[pr] introduction to gas turbines and applications
DESCRIPTION
TURBINESTRANSCRIPT
Rainer KurzSolar Turbines Incorporated
Introduction to
Gas Turbinesand
Applications
Introduction to
Gas Turbinesand
Applications
General Questions to All ManufacturersContentsContents
• How Does it Work?
• Gas Turbine Components
• Gas Turbine Performance
• Gas Turbine Applications
General Questions to All Manufacturers
How does it work?How does it work?How does it work?
This is a Gas Turbine.This is a Gas Turbine.This is a Gas Turbine.
General Questions to All ManufacturersGas Turbine MovieGas Turbine Movie
General Questions to All Manufacturers
1) Compression
2) Combustion
3)Expansion (Turbine)
Output Shaft Power
Output Shaft Power Two ShaftTurbine EngineTwo ShaftTwo ShaftTurbine EngineTurbine Engine
Single ShaftTurbine EngineSingle ShaftSingle ShaftTurbine EngineTurbine Engine
General Questions to All ManufacturersThe “Simple Cycle”The “Simple Cycle”
• Compressor Pumps Air into Combustion Chamber
• Fuel in Gaseous or Liquid Spray Form Injected into Combustion Chamber and Burned
• Continuously Expanding Combustion Products Directed Through Stationary Airfoils
− react against the blades of a turbine wheel, causing the shaft to turn, driving the compressor
• Remaining High Energy Gas Can be Used
− expansion across a nozzle (propulsion)− expansion across another turbine stage (shaft power)
General Questions to All Manufacturers
Simple Cycle Gas Turbines Simple Cycle Gas Turbines as Aircraft Engines and Land Based Prime Moversas Aircraft Engines and Land Based Prime Movers
COMPRESSOR TURBINE
COMBUSTOR
FUEL
AIR IN
EXHAUST GAS OUT
POWER
OUTPUT
COMPRESSOR TURBINE
COMBUSTORFUEL
AIR IN
EXHAUST GAS OUT
NOZZLE
THRUST
HIGH VELOCITYJET
POWERTURBINE
General Questions to All ManufacturersCommonalitiesCommonalities
• Use One or Multiple Compressors• Have Combustor• Use One or Multiple Turbines to Drive
Compressor(s)• Aeroengines Generate Propulsion Either by a
Hot Gas Jet, Driven Fan or Propeller, or Combination
• Industrial Gas Turbines Generate Mechanical Power Using Turbine Driven by Hot Gas
General Questions to All Manufacturers
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Brayton Brayton Cycle (Simple Cycle Gas Turbine )Cycle (Simple Cycle Gas Turbine )
Velo
city
Tem
pera
ture
Pres
sure
Station
1 2 3 5 7
Flame Temperature
General Questions to All Manufacturers
Gas Turbine ComponentsGas Turbine Components
General Questions to All ManufacturersEngine External Components
Industrial Engine on SkidIndustrial Engine on Skid
General Questions to All Manufacturers
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The Compressor SectionThe Compressor Section
• Axial or Centrifugal Flow• Axial Flow
higher efficiency higher flow more stages
• Centrifugal Compressors on smaller engines and some mid-size industrial engines less stages rugged simple
• Driven by the Turbine on a Common Shaft
• Compressor Uses 2/3 of the Fuel Energy That’s why keeping it
efficient (read CLEAN) is so important!
General Questions to All ManufacturersAxial CompressorAxial Compressor
• Airflow Parallel to Rotor Axis
• Air Compressed in “Stages” row of moving blades
followed by row of stationary blades(stators) is one stage.♦ Moving blades impart
kinetic energy♦ stators recover the
kinetic energy as pressure and redirect the flow to the next stage at the optimum angle
General Questions to All ManufacturersAxial CompressorAxial Compressor
• Modern Compressor Designs are Extremely Efficient− gas turbine
performance rating depends greatly on the compressor efficiency
• High Performance Made Possible by Advanced Aerodynamics, Coatings, and Small Blade Tip Clearances
• Even Small Amounts of Deposits on Compressor Blades May Cause Large Performance Losses
Inlet Guide Vane
Rotor Blades(rotating)
Stator Vanes (fixed to case)
General Questions to All ManufacturersThe CombustorThe Combustor
• Also Known as the “Burner”• Must be Compact and Provide “Even Temperature
Distribution of Hot Gases to the Turbine• Three Basic Configurations:
− annular− can− can-annular
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General Questions to All ManufacturersAnnular CombustorAnnular Combustor
Injector
CombustorLiner (requires intensive cooling)
Shaft
General Questions to All ManufacturersCombustor DesignCombustor Design
• Annular− Donut shaped, single,
continuous chamber that encircles the turbine
• Can-annular− multiple, single burners
(“cans”) evenly spaced around the rotor shaft
• Silo or Can− One or more
combustion chambersmounted externalto the gas turbine body
General Questions to All ManufacturersFuel InjectorFuel Injector
• Used to introduce fuel into the combustion chamber.
