ppath.ri abstract book 2016...2020/03/09 · ppath.ri abstract book 2016 2 agricultural research...

PPATH.RI ABSTRACT BOOK 2016

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Agricultural Research Center

Administration:

Prof. Dr. Ashraf El Saied Khalil Director of Plant Path. Res. Inst.

Prof. Dr. Mahmoud Ahmed Kamhawy Deputy of Plant Path. Res. Inst.

Reviewers:

Prof. Dr. Salah Mohamed Abdel Momen

Prof. Dr. Mamdouh Abdel Fattah Khalifa

December 2017


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Dedication

To the hard-working

people for a sufficient

and healthy food

إهــــداء

ذللذينذيلذلوناذلجدن اذلعطءن ينن أجلنغلاءنكطفين صحي


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ACKNOWLEDGMENT:

The administration of the Plant Pathology

Research Institute acknowledge all the persons

involved in preparing the 2016 abstract book who

without their support it would not have become a

reality.

Thanks are also due to the authors and heads

of Plant Pathology Research Departments for

their contributions and expertise in collecting the

abstracts of this book. Our gratitude is to all

members of the plant pathology research institute

who gave their time and effort throughout the

process of preparing this abstract book.

Special thanks, of the administration, are to

Prof. Dr. Salah Mohamed Abdel Momen, the

former minister of agriculture and Prof. Dr.

Mamdouh Mohamed Abdel Fattah Khalifa, head

of Onion, Garlic and Oil Crops Diseases Research

Department, for their auditing, reviewing and

comments that greatly improved the edition of

this abstract book.

Director of Pl. Path. Res. Inst. Deputy of Pl. Path. Res. Inst.

Prof. Dr. Ashraf E. Khalil Prof. Dr. Mahmoud A.Kamhawy


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TABLE OF CONTENTS

SUBJECTS Pages

ACKNOWLEDGMENT 5

CEREAL DISEASES 8 - 14

VEGETABLE DISEASES 16 - 19

ONION , GARLIC AND OIL CROPS DISEASES 21 - 27

LEGUME AND FORAGE DISEASE 29 - 37

VIRUSES AND PHYTOPLAZMA DISEASES 39 - 46

FRUIT AND WOODY TREE DISEASES 48 - 49

POST– HARVEST DISEASES 51 - 53

NEMATOLOGY AND NEMATODE DISEASES 55 - 59

COTTON AND FIBER CROPS DISEASES 61 - 62

ORNAMENTAL, MEDICINAL AND AROMATICA PLANT DISEASES 62 - 68

BACTERIAL DISEASES 70 - 72

VARIOUS SUBJECTS 74 - 79

REFERENCES 81 - 87


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CEREAL

DISEASES


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Wheat Diseases:

Ali R.G.; R.I. Omara and Zinap A. Ali (2016). Effect of leaf rust infection on yield and technical properties in grains of some Egyptian wheat cultivars. Menoufia J. Plant Prot, (1): 19 – 35.

Abstract:

Wheat leaf rust disease caused by Puccinia triticina f. sp. tritici; is one of the most

important wheat diseases in Egypt and worldwide. In the present study, four

epidemiological parameters; final rust severity (%) area under disease progress curve

(AUDPC); relative area under disease progress curve (rAUDPC) and rate of disease

increase (r-value) and technical properties were estimated for seven Egyptian bread

wheat cultivars. The highest percentages of final rust severity (FRS); the highest values of

area under disease progress curve (AUDPC); the highest values of relative area under

disease progress curve (rAUDPC) and the highest rates of disease increase (r-value) were

recorded with the cvs. Gemmeiza-7, Gemmeiza-11 and Sids-1 during 2014/15 and

2015/16 growing seasons. Accordingly; they recorded high loss (%) in 1000 kernel

weight; yield/feddan and Egyptian pound (LE). There were a positive relations between

the four parameters under study and loss (%) of yield/feddan; where the relation

between FRS (%) and loss (%) of yield/feddan was the strongest (R2 = 0.994). Therefore;

the loss (%) of yield/feddan could be predicted from FRS (%). Whereas; there were

negative relations between FRS (%) and each of 1000 kernel weight and yield/feddan of

the infected wheat cultivars during the two successive seasons. As for; the physical

properties; the protected plots of wheat cultivars under study recorded the highest

values in the hectoliter and flour extraction comparing to the infected plots of the same

cultivars. On the other hand; protein and ash contents increased in the flour of infected

wheat cultivars compared with the flour of the same protected ones. Also; farinograph

parameters of dough improved slightly for infected cultivars; where values of water

absorption and stability time showed little increase; compared with the same protected

wheat cultivars. Accordingly; baking quality and sensory of balady bread made from the

flour of protected and infected wheat cultivars were slightly increased in layers

separation; crumb texture and odor bread. Thus; it could be concluded that the leaf rust

infection; negatively affected both grain quality and quantity of wheat cultivars under

study.

Keywords: Wheat, Puccinia triticina; AUDPC, yield losses, physical properties, chemical

composition; farinograph parameters, baking quality.

El-Sawy, M. M.; R. I. Omara, and M. A. Ashmawy (2016). Use of natural products as fungicide alternatives against wheat stripe rust and improvement grain crop. Egy. J. Plant Pro. Res. 4 (4): 1-20.


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Abstract:

Three natural materials i.e. allicin, eugenol and fulvic acid were tested for

controlling wheat stripe rust (Puccinia striiformis) due to their effect on disease

components, spore germination, incubation period, latent period and number of

pustules in addition to disease parameters; rust severity (%); area under disease

progress curve (AUDPC), rate of disease increase (r-value) and yield components; i.e.

1000 kernel weight (g) and yield/plot (kg) compared with sumi-8 fungicide. The best

treatments for controlling wheat stripe rust were sumi-8; eugenol and allicin.

Accordingly; there was strong negative correlation (0.895) between effect of treatments

on infection type and incubation period. On the other hand, there were strong positive

correlations (0.726 and 0.987) between effect of treatments on infection type and each

of latent period and number of pustules; where the relationship between infection type

and number of pustules was the strongest one Also, the relations between efficacy (%)

of two sprays treatment and each of increase (%) of 1000 kernel weight (g) and increase

(%) of yield/plot (kg) were better than after one spray. It can be concluded that the

treatments enhanced the yield/plot in addition; the yield/plot was more stable during

2014/15 and 2015/16 growing seasons Also; two sprays were more effective than one

spray in reducing disease severity and increasing the yield components. Therefore; the

results indicated that possible use of such natural products as safe alternatives

treatments that can be used instead of fungicides in controlling rusts to protect the

environment from chemical pollution.

Keywords: Wheat; Puccinia striiformis; alternative materials; inducing resistance

Omara, R.I.; Doaa R.M. EL-Naggar; Nagwa I. Abd El-Malik and H. A. Ketta (2016). Losses assessment in some Egyptian wheat cultivars caused by stripe rust pathogen (Puccinia striiformis), Egy. J. Plant Pro. Res. 4 (4): 1-20.

Abstract:

Seven Egyptian wheat (Triticumae stivum L.) cultivars were evaluated at Kafr EL-Hamam

Agricultural Research Station, Sharkyia governorate, Egypt, to stripe rust disease during

2013/2014 and 2014/2015 growing seasons under artificial inoculation. The evaluation

included disease parameters, i.e. final rust severity (%), area under disease progress

curve (AUDPC), relative area under disease progress curve (r-AUDPC) and rate of disease

increased (r-value) as well as yield components, i.e. estimated and actual percentage loss

of 1000 kernel weight and grain yield/feddan. All tested cultivars; Gemmieza-7,

Gemmieza-9, Gemmieza-10, Gemmieza-11, Sids-1, Sids-12 and Sids-13 showed

significant differences in disease parameters and yield components. Fast disease

development was observed with Sids-12, Gemmieza-11 and Gemmieza-7 cultivars.

Furthermore, they gave the highest values of estimated and actual percentage loss of


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1000 kernel weight and grain yield/feddan compared to the other tested cultivars. On

the other hand; stripe rust development was slow with Gemmieza-10 and Gemmieza-9

cultivars. They gave the lowest values of estimated and actual percentage loss of the

1000 kernel weight and the grain yield/feddan. Accordingly, there were strong positive

relations between disease parameters and yield components during the two seasons.

The relation between FRS (%) and estimated loss (%) of 1000 kernel weight and grain

yield/feddan was more stable than AUDPC, rAUDPC andr-value. Therefore, it can be

concluded that the loss (%) of yield/feddan can be predicted from FRS (%). Moreover,

the financial analysis gave evidence to the importance of chemical control application in

all cultivars against stripe rust disease particularly with Sids-12, Gemmieza-11 and

Gemmieza-7. It seems that these results are reasonable for the explanation of economic

threshold obtained from fungicide applications against stripe rust disease in wheat fields

in Egypt.

Keywords: Triticum aestivum, Puccinia striiformis; AUDPC, yield losses, financial analysis

Sallam Minaas; W. M. El-Orabey and R. I. Omara (2016). Seedling and Adult Plant Resistance to Leaf Rust in Some Egyptian Wheat Genotypes. African journal of agricultural research 11 (4):247-258 ·

Abstract:

Leaf rust of wheat caused by Puccinia triticina Eriks. is one of the most

widespread disease in Egypt. In this study, thirteen Egyptian wheat genotypes were

evaluated for leaf rust resistance at seedling stage under greenhouse condition and adult

plant stage under field conditions over three growing seasons that are, 2011/2012;

2012/2013 and 2013/2014 and three locations that are, Itay El-Baroud and Nubariya

Agricultural Research Stations as well as the Farm of the Faculty of Agriculture, Minufiya

University, Shibin El-Kom. The tested wheat genotypes were classified into three groups

according to their resistance. The first group; race-specific resistant genotypes including

Shandweel 1, Misr 1, Misr 2, Sids 12 and Sids 13 showed the lowest values of final rust

severity (FRS %) and area under disease progress curve (AUDPC). The second group,

slow-rusting or partially resistant genotypes including Sakha 94, Gemmeiza 9, Giza 168,

Sakha 95, Gemmeiza 10 and Gemmeiza 11, displayed low level of FRS and AUDPC. The

third one which includes Gemmeiza 7 and Sids 1, showed the highest values of FRS and

AUDPC. Postulation of leaf rust resistance genes was differed between the tested

genotypes. Results indicated that Sakha 95 and Sids 12 may have seven resistance genes.

