__p„ v$i®_ _ \C i¼ep„. s©Zphs®_p h^\u A¡ k|rQs \pe R>¡ L¡$ cNhp_¹ A_¡ c¼s_u hÃQ¡ ârsb„^ gph_pf s©Zphs®_¡ S>¡d cNhp_¡ dpfu lV$pìep¡ s¡d Ap^yr_L$ c¼sp¡ s¡dS> cNhp__u hÃQ¡ ârsb„^ gph_pf fÅ¡NyZ_p¡ Z cNhp__u L©$`p\u _pi \C S>i¡.

dplpÐçebp¡^ :A¡L$ qv$hk îueip¡v$pÆ îuL©$óZ_¡ vy$^ r`hX$phu füp„ lsp„ Ðepf¡ cNhp_¡

bNpky„ Mp^y„. îueip¡v$pÆ_¡ cNhp__p dyMdp„ ApL$pi, õhN®, `©Õhu, spfp,

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k|e®, QÞÖdp, Ar‚, kdyÖ, h®s, _v$u, h_ A\p®s¹ S>X$-ÆhpÐdL$ kdN° S>Ns v¡$Mpey„. cNhp_dp„ ky×Y$ khp®r^L$ õ_¡l \C Nep R>u Å¡ dplpÐçe_y„ op_ \pe sp¡ s¡ õ_¡ldp„ Mg¡g DÐ`Þ_ L$fu iL¡$ R>¡. Äep„ ky^u, f„sy, s¡hp¡ õ_¡l cNhp_dp„ \ep¡ _\u Ðep„ ky^u sp¡ cNhp__p dplpÐçe_y„ op_ c[¼sdp„ klpeL$ S> b_sy„ lp¡e R>¡. Ap\u S> cNhp_¡ Ap gugp p¡sp_p dplpÐçe_y„ op_ îueip¡v$pÆ_¡ \pe s¡ l¡sy\u L$fu lsu. Ap S> âdpZ¡ Ap^yr_L$ yrô$c[¼sdprN®Ap¡_¡ Z p¡sp_p k¡ìeõhê$`_p dplpÐçe_y„ op_ L$fphhpdpV¡$ cNhp_¹ õhà_pqv$Üpfp `p¡sp_p Agp¥qL$L$ õhê$`_p¡ A_ych L$fphsp lp¡e R>¡. Ap\u Äepf¡ `Z s¡ âL$pf_p¡ A_ych \pe Ðepf¡ âcy_u Ap gugp_u cph_p L$fhu Å¡BA¡.

_pdõdfZ :OZp¡ kde hurs Nep R>sp„ cNhp__p¡ _pdL$fZ k„õL$pf \ep¡ _\u

s¡hy„ ÅZu_¡ îuhkyv¡$hÆA¡ îuNNp®Qpe®_¡ _pdL$fZ k„õL$pfdpV¡$ Np¡Ly$m dp¡L$ëep. îu_Þv$fpS>Ly$dpf_p¡ _pdL$fZ k„õL$pf sp¡ dlp¡Ðkh `|h®L$ \hp¡ Å¡BA¡. îuNNp®Qpe£, `fÞsy, L$p¡C Å¡B-ÅZu L¡$ kp„cmu iL¡$ _l] s¡d A¡L$pÞsdp„ cNhp__p¡ _pdL$fZ k„õL$pf L$ep£. Ap kp\¡ s¡dZ¡ cNhp__p NyZ-QqfÓ_y„ `Z hZ®_ îu_Þv$fpeÆ kdn L$ey¯.

Ap `f\u A¡ k|rQs \pe R>¡ L¡$ `yrô$c[¼sdprN®A¡ cNhv$ue `pk¡\u cNhp__p _pd-NyZ-QqfÓ_y„ op_ âpàs L$fhy„ Å¡BA¡. îuNNp®Qpe®Üpfp _pdL$fZ k„õL$pf A¡L$pÞsdp„ L$fhp\u A¡ k|rQs \pe R>¡ L¡$ `yrô$c[¼sdprN®A¡ vy$:k„N_p¡ ÐepN L$fu_¡ s\p Aep¡Áe ìe[¼s kp„cmu _ iL¡$ s¡ fus¡ cNhÐîhZpqv$ L$fhp„ Å¡BA¡. _pdõdfZ L$fhp_p rhjedp„ îuApQpe®QfZ Apop L$f¡ R>¡ L¡$ cNhp__p S>¡ _pd_p¡ DÃQpf L$fhpdp„ Aph¡ s¡ kde¡ s¡ _pdÜpfp r_ê$r`s cNhp__p„ NyZ gugpApqv$_y„ `Z õdfZ L$fhy„ Å¡BA¡. v$p.s. "Np¡h^®_^f'_pd_p¡ DÃQpf/õdfZ L$fsp„ kde¡ cNhp_¡ Np¡h^®_ `h®s_¡ DQL$u_¡ BÞÖ_u S>gh©rô$\u h©S>_¡ bQpìey„ lsy„ s¡ gugp_y„ s\p sÐL$pgu_ cNhp__p õhê$`_y„ `Z õdfZ \pe s¡ âL$pf¡ _pdp¡ÃQpf/_pdõdfZ L$fhy„ Å¡BA¡.

Nyàs fus¡ Apkyfcphp¡_p¡ _pi :Akyfp¡ `pspmdp„ r_hpk L$fsp lp¡e R>¡. rhfpV$ õhê$`dp„ cNhp__p

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Np¡W$Zdp„ `pspmgp¡L$ lp¡hp_y„ hZ®hhpdp„ Apìey„ R>¡. cNhp_¹ Äepf¡ Np¡W$Z V¡$L$hu_¡ Qpghp gpÁep Ðepf¡ Ap`¡ Nyàs fus¡ Akyfp¡_p¡ _pi L$ep£.

Ap S> âL$pf¡ âcyk¡hp-õdfZdp„ fpeZ Ap^yr_L$ cNhv¹$c$¼sp¡_p Apkyfucphp¡_p¡ _pi Z cNhp_¹ A¡hu Nyàs furs\u L$fu v¡$ R>¡ L¡$ Myv$ c¼sp¡_¡ `Z s¡_y„ op_ \C iL$sy„ _\u.

cNhp_dp„ v$p¡jv$i®_ _l] :îuL©$óZ h°S>c¼sp¡_p Ofp¡dp„ dpMZ-vy$^-v$l]_u Qp¡fu L$fsp„ Äepf¡

`L$X$pC S>sp Ðepf¡ Np¡ùAp¡ îuL©$óZ_¡ gB_¡ îueip¡v$pÆ pk¡ s¡d_u aqfepv$ L$fsu. Np¡ùAp¡_u aqfepv$ kpQu lp¡hp R>sp„ îuL©$óZdp„ Arsõ_¡l_¡ L$pfZ¡ îueip¡v$pÆ_p d_dp„ îuL©$óZ_¡ W$`L$p¡ Ap`hp_p¡ rhQpf Z Aphsp¡ _l].

