Name: ________________________ Class: ___________________ Date: __________ ID: A

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Measurement

Multiple ChoiceIdentify the letter of the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.

____ 1. Since IQ scores are assumed to be normally distributed, an IQ score of 100 would put youa. to the left of the center of the normal curveb. at the center of the normal curvec. to the right of the center of the normal curved. somewhere on the curve, your exact location depending on the performance of others

taking the test with you____ 2. A correlation coefficient of zero describes

a. a positive relationship between two variablesb. a negative relationship between two variablesc. the lack of a relationship between two variablesd. a perfect relationship between two variables

____ 3. Of the following correlation coefficients, the one that would yield the LEAST accurate predictions of one variable based on the other variable would bea. 0.00b. +0.99c. +0.17d. -0.49

____ 4. In order to be diagnosed as mentally retarded, a person would have to score at least _______ standard deviation(s) below the mean score on an IQ test.a. one-halfb. onec. twod. three

____ 5. What percentage of people would we expect to score more than two standard deviations below the mean on an IQ test?a. 2%b. 20-25%c. 50%d. 65%

____ 6. The reliability of a psychological test is practically the same thing as itsa. regression.b. validity.c. standardization.d. repeatability.

Name: ________________________ ID: A

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____ 7. A test claims to measure intelligence. How could you measure the reliability of the test?a. Examine the content of the items to see whether it agrees with standard descriptions of

intelligence.b. Determine whether people who score high on the test are more likely than others to do well

in school.c. Determine whether the mean score and the range are about the same for various groups of

people.d. Give the test repeatedly and see whether each person's scores are consistent.

____ 8. If the questions on a given test accurately represent the information the test is supposed to cover, then we can say that the test has higha. predictive validity.b. concurrent validity.c. content validity.d. utility.

____ 9. A psychologist determines that people's scores on a new test are consistent over time. Those who do well one day also do well on another day. This test has ______ reliability and ______ validity.a. high ... lowb. high ... highc. high ... unknownd. unknown ... high

____ 10. Certain critics of the SAT have argued that the test does not improve predictions of college performance enough to be worth the time, the cost, and the anxiety. That is, they believe the test is low ina. utility.b. validity.c. reliability.d. standardization.

____ 11. Sigmund Freud would have been LEAST likely to make which of the following statements?a. Most behavior is rooted in the unconscious.b. We usually know why we do what we do.c. A great deal of our behavior and thoughts are symbolic of hidden motives.d. We only THINK we have free will.

____ 12. Failure to resolve conflict at a particular stage of psychosexual development may lead to failure to move forward psychologically, a phenomenon that Freud calleda. fixationb. displacementc. reciprocal determinismd. compensation

____ 13. According to lecture, research on the heritability of personality shows that __________ appears to have a surprisingly small impact on personality.a. shared family environmentb. heredityc. unique experiencesd. unconscious motivation

Name: ________________________ ID: A

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____ 14. Research findings indicate that, in general, __________ is fairly consistent across cultures.a. self-monitoringb. the use of defense mechanismsc. conceptions of the selfd. the trait structure of personality

____ 15. You have just taken a test that involved answering pages of questions about your characteristic behavior. You probably responded toa. a projective testb. an intelligence testc. a self-report personality inventoryd. an achievement test

____ 16. Which of the following does NOT belong with the other three?a. Rorschach testb. Thematic Apperception Testc. Dream analysisd. Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Test

____ 17. Which of the following tends to emphasize freedom and personal growth in its view of human behavior?a. the psychoanalytic approachb. the biological approachc. the behavioral approachd. the humanistic approach

____ 18. According to Freud, sexual interest is suppressed during thea. oral stage.b. phallic stage.c. latent period.d. genital stage.

____ 19. Striving for success is to _______ as ancestral symbolism is to _______.a. Adler . . . Jungb. Freud . . . Jungc. Jung . . . Adlerd. Adler . . . Freud

____ 20. According to Alfred Adler, one of the main causes of psychological disorders is:a. repression of sexual fantasies.b. not caring about what happens to other people.c. deficiencies in the collective unconscious.d. not having an inferiority complex.