Moreover, Gemmeiza 10 may has five genes and Misr 1 may has three genes. While,

Giza 168, Sids 1, Misr 2 and Shandweel 1 may have two genes. The wheat genotypes

Gemmeiza 11 and Gemmeiza 12 may have only single gene. Also, all the tested wheat

genotypes may contain some additional genes.In contrast; the wheat genotype Sakha

94; Gemmeiza 7, Gemmeiza 9 and Sids 13 did not have any of the tested genes.

https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Walid_El-Orabey2

https://www.researchgate.net/researcher/2091811946_Omara_RedaI

https://www.researchgate.net/journal/1991-637X_African_journal_of_agricultural_research




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Barley Diseases:

Moustafa, Nabila A. (2016). Use of proten electrophoresis for qualitative and

quantatve differentiation of powdery mildew (Blumeria graminis) disease severity on

barley genotypes. J. Plant Prot. and path.; Mansoura Univ.; 7 (1): 59 -68.

Abstract:

Ten barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) genotypes lines originated from International

Barley Germplasm Pool (IBGP) and (Nile valley Red Sea Regional Program (NVRSRP).

International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Area (ICARDA); Aleppo; Syria;

and the five commercial varieties; Giza 123; Giza 124; Giza 125; Giza 126 and Giza 2000

were evaluated for (Blumeria graminis f.sp. hordei) powdew mildew resistance. The

genotypes were tested at the seedling stage with to differential islates of powdery mildew

and at adult stage under Egyptian conditions during 2012/2013 growing season. Lines

LB-lran and F16-1-KF showed the resistance to all isolates and lowest ratings of disease

severity of 18.75 and 20.13% respectively; while the remaining lines showed intermediate

ratings resistance to isolates and disease severity ranging from 39.06 to 46.88%. The

commercial varieties showed that about of resistant to all isolates ranging from 6.25 to

43.75% and highest ratings of disease severity ranging from 64.06 to 85.94%. Giza 2000

is the best commercial variety for resistant to isolates and lowest of the disease severity

was 43.75 and 64.06% respectively. Proteins of different genotypes were separated by

sodium dodecy sulphate- polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS_PAGE) from healthy

and diseased plants at adult stage. Two bands with MW 70 and 24 KDa were found only

in healthy plants of resistant genotypes and absent from susceptible genotypes. These

protein markers could be used to qualitatively differentiate between resistant and

susceptible genotypes. Linear regression analysis constructed one factor model to predict

powdery mildew severity. This model indicated that a protein with MW 71 KDa

accounted for 63.19% of the total variation in severity ratings. This result indicates that

SDS-PAGE of plant proteins may provide a supplementary assay to field tests to

distinguish quantitatively between powdery mildew resistant or susceptible genotypes.

Keywords: Blumeria graminis; Hordeum vulgare; powdery mildew; barley and

electrophoresis.

El – Nawawy; M.; Nabila A. Moustfa and and Shereen Phillip (2016). Efficacy of some ecofriendly inducers in controlling barley net blotch. Agric. Chem and Biotechn.; Mansoura Univ.; 7 (6): 153 – 161.

Abstract:

The antifungal activity of resistance inducers ; Mono potassium phosphate

(KH2PO4); Chitosan clay Nano composite (ccnc); Humic acid (HA); Sodium meta silicate

(Si) Si were tested in controlling Pyrenophora teres anamorph : Drechslera teres the

causal organism of net blotch disease of barley . The evaluation was carried out at barley


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adult plant stages using two rowed hulled Giza 127; Giza 128 and six rowed hulls Giza

129 and Giza 130 in greenhouse and open field conditions at two locations; Itay El-

Baroud and Sakha agricultural Research stations in Behaira and Kafr Elsheik

Governorates; Egypt in 2013/ 14 growing season. Under artificial inoculation in

greenhouse all concentrations of the four tested inducers were significantly reduced on

disease severity (DS) Chitosan clay Nano composite (ccnc) ; Mono potassium phosphate

(KH2PO4); Humic acid (HA) and Sodium meta silicate(Si) respectively compared with the

control. The highest correlation was observed between DS and peroxidase; 1; 3-

glucanase after 15 days. Under field condition there was similar result of greenhouse.

Spraying barley plants of the studied varieties with the tested inducers showed

significantly correlation between disease severity and each of thousand kernel weight

(TKW); plot weight; total protein; total lipids; total fiber; crude ash and total

carbohydrates compared with the control. It is worth mentioning that six rowed hulls

barley Giza 129 and Giza 130 were more responsive to the positive effects of inducers

compared with two rowed hulled barley Giza 127 andGiza 128 .

Keywords: barley; Pyrenphorateres; antifungal activity; inducers; net blotch.

Shalaby; E. M.; M. Bader; Rana El–Essawy (2016). Potential impacts of some

promosing antagonistic fungi and daconil fungicide in controlling barley net blotch

disease caused by Drechslera teres. Egy. J. Plant Pro. Res.; 4(2):15 – 38.

Abstract:

Fungicidal effects of some antagonistic fungal isolates and the fungicide Daconil

against Drechslera teres; the pathogenic fungus of net blotch disease of barley cultivar

Giza 2000 were examined. Pathogenicity of four pathogenic isolates was tested and

proved that D. teres R1 was the most severe. Trichoderma viride; T. koningii and

Epicoccum purpurascens were the most antagonistic isolates of the pathogenic fungus.

Mycelium growth of D. teres R1 was totally suppressed due to use 160 ppm of Daconil;

with lower IC50-value of 9.14 ppm under laboratory conditions. In two disease spot

regions of El-Gemmeiza and Sakha; field trials were carried out. Foliar spraying of barley

plants by T. koningii or Daconil was found to be the superior treatments causing equal

reduction of disease incidence into 16.66 and 11.11 %; each compared to 87.50 and

94.44 % for control in El-Gemmeiza and Sakha; respectively. As well as; AUDPC and

disease severity were also sharply decreased due to both superior agents. Potentials of

other tested control agents were varied and seemed to be less magnitude. A close link

between efficiency of the superior agents and enhancement of some plant growth and

grain yield parameters were resulted.

Keywords: Drechslera teres; antagonistic fungi; Daconil; Barley net blotch.


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Rice Diseases:

El – Wahsh; S. M.; Y. Z. El – Refaee; A. A. Emeran and R. A. Arafa (2016). Genetic

diversity of rice blast fungus populations (Pyricularia grisea) using molecular markers.

J. Agric. Chem and Biotechn.; Mansoura Univ.; 7 (3): 57 – 65.

Abstract:

Pyricularia grisea fungus which causing rice blast disease is one of the main

pathological races threats to rice crop in Egypt and worldwide. Thirty isolates out of

known 144 strains of this fungus were selected according to geographical locations.

Isolates of P. grisea; were analyzed by SSR markers to determine the amount of genetic

variability among these races. Sixteen primers out of 26 were amplified and produced a

total of 83 alleles. Number of alleles per marker ranged from 3 for C7-1.4; P9-0.4 and P9-

1.9 to 9 for H6-0.8-5 primer; with an average of 5.2. The polymorphi cinformation

content (PIC) values were high for all markers with an average of 0.70 and ranged from

aslow as 0.51 for C7-1.4 to high of 0.83 for H6-0.8–5 marker. UPGMA-cluster-analysis

based on genetic distance coefficients clearly separated all isolates of P. grisea. The

results showed that the studied isolates were classified into 4 lineages by cutting off the

dendrogram at 0.70 similar linkage levels. Group D was the major group and represented

most of those isolates. The average similarities within cluster was greater than the

average similarities between clusters. In general; the results of this investigation

confirmed that microsatellite markers would be useful and suitable for determining the

genetic diversity in P. grisea populations.

Keywords: riceblast; genetic diversity; Pyricularia grisea; PCR; SSR.

Elamawi; Rabab M.; S. M. Bassiouni; W. M. Elkhoby and B. A. Zayed (2016). Effect of

zinc oxide nanoparticles on brown spot disease and rice productivity under saline soil.

J. Plant Prot. and Path.; Mansoura Univ.; Vol.7 (3): 171– 181.

Abstract:

The present study investigates the effect of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO-NPs)

on rice plants growth and their role in management of brown spot disease caused by the

causal agent Helmenthosporium oryza. The antifungal activity of ZnO-NPs (20 to 35 nm

particle size) was evaluated at different concentrations. Spores germination percentage;

colony formation and sporulation of H. oryza were reduced at concentrations 25 and 50

ppm; in vitro. The greenhouse results showed that seed soaking treatment and foliar

spray 5 day before inoculation (DBI) of ZnO-NPs leaded to reduce infection percentage of

brown spot without significant difference between ZnO-NPs concentrations. Foliar spray

2day spost-inoculation (DPI) with the lower concentrations 10 and 25 ppm of ZnO-NPs


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were able to reduce infection percentage of brown spot. Under field conditions; During

2013 and 2014 seasons at El-sirw Agriculture Research Station; Dammietta; Egypt; rice

varieties Giza 177; Giza 178 and Giza 179 under ZnO-NPs level (0; 10; 20 and 30 p p m) as

foliar spray twice at mid tillering and panicle initiation stages were evaluated.

Application of ZnO-NPs at level 20 ppm effectively reduced brown spot disease severity

and discolored grains of all tested varieties. The studied rice varieties were varied in their

growth; yield attributes; grain yield and brown spot severity whereas Giza 178 and Giza

179 had good performance under ZnO-NPs treatments. Therefore both Giza 178 and

Giza 179 had showed significant salt toleranceat 20 ppm of ZnO-NPs. The performance

of Giza 177 as a salinity-sensitive variety was improved at 20 ppm ZnO-NPs. The all ZnO-

NPs treatment positively improved rice growth; yield attributes; rice grain yield and

brown spot severity over control treatment. Finally; ZnO-NPs can be used as future

“nanofertilizers”.

Keywords: Nanofertilizer; Zinc Oxide; Helmenthosporium oryza; Oryza sativa; L.


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VEGETABLE

DISEASES


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El – Batal; A. I.; Nagwa M. Sidkey; A. A. Ismail; Rawhia A. Arafa and Rasha M. Fathy (2016). Impact of silver and selenium nanoparticles synthesized by gamma irradiation and their physiological response on early blight disease of potato. J. of Chem. and Pharma. Res.; 8 (4): 934 – 951.