îueip¡v$pÆ_¡ îuL©$óZ_p Agp¥qL$L$ õhê$`_y„ op_ _ lsy„; õ_¡lhi S> s¡Ap¡ Aphp¡ n`ps L$fsp„ lsp„. Ap S> âL$pf¡ L¡$V$gpL$ cNhv$uep¡_¡ cNhp__p ip÷ue dplpÐçe_y„ op_ _ lp¡hp R>sp„ s¡Ap¡ cNhp_dp„ L$p¡C Z âL$pf_p v$p¡j v¡$Msp _\u lp¡sp. c[¼s_p¡ õhcph S> A¡hp¡ lp¡e R>¡.

cNhp_dp„ gp¥qL$L$ r¾$ep-^d® _\u lp¡sp :A¡L$ qv$hk h_dp„ ¾$uX$p L$fsp„ Np¡`-bpmL$p¡A¡ Å¡ey„ L¡$ îuL©$óZ dpV$u

MpC füp R>¡. s¡d_p d_dp„ A¡hp¡ rhQpf Apìep¡ L¡$ Ap_u aqfepv$ Å¡ îueip¡v$pÆ_¡ L$fhpdp„ _l] Aph¡ sp¡ îuL©$óZ hpf„hpf dpV$u Mpi¡ S>¡\u s¡d_y„ `¡V$ bNX$i¡. îuL©$óZ_p Aphp rls_p rhQpf\u îubgfpdÆ A_¡ Np¡`bpmL$p¡ îuL©$óZ_¡ gB_¡ îueip¡v$pÆ_u `pk¡ Nep A_¡ aqfepv$ L$fu. îuL©$óZ sp¡ cNhp_¹ R>¡. gp¥qL$L$ d_yóep¡ S>¡d õhpv$ dpZhp L¡$ c|M k„sp¡jhp dpV¡$ Mpspùsp lp¡e R>¡ s¡d cNhp_¹ _\u L$fsp. `p¡sp_y„ Aphy„ dplpÐçe bsphhpdpV¡$ cNhp_¡ dpsp_¡ L$üy„ :

""(sd¡ rhQpfp¡ R>p¡ s¡hp l¡sy\u)d¢ dpV$u _\u Mpû(Ap\u Mphp R>sp„ _\u Mpû). Å¡ Mpû S> R>¡ s¡hy„ sd¡ dp_sp„ lp¡ sp¡ dpfy„ dyM s`pku gp¡''.

îueip¡v$pÆA¡ cNhp__p dyMdp„ Å¡ey„ sp¡ s¡dp„ kdN° S>X$ÆhpÐdL$

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S>Ns v¡$Mphp gpÁey„. Ap gugp_p v$i®_ L$fsp„S> îuL©$óZ¡ dpV$u Mpû R>¡ s¡ hps îueip¡v$pÆ cyguS> Nep„. s¡d_¡ p¡sp_p yÓ_p Agp¥qL$L$ õhê$`_y„ op_ \ey„.

Ap `f\u A¡ k|rQs \pe R>¡ L¡$ cNhp_dp„ gp¥qL$L$ r¾$ep L¡$ gp¥qL$L$ d_yóep¡dp„ lp¡e R>¡ s¡hp Mphy„-ùhy„-kyhy„ S>¡hp Odp£ lp¡sp _\u. A\p®s¹ ifuf_u AphíeL$sp lp¡hp\u cNhp_¹ L$p¡C r¾$ep _\u L$fsp, cNhp_¹ bû r¾$epAp¡ c¼s_p cph_¡ Å¡B_¡ L$f¡ R>¡. Ap\u cNhp__¡ S>¡ L„$C `Z kdr`®s L$fhpdp„ Aph¡ s¡ |Z® c[¼scph\u L$fhy„ Å¡BA¡. c[¼scph rh_p S>¡ hõsy_y„ kd`®Z L$fhpdp„ Aph¡ R>¡ s¡_p¡ õhuL$pf cNhp_¹ L$fsp _\u.

c[¼s_u h©rÙ Z cNhp_Üpfp S> :îueip¡v$pÆA¡ Äepf¡ cNhp__p dyMdp„ kdN° S>Ns_¡ Å¡ey„ Ðepf¡

â\d sp¡ s¡Ap¡ rhõdedp„ X$u Nep„. pR>m\u, f„sy, Äepf¡ s¡d_¡ cNhp__p hpõsrhL$ õhê$`-dplpÐçe_y„ op_ \ey„ Ðepf¡ s¡Ap¡ cNhp__u õsyrs L$fhp gpÁep„. îuL©$óZdp„ s¡d_p¡ `yÓcph dV$u Nep¡. cNhp_¡ ÅÎey„ L¡$ dplpÐçe op__p L$pfZ¡ îueip¡v$pÆdp„ cNhp_¹ âÐe¡ dpsp_¡ A¡L$ `yÓdp„ lp¡e s¡hy„ hpÐkëe flu _l] Åe. s¡Ap¡ c[¼s_p¡ Ap_Þv$ _l] gC iL¡$. L$pfZ L¡$ op_S>Þe b°ûp_Þv$ fyn lp¡e R>¡ Äepf¡ s¡_u syg_pdp„ cS>_p_Þv$ î¡›$ kfk lp¡e R>¡. cNhp_¡ c¼s_p kyMdpV¡$ îueip¡v$pÆ_¡ \e¡g dplpÐçe_p op__¡ `pRy>„ gC gu^y„. dplpÐçeop__p rsfp¡rls \sp„ S> îueip¡v$pÆ_¡ îuL©$óZdp„ `y_: `|h®hs¹ âNpY$ `yÓõ_¡l DÐ`Þ_ \ep¡. `|h® OV$_p_¡ c|gu S>B_¡ s¡dZ¡ îuL©$óZ_¡ p¡sp_p Mp¡mpdp„ gC gu^p.

cNhp__u Ap gugp\u k|rQs \pe R>¡ L¡$ Äepf¡ L$p¡C c¼s_¡ p¡sp_p k¡ìeõhê$`_u bpbsdp„ gp¥qL$L$-cphp¡ ÅN©s \C Åe R>¡ Ðepf¡ cpNhspqv$ ip÷p¡Üpfp cNhp_¹ `p¡sp_p dplpÐçe / Agp¥qL$L$õhê$` _y„ op_ c¼s_¡ L$fphsp lp¡e R>¡. A_¡ dplpÐçe_y„ op_ h^pf¡ X$sy„ \C S>hp_¡ L$pfZ¡ Å¡ L$p¡C c¼s_¡ s¡ dplpÐçeop_, îueip¡v$pÆ_u dpaL$, c[¼s / õ_¡l cphdp„ ârsb„^L$ \hp gpN¡ R>¡ •A\p®s¹ cNhp_¹ sp¡ âpZudpÓ_y„ ¡V$ cf_pfp R>¡ s¡d_¡ iy„ cp¡N fu iL$pe ? cNhp_¹ sp¡ gÿdu`rs R>¡ s¡d_¡ iy„ A`®Z L$fu iL$pe ? Aphu lu_sp_u cph_p ÅN©s \C Åe R>¡ A_¡ s¡ âcyk¡hp-c[¼s L$fu _\u iL$sp¡• Ðepf¡ cNhp_¹ s¡_¡ cS>_p_Þv$_p¡ A_ych L$fphhpdpV¡$ L$p¡C

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õ_¡luc¼s_p¡ k„Npqv$ L$fphu_¡ y_: s¡dp„ õ_¡lcph_¡ [õ\f L$fu v¡$sp lp¡e R>¡.