____ 21. Factor analysis is a technique for answering which of the following questions?a. Do people who like each other have similar personalities?b. Does personality change over time?c. What experiences in early life lead people to develop a particular type of personality?d. How many traits do we need for a parsimonious description of personality?

____ 22. Which two traits do most personality theorists agree have the most powerful effects on our behavior?a. assertiveness and self-disciplineb. neuroticism and extraversionc. conscientiousness and agreeablenessd. openness to experience and extraversion

Name: ________________________ ID: A

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____ 23. Do psychologists believe that children learn major aspects of their personality (such as extraversion vs. introversion) from their parents? What evidence supports their conclusion?a. Yes. Children's personalities become more and more like their parents' until they leave

home, and then they begin to change.b. Yes. Children say that they try to be as much like their parents as possible.c. No. The personalities of adopted children correlate very weakly with that of their adopting

parents.d. No. Most children intentionally rebel against their parents during the teenage years.

____ 24. In several experiments, students in psychology classes have been given a questionnaire that is supposed to assess personality. A few days later, all the students receive an envelope with the same rather vague description of a set of personality traits. The results have shown thata. nearly all the students rejected the statement as not really applying to them.b. nearly all the students are impressed at how accurately the statement describes them.c. most male students viewed the description as accurate, but most females thought it was

inaccurate.d. most extroverts thought the statement was accurate, but most introverts thought it was

inaccurate.____ 25. Professor Who has just devised a new test, but he has not set up any rules for how to administer the test or how

to interpret the results. At this point the test cannot be considered aa. projective test.b. psychological test.c. standardized test.d. personality test.

____ 26. An item on the Stanford-Binet IQ test designated as "age 8"a. has been used for the past 8 years.b. is only given to children who are 8 years old or older.c. is answered correctly by 100% of 8-year-olds.d. is answered correctly by 60-90% of 8-year-olds.

____ 27. The average score at each age on an IQ test such as the Stanford-Binet isa. 95.b. 100.c. 105.d. 110.

____ 28. Why do deaf and foreign-born people get a more fair score on the Raven's Progressive Matrices than they do on the Wechsler or Stanford-Binet test?a. Raven's Matrices measures visual ability and creativity which are not based on culture.b. Raven's Matrices include only nonverbal questions and answers.c. Raven's Matrices accept a wide variety of answers as correct on each item.d. Raven's Matrices measure biologically-derived variables rather than cognitive variables..

____ 29. Spearman inferred the existence of a "g" factor in intelligence because of his evidence that, on the average,a. people who live in prosperous countries do better on IQ tests than those in poorer and less

educated countries.b. each generation of people scores higher on IQ tests than the last generation.c. people who do well on a test of one ability also do well on tests of other abilities.d. high-IQ parents tend to have high-IQ children.

Name: ________________________ ID: A

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____ 30. One possible explanation for Spearman's "g" factor is thata. most of the early IQ tests had very low reliability.b. health and other influences that improve one ability also improve other independent

abilities.c. extra development of one ability decreases the possibility for developing other abilities.d. different parts of the brain develop at different times, depending on different genes.

____ 31. Gardner's theory of multiple intelligences differs most strongly from Spearman's concept of a "g" factor with regard to the answer given to the following question:a. Are all types of intelligence positively correlated with one another?b. Do differences in intelligence depend mostly on differences in heredity or on differences in

environment?c. Which is more important in everyday life, fluid intelligence or crystallized intelligence?d. Do people of various cultures use the same cognitive processes, or do they each use a

different type of cognitive process?____ 32. In analyzing the cognitive processes of intelligence, Sternberg identified the components of encoding

information, drawing inferences, mapping relationships, and applying the knowledge. After developing a test to measure these specific processes he discovereda. all the measures correlated with each other (evidence for g).b. none of the processes could be measured reliably.c. none of the measures correlated with each other.d. strong gender differences suggesting a problem with bias.

____ 33. A ______ is a generalized belief or expectation about a group of people; ______ is a negative attitude about a group of people.a. stereotype ... a prejudiceb. stereotype ... an attributionc. prejudice ... a stereotyped. prejudice ... an attribution

____ 34. The actor-observer effect is the tendency to attribute your own behavior mostly to ______ causes and the behavior of other people mostly to ______ causes.a. real ... imaginaryb. external ... internalc. internal ... externald. imaginary ... real

____ 35. The peripheral route to persuasion, which relies on such factors as a good-looking speaker who raises many points (even though they have little factual or logical basis), tends to be effective whena. the listener is in a bad mood.b. the issue is highly controversial.c. the listener has little interest in the issue.d. the listener already knows much about the issue.