Abstract:

Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) were prepared by two methods: biologically using

Trichoderma viride cell free supernatant and chemically with polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP)

using gamma irradiation. The antimicrobial activity of AgNPs was evaluated in the field

against Alternaria solani which cause early blight disease of potato. Disease severity;

vegetative and biochemical parameters of plant were determined. AgNPs were

characterized by UV-Vis spectroscopy; FT-IR spectroscopy; Dynamic Light Scattering

(DLS) and Transmission electron microscope (TEM). AgNPs had a mean diameter (12.7

nm) using biological method and (23 nm) with chemical method. Application of AgNPs

150 μg/ml + K2SO4 (2%) as plant foliar resulted in highly effective inhibitor of disease

severity that recorded (8.39 %) compared to the untreated plants (86.17 %) after 75 days

of sowing. Also; a significant increase in growth and physiological parameters was

recorded. Accumulation of Ago in plant tissues reached minimum value. Selenium

nanoparticles (SeNPs) 0.5 μ g/ml; ascorbic acid 300 μ g/ml and K2SO4 (2%) reduced

disease severity (9.81 %) significantly. SeNPs 0.5 μ g/ml; AgNPs 150 μ g/ml and K2SO4

(2%) showed disease severity (12.63%) but all plant parameters were improved including

physiological parameters and yield. It is concluded that the application of AgNPs and

SeNPs are recommended as plant foliar for controlling plant pathogen and improving

plant yield.

Keywords: Silver and selenium nanoparticles; potato; early blight disease; gamma irradiation.

Ismail A. A.; Nagwa M. Sidkey; Rasha M. Fathy and A. I. El – Batal (2016). Evaluation of In vitro antifungal activity of silver and selenium nanoparticles against Alternaria solani caused early blight disease on potato. British biotechnology journal 12 (3) 2231 – 2927.

Abstract:

Aim: This study investigated the effect of silver and selenium nanoparticles on

Alternaria solani; the pathogenic fungus causing early blight disease of potato. Place and

Duration of Study: Drug Radiation Research Department; National Centre for Radiation

Research & Technology (NCRRT); Atomic Energy Authority; Cairo; Egypt; 2013.

Methodology: The fungus was isolated from infected potato leaves that showed brown

circular spots as early blight disease symptoms. Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) were

prepared biologically using gamma irradiated Trichoderma viride cell free supernatant.

Selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs) were prepared by glutathione method. The synthesized


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AgNPs were characterized by UV-Vis spectroscopy; Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS) and

Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM). Kocide® fungicide was used as reference.

Results: The fungus isolated of leaf spot was identified both microscopically and

genetically as Alternaria solani causing early blight disease of potato. AgNPs were

spherical in shape with average size of 12.7 nm. Selenium nanoparticles were prepared

by glutathione as reducing agents. Under laboratory conditions; 25 µg/ml concentration

of silver nanoparticles completely inhibited A. solani as compared to Kocide®; fungicide

that gave maximum inhibition at 600 µg/ml. The selenium nanoparticles completely

inhibited the fungal growth at 800 µg/ml. Conclusion: AgNPs completely inhibited the

growth of A. solani at low concentrations. Silver nanoparticles might be suitable

alternative to chemical fungicides. While; SeNPs can be used as antioxidant for

enhancing plant immunity.

Keywords: Potato, Alternaria solani; early blight, silver and selenium nanoparticles, antifungal.

Ismail A.M.; T.A. Essa; S.M. Kamel; G. Perrone (2016). First report of Curvularia spicifera causing leaf spot on tomato (Solanum lycoperscium L.) In Egypt. Journal of Plant Pathology; 98; 3: 679.

Abstract:

In summer of 2014; brown to black necrotic lesions surrounded by yellow haloes

were observed on leaves of tomato plants cultivated in Behira governorate. Isolation was

made from 3−5 mm2 pieces of lesions margins onto potato dextrose agar (PDA) after

surface disinfected using 0.5% NaOCl. The examined morphological features (colony and

conidia) were reminiscent of Curvularia spicifera as described by Jeon et al. (2015). The

identity was further confirmed by DNA amplification and sequencing of the

glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (gpd) and second largest subunit of RNA

polymerase II (rpb2) gene regions using the same primer sets used in the study of

Madrid et al. (2014). Sequences of gpd and rpb2 were deposited in GenBank under

accession Nos. KU133371 and KU133372; respectively; and revealed similarity 100% to

(KC928089) and 99% to (HF934818) of C. spicifera. Koch’s postulates were further

confirmed using surface disinfected leaves cv. Super strain-B wounded by sterile needle.

Approximately 3-mm2 of colonized PDA plugs of 7-days-old cultures were placed on the

wounded sites. Control leaves and fruit were wounded and inoculated with sterile PDA

plugs. Tomato leaves were placed at room temperature (28−30°C) and 80% of RH. Five

days later; brown circular necrotic lesions (2-3 mm2) were developed on the inoculated

leaves. The control leaves showed no symptoms. Re-isolation from infected tissues

http://www.sipav.org/main/jpp/index.php/jpp/article/view/3684



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revealed C. spicifera and its identity was morphologically confirmed. To our knowledge

this the first report of C. spicifera (Bainier) Boedijn causing leaf spot on tomato in Egypt.

Muhanna, Naglaa A. S.; T. A. Essa; Manal A. H. El – Gamal and S. M. Kamel (2016). Biocontrol efficacy of free and formulated arbuscular mycorrhiza; Trichoderma viride and Pesudomonas fluorescens for controlling tomato (Solanum lycopersicum Mill.) root rot diseases. Egyptian journal of biological pest control; 26(3): 477 – 486.

Abstract:

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF); Trichoderma viride and Pseudomnas

fluorescens alginated inside polymeric matrix (alginate) were used to compare the

efficacy of this formula with the free form ones for controlling root rot diseases in

tomato plants (Solanum lycopersicum Mill) caused by Rhizoctonia solani; Fusarium solani

and Macrophomina phaseolina. In vitro; a dual culture technique showed that T. viride

and P. fluorescens had individual inhibition patterns towards the three fungi. T. viride

had the maximum antifungal activityagainst the three phytopathogens compared to P.

fluorescens; where; the highest radial growth inhibition action of T. viride (66.7 %) was

occurred against M. phaseolina. Data also revealed that both alginated and free form of

P. fluorescens and alginated formula of T. viride had the maximum antifungal activity

against R. solani and exhibited the least disease severity; compared to the action of AMF

bioagent. Both alginated and free forms of P. fluorescens were more efficient in

controlling the disease severity of F. solani. Likewise; both alginated and free forms of T.

viride possessed the strongest effect on the reduction percentage of M. phaseolina

disease severity; recording 57.8 and 55.2%; respectively; where; insignificant differences

were recorded between the effect of T. viride and the fungicide VitavaxT application

against M. phaseolina. On the other hand; the fungicide Vitavax -T surpassed over any

other bioagents on controlling the disease severity of the three pathogenic fungi (mixed

form). Otherwise; the alginated formula had the superiority over the free form to

secrete chitinase enzyme for all tested bioagents; and the highest activity was attained

with T. viride. The high action of T. viride was reflected also on the growth parameters

and macro - elements content (N; P and K) in tomato plants. Generally; the action of

alginated capsules containing either P. fluorescens or T. viride was considered to be

effective as bioagents in almost more than the free form ones against soil pathogens and

could have a potential biofertilizer effect; since they stimulated the growth and the yield

of tomato plants.

Keywords: Biological control; Arbuscular Mycorrhizal fungi; Trichoderma viride; Pseudomnas fluorescens; Antagonism; Tomato.

Zayan, Sahar A.M. (2016). Control of charcoal rot disease of okra plants using certain chemical plant resistance inducers. Journal of Phytopathology and Pest Management 3(2): 35-47; 2016.


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Abstract:

This study was aimed to determine the efficacy of certain chemical inducers on

incidence of charcoal rot disease caused by Macrophomina phaseolina (Tassi) in okra

okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L.) under greenhouse and field conditions. Pathogenicity

of 12 isolates of Macrophomina phaseolina was carried out on okra under greenhouse

conditions. These isolates capable to infect okra plants caused charcoal rot on the basil

stem with various degrees of diseases severity. Isolate No. 3 caused the highest charcoal

rot severity (70.15%) followed by isolate No. 6 (58.69%). The positive effect of four

inducer chemicals; i.e salicylic and ascorbic acids at concentrations 50; 100; 200 ppm;

Benzothiadiazole (Bion) at 200; 400; 800 ppm and humic acid at 500; 1000; 2000 ppm on

the induction of systemic resistance in okra against charcoal rot disease and its effect on

growth parameters and green fruit yield components were studied. In vitro, all tested

chemical inducers able to suppress growth of M. phaseolina. The highest decrease in

linear growth of M. phaseolina was noticed with Bion at concentration 800 ppm

(66.96%). Under greenhouse conditions; all the tested chemical inducers significantly

decreased charcoal rot severity at all concentrations compared with control. The

reduction of charcoal rot in okra was enhanced by increasing chemical inducers

concentration. Ascorbic acid was the most effective chemical inducers as they greatly

retarded charcoal rot caused by M. phaseolina especially at the higher concentration

(200 ppm).While, salicylic acid at 50 ppm recorded the lowest protection of charcoal rot

severity. Under field conditions; the percentages of charcoal rot severity were

significantly reduced due to soaking the seeds before sowing in any of chemical inducers

in both trial seasons (2013 and 2014). The most effective inducer was humic acid at 2000

ppm (84.44 and 85.65% reduction of charcoal rot severity); followed by ascorbic acid at

200 ppm (79.79 and 79.28% reduction of charcoal rot severity) in the first and the

second growing seasons; respectively. Also; these treatments significantly increased

growth parameters i.e. plant height and number of branches plant-1 as well as; green

fruit yield parameters i.e. number of green fruit plant-1; weight of green fruit plant-1

(gm); and total green fruits (ton/acre). Generally; humic acid gave the best results in all

growth and green fruit yield parameters under field conditions especially at higher

concentration (2000 ppm).


20

ONION, GARLIC AND

OIL CROPS DISEASES


21

Azzam, Clara R. and M. M. A. Khalifa (2016). Peanut mutants resistant to aflatoxin induced through gamma ray and somaclonal variation and its associated genetic molecular markers. Proceedings of the IRES 26th International Conference; Paris; France; 30th January 2016; ISBN: 978-93-85973-07-9.

Abstract:

Regeneration protocol for peanut has been established through this

investigation. Seeds of eight peanut varieties: Giza-5; Giza-6; Ismailia-1; Sohag-104;

Sohag-110; R-92; Virginia and Gregory were irradiated with five gamma ray doses: 0; 50;

100; 200 and 300Gy; then developed Calli were evaluated under the culture filtrate of

the aflatoxigenic fungi in Lab. The resistant R0 plantlets were transferred to greenhouse

to acclimatization process. Evaluation of R1 and R2 populations were done under

artificially infestation conditions with aflatoxigenic fungi: Aspergillus flavus and A.

parasiticus. CMPM-2; CMPM-6 and CMPM-8 were three newly developed mutants that

presented a highly resistant to aflatoxin contamination compared to the parental

varieties. Ten RAPD primers and seven ISSR primers across the eight peanut varieties and

three newly developed resistant mutants were used to genetically characterize of the

eleven genotypes.