dplpÐçeop_\u îueipv¡ $pÆ_p¡ õ_l¡ cph v$|f \C Nep¡ s\¡ u dplpÐçeop_ r_fy epN¡ u lpe¡ R>¡ Aph„y _ rhQpfh„y ÅB¡ A.¡ õ_l¡ pÐ¡ `rÑ `R>u dplpÐçeop_ ârsb„ L$ b_u iL$¡ R>;¡ Apfc„ dp„ sp¡ D`L$pfL$ S> lpe¡ R>.¡ Ap\u c[¼s_u ìep¿ep : ""dplpÐçeop_ `h| L® $ k×y Y$ A_¡ kl\z u h y õ_l¡ '' dp„ "`h| L® $'iåv$ dplpÐçeop__u âpfc„ dp„ D`L$pfL$sp kr| Qs L$fhpdpV$¡ S> dLy $pep¡ R>.¡ Apfc„ dp„ Å¡ cNhp__p dplpÐçe_„y op_ lpe¡ sp¡ kh¡ pApqv$dp„ \sp A`fp^ s\p A_r^L$pfQô¡ $p\u bQu iL$pe R>.¡ õ_l¡ DÐ`Þ_ \C Nep R>u sp¡ cNhp_¹ Ås¡ S> c¼sdp\„ u ps¡ p_p dplpÐçeop__¡ pR>y „ e\pepÁ¡ e fus¡ MQ¢ u gs¡ p lpe¡ R>.¡

cNhp__u Aphu Agp¥qL$L$ gugpAp¡_¡ kp„cmu_¡ `furns¡ îuiyL$v¡$hÆ_¡ âí_ L$ep£ lsp¡ : ""îu_Þv$-eip¡v$pÆA¡ A¡hp sp¡ L$ep L$dp£ L$ep¯ lsp„ L¡$ S>¡_p L$pfZ¡ cNhp_¡ s¡d_¡ Aphy„ v¡$hvy$g®c kyM Apàey„ ?'' `furns s\p îuiyL$v¡$hÆ_p âí_p¡Ñfdp„\u A¡ S> kpf r_L$m¡ R>¡ L¡$ îu_Þv$-eip¡v$pÆ_¡ S>¡ c[¼s âpàs \C s¡dp„ dlp`yfyjp¡_u L©$`p S> L$pfZê$` lsu. Ap `f\u A¡ args \pe R>¡ L¡$ Ap^yr_L$ `yrô$c[¼sdprN®Ap¡ `Z Å¡ îuhëgcpQpe®QfZ îuNp¡`u_p\âcyQfZ s\p îurhÌ$g_p\âcyQfZ _u L©$`p_¡, s¡d_p Q]^¡gp fõs¡ Qpgu_¡, âpàs L$f¡ sp¡ s¡Ap¡ Z h°S>c¼sp¡_p kdp_ c[¼s_¡ âpàs L$fu iL¡$ R>¡.

NyZNp_krls k¡hp :dpsp îueip¡v$pÆ Äepf¡ N©lL$pe® L$fsp„ Ðepf¡ s¡Ap¡ cNhp__u

gugpAp¡_¡ epv$ L$fsp„-L$fsp„ s¡_¡ Npsp fl¡sp„. Ap f\u A¡ Ýhr_s \pe R>¡ L¡$ `yrô$c[¼sdprN®A¡ k¡hp L$fsp„-L$fsp„ âcy_p„ NyZp¡_y„ Np_ L$fhy„ Å¡BA¡. kçâv$pe_p k¡hpâL$pfdp„ Aô$kMp hN¡f¡ c¼sp¡_p„ L$us®_p¡_p¡ kdph¡i Ap S> l¡sy\u L$fhpdp„ Apìep¡ R>¡. âpQu_ ApQpep£Üpfp k¡hp_p d„Ngp, õ_p_, i©„Npf, `g_p hN¡f¡ kde A_ykpf L$us®_p¡_¡ ìeh[õ\s L$fhpdp„ Apìep„ R>¡. F>sy, h÷, i©„Npf DÐkh s¡dS> k¡hpkde A_ykpf L$us®__p Np_\u S>¡-s¡ kde¡ L$fhpdp Aphsu âcyk¡hp_u h°S>cph_p õazqfs \pe R>¡. k¡hpÜpfp ifuf\u cNhp__p¡ k„N \pe R>¡; NyZNp_Üpfp cNhp__p¡ dp_kk„N \pe R>¡. eopqv$ L$dp£dp„ S>¡d

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dÞÓp¡ lp¡e R>¡ s¡d `yrô$c[¼sdpN}e k¡hpdp„ dÞÓp¡_p õ\p_¡ L$us®_p¡ lp¡e R>¡. bÞ_¡_p l¡sy kdp_ S> lp¡e R>¡ : S>¡ r¾$ep L$fhpdp„ Aphu flu lp¡e s¡_p flõe-l¡sy-A\®_¡ kdÅhhp¡.

