prairie dams: an overvie 101.pdfprairie dams: an overview r. a. (bob) halliday for partners for the...
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Prairie Dams: An Overview
R. A. (Bob) Halliday for
Partners FOR the Saskatchewan River Basin
October 2, 2018
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Slide 2
Outline
History Nation Building Environmental Effects
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Slide 3
A Short History
1867 – Confederation 1870 – Rupert’s Land Sale 1871-1877 – Seven Treaties 1871-1883ff – Dominion Land Survey
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Dominion Land Survey
Slide 4
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Slide 5
A Short History
1867 – Confederation 1870 – Rupert’s Land Sale 1871-1877 – Seven Treaties 1871-1883ff – Dominion Land Survey The CPR – 1882-1883 1894 – North-west Irrigation Act 1905 – Alberta and Saskatchewan 1930 – Resource Transfer Act 1935 – Prairie Farm Rehabilitation Act
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North-west Irrigation Act 1894
First irrigation project 1880 – Fish Creek First water diversion permit 1889 – St.
Mary River Early 1890s – A significant drought June 25, 1894 – First documented
streamflow measurement entirely in Canada
The Act declared all water belongs to the Crown
Slide 6
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Nation Building
Dams for water supply and irrigation Dams for hydro power
Slide 7
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Water Supply and Irrigation
St Mary Canal - 1900 Other diversions Alberta Irrigation Districts Act 1915 Eastend Dam 1904 -1918 – PFRA 1936 St. Mary Dam 1951 – PFRA Gardiner Dam 1967 - PFRA Oldman River Dam 1991
Slide 8
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Hydro Power - Alberta
Prince’s Island 1893 Power Surveys Bow River Basin 1907 Horseshoe Falls 1911 – 14 MW Kananaskis Falls 1913 – 19 MW Brazeau River 1963 – 355 MW
Slide 9
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Horseshoe Falls 1911
Slide 10 Courtesy TransAlta
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Brazeau River 1963
Slide 11 Courtesy TransAlta
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Hydro Power - Saskatchewan
Power Surveys – 1907-1910 – Saskatoon and Prince Albert – La Colle Falls – 1909-1913
Island Falls GS 1930 – CRPC E.B. Campbell Dam - 1963
Slide 12
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Hydro Power - Manitoba
Hydro power for Brandon 1900 Pinawa Dam 1906 – 22 MW Power Surveys
– 1906-1911 Winnipeg River – 1913 – Churchill & Nelson rivers
Winnipeg River Dams – 1920s-1950s Kelsey Dam 1961 – Nelson River
Slide 13
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Minnedosa River Station 1900
Slide 14 Courtesy Manitoba Hydro
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Pinawa Generating Station 1906
Slide 15 Courtesy Manitoba Hydro
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Limestone GS 1992
Slide 16 Courtesy Manitoba Hydro
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Things Change
Opposition to hydropower in BNP – 1920s
W.A.C. Bennett Dam – 1960s Grand Rapids – 1960s Churchill River Diversion MB – 1970s Churchill River SK – 1970s Rafferty/Alameda – 1980s Oldman Dam – 1980s
Slide 17
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Effects of Dams
Flow Regime – Riverine to lacustrine – Ecosystem fragmentation – River regulation
»quantity and timing of peak flows – Enables water withdrawals – Storage or run-of-the-river – In-stream flows or conservation flows
Slide 18
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Water Quantity - Hydro
Slide 19 Courtesy PFSRB
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Water Quantity - Irrigation
Slide 20 Courtesy PFSRB
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Effects of Dams
Sediment and nutrient transport – Nutrients, sediments, and
contaminants bound to sediments are deposited in reservoir
– Decrease in downstream turbidity »effects on biota »channel degradation
Slide 21
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Effects of Dams
Fisheries – Blockage of sediments, nutrients – Reregulation, reduced flood regime – Fish migration, spawning, stranding – Productive reservoir fishery – Productive tailwater fishery
»temperature effects
Slide 22
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Effects of Dams
Ice Processes – Reduced ice jam frequency – Consequences for floodplain
ecosystems
Slide 23
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Effects of Dams
Courtesy Stewart Rood Slide 24
Floodplain Ecosystems
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Conclusions
Dams have been key to economic and social development in prairie Canada
Generally non-controversial until the 1960s-1980s
Environmental consequences are now recognized
Slide 25