Index Terms: Arachis Hypogaea, Aflatoxin Contamination, Mutation Induction, Molecular Genetic Markers.

Abolmaaty S.M. and S. B. M. Fawaz (2016). Effect of vermicompost treatment and EM1 on onion white rot disease. Global Journal of Advanced Research, 3(8): 658-669.

Abstract:

Effects of vermicompost, Effective microorganisms (EM1) and the combination

between vercompost and EM1 were applied to manage white rot of onion caused by

Sclerotium cepivorum Berk. under greenhouse and field trials at Mallawy Agric. Res. St.,

Menia Governorate. The recommended fungicide Folicure 25% EC (tebuconazole 25%)

was used as comparison. All treatments under investigation either under greenhouse or

field conditions reduced the percentage of infection by white rot of onion compared

with untreated plants. The combination between vermicompost and EM1 under

greenhouse or open field conditions was more effective in reducing the disease more

than single treatments. From other hand, all treatments under investigation increased

the all assessment parameters i.e., onion bulb yield, plant height, no. of leaves/plant,

bulb diameter, fresh and dry bulb weight compared with untreated plants.

Vermicompost treatment at the rate of 5 ton/fed combined with EM1 treatment was the

best treatment for increasing onion bulb yield more than control and Folicure treatment.

Keywords: Effective microorganisms, EM1, Sclerotium cepivorum, vermicompost and

white rot of onion.


22

Ahmed, Hoda A.M.; Susan A. Sayed; Fatma A. Farghaly and Abeer Radi (2016). Induction of resistance in safflower plants against root- rot and wilt diseases by ascorbic acid and thiamine. Journal of Phytopath. and Pest Management, 3 (3):24 -34.

Abstract:

The ability of thiamine (vitamin B1) and ascorbic acid to induce resistance against

root rot and wilt disease in safflower cultivar Giza1 infected with Fusarium verticillioides

was studied under laboratory and greenhouse conditions. Infection with F. verticillioides

caused clear reduction in growth parameters (fresh and dry weight of plants; total

photosynthetic pigments); soluble sugars and free amino acids comparing with healthy

plants. In addition it induced the highest accumulation of proline content. On the other

side; soaking with two levels of thiamine and ascorbic acid caused reduction in the

infected safflower plants and increased dry and fresh weight contents especially in

shoots than roots comparing with the infected plants with F. verticillioides. Thiamine

concentrations (1; 3 mM) induced the highest stimulating effect on total pigments. The

induction of resistance by ascorbic acid and thiamine was associated with some

biochemical changes in safflower cultivar by reduction of proline content; enhancement

of soluble sugars and free amino acids; this may be relate to reduce the disease and

increase plant growth.

Amin M. M.; S. B. M. Fawzy and S. I. M. Shalaby (2016). Supprssion effect of vermicompost tea on onion white rot. Assiut Journal of Agric Sci. (47) 1– 6: 87 -99.

Abstract:

Vermicompost tea (VCT) was used at the rate of 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 ml/pot under

greenhouse and 3, 6, 9, 12 and 15 L/fed under field conditions at Mallawy Agric. Res. St.;

Menia Governorate to study the possibility of controlling onion white rot caused by

Sclerotium cepivorum Berk. The recommended fungicide Folicure 25% EC (tebuconazole

25%) was used as comparison. Under greenhouse conditions VCT applications at the rate

of 5L/fed three or four times with irrigation water gave the best reduction of onion

white rot with 30.0% infection; while the fungicide Folicure gave 10.0% infection

compared with 70.0% infection at non-treated plants. In field experiments all treatments

reduced the percentage of infection compared with non-treated plants. The best

treatment in reducing onion white rot was VCT at the rate of 15 L/ fed four times with

irrigation water that gave 20.0% infection; while the fungicide Folicure gave 8.3%

infection. From other hand VCT treatment at the rate of 15L/fed four times with

irrigation water increased onion yield; plant height; no. of leaves/plant; onion fresh and

dry weight more than all other treatments even Folicure treatment. Also; all VCT

treatments increased total count of soil bacteria; fungi and actinomycetes more than

control.

Keywords: Onion white rot; Sclerotium cepivorum and vermicompost tea.


23

Amin, M. M.; S.B.M Fawaz and Karima G. Helmy (2016). Induced onion plants resistance against Sclerotiom cepivorum Berk. Mediated through salicylic acid and Sil- Matrix 29%SL. J. Plant Prot. and Path.; Mansoura Univ.; (11) 7: 707-715.

Abstract:

Salicylic acid (SA) and Sil-Matrix 29% SL (SM) (potassium silicate, potassium salt of silicic

acid) used to manage white rot of onion caused by Sclerotium cepivorum Berk. at the rate of 1, 2

and 3mM of SA and 1.5, 3 and 6ml/L of SM as seedlings dipping followed by foliar spry by the

same concentrations at 6 and 12 weeks from transplanting under greenhouse and open field

conditions. Folicure 25% EC (Tebuconazole 25%) was used as comparison. All treatments

reduced white rot infection compared with non-treated plants either in greenhouse or field. SA

at the rate of 3mM gave the best reduction where it gave 35.0% and 26.0% infection under

greenhouse and field respectively. The best treatment of SM was 6ml/L which gave 45% and

38.2% infection under greenhouse and field respectively. Compared to non-treated plants, all

treatments increased onion yield, bulb weight, and plants height. SA at the rate of 3mM gave

144.3% and 160.4% increase in yield and bulb weight respectively, while SM at the rate of 6ml/L

gave 24% as best increase in plants height. Soluble protein, free amino acids, reducing sugars,

phenolic compounds, peroxidase and polyphenol oxidase activity increased after dipping while it

varied after spraying.

Keywords: Salicylic acid, Sil-Matrix, Silicon, Onion white rot, Sclerotium cepivorum.

Amro, A. M. A. and Hoda A.M. Ahmed (2016). Physiolological and anatomical studies on certain peanut cultivars and genotypes in relation to infection with root rot disease. .J. of Phytopathololgy and pest Management 3(2): 48-59.

Abstract:

Three peanut varieties namely Giza 6, Giza 5 and Grgury and four peanut genotypes (China, Zambia, Israil and Maxic) were tested for their resistance to root rot disease under greenhouse and field conditions in soil infested with Fusarium solani and Macrophomina phaseolina. Giza-5 was highly susceptible to these fungi gave the highest percentage of infection whereas Giza-6 was moderately susceptible but Grgury was moderately resistant. The four genotypes recorded ranges between moderately resistant and moderately susceptible. The free amino acids, soluble proteins, soluble sugars, water content and photosynthetic pigments were mostly higher in healthy plants than in infected ones and in the resistant peanut varieties or genotypes than the susceptible ones. Histological study as response of plants to fungal infections induced structural defenses. The stem anatomical characters such as secondary and primary xylem areas, phloem areas, the secondary fibers between the vascular bundles and whole vascular bundles area were represented. The cambium layer reduced in infected plants compared to uninfected plants. The larger xylem area was noticed in Grgury stems. The largest phloem and whole vascular bundles areas were in Giza 6. Proportioning the secondary xylem length of the roots in percentages to the whole section radius revealed a unique behavior of Grgury while the minimum percentage was for Giza 5. Also, Grgury showed higher xylem vessels thickness than the others.


24

El-Saidy, Aml E.A. and K. M. Abd El-Hai (2016). Effect of some Evaporation Matters on Storability of Sunflower ( Helianthus annuus L.) Seed . Pakistan Journal of Biological Sciences; 19: 239-249 .

Abstract:

Background and Objective: This study focuses on finding compounds that are safe

to humans and environment; such as propionic and acetic acids that may provide an

alternative control of seed-borne pathogens and decrease seed deterioration during

storage. The objectives of this study were to reduce sunflower seed deterioration and

improve the viability of sunflower seed using environmentally safe organic acids .

Materials and Methods Propionic and acetic acids were applied on sunflower seed at

different concentrations under laboratory conditions during different storage periods.

After 6 months storage period; the viability of sunflower seed as well as morphological

and physiological characteristics of seedlings were evaluated under greenhouse

conditions. Laboratory experiment was conducted in a factorial completely randomized

design and randomized complete block design for greenhouse experiment. Results:

Propionic and acetic acids at different concentrations showed inhibitory effects on the

presence of different fungal genera in all storage periods. Propionic acid was most

effective followed by acetic acid. Increasing storage periods from 0-6 months

significantly decreased germination percentage, ermination energy, seedling characters;

survived healthy seedlings and seed oil and protein percentages but dead and rotted

seeds; as well as rotted seedlings were increased. Treating sunflower seeds with

propionic acid (100%) improved germination criteria; seedling characters and seed

chemical characters as well as survival seedlings and minimized the dead seeds; rotted

seeds and rotted seedlings as compared with the control under all storage periods.

Under greenhouse conditions; the maximum growth parameter and physiological

characters (chlorophylls a, b, carotenoids and total phenols) were recorded from seed

treated with 100% propionic acid after 6 months of storage .Conclusion :It may be

concluded that propionic and acetic acids vapors can have considerable fungicidal

activity against sunflower pathogens and improve seed viability. Therefore, it is

recommended using 100% propionic acid to reduce deterioration and seed-borne

pathogens of sunflower under storage conditions.

Khalifa M. M. A., Noher A. Mahmoud and N. M. Abou-Zeid (2016). Management of onion bulb rots during storage using pre- and post- harvest control treatments. Egyptian J. Phytopathology, 44: (2). Accepted for puplication.

Abstract:

Bulb rot diseases such as black mould, basal rot, neck rot and bacterial soft rot

attack onion bulbs during storage and causing losses in onion bulb weight. Black mould

and bacterial soft rot recorded the highest considerable diseases incidence during three

and six months of storage at 2014/2015 and 2015/2016 seasons, followed by basal rot.

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25

While, neck rot recorded the least incidence in this respect. Most of foliar spraying with

fungicides as pre-harvest treatment plus biocides as post-harvest treatment significantly

decreased these bulb rots. The most effective combinations in reducing incidence of

bulb rots were Bio Nagi plus King star, Acrobat Mancozeb, Ridomil gold plus, or Antracol,

respectively, and Bio Arc combined with Acrobat Mancozeb or Antracol, respectively.

Reductions (%) in onion bulbs weight during storage periods, resulted from rots

infections, were significantly minimized using most of the combination treatments (pre-

plus post-harvest) tested.

Mahmoud; E. Y.; M. M. Ibrahim; Fatma; A. Mostafa and Zeinab N. Hussien (2016). Integration of Bacillus subtilis with some essential plant for the control of onion white rot. Egypt. J. Agric. Res.; 94 (3); 2016: 591-608.

