ppt imagined communities
TRANSCRIPT
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Reflections on the Origin and Spread of Nationalism-Benedict Anderson
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Contents
I. Introduction
II. Cultural Roots
III. The Origins of National Consciousness
IV. Creole Pioneers
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Contents
V. Old Languages, New Models
VI. Official Nationalism and Imperialism
VII. The Last Wave
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Contents
VIII. Patriotism and Racism
IX. The Angel of History
X. Census, Map, Museum
XI. Memory and Forgetting
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Introduction
Aim:
To offer some tentative suggestions for a
more satisfactory interpretation of the'anomaly' of nationalism.
Topic:Nationality, nation-ness, and nationalism
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Concepts and Definition
Nation: It is an imagined political
community that is imagined as both
inherently limited and sovereign. It is imaginedbecause members will never
know most of their fellow-members, yet in
the minds of each lives the image of theircommunion.
Introduction
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Concepts and Definition
It is limitedbecause it has finite, though elastic
boundaries beyond which lies other nations.
It is sovereign because it came to maturity at astage of human history when freedom was a
rare and precious ideal.
It is imagined as a communitybecause it isconceived as a deep, horizontal comradeship.
Introduction
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Cultural Roots
Changes in the following created the
conditions under which nationalism may have
emerged: THE RELIGIOUS COMMUNITY
THE DYNASTIC REALM
APPREHENSIONS OF TIME
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The Religious Community
Decline of belief that there is a sacred text
that irrevocably embodies truth.
Changes in the religious community gaverise to the belief that nationalism was a
secular solution to the question of
continuity that has been answeredpreviously, by religious faith.
Cultural Roots
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The Religious Community
Cause of the fall:
Effect of the explorations of the non-
European world
Gradual demotion of the sacred language.
Old sacred languages were fragmented,
vernaculars gained popularity.
Cultural Roots
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The Dynastic Realm
The principle of Legitimacy of sacral
monarchy began its slow decline.
Decline of the belief that society wasnaturally organized around and under high
centers-monarchs who ruled under some
form of cosmological dispensation or divineprovidence.
Cultural Roots
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Apprehensions Of Time The idea of a sociological organism moving
calendrically through homogenous, empty
time is a precise analogue of the idea ofthe nation, which also is conceived as a
solid community moving steadily through
history.
Cultural Roots
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Two forms of imagining in Europe, 18th
century: The Novel
The Newspaper
Provided technical means for representing
the nation, an imagined community.
Cultural Roots
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The Origins of National
ConsciousnessCultural consciousness took the form of
nationalism due to the interaction between: a system of production and productive relations
(capitalism)
a technology of communications (print)
the fatality of human linguistic diversity
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Capitalism
The expansion of the book market aided by:
change in the character of Latin
the impact of the Reformation, which led tothe mass production of religious texts
the spread of particular vernaculars as
instruments of administrative centralization
The Origins of National Consciousness
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Print
Print languages laid the foundation for nationalconsciousness by:
creating unified fields of exchange and
communication giving a new fixity to language
they created languages-of-power of a kind
different from the older administrativevernaculars
The Origins of National Consciousness
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Creole Pioneers Creole States: communities that were formed
and led by people who shared a common
language and common descent with those
against whom they fought.
Creole (Criollo)- person of (at least
theoretically) pure European descent butborn anywhere outside Europe.
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Factors Of Latin American Nationalism
the tightening of control on creolecommunities
Liberalism and the Enlightenment
Creole Pioneers
The first nations to conceive nation-ness were not in Western Europe
but in Latin America in the late 18th and early 19th centuries.
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Factors
the improvement of trans-Atlanticcommunication
the willingness of the ''comfortable classes'' tomake sacrifices in the name of freedom
creole functionaries pilgrimage
provincial creole printmen and the rise of thenewspaper
Creole Pioneers
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Old Languages, New Models Onset of the age of nationalism in Europe.
Two striking features:
National print-languages were of centralideological and political importance.
the nation became something capable of
being consciously aspired to from early ondue to the ''models'' set forth by the
Creole pioneers.
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Vernacular print capitalism is important to
class formation, particularly the rise of thebourgeoisie.
The nobility then were potential consumers
of the philological revolution.
As soon as the events of the Americas
reached the European nobility through
print, the imagined realities of nation-states
became models for Europe.
Old Languages, New Models
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Official Nationalism and
Imperialism From about the middle of the 19th C there
developed ''official nationalism'' in Europe. The oligarchys prime models were the self
naturalizing dynasties of Europe.
Official nationalism concealed a discrepancy
between nation and dynastic realm.
Official Nationalism and Imperialism
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The Last Wave The last wave of nationalism was the
transformation of the colonial-state to the
national state facilitated by:
increase in physical mobility
increasing bureaucratization
the spread of modern-style education
The Last Wave
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Official nationalism brought the idea of
''national histories'' into the consciousnessof the colonized.
The Last Wave arose in a period of world
history in which the nation was becoming
an international norm and in which it
became possible to ''model'' nationness in
a more complex way than before.
The Last Wave
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Patriotism and Racism
imagined modeled adapted transformed
Patriotism and Racism
Nation came to be:
Peoples attachment for the invention of their
imagination, why they are ready to die fortheir inventions?
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Nation-ness is ''natural'' in the sense that it
contains something that is not chosen(much like gender, skin color, and
parentage).
Nationalism thinks in terms of historicaldestinies, while racism dreams of eternal
contaminations whose origins lie outside of
history.
Nation was conceived by language, not in
blood.Patriotism and Racism
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The Angel of History Nationalism has undergone a process of
modulation and adaptation, according to
different eras, political regimes, economies,
and social structures.
To limit or prevent wars, nationalism is the
pathology of modern developmental history,
do our slow best to learn the real, and
imagine experience of the past.
The Angel of History
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Census, Map, Museum These three institutions of power profoundly
shaped the way in which the colonial state
imagined its dominion:
CENSUS
MAP
MUSEUM
Census, Map, Museum
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CENSUS
Created ''identities'' imagined by the
classifying mind of the colonial state
The fiction of the census is that everyone isin it, and that everyone has one, and only
one, extremely clear place.
Census, Map, Museum
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MAP
Basis of a totalizing classification.
Designed to demonstrate the antiquity of
specific, tightly bounded territorial units. Served as a logo, instantly recognizable
and visible everywhere, that formed a
powerful emblem for the anticolonial
nationalism being born.
Census, Map, Museum
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MUSEUM
Allowed the state to appear as the guardian
of tradition, and this power was enhanced
by the infinite reproducibility of the symbolsof tradition
Census, Map, Museum
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Memory and Forgetting The 19th century imagining of fraternity,
emerging naturally in a society fractured by
the most violent racial, class and regional
antagonism, show that nationalismrepresented a new form of consciousness.
Selective 'historical' memory and forgettingis an integral part of nation creation.
Memory and Forgetting
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1. How do you understand nation as defined
by Benedict Anderson?
2. What do you think is the significance in the
decline of religious and dynastic influences
in the rise of nationalism?
3. What do you think was the most powerful
factor that led to imaginings that produced a
community, called nation?
4. What is the role of racism in erasing nation-
ness and nationalism?
Discussion Questions: