[ppt]diploma in microbiology mic102 chapter 1 cell · web viewdiploma in microbiology mic102...
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Diploma In Microbiology Diploma In Microbiology
MIC102MIC102
CHAPTER 2CHAPTER 2 Movement In And Out Of Movement In And Out Of
CellCell
Lecturer: Pn Aslizah Binti Mohd Aris06-4832100 / 016-7377621
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Chapter OutlineChapter OutlineDiffusionOsmosis & Active TransportEndocytosis
- Phagocytosis - Pinocytosis
Excocytosis
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DIFFUSIONDIFFUSIONDiffusion is the tendency for molecules to
spread out evenly into the available space.Although each molecule moves randomly,
diffusion of a population of molecules may exhibit a net movement in one direction.
At dynamic equilibrium, as many molecules cross one way as cross in the other direction
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Molecules of dye Membrane (cross section)
WATER
Net diffusion Net diffusion Equilibrium
(a) Diffusion of one solute
Net diffusion
Net diffusion
Net diffusion
Net diffusion
Equilibrium
Equilibrium
(b) Diffusion of two solutes
The
diff
usio
n of
solu
tes a
cros
s a m
embr
ane
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Two mode of diffusions:Two mode of diffusions:1) Simple diffusion2) Facilitated diffusion
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Figure 4.17a
Movement of Materials Movement of Materials across Membranesacross Membranes
Simple diffusion: Movement of a solute from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration
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Figure 4.17b-c
Movement of Materials Movement of Materials across Membranesacross Membranes
Facilitated diffusion: Solute combines with a transporter protein in the membrane
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Substances diffuse down their concentration gradient, the difference in concentration of a substance from one area to another
No work must be done to move substances down the concentration gradient
The diffusion of a substance across a biological membrane is passive transport because it requires no energy from the cell to make it happen
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Figure 4.18a
Movement of Materials Movement of Materials across Membranesacross Membranes
Osmosis: The movement of water across a selectively permeable membrane from an area of high water to an area of lower water concentration
Osmotic pressure: The pressure needed to stop the movement of water across the membrane
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Figure 4.17d
Movement of Materials Movement of Materials across Membranesacross Membranes
Through lipid layer
Aquaporins (water channels)
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Figure 4.18a–b
The Principle of OsmosisThe Principle of Osmosis
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Figure 4.18c–e
The Principle of OsmosisThe Principle of Osmosis
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Effects of Osmosis on WaterEffects of Osmosis on Water BalanceBalance
Water diffuses across a membrane from the region of lower solute concentration to the region of higher solute concentration
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Lowerconcentration
of solute (sugar)
H2O
Higher concentration
of sugar
Selectivelypermeablemembrane
Same concentrationof sugar
Osmosis
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Water Balance of Cells Without Water Balance of Cells Without WallsWalls
Tonicity is the ability of a solution to cause a cell to gain or lose water
Isotonic solution: Solute concentration is the same as that inside the cell; no net water movement across the plasma membrane
Hypertonic solution: Solute concentration is greater than that inside the cell; cell loses water
Hypotonic solution: Solute concentration is less than that inside the cell; cell gains waterCopyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
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Hypotonic solution
(a) Animal cell
Lysed Normal
Isotonic solution
Shriveled
Hypertonic solution
H2O H2O H2O H2O
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Hypertonic or hypotonic environments create osmotic problems for organisms
Osmoregulation, the control of water balance, is a necessary adaptation for life in such environments
The protist Paramecium, which is hypertonic to its pond water environment, has a contractile vacuole that acts as a pump
Video: Video: ChlamydomonasChlamydomonas Video: Video: ParameciumParamecium Vacuole Vacuole
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Filling vacuole 50 µm
(a) A contractile vacuole fills with fluid that enters from a system of canals radiating throughout the cytoplasm.
Contracting vacuole
(b) When full, the vacuole and canals contract, expelling fluid from the cell.