Abstract:

Greenhouse and field experiments were conducted in 2013/2014 and 2014/2015

to study the effect of Bacillus subtilis; when applied as soil treatment in combination

with different concentrations of essential plant oils as dipping treatment on onion white

rot infection. Oils of cumin; cardamom and thyme were tested at five concentrations

(0.25%; 0.50%; 1%; 2% and 4%) on the linear growth of Sclerotium cepivorum isolates.

Cumin oil had the strongest inhibitory effect on linear growth followed by thyme.

Reduction in linear growth increased by increasing concentration of the tested plant oil.

Under artificial and natural infection conditions in greenhouse and field trials; B. subtilis

combined with different concentrations of essential plant oils were significantly effective

in reducing incidence of onion white rot; compared with untreated control. Also;

treatments increased fresh and dry weight under greenhouse conditions as well as

increased onion bulb yield in field trials. Generally; cumin oils followed by thyme with B.

subtilis gave the highest percentage of apparent healthy plants as well as the highest

efficacy in reducing onion white rots compared to other treatments except fungicides

treatment (Trust EW 25). The superior treatments were obtained by cumin at 2% with B.

subtilis and it was the nearest treatment to fungicides effect in reducing of onion white

rots incidence.

Keywords: Sclerotium cepivorum; Bacillus subtilis; bioagent; cumin; thyme; cardamom; biological control; essential plant oils and fungicides .

Mahmoud, E.Y.; Zeinab N. Hussien, M.M. Ibrahim., and M.A. Abdel-Gayed (2016). Compatable between chemical inducers and Amistar Top fungicide for controlling onion downy mildew and purple blotch diseases. Egyptian J. Phytopath., 44: (2). Accepted for puplication.

Abstract:

Three chemical inducers salicylic acid (SA), bion and indol butyric acid (IBA) at

different concentrations were applied under field trials to control onion downy mildew


26

and purple blotch and study their effectiveness on onion bulb yield during two

successive seasons (2014/2015 and 2015/2016). Chemical inducers were used as a foliar

treatment only as well compiled with Amistar Top SC 32.5% (Azoxstrobin +

difenoconazole) as a dipping for onion transplants in permanent field. Recommended

fungicide Amistar Top was the best treatment recorded the highest percentage efficacy

in reducing downy mildew and purple blotch diseases severity compared to other

treatments. Treatment with chemical inducers showed a significant reduction of downy

mildew and purple blotch severity and increased onion bulb yield. In this respect, the

highest reduction in disease severity and increase in onion bulb yield were detected with

IBA at 200 ppm treatments followed by bion treatment during the two growing seasons.

In general, disease severity of downy mildew and purple blotch showed more reduction

when onion transplants were dipped in the fungicide before planting. Spraying with IBA

at 200 ppm on onion plants treated their transplants by dipping in fungicide tested was

the best treatment in reducing downy mildew and purple blotch diseases severity

followed by bion treatment at 8 mM. Increase the concentration of the chemical

inducers caused more reduction in disease severity of both downy mildew and purple

blotch diseases. Data clearly indicated that phenolic contents (free, conjugated, and total

phenols) and activity of the oxidative enzymes (peroxidase, polyphenol oxidase and

catalase) were affected by the three tested concentrations of any chemical inducer. But,

applying fungicide as a dipping treatment with different concentrations of chemical

inducers had no significant effect on increasing the phenolic contents or the activity of

oxidative enzymes in leaves of onion plants during the two growing seasons, 2014-2015

and 2015-2016.

Keywords: Allium cepa L, Peronospora destructor (Berk) Caspary, Alternaria porri (Ellis)

Ciferri, Chemical control.

Saleh F. E. M.; Hoda A.M. Ahmed and K. M.H. Abd-El- Moneem (2016). Efficacy of essential oils from three medicinal and aromatic plants in controlling wilt disease of roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa L.). Scientific J. Flowers & Ornamental Plants, 3 (2): 95-105.

Abstract:

Roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa L.) is one of the most important medicinal plants.

Root rot and wilt disease of roselle attack both seedlings and adult plants. In this study;

the isolation and identification of the pathogen associated with root rot and wilt

symptoms of roselle in Assiut were studied. The efficacy of essential oils from three

plants; sweet basil (Ocimum basilicum var basilicum L); marjoram (Majorana hortensis L.)

and peppermint (Mentha piperita); Bush at three concentrations (0.5%; 1% and 2%)

were tested against the most aggressive Fusarium isolate in vitro; as well as evaluation in

vivo. Our results showed that all tested isolates; Fusarium moniliform, F.solani and three


27

isolates of F. oxysporum (No 1; 2 and 3) were pathogenic to roselle plants while the

highest pathogenicity was caused by F.oxysporum No.3 followed No.1. In vitro; the three

tested oils were found to have an inhibitory effect against the growth of the pathogenic

fungus; the highest inhibition in fungal growth was observed at 2% of marjoram and

peppermint (2.23 and 2.00cm inhibition zone respectively). Under open greenhouse

conditions; results of seed coating with the three essential oils under study suppressed

infection with pathogenic F. oxysporum. Marjoram and peppermint were the most

effective oils in reducing disease incidence; 0.5% concentration demonstrates the best

protection of roselle seeds against F.oxysporum. Obvious growth and yield (plant height

(cm); number of branches and calyces/plant; weight of fresh calyces and

sepales(g)/plant; weight of dry sepals(g)/plant as well as acidity% and total anthocyanin

content (mg)of dry sepales) were significantly higher at all treatments than non treated

infected plants. All the concentrations of tested oils significantly increased yield; acidity

and anthothyanin content of dry sepales compared to control treatment. 0.5% of

marjoram and of peppermint and 2% of basil were the most effective concentrations in

decreasing disease incidence in addition to increasing the quantity and quality of roselle

yield.

Shalaby, Sh. I. M.; S. Shalaby and M. M. Amin (2016). Survey of some fungal diseases

on garlic plants at East Delta governorate of Egypt. Zagazig J. Agric. Res., 43 (3): 27-37.

Abstract:

A survey of pink root; Stemphylium blight and powdery mildew as a new fungal

diseases of garlic were conducted in 60 garlic fields at different localities of four

governorates at East Delta region in Egypt; during 2013/2014 and 2014/ 2015 growing

seasons. Pink root disease caused by Pyrenochaeta terrestris was found of Seds-40 garlic

cv. than of Balady one. The disease was appeared after 120- 130 days from planting in

natural infested soil. The occurrence of garlic pink root disease was widely prevalent in

Ismailia; followed by Suez and Sinai; while Skarkia showed the least percentage of

infection Stemphylium blight disease caused by Stemphylium vesicarium Wes found in

both garlic cvs. (Balady and Seds–40). Outbreake of Stemphylium blight disease is severe

in Seds–40 garlic cv. than of Balady one. The disease was appeared after 50- 60 days

from planting in natural infested soil and increased gradually; and then remained

constant during January – February. The disease was widely prevalent in Ismailia;

followed by Sharkia and Suez; while Sinai showed the least infection. Powdery mildew

disease caused by Levillula taurica was found of Seds -40 garlic cv. than of Balady one.

The disease appeared after 90 - 100 days from planting in natural infested soil. The

occurrence of garlic powdery mildew disease was widely prevalent in Sinai; followed by

Ismailia and Suez; while Sharkia showed the least infection.

Keywords: Fungal diseases; garlic; survey.


28

LEGUME AND

FORAGE DISEASES


29

Abada, K. A; A. M. A. Ashour; K. M. M. Morsy and Amany M. F. Attia (2016). Role of blue-green algae in managing damping-off and charcoal rot diseases of bean.

International Journal of Scientific and Engineering Research, 7(5):109–116.

Abstract:

Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) is a very important legume crop in Egypt for local

consumption and exportation. Many soil-borne pathogenic fungi can infect bean roots;

from those Macrophomina phaseolina (Tassi) Goid; the causal of damping-off and root-

rot (charcoal-rot). Ninety nine fungal isolates representing six fungal species were

isolated from bean diseased roots and stems showing the typical symptoms of damping-

off; root- rot; wilt and stem- rot diseases. The isolated fungi were purified and identified

as Aspergillus niger; Fusarium oxysporum; F. solani; Macrophomina phaseolina; Pythium

debaryanum and Rhizoctonia solani. All the isolated fungi; except A. niger were

pathogenic and caused different degrees of damping-off when used to test their

pathogenic potentialities using Nebraska bean cv. Data indicated clear variations in

respect to the ability of the tested fungi to attack bean. Severe symptoms were

appeared on plants grown in soil infested with each of R. solani; F. solani; M. phaseolina.

In this study; blue-green algae were used as bioagents against the pathogenic fungi.

Culture filtrate of the 3 blue green algal species; i.e. Spirulina platensis; Nostoc

muscorum; Anabaena flos-aquae was used to test its effect on M. phaseolina; the causal

of charcoal - rot in vitro and in the greenhouse. It was observed that the tested

concentrations of the three cynaobacterial filtrates resulted in significant inhibitory

effect to the fungal growth of M. phaseolina. The reduction in the linear growth was

increased gradually by increasing the concentration of the filtrate. In addition; the tested

cyanobacteria significantly reduced the infection by M. phaseolina and improved crop

parameters of bean plants.

Keywords: Bean; blue green algae; Macrophomina phaseolina; bioagent; damping- off;

root -rot and management.

Abd El-Hai, K. M.; M. A. El-Metwally and Naglaa T. Mohamed (2016). Hydrogen Peroxide and Acetylsalicylic Acid Induce the Defense of Lupine Against Root Rot Disease. Plant Pathology Journal, 1812-5387.

Abstract:

Isolation of pathogenic fungi from both cultivars of diseased lupine was carried

out in five districts of Dakahlia governorate. The high frequency isolated fungi presented

in Temi El-Amdeed followed by Bani-Ebeed district .Fusarium solani and F. oxysporum

proved to be the most dominate isolated followed by Rhizoctonia solani . In greenhouse;

Giza 1 was high susceptible cultivar for infected with root rot pathogenic fungi .

Sclerotium rolfsii followed by R. solani then F. solani were the most aggressive damping-


30

off disease. In the field experiment; Giza 2 cultivar was the best in germination% and

more tolerant of damping-off than Giza 1. The application of Rhizolex-T50 followed by

H2O2 at low concentrate (0.50 mM) showed a highest percentage of germination within

lowest percentage of damping-off. With considerable that; no significant differences

between Rhizolex-T50 and low concentrate of H2O2 .The high photosynthetic pigments

and phenolic content were obtained from the application of acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) at

moderate concentrate (15 mM) in both cultivars. Giza 2 gave the highest values in these

parameters. Soaking both cultivars of lupine seeds in both tested materials increased

significantly growth parameter; yield components and seed quality. The moderate

concentration of ASA (15 mM) was the most effective followed by the low concentration

of (H2O2 50.0 mM). The data suggested that the application of H2O2 at 0.50 mM and ASA

at 15 mM as seed soaking could be considered as fungicide alternatives for controlling

lupine root rot disease as well as improve growth and productivity .