cNhv¹$^$dp®_yfp¡û kd`®Z :dpÓ âcykyM_p rhQpf\u S>¡ kd`®Z L$fhpdp„ Aph¡ R>¡ s¡_¡

"cNhÙdp®_yfp¡û' kd`®Z L$ey¯ L$l¡hpdp„ Aph¡ R>¡. "rkÙpÞsflõe'N°Þ\dp„ îuApQpe®QfZ¡ kdÅìey„ R>¡ L¡$ âcy_¡ L$p¡C hõsy_y„ kd`®Z L$fsu kde¡ s¡ hõsy_u bpbsdp„ âcy rkhpe buÅ¡ L$p¡C Z rhQpf d_dp„ _ fpMhp¡ Å¡BA¡. A\p®s¹, ""`rs_¡ ApS>¡ L$pf¡gp_y„ ipL$ Mphy„ R>¡ s¡\u îuW$pL$p¡fÆ_¡ cp¡N e®y„ R>¡'' L¡$ ""d_p¡f\u_¡ âkpv$ dp¡L$gphhp_p¡ R>¡ s¡\u AX$^p¡qL$gp¡ kpdN°u h^y cp¡N ^fhp_u R>¡'' •Aphp gp¥qL$L$ Dèp¡N_p rhQpf`|h®L$ Äepf¡ âcy_¡ L$p¡C hõsy-kpdN°u_y„ kd`®Z L$fhpdp„ Aph¡ R>¡ Ðepf¡ s¡hu cphvy$ô$ hõsy_p¡ õhuL$pf âcy _\u L$fsp. îuL©$óZ_¡ Äepf¡ gpNsy„ L¡$ L$p¡C Np¡ù L¡$ dpsp_p d_dp„ v$l]-vy$^-dpMZ hN¡f¡ kpdN°u s¥epf L$fsp„ kde¡ p¡sp_p(îuL©$óZ_p Dèp¡N) rkhpe buÅ L$p¡C Dèp¡N_p¡ rhQpf lsp¡ sp¡ îuL©$óZ s¡ v$l] vy$^ dpMZ_¡ Y$p¡mu v¡$sp A\hp sp¡ Áhpgbpg-hp„v$fpAp¡_¡ hl¢Qu v¡$sp. Ap gugp\u cNhp_¡ A¡ k|rQs L$e®y„ R>¡ L¡$ âcy_¡ kd`®Z L$fhp_u hõsy_¡ s¥epf L$fhp\u gB_¡ Äep„ kyû s¡ âc|èp¡Ndp„ Aphu _ Åe Ðep„ kyû s¡_u bpbsdp„ L$p¡C `Z Ås_p¡ gp¥qL$L$p¡èp¡N_p¡ rhQpf d_dp„ _ Aph¡ s¡_u kph^p_u fpMhu Å¡BA¡. k¡hp L$f_pfdp„ cNh˜ph ×Y$ lp¡e sp¡ s¡_p d_dp„ gp¥qL$L$cphp¡ L$v$pQ _ Aph¡. f„sy A¡ klS> k„ch R>¡ L¡$ AÞe qfhpfS>_p¡ L¡$ Ofdp„ Aphsp-S>sp gp¡L$p¡ Å¡ s¡hp cNh˜phhpmp _ lp¡e sp¡ s¡Ap¡_p d_dp„ âcy_¡ kd`®Z L$fhp_u hõsy_u bpbsdp„ gp¥qL$L$cphp¡ Aphu iL¡$. Ap `qf[õ\rs\u bQhpdpV¡$ e\p k„ch A¡L$pÞsdp„ cNhÐk¡hp L$fhu Å¡BA¡. `yrô$dpN}e k¡hp âZprgdp„ âcy_¡ kd`®hp_u cp¡N-kpdN°u_p D`_pdp¡ fpMhpdp„ Apìep R>¡. s¡ _pdp¡_p ìehlpf\u A`qfrQs ìe[¼s A¡ _\u ÅZu iL$su L¡$ ip_u bpbsdp„ QQp® \C flu R>¡. Ap\u, s¡ D`_pdp¡_p ìehlpf_p¡ ApN°l fpMhp¡ Å¡BA¡. k¡hp, k¡ìeõhê$` s¡dS> cp¡NkpdN°u _p v$i®_ buSy>„ L$p¡C _ L$fu g¡ s¡_u kph^p_u fpMhu Å¡BA¡. Of_p„ AZkdSy> bpmL$p¡_¡ ìeh[õ\s kdS> Ap`hu Å¡BA¡ A\hp s¡d_¡ cp¡NkpdN°u\u v|$f fpMhp„ Å¡BA¡ A\hp l¡g¡\u S> dlpâkpv$

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Apù_¡ k„syô$ L$fu v¡$hp Å¡BA¡. qfhpf_p dp¡V$p gp¡L$p¡_u bpbsdp„ Z Aphp S> L$p¡C D`pep¡ ip¡û g¡hp Å¡BA¡. Ai¼e `qf[õ\rsdp„ `p¡sp_pdp„ AkpdÕe®_u cph_p L$fsp„-L$fsp„ âcy_y„ ifZ L$X$hy„ Å¡BA¡.

cNhp_¹ c[¼s\u hi \pe R>¡ :A¡L$ qv$hk îueip¡v$pÆ Äepf¡ îuL©$óZ_¡ vy$^ r`hX$phu füp„ lsp„ Ðepf¡

Qygp D`f dyL¡$gp vy$^dp„ Dcfp¡ Apìep¡ A_¡ s¡ Y$p¡mphp gpÁey„. Ap Å¡B_¡ îuL©$óZ_¡ vy$^ r`hX$phhp_y„ R>p¡X$u_¡ îueip¡v$pÆ vy$^_¡ DspfhpdpV¡$ v$p¡X$ép„. dpsp_p Ap ìehlpf\u ¾$p¡^¡ cfpB_¡ îuL©$óZ¡ v$l]-R>pk_p dpV$gp„ sp¡X$u-ap¡X$u _p¿ep„. îueip¡v$pÆ `pR>p„ aep¯ sp¡ Qpf¡ bpSy> v$l]-R>pk Y$p¡mpe¡gp„ R>¡ `f„sy îuL©$óZ ¼ep„e v¡$Mpsp _\u. s¡Ap¡ kdÆ Nep„ L¡$ Ap L$pd L$p¡_y„ lp¡C iL¡$ R>¡. îuL©$óZ_¡ ip¡^sp„ îueip¡v$pÆA¡ Å¡ey„ L¡$ s¡d_p¡ yÓ A¡L$ Mp„X$rZep D`f QY$u_¡ iuL$pdp„\u dpMZ gB_¡ hp„v$fpAp¡_¡ MhX$phu füp¡ R>¡. dpspA¡ îuL©$óZ_¡ `L$X$ép A_¡ X$fphu dL$phu_¡ Mp„X$rZep kp\¡ bp„^hp gpÁep„. cNhp_¡ A˜ws gugp L$fu. dpsp S>¡ `Z v$p¡fX$p\u îuL©$óZ_¡ bp„^hp_p¡ âeÐ_ L$f¡ s¡ v$p¡fXy„$ b¡ Ap„Nmu S>¡V$gy„ _p_y„ `X¡$. `R>u sp¡ dpspA¡ Ofdp„ S>¡V$gp„ v$p¡fX$p„ lsp„ s¡ b^p„ A¡L$W$p„ L$ep¯. Np„W$p¡ dpfu_¡ Å¡X$ép„. s¡d R>sp„ v$p¡fX$p„ b¡ Ap„Nmu _p_p„ S> füp„. lh¡ dpsp \p¼ep„, fk¡hp\u g\`\ \C Nep„. dpsp_u Ap [õ\rs Å¡B_¡ cNhp_¹ b„^pC Nep. S>¡_p hidp„ kdN° S>Ns A_¡ b°ûp-rihpqv$ v¡$hp¡ R>¡ s¡ îuL©$óZ `p¡s¡ c¼sp¡_p hidp„ R>¡ s¡ v¡$MpX$éy„. Ap gugp\u cNhp_¡ A¡ k|rQs L$ey¯ R>¡ L¡$ s¡Ap¡_¡ L$udsu v$p\p£, s`íQep®, D`hpk, dÞÓ, S>` L¡$ su\®\u _l], f„sy, c[¼s\u S> hidp„ L$fu iL$pe R>¡. ip`\u h©n b_¡gp Ly$b¡f_p `yÓp¡ : _gL|$bf A_¡ drZN°uh _u dy[¼s Z cNhp_¡ c¼s _pfv$Æ_p L$l¡hp\u L$fu lsu. hmu, Np¡rÀp¡Üpfp L$pgphpgp„ L$fhpdp„ Aphsp„ cNhp_¹ _©Ðe Z L$fsp. Ap b^p\u A¡ õ`ô$ \pe R>¡ L¡$ cNhp_¹ c¼sp¡_p hidp„ lp¡e R>¡. c¼sp¡_u L©$`p\u c[¼sdpN}e kh® yfyjp\p£ rkÙ \pe R>¡.

h°S>gugp_yê$` cp¡N-kpS>-kÄÅ :""fdsNds_p„ A_¡L$ kp^_p¡_¡ gB_¡ îuL©$óZ-bgfpd h°S>_u `pk¡

