practice class #3 (#4) 2012-03-13. more clearly last high in a silly way / manner early late in a...
TRANSCRIPT
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ADVERBS AND THE AdvP
PRACTICE CLASS #3 (#4)2012-03-13
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Today …
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… is the day when we finish (off) adverbs and
adjectives!
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WHAT WE FAILED TO DO LAST WEEK
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PAGE 108 – exercise 14
MORE CLEARLY
LAST
HIGH
IN A SILLY WAY / MANNER
EARLY
LATE
IN A MOTHERLY WAY
FIRST
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PAGE 106 – exercise 11 (a,b,c,d)
The Stock Exchange reacted quite calmly.
These almonds taste bitter.
She smiled bitterly.
To a European, Chinese sounds strange.
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PAGE 106 – exercise 11 (e,f,g,h)
The sports committee meets monthly / once a month / on a monthly basis.
Her mother had slapped her hard.
She walks in an ugly way/manner.
You acted in a cowardly way/manner.
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PAGE 107 – exercise 11 (i,j,k,l)
Bob works much harder than Tom.
The play impressed me considerably.
He approaches the subject less scientifically.
She glanced at me slyly.
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NOW JUST ADVERBS!!!THIS IS STILL FROM LAST
WEEK
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page 109 – exercise 16
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“NEW STUFF”: WARM UP
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page 109 – exercise 18 (a-c)
The lecturer spoke too fast for me to (be able to) take notes.
The subject is too difficult for us to go into (it) now.Better: It is too difficult a subjet for us to go into now.
Helen is too outspoken for most people to like her.
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page 109 – exercise 18 (d-f)
He was old enough to be her father.
She was honest enough not to try to deny all responsibility for the accident.
Would you be kind enough to book a room for me?
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INVERSIONS: locative and negative
THEORY AND PRACTICE
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LOCATIVE INVERSION is mainly limited to:◦ Adverbials of place◦ Verbs such as BE, COME, GO, SIT, LIE, STAND
LOCATIVE INVERSION is used to put FOCUS on the subject, which is the most important part of the sentence.
ADVERBIAL +VERB +SUBJECTHere comes the taxiIn the town square stands the market hallUp went the prices
LOCATIVE INVERSION
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To EMPHASIZE A NEGATIVE, we can place it AT THE FRONT OF THE CLAUSE. However, this triggers an obligatory change of word order, i.e. inversion:
She at no time mentioned her earlier marriage.→ At no time did she mention her earlier marriage.
He hasn’t once offered to help.→ Not once has he offered to help.
NEGATIVE INVERSION
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SCARCELY & HARDLY vs. NO SOONER
Scarcely / hardly + PAST PERFECT, WHEN + SIMPLE PAST
Scarcely had I arrived at the station when the train came in.Scarcely had I passed from them, when I found her whom my soul
loveth.
No sooner + PAST PERFECT, THAN + SIMPLE PAST
No sooner had I put the phone down than it rang again.No sooner had I left the house than it started raining.
NEGATIVE INVERSION 2 special cases
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PAGE 110 – exercise 19 (a-d)
Never have I met such a man.
On no account should you sign the document.
Only later did I realize what happened.
Seldom does she invite us to her place.
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PAGE 110 – exercise 19 (e-h)
So terrified was I that I tried to hide under my umbrella.
Bang went the starter’s gun and off went the runners at a good pace.
No other person would I give this to.
Well do I remember Plunger’s look when Ken passed him ten…
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PAGE 110 – exercise 19 (i-l)
So old was the document that we didn’t dare to touch it.
Only in the country can one get really fresh vegetables.
Along the road came Jim.
On a hill outside the town stands the castle.
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PAGE 110 – exercise 20 (a-d)
do I come home in the evening, than I switch on the TV.
did Jane give him the use of her flat, but she lent him…
did we know what she was planning at that time.
had I paid for the gadget, when I regretted spending so…
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PAGE 111 – exercise 20 (e-h)
had they made the announcement, than prices began to rise.
had all my money disappeared, but my clothes had gone as well.
did she say.
in a thousand years would I go there.