Abd EL-Hai K.M.; M. S. Elhersh and M. K. Mahmoud (2016). Incidence of Soybean Root and Stalk Rot Diseases as a Result of Antioxidant and Biotic Agents . Biotechnology, 15: 52-64.

Abstract:

Background and objectiv : Soybean is currently infected by soil-borne fungi;

which cause shortage in yield productivity and seed quality. Wherein, the application of

bioagent became urgent demand to avoid the side effect of agrochemicals. The aim of

study is to investigate the incidence of soybean rot diseases and how to alleviate the

causal pathogens of disease . Methodology : Infected soybean samples with typical

symptoms of root and stalk rot diseases were collected and the causal fungal pathogens

were isolated and identified; i.e. Fusarium solani, Rhizoctonia solani and Macrophomina

phaseolina . Antioxidant (benzoic; citric and salicylic acids) and biotic agents ( Bacillus

subtilis and Saccharomyces cerevisiae )were used as control agents against fungal

pathogens .Results :The cultivar Giza 111 was more susceptible to fungal pathogens that

cause pre and post damping-off compared to the another one. Interestingly, low

concentration of antioxidants showed to be more active compared to higher

concentration; however; both Bacillus subtilis and Saccharomyces cerevisiae showed

more active at the higher doses. As well as; the plant heights and branches numbers

increased significantly among treatments with both antioxidants and biotic agents in

both seasons and cultivars. Seed quality including protein, oil and phosphorus

percentages showed increasing as the result of parameters under study .Conclusion :

Biotic agents; i.e. B. subtilis and S. cerevisiae; as well as; antioxidants were effective in

decreasing pre and post damping-off; increasing plant height and branches number.

Seed quality was increased as the result of all treatments.

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Abdel-Monaim M. F.; M. M. Mazen and Marwa A. M. Atwa (2016). Effect of Cyanobacteria on Reducing Damping-off and Root Rot Incidence in Lupine Plants; New Valley Governorate; Egypt; British Microbiology Research Journal, 16(2): 1-14.

Abstract:

This study was conducted to investigate the suppression effect of four

cyanobacteria species viz. Nostoc muscorum; Oscillatoria agardhii; Spirulina platensis

and Anabaena sphaerica; against Rhizoctonia solani; Fusarium solani and Macrophomina

phaseolina as the causal agent of lupine damping-off and root rot diseases under

greenhouse and field conditions. Cyanobacterial secondary metabolites have a diverse

antagonistic activity that lead to disintegration of microbial growth. All cyanobacteria

were significantly suppressed of the tested pathogenic fungi in vitro. The reduction in

the linear growth of the tested fungi was differed depending of type of solvent extract.

Acetone extract of O. agardhiiwas recorded the highest growth reduction of all tested

pathogenic fungi. Contents of indoleactetic acid (IAA); total phenol and flavonoid

compounds and protease enzyme activity showed an increase in the extracts of N.

muscorum; O. agardhii than the extracts of S. platensis and A. sphaerica. Also; acetone

extract of all tested cyanobacteria was recorded the highly secondary metabolites than

methanol and water extracts. Treated lupine seeds (cv. Giza 1) with any of the

cyanobacteria extracts before sowing results significantly reduction of damping-off and

root rot incidence compared with untreated seeds under pot and field conditions. On

the other hand; treating lupine seeds with cyanobacteria extracts increased plant growth

and yield parameters during both growing seasons (2014-2015 and 2015-2016). In

general; O. agardhii followed by N. muscorum highly reduced damping-off and root rot

incidence both in pot and field experiments as well as increase of growth (pant height

and No. of branches plant-1) and yield parameters (No. of pods plant-1; No. of seed plant-

1; seed index (gm) and total yield fed.-1 (Kg) in field. Also; acetone extract more effective

in this respect than methanol or water extracts.

Abdel-Monaim, M.F. (2016). Salicylic acid and Pseudomonas fluorescens as safe control means against Rhizoctonia solani in guar (Cyamopsis tetragonoloba (L.) Taub.), Egypt. J. Phytopathol., 44 , (1): 25-47.

Abstract:

Nineteen isolates of Rhizoctonia solani were found to be associated with root rot

symptoms of guar plants collected from different fields located at New Valley

Governorate; Egypt. All the obtained isolates were able to attack guar plants (cv. Local)

causing damping-off and root rot diseases. Rhizoctonia solani isolate No. 8 (RG8) was the

most virulent one in the pathogenicity tests. Salicylicacid (SA) and Pseudomonas

fluorescens (PF) were examined individually or in combination in vitro and in vivo for

controlling damping-off and root rot as well as growth promotion of guar plants. Activity

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of defense-related enzymes; including peroxidase (PO); polyphenoloxidase (PPO);

phenylalanineammonia lyase (PAL); pathogenesis related (PR) protein (chitinase and β

1;3 gluconase); were also studied in inoculated and non-inoculated guar plants treated

with SA and P. fluorescenc either individually or in combination; during the experimental

period.

Abdel-Monaim M. F. (2016). Efficacy of secondary metabolites and extracellular lytic enzymes of plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) in controlling fusarium wilt of chickpea. Egypt. J. Agric. Res., 94 (3), 2016 573 P.

Abstract:

Plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) and its metabolic products may play a pivotal role in controlling wilt disease in chickpea plants caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. ciceris and promote plant growth under greenhouse and field conditions. The obtained data indicated that both PGPR strains viz. Bacillus subtilis and B. megaterium were able to produce indole acetic acid (IAA), siderophore, hydrogen cyanide (HCN), extracellular compound and volatile antibiotics in vitro. In addition, both PGPR strains produced mycolytic enzymes viz. chitinase, β-1, 3-glucanase and protease in growth media. Bacillus megaterium produced greater amounts of secondary metabolites than B. subtilis. Under laboratory conditions, cell cultures, culture filtrates, metabolic precipitates with acetone, ethanol and ammonium sulfate inhibited mycelial growth of the target pathogen and the percentage of inhibition varied from 26.07 % to 48.82 %. Bacillus megaterium inhibited mycelial growth more than B. subtilis. Also, the metabolic precipitate significantly suppressed mycelial growth of pathogen more than cell cultures or culture filtrates and the ethanol precipitate was the most inhibitive. Under greenhouse and field conditions, both PGPR strains used as seed soaking in cell cultures, culture filtrates and/or metabolic precipitates significantly reduced area under wilt progress curve (AUWPC) compared with untreated seeds (control). B. megaterium was more efficient for controlling wilt disease in chickpea than B. subtilis and the metabolic precipitates reduced AUWPC more than cell cultures or its filtrates. Ethanol precipitate recorded the highest reduction of AUWPC either under greenhouse or field conditions. Using cell cultures, cultures filtrates and metabolic precipitates of both PGPR strains significantly increased growth parameters (plant height and number of branches per plant), yield components (numbers of pod and seed /plant, weight of 100 seed, total yield / feddan and protein content in seeds) compared with untreated seeds (control) during growing seasons 2013-14 and 2014-15 under field conditions. Ethanol precipitate of B. megaterium or B. subtilis recorded the highest growth parameters and yield components in both growing seasons. Generally, metabolic precipitation recorded the best results for controlling wilt disease under greenhouse and field conditions and improved plant growth and increased yield components more than cell cultures or culture filtrates of both tested PGPR strains.

Keywords: Chickpea, Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. ciceris, HCN, Growth parameters and yield components, IAA, Mycolytic enzymes, PGPR, Secondary metabolic, Siderophores.


33

Atwa, Marwa A.M. (2016). Induction of resistance against damping-off and root rot diseases in faba bean Arab Univ. J. Sci. (24): 555 – 578.

Abstract:

Faba bean (Vicia faba L.) seeds cv. Misr1 were treated with Bion (5 mM); salicylic

acid (5 mM) as chemical inducers as well as Paenibacillus polymyxa and Trichoderma

harzianum as biotic inducers to study their effect on the infection with Rhizoctonia solani

and Fusarium solani f. sp. fabae under greenhouse and field conditions. Under

greenhouse conditions (Agricultural Research Centre; Giza) all treatments induced

reduction in the percentages of pre- and post-emergence damping off caused by R.

solani or F. solani f. sp .fabae compared to untreated control. The highest percentage of

survived plants was achieved from the inducer Bion (92 % and 88%) compared with

untreated control (40% and 36%) in the presence of R. solani or F. solani f. sp .fabae

respectively. Meantime; there was no significant difference between the Bion and the

fungicide Rizolex –T (3 g/Kg seeds) treatments. However; all treatments caused

significant increase in the figures of plant height; shoot and root dry weight; nodules

number/plant and nodules dry weight over the control treatment grown in infested soil

by R. solani or by F. solani f. sp. fabae .The highest values of all growth parameters

under study were recorded on faba bean plants check (healthy plants) grown in

disinfested soil followed by Bion and Rizolex –T treatments in the presence of R. solani or

F . solani f. sp .fabae. There was no significant difference between Bion and Rizolex-T

treatments with exception of nodules number and nodules dry weight /plant in the

presence of R. solani . On the contrary; there was significant difference between Bion

and Rizolex-T treatments with exception of plant height in the presence of F. solani f. sp .

fabae. Under field conditions at Giza (Giza Governorate) and Etay El-Baroud (El- Behira

Governorate) Agricultural Research Stations during winter season 2013-2014; all the

treatments significantly decreased the percentage of pre- and post-emergence damping-

off and increased the percentage of survived plants compared with untreated control in

two locations with exception of post-emergence percentage figures at Giza Agricultural

Research Station. Regarding survived plants; there were no significant differences

between the Bion (89.5% and 86.5%) as well as Rizolex-T (90.9% and 88.8%) treatments

compared with untreated control (68.3% and 64.3%) at Giza and Etay El-Baroud

Agricultural Research Stations respectively. However; all inducer treatments significantly

improved growth parameters (i.e. plant height; number of pods/plant; seed weight

/plant and one hundred seed weight) as well as yield compared to the untreated control

in the two locations. Higher increase in seed yield (ton /feddan) was obtained with

Rizolex-T and Bion treatments (62.2% and 57.9 %) respectively; followed by salicylic acid

and P. polymyxa with (39.4% and 28.4 %) respectively; increasing over the untreated

control calculated as means of the two locations. Activities of peroxidase (PO);

polyphenol oxidase (PPO) enzymes and phenol content were determined in faba bean


34

plants treated with different inducers. Bion treatment showed the highest increase in PO

and PPO activity; total and free phenols followed by salicylic acid treatment in the

presence of R. solani or F . solani f. sp. fabae.