Np¡`bpgL$p¡_u kp\¡ `p¡sp_p Npe-hpR>fX$p„_¡ Qfphsp lsp'' cpNhs_p Ap hQ_\u âsus \pe R>¡ L¡$ cNhp_¹ QL$fX$u, cdfX$p¡, v$X$p¡, N¡X$u, QL$gu, p¡`V$ S>¡hp„ fdsNds_p„ kp^_p¡\u ¾$uX$p L$fsp. ApS> âdpZ¡ ¼epf¡L$ ""cNhp_¹

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h©Þv$ph__u _v$u, `h®s, OpV$u, Ly$ÊS> hN¡f¡ õ\p_p¡dp„ M¡gsp'' s¡hy„ `Z cpNhsdp„ hZ®hhpdp„ Apìey„ R>¡.

k¡ìe_¡ S>¡d kyM \pe s¡d L$fhy„ s¡ S> k¡hL$_p¡ d® lp¡e R>¡. AsA¡h, k¡hp L$f_pf¡ âcy_u kpd¡ QL$fX$u,cdfX$p¡Apqv$ fdL$X$p„ kpS>hp„ Å¡BA¡ s¡dS> _v$u-`h®s-Ly$ÊÅ¡_u r`R>hpC hN¡f¡Üpfp kÅhV$ L$fu_¡ s¡dp„ h©Þv$ph__p _v$u-`h®s-Ly$ÊÅ¡_u cph_p L$fhu Å¡BA¡. cNhp_¹ Np¡`, Npep¡_u hÃQ¡ dp¡V$p \ep lsp. s¡\u V$p¡ù, pN, a¢V$p, dp¡f`]R>, NyÊÅdpgp Apqv$ i©„Npf pfZ L$fsp lsp. cNhp__u Apfp¡Nhp_u hõsyAp¡dp„ Z dpMZ-rdîu, v$l], R>pk, vy$^, vy$^_u hp_NuAp¡, am, A\pZp„ hN¡f¡ N°prdZ MpÛ-`v$p\p£_p¡ kdph¡i fl¡sp¡. Ap\u AÞe h÷ i©„Npf s¡dS> cp¡N kpdN°u_u kp\p¡kp\ D`fp¡¼s h°S>_p h÷ i©„Npf s\p cp¡N kpdN°u âcy_¡ ApN°l`|h®L$ kd`®hp„ Å¡BA¡. Ap`Zp Of¡ dl¡dp_ Aph¡ R>¡ Ðepf¡ s¡d_¡ Ndsu kyrh^p Apù_¡ s\p cphsu hõsy MhX$phu_¡ s¡d_u AphcNs L$fsp lp¡BA¡ R>uA¡. s¡d yrô$c[¼sdprN®_p Ofdp„, îuApQpe®QfZ_u L©$`p\u, rbfpS>sp îu_Þv$-eip¡v$pÆ_p `yÓ h°År^` L©$óZ_u k¡hp `Z `yrô$c[¼sdprN®A¡ s¡d_¡ Ndsp„ h°S>k„b„û h÷, i©„Npf, fdL$X$p„, cp¡N, kpdN°u, kpS>-kÄÅ _p kd`®Z`|h®L$ L$fhu Å¡BA¡. Ap rhje_y„ rhi¡j op_ p¡sp_p Nyfy pk¡\u d¡mhhy„ Å¡BA¡.

k¡hpP¹$N$kpdN°u_p v$p¡jp¡_y„ r_hpfZ :D`fp¡¼s gugpAp¡_p r_ê$`Z `íQpÑ îucpNhsdp„ cNhp_Üpfp

hÐkpkyf s\p bL$pkyf _p h^_y„ r_ê$`Z L$fhpdp„ Apìey„ R>¡. cNhp_¹ S>¡ hpR>fX$p„Ap¡_¡ Qfphsp lsp s¡dp„ fl¡gp v$p¡jp¡_y„ d|s®õhê$` hÐkpkyf lsp¡. hÐkpkyf_p¡ h^ L$fu_¡ cNhp_¡ p¡sp_u gugpkpdN°uê$` hpR>fX$pAp¡_p v$p¡jp¡ v|$f L$ep®. s¡ S> âL$pf¡, bL$pkyf cNhp__u kp\¡ h_dp„ hpR>fX$p„ Qfph_pfp Np¡`kMpAp¡_p v$p¡jp¡_y„ d|s®õhê$` lsp¡. s¡_u Qp„Q_p D`f-_uQ¡_p b¡ cpNp¡ gp¡c A_¡ AkÐe _p âsuL$ lsp. cNhp_¡ bL$pkyf_u Qp„Q_p bÞ_¡ cpNp¡_¡ rhfyÙ qv$ipdp„ M¢Qu_¡ s¡_¡ b¡ cpNdp„ Qufu _p¿ep¡. Ap Üpfp cNhp_¡ Np¡`kMpAp¡_p v$p¡jp¡_y„ r_hpfZ L$e®y„. Ap gugpAp¡\u A¡ rkÙ \pe R>¡ L¡$ cNhp_¹ c¼sp¡Üpfp kdr`®s hõsy_p v$p¡jp¡_¡ v|$f L$fu_¡ rhÓ b_phu v¡$ R>¡.

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NyZNp_ :îuL©$óZ¡ bL$pkyf_p¡ h^ L$ep®_p kdpQpf Np¡`bpmL$p¡A¡ Äepf¡

îu_Þv$fpeÆ hN¡f¡ h°S>hprkAp¡_¡ Apàep Ðepf¡ s¡Ap¡_¡ îuNNp®Qpe®ÆÜpfp L$l¡hpe¡gu hps epv$ Aphu NB. îuNNp®Qpe®ÆA¡ L$üy„ lsy„ L¡$ Ap bpgL$ _pfpeZ kdp_ NyZp¡hpmp¡ \i¡ A_¡ Ap_pÜpfp S> sd¡ b^u bp^pAp¡_¡ `pf L$fip¡. îu_Þv$fpeÆ `p¡sp_p bpmL$_u âi„kp L$fhp gpÁep. Apd îu_Þv$fpeÆ hN¡f¡ h°S>hprkAp¡ îuL©$óZ_p A_¡L$ A˜zs `fp¾$dp¡_y„ hZ®_ kv$pe L$fsp fl¡sp„. cNhp__p NyZhZ®_dp„ s¡d_¡ A¡V$gy„ kyM dmsy„ L¡$ s¡Ap¡ k„kpf_u kdõs h¡v$_p_¡ c|gu S>sp. s¡d_¡ `p¡sp_p v¡$l s\p S>Ns_y„ `Z cp_ fl¡sy„ _l]. cNhp_¡ A˜zs gugpAp¡Üpfp s¡d_¡ S>Ns cygphu v$B_¡ `p¡sp_pdp„ Apk¼s b_pìep lsp. Ap S> s¡d_p¡ cNhp_dp„ r_fp¡^ lsp¡.

cpNhs_p Ap L$\_\u A¡ k|rQs \pe R>¡ L¡$ Ap^yr_L$ `yrô$c[¼sdprN®Ap¡A¡ Z cNhëgugp-õhê$`-NyZ-_pdp¡_y„ îhZ-L$us®_-õdfZ â¡d`|h®L$ L$fsp fl¡hy„ Å¡BA¡. îu_Þv$pqv$ h°S>c¼sp¡_¡ S>¡d cNhp_dp„ â¡d rkÙ \ep¡ s¡d Ap^yr_L$ `yrô$c[¼sdpN}e kp^L$_¡ `Z `|hp£¼s kp^_p¡ L$fhp\u cNhp_dp„ â¡d rkÙ \i¡ S>.