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PAGE 111 – exercise 20 (f-h)
had they made the announcement, than prices began to rise.
had all my money disappeared, but my clothes had gone as well.
did she say.
in a thousand years would I go there.
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PAGE 111 – exercise 20 (i-l)
until he apologizes will I go.
hangs a plastic chandelier.
had he lain down, than he heard a strange noise.
had I gone to bed, when the phone started ringing.
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PAGE 111 – exercise 20 (m-n)
he reached the front door, did he discover that he had lost…
would I doubt his integrity.
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COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES AND ADVERBS
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TYPES OF COMPARISON
Comparison of equivalence
Comparison of non-equivalence
to a higher degree
to a lower degree
comparison of
sufficiency
comparison of excess
COMPARISON OF ADJs & ADVs:semantic analysis
Comparative – for comparison between 2 persons, items etc.Superlative – for comparison between more than 2 persons, items, etc.Basis of comparison – either overt or implied
Ana is cleverer/more clever than Jane (is).John is the politest of the students.
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Adjective Phrase with complementation:◦ AP=A+PP John is as tall as Peter.◦ AP=A+clause John is as tall as Peter is.
Adverb Phrase with complementation:◦ AdvP=AdvP+PP I can play tennis much better than Joe.◦ AdvP=AdvP+cl I play tennis much better than he ever
will. Noun Phrases with complementation:
◦ NP=Q+N+PP I have more friends than Bill.◦ NP=Q+N+clI have more friends than Bill does.
Comparative clauses are complement clauses of ADJs, ADVs and Ns used for expressing comparison:
I love you AdvP [more than you think].He is not AP [as clever as she is].She has NP [more friends than you can
imagine].
STRUCTURES USED TO EXPRESS COMPARISON
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page 109 – exercise 17 (a-c)
APComparison of equivalence – to the same extent
Structure: AP = A + Clause
AdvP
Comparison of non-equivalence – to a higher degree
Structure: AdvP = Adv + PP
NP
Comparison of non-equivalence – to a higher degree
Structure: NP=Q+N+PP
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page 109 – exercise 17 (d-f)
AdvP
Comparison of non-equivalence – to a higher degree
Structure: AdvP = Adv + Clause
AP
Comparison of non-equivalence – comparison of sufficiency
Structure: AP = A + Adv + Clause
NP
Comparison of non-equivalence – comparison of excess
Structure: NP = discontinuous AP + Det + Ndicontinuous AP = Adv + A + Clause
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page 109 – exercise 17 (g-i)
AdvP
Comparison of non-equivalence – comparison of excess
Structure: AdvP = Adv + Adv + Clause
AdvP
Comparison of equivalence NOTE: negated comparison of equiv.
Structure: AdvP = Adv + PP
NP
Comparison of non-equivalence – to a higher degree
Structure: Q + N + Clause
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Now, let’s really…
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…finish off ADVs and As!
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SYNTACTIC FUNCTION OF ADVERBS (pg. 99)
SYNTACTIC FUNCTION OF ADVERBS
INDEPENDENT DEPENDENT (PART OF OTHER PHRASES)
ADVERBIAL:He speaks slowly.
MODIFIER:extremely slowvery slowlyrather a messstraight through the wallover ten victims
COMPLEMENT OF PREPOSITION:over heretill thenfrom inside
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INDEPENDENT ADVERBS = ADVERBIALS
ADVERBIALS
INTEGRATED into the CLAUSE STRUCTURE
Primarily NON-LINKING:
Provide speaker’s comment
PERIPHERAL in the CLAUSE STRUCTURE
Primarily LINKING:
connect sentences
DISJUNCTS
CONJUNCTS
ADJUNCTS
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PAGE 108 – exercise 13 (a-k)
DISJUNCTModifier of AdvP
/ADJUNCTCONJUNCT
Modifier of NPModifier of PP
Modifier of APADJUNCTADJUNCTModifier of AP
Modifier of APModifier of NP
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PAGE 108 – exercise 13 (l-q)
Modifier of PPDISJUNCT
Modifier of AP
Modifier of APModifier of NP (such [lovely weather]) OR Modifier of AP ([such lovely] weather)
ADJUNCT /
Modifier of NP
Modifier of AP
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THE ENDActually, to be continued…