Elwakil; M. A.; M. A. Abass; M. A. El – Metwally and Mona S. Mahmoud (2016). Green chemistry for inducing resistance against chocolate spot disease of faba bean. Journal of Environmental Science and Technology; 9 (1):170 – 187.

Abstract:

Uses of a green chemistry in form of antioxidants and micronutrients for seed

treatments or for foliar spray on faba bean plants was implemented as a delicate tactic

for controlling chocolate spot disease cause by Botrytis fabae. The in vitro trials revealed

that salicylic acid at 7 mM inhibited the growth of B. fabae followed by zinc at 8 g L–1 and

iron at 4 g L–1. The combinations of hydroquinone (HQ); salicylic acid (SA); zinc (Zn) and

iron (Fe); (HQ+SA+Fe; HQ+SA+Zn and HQ+Zn+Fe) significantly reduced the growth of the

fungus. Field experiment showed that all tested combinations in form of seed soaking or

foliar spraying confirmed the in vitro results as they decreased the disease severity of

chocolate spot. On the other hand; the physiological characters included the

photosynthetic pigments (chlorophyll a; b and carotenoids); total phenols; proline

content in the leaves; total protein in seeds; antioxidant activities in both leaves and

seeds were also increased. So far; application of the above tactics may be recommended

as delicate methods to increase the plant resistance against a number of plant

pathogens including chocolate spot pathogen of faba bean (B. fabae). However; large

scale application is needed to confirm these data.

Geetika Sirhindi; Mudaser Ahmad Mir; Elsayed Fathi Abd-Allah; Parvaiz Ahmad and Salih Gucel (2016). Jasmonic Acid Modulates the Physio-Biochemical Attributes; Antioxidant Enzyme Activity; and Gene Expression in Glycine max under Nickel Toxicity. Front. Plant Sci.; 2016; 7: 591|Published online 2016 May 12. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2016.00591.

Abstract:

In present study; we evaluated the effects of Jasmonic acid (JA) on physio-

biochemical attributes; antioxidant enzyme activity; and gene expression in soybean

(Glycine max L.) plants subjected to nickel (Ni) stress. Ni stress decreases the shoot and

root length and chlorophyll content by 37.23; 38.31; and 39.21%; respectively; over the

control. However; application of JA was found to improve the chlorophyll content and

length of shoot and root of Ni-fed seedlings. Plants supplemented with JA restores the

chlorophyll fluorescence; which was disturbed by Ni stress. The present study

demonstrated increase in proline; glycinebetaine; total protein; and total soluble sugar

(TSS) by 33.09; 51.26; 22.58; and 49.15%; respectively; under Ni toxicity over the control.

Addition of JA to Ni stressed plants further enhanced the above parameters. Ni stress

increases hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) by 68.49%; lipid peroxidation (MDA) by 50.57% and

http://www.scialert.net/asci/result.php?searchin=Keywords&cat=&ascicat=ALL&Submit=Search&keyword=faba+bean

http://www.scialert.net/asci/result.php?searchin=Keywords&cat=&ascicat=ALL&Submit=Search&keyword=in+vitro

http://www.scialert.net/asci/result.php?searchin=Keywords&cat=&ascicat=ALL&Submit=Search&keyword=in+vitro

http://www.scialert.net/asci/result.php?searchin=Keywords&cat=&ascicat=ALL&Submit=Search&keyword=faba+bean

http://frontiersin.org/people/u/319119




https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2016.00591


35

NADPH oxidase by 50.92% over the control. Supplementation of JA minimizes the

accumulation of H2O2; MDA; and NADPH oxidase; which helps in stabilization of

biomolecules. The activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD); peroxidase (POD); catalase

(CAT); and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) increases by 40.04; 28.22; 48.53; and 56.79%;

respectively; over the control in Ni treated seedlings and further enhancement in the

antioxidant activity was observed by the application of JA. Ni treated soybean seedlings

showed increase in expression of Fe-SOD by 77.62; CAT by 15.25; POD by 58.33; and APX

by 80.58% over the control. Nevertheless; application of JA further enhanced the

expression of the above genes in the present study. Our results signified that Ni stress

caused negative impacts on soybean seedlings; but; co-application of JA facilitate the

seedlings to combat the detrimental effects of Ni through enhanced osmolytes; activity

of antioxidant enzymes and gene expression.

Hamed, N. M. and M. F. Abdel-Monaim (2016). Evaluation of some Fodder Beet

Genotypes for Yield, Yield Components and Diseases Susceptibility under New Valley

Conditions. J. Plant Production, Mansoura Univ., Vol. 7(11): 1215 – 1220.

Abstract:

A field experiment was conducted to evaluate four fodder beet genotypes under

Farm of El-Kharga Research Station of the Agricultural Research Center New Valley

Governorate during two successive growing winter seasons of 2013/14 and 2014/15. The

experiment was carried out in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three

replications. The present investigation focused on the growth and yielding properties

and diseases development. The obtained results show that the tested genotypes of

fodder beat were significantly different for yield characteristics viz. average of leaf

length, root length, number of leaves/plant and root diameter and yield components viz.

fresh and dry weight of root and leaves/plant and total fresh and dry weight of root and

leaves/fed. Genotype Splendid recorded the highest leaf length, number of leaves

/plant, root diameter in both seasons and their combined data, respectively. Also, this

genotype recorded the best root fresh weight/plant, total fresh weight of roots/fed and

dry weight of roots/fed. in both seasons their combined data, respectively. While

genotype Jamon recorded the highest root length, fresh weight of leaves/plant, total

fresh weight of leaves / fed. and total dry weight of leaves/fed in both seasons their

combined data, respectively. On contrary, Splendid fodder beat genotype recoded the

lowest fresh weight of leaves /plant, fresh and dry weight of leaves/fed. While, Jamon

recorded the lowest fresh weight of root/plant, fresh and dry weight of roots/fed. The

combined analysis of data revealed that the treats leaf length, number of leaves per

plant fresh weight of leaves per plant and dry weight of roots per fed were insignificant

effect by seasons. While the characters, root length, root diameter, fresh weight of root

per plant and fresh weight of roots per fad were significant affect ed by seasons,


36

whereas the mean values of the second season were more than the first season. On the

other hand, the tested genotypes were varied to susceptibility to infect ion with diseases

viz. damping-off, root rot/wilt, powdery mildew and leaf spots under natural infection in

field. Both Rigour and Jamon genotypes recorded the highest susceptibility to infection

with damping-off disease in both growing seasons, while both genotypes recorded the

lowest root rot /wilt severity. Splendid and Rigour genotypes were recorded the highest

susceptible to infection with powdery mildew in both growing seasons. Starmon and

Splendid genotypes were recorded the highest percentage of infection with leaf spot

disease in both growing seasons. We could recommend growing genotype Splendid

under New Valley Governorate because recorded the highest results in most parameters

and resistance to root rot and wilt diseases.

Keywords: Fodder beet, Genotypes, Yield and yield components, Diseases

Omar, S.A.; Zianb, Abd EL-Naby and Sayda, S. Abd el-Rahman (2016). Screening for alfalfa traits in relation to yield and crown rot disease. International J. of applied and pure science and agriculture, (2): 184 – 192.

Abstract:

Eighteen alfalfa selected populations (16 domestic and 2 imported) were

screened for their shoot and root characters under Egyptian conditions. Significant

(P<0.05) variations in root traits were detected among the tested alfalfa plants.

Correlation coefficient (r) is positively significant at P<0.05 and P<0.01 levels of

probability between root vigorous and shoot was found. In general; an improvement of

alfalfa forage quality including protein; nitrogen free extract; fiber; ash and ether

extraction were recorded in Siwa; SFS-5; CUF-101 and US Storm populations. A level of

resistance to crowen rot disease was observed in fourteen out of the eighteen

examined alfalfa populations. The susceptible plants were New Valley-2; SFS-1; SFS-3

and SFS-7 populations. The tested alfalfa plants were classified manily as fibrous root

type followed by tap root and branches root types. Selecting the biggest and healthiest

plant roots may be considered by plant breeders seeking for high yielding ability of

alfalfa plants.

Keywords: Alfalfa, root, shoot, crown rot disease, yieldand quality.

Parvaiz Ahmad; Arafat Abdel Latef; Abeer Hashem; Elsayed F. Abd_Allah; Salih Gucel and Lam-Son P. Tran (2016). Nitric oxide mitigates salt stress by regulating levels of osmolytes and antioxidant enzymes in chickpea. Front Plant Sci. 2016 Mar 31, 7:347.doi: 10.3389/fpls.2016.00347.

Abstract:

This work was designed to evaluate whether external application of nitric oxide

(NO) in the form of its donor S-nitroso-N-acetylpenicillamine (SNAP) could mitigate the

deleterious effects of NaCl stress on chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) plants. SNAP (50 μM)

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27066020


37

was applied to chickpea plants grown under non-saline and saline conditions (50 and 100

mM NaCl). Salt stress inhibited growth and biomass yield; leaf relative water content

(LRWC) and chlorophyll content of chickpea plants. High salinity increased electrolyte

leakage; carotenoid content and the levels of osmolytes (proline; glycine betaine; soluble

proteins and soluble sugars); hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and malondialdehyde (MDA); as

well as the activities of antioxidant enzymes; such as superoxide dismutase (SOD);

catalase (CAT); ascorbate peroxidase (APX); and glutathione reductase in chickpea

plants. Expression of the representative SOD; CAT and APX genes examined was also up-

regulated in chickpea plants by salt stress. On the other hand; exogenous application of

NO to salinized plants enhanced the growth parameters; LRWC; photosynthetic pigment

production and levels of osmolytes; as well as the activities of examined antioxidant

enzymes which is correlated with up-regulation of the examined SOD; CAT and APX

genes; in comparison with plants treated with NaCl only. Furthermore; electrolyte

leakage; H2O2 and MDA contents showed decline in salt-stressed plants supplemented

with NO as compared with those in NaCl-treated plants alone. Thus; the exogenous

application of NO protected chickpea plants against salt stress-induced oxidative damage

by enhancing the biosyntheses of antioxidant enzymes; thereby improving plant growth

under saline stress. Taken together; our results demonstrate that NO has capability to

mitigate the adverse effects of high salinity on chickpea plants by improving LRWC;

photosynthetic pigment biosyntheses; osmolyte accumulation and antioxidative defense

system.