v¡$lpÝepk_u r_h©rÑ :ApÐdp Q¥sÞeõhê$` R>¡, v¡$l S>X$ R>¡. v¡$l_¡ ApÐdp kdS>hp¡ A\hp

v¡$l_¡ cNhp__p¡ _ kdÆ_¡ p¡sp_p¡ kdS>hp¡ s¡_¡ "v¡$lpÝepk' L$l¡hpdp„ Aph¡ R>¡. AÝepk=c°d. "AOpkyf'_pd_p¡ v¥$Ðe v¡$lpÝepk_y„ d|s®õhê$` lsp¡. AS>Nf b_u_¡ îuL©$óZ_y„ Ar_ô$ L$fhp_p rhQpf\u h_dp„ Aph¡gp AOpkyf_p¡ îuL©$óZ¡-s¡_p ifufdp„ âh¡i L$fu_¡, `p¡sp_p ifuf_¡ `h®s kdp_ rhipg b_phu_¡-h^ L$ep£. AOpkyf_p h^\u Np¡`bpmL$p¡_p¡ v¡$lpÝepk r_h©Ñ \ep¡. Ap S> âdpZ¡ cNhÐk¡hpdp„ S>¡Ap¡ sÐ`f R>¡ s¡hp Ap^yr_L$ `yrô$dpN}e kp^L$p¡_p v¡$lpÝepk_¡ Z cNhp_¹ v|$f L$f¡ R>¡.

B[ÞÖepÝepk_u r_h©rÑ :B[ÞÖep¡ S>X$ lp¡e R>¡. S>X$ B[ÞÖep¡_¡ ApÐdp kdS>hu A\hp B[ÞÖep¡_¡

cNhÐk¡hpdpV¡$ _ kdÆ_¡ gp¥qL$L$ rhjep¡_p D`cp¡N_y„ kp^_ kdS>hy„ s¡_¡ "B[ÞÖe-AÝepk' L$l¡hpdp„ Aph¡ R>¡. L$prge_pN cNhp_\u brldy®M \e¡gu B[ÞÖep¡_y„ d|s®õhê$` lsp¡. cNhp_¡ p¡sp_p c[¼sê$`u QfZp¡\u L$prge_pN_p

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dp\p D`f âlpf L$fu_¡ s¡_u v$f¡L$ a¡Z_y„ v$d_ L$ey¯. L$prge_pN_u ifZpNrs\u h°S>hprkAp¡_p¡ B[ÞÖepÝepk v|$f \ep¡. cNhp__u Ap gugp\u õ`ô$ \pe R>¡ L¡$ Ap^yr_L$ `yrô$c[¼sdpN}e kp^L$p¡A¡ `Z gp¥qL$L$ rhjep¡(ê$`-fk-NÞ^-õì®-iåv$)dp„ Apk¼s b_¡gu `p¡sp_u B[ÞÖep¡_¡ âcyk¡hpdp„ Å¡X$u_¡ iyÙ b_phhu Å¡BA¡. Apd L$fhp\u cNhp_¡ v$php[Á__y„ p_ L$fu_¡ ifZ¡ Aph¡gp h°S>hprkAp¡_p B[ÞÖep¡_p v$p¡jp¡_¡ S>¡d v|$f L$ep® lsp s¡d Ap^yr_L$ `yrô$c[¼sdpN}e kp^L$p¡_u B[ÞÖep¡_p Apkyfucphp¡_¡ Z Qp¡½$k v|$f L$fi¡.

AÞs:L$fZpÝepk_u r_h©rÑ :rQÑ Al„L$pf byrÙ A_¡ d_ _p kd|l_¡ "AÞs:L$fZ' L$l¡hpdp„ Aph¡

R>¡. AÞs:L$fZ S>X$ lp¡e R>¡. S>X$ AÞs:L$fZ_¡ ApÐdp kdS>hy„ A\hp AÞs:L$fZ_¡ âcyk„b„û op_, k„L$ë`, õdfZ hN¡f¡dp„ _ gNphu_¡ gp¥qL$L$ bpbsp¡dp„ Å¡X$h„y s¡_¡ "AÞs:L$fZpÝepk' L$l¡hpdp„ Aph¡ R>¡. Np¡hprmep_p¡ h¡i ^pfZ L$fu_¡ Aph¡gp¡ "âgçb'_pd_p¡ Akyf Np¡`bpmL$p ¡_p AÞs:L$fZpÝepk_y„ d|s®õhê$` lsp¡. îubgv¡$hÆÜpfp s¡_p¡ h^ L$fphu_¡ cNhp_¡ Np¡`bpmL$p¡_p AÞs:L$fZ k„b„û AÝepk_¡ v|$f L$ep£ lsp¡. Ap S> âdpZ¡, S>¡ Ap^yr_L$ `yrô$c[¼sdprN®Ap¡ âcyk¡hp-õdfZdp„ sÐ`f lp¡e R>¡ s¡d_p Z AÞs:L$fZ_p AÝepk_¡ cNhp_¹ v|$f L$f¡ R>¡

`p¡sp_p õhê$`_y„ op_ :cNhp_¹ Np¡`bpmL$p¡_u kp\¡ h_dp„ Npep¡ Qfphu füp lsp Ðepf¡ afu

A¡L$ hpf h_dp„ ApN gpNu. Npep¡ Np¡`bpmL$p¡ ApN_u hÃQ¡ k`X$pC Nep„. sp` A_¡ sfk \u ìepLy$m b_¡gp„ b^p„ A„s¡ cNhp__p ifZdp„ Apìep„. cNhp_¡ b^p_u Ap„Mp¡ duQphu A_¡ ce„L$f v$php[Á__¡ ù Nep. v$php[Á_ A¡ Np¡`bpmL$p¡_p `p¡sp_p rhjeL$ Aop__y„ d|s®ê$` lsp¡. v$php[Á__y„ `p_ L$fu_¡ cNhp_¡ Np¡`bpmL$p¡_y„ õhrhjeL$ Aop_ v|$f L$ey¯. s¡ S> âL$pf¡ âcy_p ifZdp„ fl¡_pfp Ap^yr_L$ yrô$c[¼sdpN}e kp^L$_p Z ApÐdv$p¡j•`p¡sp_p õhê$`_p Aop__¡- cNhp_¹ v|$f L$f¡ R>¡.

rhep¡Ndp„ NyZNp_ :cNhp_¹ Äepf¡ Z h_dp„ Np¡QpfZ L$fhpdpV¡$ ^pfsp Ðepf¡ s¡d_p„

v$i®_ _ \hp\u ìepLy$m b_¡gp„ îu_Þv$eip¡v$p s¡dS> AÞe Np¡`Np¡rÀp¡ cNhp__u rhrh^ gugpAp¡_¡ epv$ L$fu-L$fu_¡ cNhp__p NyZ Npsp„ fl¡sp„.