• Can be for single or dual fuel
• Fuel can be mixed with combustion air either…− in the combustor
(standard combustion system)
− pre-mixed prior to entering combustor( lean pre-mix, DLN (dry-low-Nox), DLE (dry low emissions), (SoLoNOx)
Pre-Mix Barrel
Solar Mars Injector
Standard vs SoloNOx
Standard injector
Dry-Low-NOx injector
General Questions to All Manufacturers
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The TurbineThe Turbine
• Two Basic Types - Radial and Axial− Almost all industrial Gas Turbines use axial flow
turbines• Like the Compressor, Turbine Expansion
Takes Place in “Stages”− a row of stationary blades (nozzles)
followed by a row of moving blades = one stage.
General Questions to All ManufacturersAxial TurbineAxial Turbine
Turbine Nozzle SegmentTwo Stage Axial Turbine
Nozzle
Rotor Blade
Nozzle
Rotor Blade
rotation
rotation
• First Stage Turbine Nozzle Sees the Hottest Temperatures
− Referred to as TIT (Turbine Inlet Temperature) or TRIT (Turbine RotorInlet Temperature)
− Modern engines run TRIT as high as 2200 F (some even higher)
General Questions to All ManufacturersBlade Cooling SchemesBlade Cooling Schemes
COOLING AIR INLET
HOTGASFLOW
HOT GAS FLOW
COOLING AIR
SHOWER HEADFILM HOLES
Film CoolingConvection Cooling
General Questions to All ManufacturersTemperature DefinitionTemperature Definition
TIT TRIT T5
Combustor
1st Nozzle1st Rotor 1st PT Nozzle
Cooling Air Flows
All temperatures are considered total.
General Questions to All Manufacturers
Gas Turbine Performance Characteristics
Gas Turbine Gas Turbine Performance CharacteristicsPerformance Characteristics
General Questions to All Manufacturers
Gas Turbine Performance vs. Ambient Temperature
Gas Turbine Gas Turbine Performance vs. Ambient TemperaturePerformance vs. Ambient Temperature
0100020003000400050006000700080009000
10000
-20 -10 0 10 20 30 40 50
T amb (deg C)
Pow
er, H
eat r
ate
HPHR
General Questions to All Manufacturers
Efficiency at Part Load OperationEfficiency at Part Load OperationEfficiency at Part Load Operation
Gas Turbine Thermal Efficiencyη/ηref versus Load P/Pmax (Typical, for 3 arbitrarily selected industrial engines)
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
50 60 70 80 90 100
Load (%)
Rel.
Ther
mal
Effi
cien
cy (%
)
General Questions to All ManufacturersGas Turbine ApplicationsGas Turbine Applications
General Questions to All ManufacturersIndustrial Applications
General Questions to All ManufacturersGas Turbine Driven Compressor SetGas Turbine Driven Compressor Set
General Questions to All Manufacturers
00
HE
AD
1 UNIT 2 UNITS 3 UNITS IN PARALLEL
SITE POWER AT 75F
FLOW
Operational FlexibilityManaging Varying Demand
Operational FlexibilityOperational FlexibilityManaging Varying DemandManaging Varying Demand
Operating Points in a Compressor Station
General Questions to All Manufacturers
Centaur 50Centaur 50
Gas Turbine Driven Generator Gas Turbine Driven Generator Gas Turbine Driven Generator
General Questions to All ManufacturersApplicationsApplications
• Base Load (Continuous Duty)– Designed to operate 6,000-8,000 hrs per year (more
or less continuously)• Peak Load
– Designed to operate approximately 1,000 hours per year (started during peak power demands, usually about once per day)
• Stand-By– Designed to operate less than 1,000 hours per year
(started if other systems fail)– A “Standby Duty” unit is operated as a backup to, not in
parallel with, a normal source of power. – Typical operation ranges from 50 to 100 hours per year
with one start per week.
General Questions to All ManufacturersBase and Peak Load UnitsBase and Peak Load Units
• Firing Temperature − Output Power− Exhaust
Temperature− Life− Maintenance
intervals/Cost of Maintenance
Output Power
Exhaust Heat
Maintenance Cost
Net Cash Flow
TRIT
Maintenance Interval (hrs)
General Questions to All Manufacturers
Base Load, Peak Load and StandBase Load, Peak Load and Stand--By UnitsBy Units
• Engine Life depends on Firing Temperature(and number of starts*)
– Thus, a peak load unit can be fired at highertemperatures without any design changes
– Higher Firing Temperature means more power, but shorter engine life.
* According to some manufacturers
Questions?Questions?