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Water Balance of Cells with Water Balance of Cells with WallsWalls
Cell walls help maintain water balance
A plant cell in a hypotonic solution swells until the wall opposes uptake; the cell is now turgid (firm)
If a plant cell and its surroundings are isotonic, there is no net movement of water into the cell; the cell becomes flaccid (limp), and the plant may wilt
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Hypotonic solution
(b) Plant cell
Turgid (normal)
Isotonic solution
Flaccid Plasmolyzed
Hypertonic solution
H2OH2OH2O H2O
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PlasmolysisPlasmolysisIn a hypertonic environment, plant
cells lose water; eventually, the membrane pulls away from the wall, a usually lethal effect called plasmolysis
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Facilitated Diffusion: Passive Transport Facilitated Diffusion: Passive Transport Aided by ProteinsAided by Proteins
In facilitated diffusion, transport proteins speed the passive movement of molecules across the plasma membrane
Channel proteins provide corridors that allow a specific molecule or ion to cross the membrane
Channel proteins include◦ Aquaporins, for facilitated diffusion of water◦ Ion channels that open or close in response to a
stimulus (gated channels)
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EXTRACELLULAR FLUID
Channel protein
(a) A channel protein
Solute CYTOPLAS
M
Solute Carrier protein
(b) A carrier protein
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Active transport uses energy to Active transport uses energy to move solutes against their move solutes against their
gradientsgradients
Facilitated diffusion is still passive because the solute moves down its concentration gradient
Some transport proteins, however, can move solutes against their concentration gradients
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The Need for The Need for EnergyEnergy in in Active TransportActive Transport
Active transport moves substances against their concentration gradient
Active transport requires energy, usually in the form of ATP
Active transport is performed by specific proteins embedded in the membranes
Active transport allows cells to maintain concentration gradients that differ from their surroundings
The sodium-potassium pump is one type of active transport system
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2
EXTRACELLULARFLUID [Na+] high
[K+] low
[Na+] low [K+] high
Na+ Na+
Na+
Na+ Na+
Na+ CYTOPLASM
ATP
ADP P
Na+ Na+
Na+
P
3
K+
K+ 6
K+
K+
5 4
K+
K+
P P
1
The
sodi
um-p
otas
sium
pum
p: a
spec
ific
case
of a
ctiv
e tra
nspo
rt
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Passive transport
Diffusion Facilitated diffusion
Active transport
ATP
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How Ion Pumps Maintain How Ion Pumps Maintain Membrane PotentialMembrane Potential
Membrane potential is the voltage difference across a membrane
Voltage is created by differences in the distribution of positive and negative ions
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Two combined forces, collectively called the electrochemical gradient, drive the diffusion of ions across a membrane:
◦A chemical force (the ion’s concentration gradient)
◦An electrical force (the effect of the membrane potential on the ion’s movement)
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An electrogenic pump is a transport protein that generates voltage across a membrane
The sodium-potassium pump is the major electrogenic pump of animal cells
The main electrogenic pump of plants, fungi, and bacteria is a proton pump
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Fig. 7-18
EXTRACELLULAR
FLUID H+
H+
H+
H+
Proton pump
+
+
+
H+
H+
+
+
H+
–
–
–
–
ATP
CYTOPLASM
–
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Cotransport: Coupled Cotransport: Coupled Transport by a Membrane Transport by a Membrane
ProteinProteinCotransport occurs when active transport of
a solute indirectly drives transport of another solute
Plants commonly use the gradient of hydrogen ions generated by proton pumps to drive active transport of nutrients into the cell
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Fig. 7-19
Proton pump
–
–
–
–
–
–
+
+
+
+
+
+
ATP
H+
H+
H+
H+
H+
H+
H+
H+
Diffusionof H+
Sucrose-H+
cotransporter
Sucrose
Sucrose
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Bulk transport across the plasma membrane Bulk transport across the plasma membrane occurs by exocytosis and endocytosisoccurs by exocytosis and endocytosis
Small molecules and water enter or leave the cell through the lipid bilayer or by transport proteins
Large molecules, such as polysaccharides and proteins, cross the membrane in bulk via vesicles
Bulk transport requires energy
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ExocytosisExocytosis
In exocytosis, transport vesicles migrate to the membrane, fuse with it, and release their contents
Many secretory cells use exocytosis to export their products
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EndocytosisEndocytosisIn endocytosis, the cell takes in
macromolecules by forming vesicles from the plasma membrane
Endocytosis is a reversal of exocytosis, involving different proteins
There are three types of endocytosis:◦Phagocytosis (“cellular eating”)◦Pinocytosis (“cellular drinking”)◦Receptor-mediated endocytosis
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Phagocytosis & PinocytosisPhagocytosis & PinocytosisIn phagocytosis a cell engulfs a
particle in a vacuoleThe vacuole fuses with a lysosome to digest the particleIn, molecules are taken up when extracellular fluid is “gulped” into tiny vesicles
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In receptor-mediated endocytosis, binding
of ligands to receptors triggers vesicle formation
A ligand is any molecule that binds specifically to a receptor site of another molecule
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PHAGOCYTOSIS
EXTRACELLULARFLUID
CYTOPLASM
Pseudopodium
“Food”orother particle
Foodvacuole
PINOCYTOSIS
1 µm
Pseudopodiumof amoeba
Bacterium
Food vacuole
An amoeba engulfing a bacteriumvia phagocytosis (TEM)
Plasmamembrane
Vesicle
0.5 µm
Pinocytosis vesiclesforming (arrows) ina cell lining a small
blood vessel (TEM)
RECEPTOR-MEDIATED ENDOCYTOSIS
Receptor Coat protein
Coatedvesicle
Coatedpit
Ligand
Coatprotein
Plasmamembrane
A coated pitand a coated
vesicle formedduring
receptor-mediated
endocytosis(TEMs)
0.25 µm
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Movement of Substances Across Movement of Substances Across MembranesMembranes Passive Transport: Cell expends no
energy to move substances down a concentration gradient (high to low concentration)
1. Simple Diffusion2. Facilitated Diffusion3. Osmosis
Active Transport: Cell expends energy from ATP, enabling it to transport substances against a concentration gradient
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Simple Diffusion: The random movements of molecules cause them to spread out (diffuse) from an area of high concentration
to area of low concentration
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Facilitated Diffusion: Carrier protein molecules aid in the
movement of substances through cell membrane from
high to low concentration
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Osmosis: The diffusion of water from an area of
high water concentration to an area of low water
concentration
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Experiments that examine the effects of tonicity on osmosis
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Active Transport: Carrier Protein molecules aid in movement of molecules against a concentration gradient
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Endocytosis and ExocytosisEndocytosis and Exocytosis Eukaryotic cells move substances
by forming membrane-enclosed vesicles
1. Endocytosis: Form by invagination (poking in) and surrounding substances from outside the cell
2. Exocytosis: Vesicles inside the cell fuse with the plasma membrane and extrude contents from the cell
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To be continued…..To be continued…..