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Supplementary Material

Evidence of a historical frequent, low-severity fire regime in western Washington, USA

Jonathan D. Bakker1*, Ellen Jones1, and Carson B. Sprenger2

1 School of Environmental and Forest Sciences, University of Washington, Box 354115, Seattle,

WA 98195-4115, USA; E: [email protected]

2 Rain Shadow Consulting LLC, P.O. Box 1776, Eastsound, WA 98245, USA

* Corresponding author.

Figure S1. Aerial photographs of the Kellett Bluff (top) and Turn Point (bottom) sites in 1965

(left) and 2001 (right). The 1965 photos are from Pacific Aerial Surveys, and the 2001 photos

are from the Washington Department of Natural Resources. Scale is not shown, but differs

between sites.

Figure 2. Aerial photographs of the Kellett Bluff (top) and Turn Point (bottom) sites in 1965 (left) and 2001 (right). The 1965 photos are from Pacific Aerial Surveys, and the 2001 photos are from the Washington Department of Natural Resources. Scale is not shown, but differs between sites.

1965 2001

1965 2001

Turn

Poi

ntK

elle

tt B

luff

Figure S2. Standardized ring width index (RWI) from 1650-2011, based on 16 Douglas-fir trees

at Kellett Bluff. The dark grey line shows the annual ring width indices, and the red line shows a

running average. The grey polygon behind the lines shows the sample depth. Raw ring widths

are available through the International Tree Ring Databank

(https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo/study/26250).

Figure A1. Ring width indices from 1650-2011. The dark grey line shows the annual ring width indices, and the red line shows a running average. The grey polygon behind the lines shows the sample size.

https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo/study/26250

Table S1. Details of samples obtained from the Kellett Bluff (WKB) site, San Juan Islands,

Washington. Fire history data are available through the International Multiproxy Paleofire

Database (https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo/study/26331).

Site Sample

Number

Live? Full or

Partial?

Crossdated? Notes

WKB 8 Yes Partial No

WKB 9 No Full Yes Was WKB 7? rotten


WKB 15 Yes Partial No 2 pieces

WKB 20 No Full Yes Rotten

WKB 21 Yes Partial Yes 2 pieces

WKB 22 No Partial Yes


WKB 58 Yes Partial Yes


WKB 61 No Full Yes

WKB 62 No Full Yes Rotten

WKB 64 No Full Yes 2 samples

WKB 65 No Full Yes 2 samples; no bark

WKB 66 No Full Yes No sign of cambium

WKB 67 Yes Partial Yes 2 samples (3 pieces)

WKB 69 No Full Yes No bark


Site Sample

Number

Live? Full or

Partial?

Crossdated? Notes

WKB 71 No Full Yes Hollow


WKB Total 19 Yes: 9

No: 10

Partial: 10

Full: 9

Yes: 15

No: 4

Table S2. Details of samples obtained from the Turn Point (WTP) site, San Juan Islands,

Washington. Fire history data are available through the International Multiproxy Paleofire

Database (https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo/study/26332).

Site Sample

Number

Live? Full or

Partial?

Crossdated? Notes

WTP 2 Yes Partial No 2 pieces

WTP 4 Yes Partial No

WTP 9 No Full Yes No bark

WTP 10 No Full Yes Hollow

WTP 14 Yes Partial Yes

WTP 27 No Full Yes Recorded as live in

field, but cross-dating

indicates otherwise




WTP 36 No Full Yes Rotten



WTP 47 Yes Partial Yes

WTP 49 No Partial Yes

WTP 52 No Partial Yes 2 pieces


Site Sample

Number

Live? Full or

Partial?

Crossdated? Notes


WTP 57 No Partial Yes



WTP 60 Yes Partial No 2 pieces; not used

because burned from

inside out

WTP 61 No Full Yes Rotten

WTP Total 21 Yes: 13

No: 8

Partial: 16

Full: 5

Yes: 10

No: 11

Table S3. Marker years between 1650 and 2011, as identified from increment cores obtained

from 15 Douglas-fir trees at Kellett Bluff. Cores were taken from 16 trees, but core HIM_001

was omitted as crossdating was not completed on it. Plain text indicates narrow markers, and

bold text indicates wide markers. Standardized ring widths are shown in Figure S2. Raw ring

widths are available through the International Tree Ring Databank

(https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo/study/26250).

1667

1669

1670

1680

1686

1687

1688

1690

1692

1693

1694

1695

1706

1708

1709

1710

1711

1717

1728

1730

1736

1737

1739

1742

1743

1744

1745

1746

1748

1749

1750

1754

1761

1762

1767

1769

1772

1776

1779

1782

1791

1793

1799

1800

1803

1804

1806

1807

1808

1814

1816

1824

1829

1830

1831

1833

1836

1839

1843

1846

1853


1870

1874

1875

1879

1881

1883

1884

1885

1887

1889

1890

1891

1892

1893

1894

1895

1899

1906

1907

1909

1911

1912

1913

1915

1918

1929

1933

1935

1939

1941

1943

1945

1946

1947

1954

1955

1956

1959

1962

1965

1966

1968

1970

1973

1979

1980

1981

1982

1986

1989

1991

1993

1997

1999

2000

2001

2003

2007

2011

Table S4. We used Superposed Epoch Analysis to evaluate the degree of climate forcing on fire

regimes. We focused on the 30 years when fire was recorded at 2 or more sites (Figure 5) and

related them to Palmer Drought Severity Index (PDSI) as reconstructed for summer (June-

August). PDSI was obtained from NADA (2018) for the period from 1400-2005. Analysis was

conducted using FHAES (Brewer et al. 2016) and tested the year of the fire and annual lags of up

to 6 years prior to each fire. Confidence intervals (CIs) were generated using 1000 simulations;

all CIs include zero and thus were highly non-significant.

Lag Mean Lower Bound of 95% CI Upper Bound of 95% CI

-6 0.05 -3.94 4.04

-5 0.29 -3.58 4.16

-4 0.01 -3.16 3.17

-3 0.49 -3.74 4.71

-2 0.25 -3.17 3.67

-1 0.68 -3.06 4.42

0 -0.83 -3.96 2.30

Literature Cited

Brewer, P.W., Velásquez, M.E., Sutherland, E.K., and Falk, D.A. 2016. Fire History Analysis

and Exploration System (FHAES). Version 2.0.2 [computer software]. Available from

http://www.fhaes.org. [accessed 29 November 2018]

North American Drought Atlas [NADA]. 2018. Available from

http://drought.memphis.edu/NADA/ [accessed 15 November 2018]

http://drought.memphis.edu/NADA/

http://www.fhaes.org/

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