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Apd, cNhp__p kÞdyMdp„ S>¡hy„ s¡d_y„ d_ cNhp_dp„ fp¡hpe¡gy„ fl¡sy„ s¡hy„ S> cNhp__p rhep¡Ndp„ Z õhê$`-NyZ-_pd-gugp_p„ îhZ-L$us®_-õdfZ Üpfp s¡d_y„ d_ cNhp_dp„ fp¡hpe¡gy„ fl¡sy„.

Ap D`f\u õ`ô$ \pe R>¡ L¡$ Ap^yr_L$ yrô$c[¼sdprN®Ap¡A¡ âcyk¡hp L$fsp„-L$fsp„ s\p âcyk¡hp_p A_hkf(k¡hp _ L$fsp lp¡e s¡ kde)dp„ `Z âcy_p„ NyZNp_ L$fsp fl¡hy„ Å¡BA¡. A\p®s¹, k¡hp A_¡ õdfZ _y„ Aphs®_ Q¾$_u dpaL$ A_hfs Qpgsy„ fl¡hy„ Å¡BA¡.

AÞepîeÐepN :h°S>hprkAp¡ ârshj® BÞÖeo L$fsp lsp. v$¡hp¡_p `Z v¡$h `p¡s¡

kpnps¹ h°S>dp„ rbfpS>sp lp¡hp R>sp„ h°S>hprkAp¡ AÞe v¡$h_p¡ Apîe L$f¡ s¡ kl_ _ \sp„ cNhp_¡ BÞÖepN _ L$fhp_u kgpl s¡d_¡ Ap`u. s¡ hj£ h°S>hprkAp¡A¡ BÞÖeo _ L$fu_¡ Np¡h^®_eo L$ep£. Ap Å¡B_¡ cNhp__p õhê$`_¡ _ ÅZ_pfp¡ BÞÖ ¾$p¡^¡ cfpep¡. s¡Z¡ kdN° h°S> D`f p¡^dpf hfkpv$ hfkphu_¡ h°S>_¡ S>mb„bpL$pf b_phu v$u^y„. Aphp kde¡ cNhp_¹ AÞepîe R>p¡X$_pfp h°S>hprkAp¡_u dv$v¡$ Apìep. cNhp_¡ Np¡h^®_ h®s_¡ D`pX$u gu^p¡. `iy `rnAp¡ krls kdõs h°S>hprkAp¡ `h®s_u _uQ¡ kyfrns b_u Nep„. BÞÖ_y„ Arcdp_ Ap¡Nmu Ney„. s¡ Z cNhp__u ndp dpNsp¡ ifZ¡ Apìep¡.

Ap gugpÜpfp cNhp_¡ kr| Qs L$e y R>¡ L$¡ Ap^ry _L$ `ry ô$c[¼sdpN}e kp^L$pA¡ ¡ `Z AÞe v$¡hu-v$¡hsp_p¡ Apîe _ L$fhp¡ ÅB¡ A.¡ `ry ô$c[¼sdprNA® ¡ dpÓ îuL$©óZ_p¡ S> A_Þe Apîe fpMhp¡ ÅB¡ A.¡ AÞev$¡h_p¡ Apîe R>pX¡ $u_¡ îuL$©óZ_p¡ Apîe L$fhp S>sp„ (AÞe v$¡h ¾$p¡ ¡ cfpi¡ L$¡ Ar_ô$ L$fi¡ Ah¡ p)¡ Å¡ ce gpNsp¡ lpe¡ sp¡ s¡ `Z d_dp\„ u L$pY$u _pMhp¡ ÅB¡ A.¡ â\d sp¡ `ps¡ p_p¡ Apîe R>pX¡ $u_¡ îuL$©óZ_p¡ Apîe L$fhp\u L$pC¡ Z v$¡h ¾$pr¡ ^s \sp S> _\u A_¡ Å¡ \pe sp¡ BÞÖ_p L$p¡ \u cNhp_¡ S>d¡ hS° >hprkAp_¡ u fnp L$fu lsu sd¡ c¼s_u `Z fnp L$fi¡ S> Ah¡ p¡ ×Y$ rhíhpk cNhp_¹ D`f fpMhp¡ ÅB¡ A.¡ Ap_p¡ kpf A¡ S> R>¡ L$¡ `ry ô$c[¼sdprNA® ¡ AÞev$¡h_p¡ Apîe R>pX¡ $u_¡ A_Þecph\u îuL$©óZ_p¡ S> Apîe L$fhp¡ ÅB¡ A.¡

cNhv$pop_y„ pg_ :h°S>_u Ly$dpqfL$pAp¡ _Þv$_Þv$_ îuL©$óZ_¡ `p¡sp_p Agp¥qL$L$ `rs_p

ê$`dp„ Å¡su lsu. l¡dÞs F>sy_p â\d dpNkf dpkdp„ s¡dZ¡ cNhp__¡ rs

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sfuL¡$ âpàs L$fhp_p k„L$ë`\u h°s L$ey¯. h°s_p r_ed dyS>b s¡Ap¡ âps:L$pg edy_pÆdp„ õ_p_ L$fsu. cNhp_¹ s¡d_u d_p¡L$pd_p ÅZu Nep. A¡L$ qv$hk, Äepf¡ Ly$dpqfL$pAp¡ õ_p_ L$fhpdpV¡$ edy_pÆdp„ Dsfu, Ðepf¡ îuL©$óZ Z rdÓp¡ kp\¡ Ðep„ lp¢Qu Nep. A_¡ qL$_pfp D`f fpM¡gp„ Ly$dpqfL$pAp¡_p„ h÷p¡_¡ gB_¡ h©n D`f QY$u Nep A_¡ Ly$dpqfL$pAp¡_u díL$fu L$fhp gpÁep. cNhp_¡ s¡Ap¡_¡ h©n_u pk¡ Aphu_¡ h÷p¡ gC S>hp_y„ L$üy„. cNhp_¹ s¡Ap¡_u gÄÅ R>p¡X$phhp dpNsp lsp. S>¡ QfpQfdp„ rbfpS>¡ R>¡, S>¡_p\u rcÞ_ S>Nsdp„ L„$C Z _\u s¡_p\u iu gÄÅ ! \p¡X$u Ap_pL$p_u R>u Ly$dpqfL$pAp¡ cNhp__p ifZ¡ NB. s¡dZ¡ L$üy„ : ""Ad¡ Ap`_u v$pku R>uA¡. Ap` S>¡ Apop L$fip¡ s¡ Ad¡ L$fuiy„''. cNhp_¹ s¡d_u ApopL$pqfsp\u âkÞ_ \ep A_¡ s¡d_u d_p¡L$pd_p |Z® L$fu_¡ s¡d_¡ kam b_pìep„.

cNhp__u Ap gugp\u A¡ bp¡^ \pe R>¡ L¡$ cNhp__u Apop_y„ Anfi: `pg_ L$fhy„ A¡ c¼s_p¡ ^d® R>¡. ^dp£_y„ ApQfZ L$fhp k„b„^u cNhv$pop_p¡ bp¡^ h¡v$-Nusp-õd©rs-cpNhspqv$ ip÷p¡Üpfp \C iL¡$ R>¡.