____ 36. A friend asks you to help carry some supplies to the elementary school. When you get there, the principal talks you into staying to tutor a child that afternoon. At the end of the session the principal talks you into joining a weekly tutoring program. This is an example of the ______ technique.a. foot-in-the-doorb. that's-not-allc. self-handicappingd. door-in-the-face

Name: ________________________ ID: A

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____ 37. Research on happy married and dating couples finds that happy couplesa. frequently discuss how much each partner is contributing to the relationship.b. both feel confident enough as individuals to criticize their partners, which in turn fosters

good communication.c. limit negative communication.d. have discussions about daily problems, which helps them bond.

____ 38. One explanation for bystander apathy is that you assume that the other people are not acting because they know something you don't know. This is calleda. diffusion of responsibility.b. pluralistic ignorance.c. social loafing.d. herd mentality.

____ 39. Which of the following would decrease social loafing?a. increase the size of the groupb. make each individual's contribution to the group effort anonymousc. decrease the importance of the task being worked on by the groupd. convince group members that their contribution to the success of the project is unique

____ 40. A group begins to discuss a difficult or controversial issue. Group polarization is most likely to occur if the group membersa. are about equally divided between two positions at the start of the discussion.b. are nearly in agreement at the start of the discussion.c. vote entirely by secret ballot.d. like to argue with each other.

____ 41. Situations like gas wars in which one gas station lowers prices and then other nearby stations must do the same or lose customers are similar to thea. dollar auction.b. prisoner's dilemma.c. commons dilemma.d. door-in-the-face technique.

____ 42. A psychologist conducts an experiment and reports that p < .05. What is the relationship between the value of p and the statistical significance of the results?a. The results are significant if the value of p is very low.b. The value of p has no relationship to the significance of the results.c. The closer p is to .05, the more significant the results.d. The higher the value of p, the more significant the results.

____ 43. To determine whether the difference between two groups is statistically significant, an experimenter will consider three factors. Which of the following is NOT one of those factors?a. the number of participants in each groupb. the size of the difference between the two groupsc. the amount of variability within each groupd. the possible usefulness of the results

____ 44. Which of the following is used in calculating a standard deviation?a. meanb. rangec. moded. median

Name: ________________________ ID: A

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____ 45. The approach to the study of individual differences that seeks general laws about how some aspect of personality affect behavior is the _________ approach.a. idiographicb. big fivec. nomotheticd. idiosyncratic

ID: A

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MeasurementAnswer Section

MULTIPLE CHOICE

1. ANS: B REF: 241 OBJ: 08-11 TYPE: C/A 2. ANS: C REF: 38 OBJ: 02-08 TYPE: C/A 3. ANS: A REF: 38 OBJ: 02-09 TYPE: C/A

KEY: New 4. ANS: C DIF: Correct = REF: 332 OBJ: TYPE: Factual

TOP: Distribution KEY: r = 5. ANS: A DIF: Correct = REF: 332 OBJ: TYPE: Factual

TOP: Distribution KEY: r = 6. ANS: D DIF: Correct = 89% REF: 334

OBJ: TYPE: Definition TOP: Reliability KEY: r = 0.39MSC: WWW

7. ANS: D DIF: Correct = 75% REF: 334OBJ: TYPE: Conceptual TOP: Reliability KEY: r = 0.26

8. ANS: C DIF: Correct = REF: 335 OBJ: TYPE: DefinitionTOP: Validity KEY: r = MSC: WWW

9. ANS: C DIF: Correct = 77% REF: 335OBJ: TYPE: Definition TOP: Validity KEY: r = 0.35

10. ANS: A DIF: Correct = REF: 337 OBJ: TYPE: ExampleTOP: Utility KEY: r =

11. ANS: B REF: 330 OBJ: 11-03 TYPE: CT 12. ANS: A REF: 333 OBJ: 11-05 TYPE: Factual 13. ANS: A REF: 346 OBJ: 11-17 TYPE: Factual 14. ANS: D REF: 347 OBJ: 11-20 TYPE: Factual 15. ANS: C REF: 351 OBJ: 11-22 TYPE: C/A 16. ANS: D REF: 353 OBJ: 11-23 TYPE: CT 17. ANS: D REF: 340 OBJ: 11-12 TYPE: C/A

