pragmatics implicature.pptx

8/18/2019 pragmatics implicature.pptx

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IMPLICATURE


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ENTAILMENT

1. Defnition2. Characteristics3. Classifcation4. Subtyes o! entail"ent


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Defnition

• Defnition 1# E is a relationshi thatalies bet$een t$o sentences%$here the truth o! one i"lies the

truth o! the other because o! the"eanin&s o! the $or's in(ol(e')*o''ar'% 1++,-.

• Defnition 2# An entail"ent isso"ethin& that lo&ically !ollo$s !ro"$hat is asserte' in the utterance./

0ule% 1++


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2. Characteristics

• 2.1 Entail"ent is concerne' $ith the"eanin& o! the sentence itsel!

• 2.2 yony"y in(ol(es entail"ent.

• 2.3 En alies cu"ulati(ely

• 2.4 Entail"ent can also in(ol(e theuse o! 'eter"iners


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3. Classifcation3.1 5ne6 $ay an' t$o6$ay

entail"ent3.1.1 5ne6 $ay entail"ent# The frstsentence entails the secon' but notthe other $ay roun'

3.1.2 Two-way entailment: is theentail"ent that has "eanin&relationshi an' the sentences that

contain "utual entail"ent arearahrases o! each other.


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3. Classifcation3.2 7ac8&roun' an'

!ore&roun' entail"ent

7ac8&roun' entail"ents helin& to

'eter"ine conte9t:ore&roun' entail"ents contributin& to

the "ain oint o! utterance )stress

pattern -


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4. Subtyes o! entail"ent4.1 Assertion

4.1.1 Defnition

A 'eclarati(e sentence tyicallyasserts that a state o! a;air e9ists. Inother $or's% assertion is thecharacteristic o! all 'eclarati(esentences.


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4. Subtyes o! entail"ent

4.1 Assertion4.1.2


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4. Subtyes o! entail"ent4.2


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4. Subtyes o! entail"ent4.2 >5*ATI5N

• The resuosition o! an utterance"ay be cancelle' un'er its

ETENSI5N


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4. Subtyes o! entail"ent4.2


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4. Subtyes o! entail"ent4.3 The relation bet$eenassertion an' resuosition

•


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1. Defnition

• I"licature is a technical ter"%$hich re!ers to $hat is su&&este' inan utterance% e(en thou&h neither

e9resse' nor strictly i"lie'.• Example:

@ohn is "eetin& a $o"an this

e(enin&.FB The $o"an @ohn is "eetin& this

e(enin& is not his "other% his sister

or his $i!e.


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2. Subtypes o implicature

• I"licature inclu'es t$o tyes $hichare conversational implicature an'conventional one.


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2.1. Conversational implicature

• 2.1.1. Defnition

• Con(ersational i"licature# I"lications'eri(e' on the basis o! con(ersational

rinciles an' assu"tions% relyin& on"ore than the lin&uistic "eanin& o!$or's in a sentence.

• A )con(ersationally- i"licates 7 i! it is

the case that utterin& A in a certaincon(ersational conte9t syste"aticallysu&&ests% e(erythin& else bein& eual%that 7 is true. o$e(er% the i"licaturecan be calle' o; )i.e.% cancelle'-.


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2.1. Conversationalimplicature• Example 1:

• Stu'ent A# Do you li8e Lin&uisticsG

• Stu'ent 7# ell% lets Hust say I 'ont Hu" !or Hoy be!ore class.

• FB A as8e' 7 about his !eelin&sabout the class% an' 7 sai' 7 'i'ntcelebrate be!ore the class. It sho$sthe unintereste' !eelin& o! 7 aboutLin&uistics subHect


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2.1. Conversationalimplicature• - Cooperative Principle:• 1. uantity# &i(e the ri&ht a"ount o!

in!or"ation )not too little% not too

"uch-.• 2. uality# try to say only $hat is true)'onJt say that !or $hich you lac8a'euate e(i'enceK 'onJt say $hat you8no$ to be !alse-.

• 3. >ele(ance# "a8e $hat you sayrele(ant to the toic at han'.

• 4. Manner# be clear )a(oi' a"bi&uity%e9cessi(e $or'iness% obscurity% etc.-.


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2.1. Conversationalimplicature• - Implicatures arise from the

interaction of the following 3 factors:

• 1. The roosition actually e9resse'

in the utterance%• 2.


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2.1. Conversationalimplicature• E92# A stan'ar' i"licature

)sea8er is tryin& to obey the rulescon(ersation-.

A# ill Sally be at the "eetin& thisa!ternoonG

7. er car bro8e 'o$n.

FB Sally $onJt be at the "eetin&.

2 1 2 Type o conversonal


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2.1.2. Type o conversonalimplicature

• Con(ersational i"licature inclu'esgeneralized conversationalimplicature an' particularized

conversational implicature.


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• * Generalized conversationalimplicature:

• FNo secial 8no$le'&e is reuire' inthe conte9t

• Faan Bnot sea8ers


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Generalized conversationalimplicature

• E9a"le 4

• O:re' thin8s there is a "eetin&toni&ht.O

• FB :re' 'oesnJt 8no$ !or sure thatthere is a "eetin& toni&ht.

• E9a"le P

• The 7ro$ns $ent to a ar8 outsi'ethe city last $ee8


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• Scalar implicature: is &reater 'etailo! a articular sort o! i"licatures%e9ressin& uantity an' ter"s are

liste' !ro" the hi&hest to the lo$est(alue.


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Scalar implicature:

• Example:

• I ate some of the cae B this sentencei"lies =I 'i' not eat all o! the ca8e/

• In the utterance some of the !o"s wentto the part" % the $or' so"e i"licatesOnot all of the !o"s went to the part" .O

• The $or's none# some% an' all !or" ani"licational scale% in $hich the use o!one !or" i"licates that the use o! astron&er !or" is not ossible.

http://www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsAnImplicationalScale.htmhttp://www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsAnImplicationalScale.htm


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• * Particularized conversationalimplicature:

• FSecial 8no$le'&e is reuire' insecial conte9t in $hich sea8er an'hearer un'erstan' only.

• In another $or'% a articulariQe'

i"licature is a con(ersationali"licature that is 'eri(able only in asecifc conte9t.


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Particularized conversationalimplicature

• E9a"le 1• Rernon# Do you li8e MonicaG

7ill# Shes the crea" in "y co;ee.

• FB 7ills i"licate' "essa&e# yes%"ore than you 8no$• 7ill "ust be sea8in& metaphoricall" %

an' there "ust be a reason !or 'oin&

so. A si"le =yes/ aarently $asntenou&h. es tryin& to tell Rernon thator'inary $or's cant e9ress $hat he!eels !or Monica% so hes usin& a"etahor to in'icate that his !eelin&sare at another le(el.


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2.2. Conventionalimplicature• Example:

• @oe is oor but hay

•FB This sentence i"lies o(ertyan' hainess are not co"atiblebut in site o! this @oe is still hay.

This sentence $ill al$ays necessarily

i"ly =Surrisin&ly @oe is hay insite o! bein& oor/.

pragmatics implicature.pptx

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