h¥óZh_y„ S> AÞ_ g¡h„y :A¡L$ qv$hk¡ cNhp_¹ Np¡`bpmL$p¡ kp\¡ h_dp„ Np¡QpfZdpV¡$ `^pep®

lsp. b`p¡f \sp„ Np¡`kMpAp¡_¡ cyM gpNu. h__u pk¡ S> Apîddp„ L¡$V$gpL$ b°pûZp¡ eo L$fu füp lsp. b°pûZp¡ sp¡ rhr^rh^p_dp„ r_›$phpmp lsp. s¡d_u `[Ð_Ap¡, `f„sy, cNhv$ue lsu. b°pûZp¡ `pk¡\u AÞ_ _ dmsp„ cNhp_¡ Np¡`kMpAp¡_¡ b°pûZ`[Ð_Ap¡_u pk¡\u AÞ_ gphhpdpV¡$ dp¡L$ëep. b°pûZ`[Ð_Ap¡ sp¡ fpÆ_u f¡X$ \C NB. s¡Ap¡ Ås¡ S> A_¡L$ âL$pf_u hp_NuAp¡ \pmdp„ kÅhu_¡, _v$u S>¡d A_¡L$ bp^pAp¡_¡ pf L$fu_¡ kdyÖ sfa hl¡su lp¡e R>¡ s¡d `rs-cpB-`yÓpqv$_p fp¡L$hp R>sp„ cNhp__¡ cp¡S>_ L$fphhpdpV¡$ Qpgu r_L$mu.

cNhp_Üpfp eo`[Ð_Ap¡ pk¡\u AÞ_ dNphhp\u A¡ bp¡^ dm¡ R>¡ L¡$ Ap^yr_L$ `yrô$c[¼sdprN®Ap¡A¡ õhdpN}e h¥óZhp¡_y„ AÞ_ S> N°lZ L$fh„y Å¡BA¡. îuApQpe®QfZ Z iyÙ AÞ_\u v¡$l_y„ p¡jZ L$fhp_u Apop L$f¡ R>¡.

D`k„lpf—:cNhp__u D`fp¡¼s gugpAp¡_y„ â¡d`|h®L$ îhZ-L$us®_-õdfZ

L$fhp\u Ap^yr_L$ `yrô$c[¼sdprN®Ap¡_u `Z h°S>c¼sp¡_u dpaL$ cNhp_dp„ Apk[¼s \pe R>¡. cNh˜[¼s_u h©rÙdp„ Aph_pfp ârsb„^L$p¡_p¡ _pi \e¡,

135

cNhp__u rhi¡j L©$`p âpàs \e¡, buS>cph_u ×Y$spê$` ìek_ Ahõ\p_u âp[às \pe R>¡. sÐ`íQpÑ ìek_cphdp„ Ap¥f h©rÙ \sp„ c¼s_p spdk-fpS>k-kp[ÒhL$, âpL©$s cphp¡_p¡ _pi \B_¡ r_Ny®Z Ahõ\p A\p®s¹ b°ûcph_u âp[às \pe R>¡. sv$_Þsf khp®Ðdcph_u Ahõ\p âpàs \sp„ kp^L$_¡ îuL©$óZ_p Aprhc|®s/âL$V$ õhê$`_u ApÞsf/bpü A_yc|rs r_fÞsf \hp gpN¡ R>¡. s¡_pÜpfp L$fhpdp„ Aphsu cNhÐk¡hp Z Apr^v¥$rhL$u L¡$ Agp¥qL$L$kpdÕe®ê$`p b_u S>su lp¡hp\u s¡dp„ b°ûp_Þv$\u `Z DÐL©$ô$ A¡hp cS>_p_Þv$_p¡ A_ych s¡_¡ \hp gpN¡ R>¡. Ðepfbpv$ Äepf¡ `yrô$c[¼sdpN}e kp^L$_p õ\|m-k|ÿdifufp¡ Ry>V$u Åe R>¡ Ðepf¡ h¥Ly„$W$pqv$ qv$ìe cNhÙpddp„ cNhÐk¡hpep¡Áe v¡$l âpàs L$fu_¡ s¡_p¡ cNhp__u r_Ðegugpdp„ âh¡i \pe R>¡.

""kçâv$pe_p vy$cp®Áehi hs®dp_ L$pmdp„ Ar^L$p„i ApQpe®h„iÅ¡_u cNhÐk¡hp õh^d®_p õ\p_¡ L$p„ sp¡ ApÆrhL$p_y„ L$p„ dpN®âQpf_y„ kp^_ dpÓ b_u NB R>¡. qfZpd¡ d®r_f`¡n L$pev$pAp¡_u ¾|$f-Örô$_p L$pfZ¡ dp¡V¡$ cpN¡ A_¡L$ ApQpe®h„iÅ¡_p„ Of ApS>¡ kph®S>r_L$-Apfp^_põ\mp¡_p Þepk-V²$õV$dp„ rhL©$s \B Nep„ R>¡. hpëgcrkÙp„s_p¡ Ap_p\u h^y r_›y$f h^ k„ch _\u. ApS>¡ `p¡s¡ ApQpe®h„iÅ¡_pdpV¡$ `p¡sp_p k¡ìeõhê$`p¡_u riiy-bpg-Ly$dpf-qL$ip¡f ê$`p¡_u cph_p, k¡hp_u h°S>gugpdeu cph_p s\p p¡sp_pdp„ v$põe-k¿e-hpÐkëe-dp^ye®cphp¡_u ùv$edp„ cph_pAp¡ L$fsp„ L$fsp„ âcyk¡hp L$fhu i¼e _\u flu NB. ìephkpreL$ bpü ApX$çbfp¡_p L$pfZ¡, cphrhlu_ L$d®QpqfAp¡_u klpesp gu^p rh_p, cNhÐk¡hp_p bNX¡$gp bMX$S>Þsfdp„ õhe„ ApQpe®h„iS> lpqv®$L$ fyrQ\u sÐ`f _\u \B iL$sp. ApÆrhL$p\® ìep`pf sfuL¡$ A\hp rhhi b_u_¡ kph®S>r_L$ V²$õV$d[Þv$fp¡dp„ _p¡L$fu_p ê$`dp„ Mygp v$i®_dp„ Apfsu L$fsp„-L$fsp„ d_ DQpV$ b_u Åe R>¡. Ap\u S>, õhê$`-gugp-cph cph_p`n_u c[¼skp^_pdp„ ApS>¡ Op¡f D`¡np s¡_¡ õd©rsi¡j b_phu v¡$hp_u kudp ky^u `lp¢Qu NB R>¡.'' (Np¡.îuíepdd_p¡lfÆ rhfrQs AÏcpóe s©suepÝepe_u âõsph_p "kp^_dudp„kp' ©›$ : 49-50).

rhi¡j hp„Q_dpV¡$—:1.îugpg|cË$Æ rhfrQs âd¡efÐ_pZ®h N°Þ\_p¡ "`yrô$dpN}eagrhh¡L$'2.îudv¹$c$pNhs`yfpZ_p¡ 10dp¡ õL$Þ^.3.Np¡.îuíepdd_p¡lfÆ rhfrQs AÏcpóe s©suepÝepe_u âõsph_p "kp^_dudp„kp'.4.îuhëgcpQpe® rhfrQs "r_fp¡^gnZd¹'N°Þ\s\p s¡_u Np¡.îuíepdd_p¡lfÆ

rhfrQs c|rdL$p.

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prameyratna=new 11 12-12-2013=final=curve=nnnn

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