KEY: SG 18. ANS: C DIF: Correct = REF: 495 OBJ: TYPE: Factual

TOP: Latent Period KEY: r = 19. ANS: A DIF: Correct = REF: 498 OBJ: TYPE: Factual

TOP: Jung KEY: r = 20. ANS: B DIF: Correct = 52% REF: 500

OBJ: TYPE: Factual TOP: Adler's View KEY: r = 0.32 21. ANS: D DIF: Correct = REF: 509 OBJ: TYPE: Conceptual

TOP: Big Five KEY: r = 22. ANS: B DIF: Correct = REF: 509 OBJ: TYPE: Factual

TOP: Big Five KEY: r = MSC: SG 23. ANS: C DIF: Correct = 70% REF: 511

OBJ: TYPE: Conceptual TOP: Heredity KEY: r = 0.50

ID: A

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24. ANS: B DIF: Correct = REF: 515 OBJ: TYPE: FactualTOP: Assessment KEY: r =

25. ANS: C DIF: Correct = REF: 516 OBJ: TYPE: ConceptualTOP: Standardized Tests KEY: r =

26. ANS: D DIF: Correct = REF: 324 OBJ: TYPE: FactualTOP: Stanford-Binet KEY: r =

27. ANS: B DIF: Correct = 95% REF: 324OBJ: TYPE: Factual TOP: Stanford-Binet KEY: r = 0.38

28. ANS: B DIF: Correct = 75% REF: 325OBJ: TYPE: Conceptual TOP: Culture-Reduced KEY: r = 0.38

29. ANS: C DIF: Correct = 80% REF: 326OBJ: TYPE: Factual TOP: Spearman KEY: r = 0.45

30. ANS: B DIF: Correct = 78% REF: 327OBJ: TYPE: Factual TOP: Explanations for g KEY: r = 0.56

31. ANS: A DIF: Correct = 56% REF: 329OBJ: TYPE: Conceptual TOP: Gardner KEY: r = 0.34

32. ANS: A DIF: Correct = REF: 329 OBJ: TYPE: FactualTOP: Sternberg KEY: r =

33. ANS: A DIF: Correct = REF: 534 OBJ: TYPE: DefinitionTOP: Stereotypes KEY: r =

34. ANS: B DIF: Correct = 76% REF: 540OBJ: TYPE: Definition TOP: Actor-Observer KEY: r = 0.33

35. ANS: C DIF: Correct = 87% REF: 544OBJ: TYPE: Factual TOP: Central/Peripheral KEY: r = 0.20

36. ANS: A DIF: Correct = 88% REF: 547OBJ: TYPE: Concheck TOP: Strategies KEY: r = 0.16

37. ANS: C DIF: Correct = REF: 559 OBJ: TYPE: FactualTOP: Save a Marriage KEY: r =

38. ANS: B DIF: Correct = REF: 564 OBJ: TYPE: FactualTOP: Bystander KEY: r =

39. ANS: D DIF: Correct = 84% REF: 565OBJ: TYPE: Conceptual TOP: Loafing KEY: r = 0.12

40. ANS: B DIF: Correct = 66% REF: 565OBJ: TYPE: Conceptual TOP: Polarization KEY: r = 0.40

41. ANS: A DIF: Correct = REF: 569 OBJ: TYPE: ConceptualTOP: Escalation KEY: r = MSC: SG

42. ANS: A DIF: Correct = 59% REF: 59OBJ: TYPE: Conceptual TOP: Inferential KEY: r = 0.37

43. ANS: D DIF: Correct = 81% REF: 59OBJ: TYPE: Conceptual TOP: Inferential KEY: r = 0.23

ID: A

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44. ANS: A DIF: Correct = REF: 64 OBJ: TYPE: FactualTOP: Appendix KEY: r =

45. ANS: C DIF: Correct = REF: 506 OBJ: TYPE: ConceptualTOP: Traits KEY: r =