Keywords: antioxidant enzymes; chickpea; gene expression; nitric oxide; osmolytes; salt

stress.


38

VIRUSES AND

PHYTOPLAZMA

DISEASES


39

Abdelfatah, Wessam H.; A. O. Agiza; Sahar A. Youssef and A. A. Shalaby (2016).

Isolation and identification of Spiroplasma citri associated with citrus stubborn disease

in Egypt. Int. J. Adv. Res. Biol. Sci.3 (9): 223-231.

Abstract:

Stubborn disease of citrus is one of the main causes of quality deterioration of

citrus fruits in Egypt. The early detection and the molecular characterization of the

causal agent (Spiroplasma citri) are vital for revealing its real distribution and for

management. Citrus included sweet orange (C. sinensis) and mandarin (C. reticulate

Planco) showing typical symptoms of stubborn disease were detected from different

fields located at El-Qualubia; Ismailia and Kafr El-Sheikh governorates in Egypt. The

detected S. citri from diseased samples were cultured in the artificial C-3G liquid medium

and the color gradually changed from red to yellow; an indication of the presence of

Spiroplasma in the cultured samples. The Spiroplasma citri, when growing on low-agar

medium; forms a fried-egg, fuzzy colonies with occasional surrounding satellite colonies

due to the ability of the Spiroplasma cells to move through the agar matrix. DNA

extracted from symptomatic samples was used as a template for amplification of

products of 675 bp using primer pair Spiralin-f / Spiralin-r by PCR. Furthermore the

spiralin gene was cloned; sequenced and the obtained isolate was characterized

molecularly by sequence analysis showing close relationship with Qualubia isolate

(AM157771); Fewa isolate from Egypt (AM157770); SPF1 isolate from Iran (KT834818)

and (U13996) isolate from France.

Keywords: Spiroplasma citri; Stubborn Disease; C-3G media; PCR; spiralin gene;

sequenceanalysis.

Abdel- Salam; A. M; M.U.R. Malik; S.M El-Saghir and Manal A. El-shazly; (2016). Molecular characterization of Sweet Potato Leaf Curl Virus isolate from Egypt and its phylogenetic relationship with other members of the Begomovirus. British microbiology Research Journal. 17: (4): 1-8.

Abstract:

The present study was undertaken to isolate and molecularly and

phylogenetically characterize a Sweet potato leaf curl virus isolate infecting sweet potato

plants in Giza governorate in Egypt. The virus was isolated from infected plants showing

leaf curl symptoms using non-viruliferous Bemisia tabaci insects. Total extracted DNA

was amplified with polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using the degenerate AV/AC core

primers and produced 580 bp of the DNA-A core coat protein in agarose gel. PCR

conditions of 6 mM MgCl2; combinatorial enhancer solution; and a 53°C/40s annealing

temperature facilitated coat protein amplification. Recovered virus amplicon was ligated

into pGEM T-Easy vector and cloned into Eschericia coli; strain DH5α. Purified plasmid

DNA was submitted to GenBank and given an accession number FJ455517. Sequence


40

comparisons with 13 sweepoviruses indicated that the SPLCV-Giza isolate has the

highest nucleotide sequence identity (97%) with the SPLCV-US (KC253238). According to

the current taxonomic criteria for Begomovirus classification; the Giza isolate of SPLCV in

Egypt would be considered as a variant of the SPLCV-US. Phylogenic study using amino

acid substitution showed the clustering of the 13 studied sweepoviruses in one major

clade and one minor clade. The SPLCV-Giza isolate clustered with SPLCV-US in a

monophyletic branch within the large clade circumventing nine sweepoviruses; viz.

SPLCV isolates from: Korea; Brazil; Japan; USA; China; India; and Ipomoea yellow vein

virus (IYVV) from Italy and Spain. The second minor clade involved the clustering of

SPLCV isolates from Uganda and Spain in a monophyletic branch apart from the rest of

the studied sweepoviruses. Phylogenic analysis of SPLCV-Egypt with five other mono

and bipartite begomomoviruses showed its distinctive clustering nature from these

viruses. In conclusion; the present study confirms the presence of an isolate SPLCV in

Egypt as a variant of the SPLCV-US. The study also illustrates the high worldwide

diversity of SPLCV isolates and signifies the economic importance of this newly

introduced virus into Egypt.

Ahmed, E.A.; O.Y. Shalaby; E.F. Dwidar; Samah A. Mokbel and A.K. El-Attar (2016).

Ultrastructural changes in tomato plant induced by phytoplasma infection and

attempts for its elimination using tissue culture techniques. Egyption J. of Virology, 13

(1):34-51.

Abstract:

Light microscopy was used to compare the anatomical characteristics of stem;

flower petiole and leaves of infected tomato with phytoplasma with healthy ones in

order to reveal anatomical modifications caused by the infection process. The results

obtained showed that infection of tomato plants with phytoplasma led to an increase in

stem diameter by 10.23% as well as greatly increase in measurements of the other stem

components while the diameter of pith was decreased by 38.46%. This infection was led

to an increase in the diameter of petiole by 109.2% and also the other components of

flower petiole. At the same time; tomato leaves were greatly affected as a result of the

infection with phytoplasma. The thickness of leaf blade was remarkably increased by

200% as well as thickness of either palisade or spongy tissues by 212.5% or 275% and

significant malformation in leaflet midvein was observed which consequently led to

increase in both length and width of midvein by 15.19% and 5%. Electron microscopy

was used to recognize the internal changes in cell organelles due to phytoplasma

infection. The results obtained showed that; general disorganization of phloem tissue

and thickness of cell wall resulted from high concentration of phytoplasma units;

necrosis starts in companion cells; severe damage in chloroplasts with abnormal

membrane and thylakoid system was absent. The xylem vesicles were characterized by


41

deforming the secondary walls. Three methods were done towards the production of

phytoplasma-free tomato plantlets through tissue culture using antibiotic compound

(tetracycline hydrochloride in three concentrations 25mgL-1; 50mgL-1 and 75mgL-1);

irradiation by three doses (3; 5 and 10 Gy) of gamma ray and natural compound (1ml of

garlic juice). All treatments proven to be a very useful effect against phytoplasma; except

concentration 25 mgL-1 of tetracycline hydrochloride. The findings of this study have

proven treatment at lower dose of gamma rays (3 Gy) of efficient methods on growth

promotion.

El-Kammar, H.F.; Omhashem M. El-Banna; A.H. Hame; M.S. Abbas and A.K. El-Attar

(2016). Serological, Molecular and Ultrastructural studies on Tobacco Rattle Virus-

infected Potato Plants in Egypt. Journal of Plant Pathology, 98 (1): 15-24.

Abstract:

The aims of the present study were to survey, isolate and identify Tobacco rattle

virus (TRV) affecting potato plants under the Egyptian conditions. TRV was isolated from

naturally infected potato during two successive seasons (2012-2013 and 2013-2014) in

five Egyptian governorates. Symptomatic plants were tested by indirect enzyme linked

immune sorbent assay (ELISA). The identity of the virus as TRV was confirmed by host

range; modes of transmission; serological diagnosis and morphology of virus particles.

RT-PCR was used for the molecular detection of TRV using specific primers.

Cytopathological effects of TRV on potato plants were studied. The percentages of tuber

transmission ranged from 35 to 55% and transmission by the nematode (Paratrichodorus

spp.) reached 17.83%. The obtained results indicated that dot-blotting immune binding

assay (DBIA) and tissue-blotting immune binding assay (TBIA) tests were useful to

confirm the identification of the virus. Examination of dip preparation by electron

microscopy (EM) revealed rod-shaped particles with aver - age length 48-114 nm and

180-197 nm; and 22 nm width. MEM analysis showed changes in nucleus; phloem tissue,

mitochondria, cell wall; and chloroplast. According to the available data; this is the first

isolation of TRV from potat plants in Egypt.

Keywords: TRV; transmission; serology; electron microscopy; PCR.

Ghanem, G. A. M.; A. A. Kheder; Noura M. Hassan and A. I. Abdel-Alim (2016). Application of a reverse transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification (RT-LAMP) and reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) for the detection of Cucurbit yellow stunting disorder virus (CYSDV) in Egypt. International Journal of advanced research, 4 (3): 744-751.

Abstract:

Cucumbers and squash affected by Cucurbit yellow stunting disorder virus

(CYSDV) show severe yellowing symptoms in the field and greenhouse-grown plants in

Egypt and are heavily infested by Bemisia tabaci Genn.. Symptoms start as an interveinal


42

chlorosis on the older leaves and intensify as leaves age. In order to detect CYSDV

reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) techniques were developed

that target either the coat protein gene in RNA2 or p22 in RNA1. Electrophoretic analysis

of the RT-PCR amplification revealed the primers amplified products of 756 bp for the

coat protein ORF and 560 bp for p22. Reverse transcription loop-mediated isothermal

amplification (RT-LAMP) was also developed and proved to be a rapid method with high

specificity and efficiency under isothermal condition using a set of six specifically

designed primers that recognize six distinct sequences on the target gene p22. RT-LAMP

was reliable for diagnosis of CYSDV-infected leaf samples and insect vectors from the

field in 60 min. RT-LAMP has the potential to replace PCR due to its simplicity; rapidity;

specificity; sensitivity and cost-effectiveness without the need for specialized equipment.

Ghanem, G. A. M.; Noura M. Hassan. A. A. Kheder; H. M. Mazyad and A. I. Abdel-Alim

(2016). Antiserum production; biological and serological detection of Cucurbit yellow

stunting disorder crinivirus (CYSDV) in Egypt. International Journal of advanced

research.4 (4):1116-1128.

Abstract:

Cucurbit yellow stunting disorder crinivirus (CYSDV) causes significant yield losses

in the field- and greenhouse grown cucurbits. In Egypt, it has become serious problems

for open fields and greenhouses production of all cucurbit (Family: Cucurbitaceae) plants

i.e. cantaloupe; cucumber; pumpkin; squash and watermelon. Inspection of (Cucumis

sativus L.) cv. El-Safa plants grown in the fields exhibited extensive interveinal yellowing

and green veins are most apparent on the older leaves and reduced plant vigor; whereas

new growth appears normal. Whilst in the greenhouse trail; CYSDV-infected plants

showed prominent interveinal yellowing typical to naturally infected ones, 3-4 weeks

after whiteflies inoculation. In whiteflies transmission experiments; the maximum

transmission efficiency (86%) was recorded; when applying fifteen insects in each

treatment to transmit CYSDV after 48hr for both AAP and IAP. The highest percentages

reached to 93 and 86% respectively; in CYSDV-naturally infected and whiteflies

inoculated squash cv. Escandarani plants. The lowest percentages were recorded in

watermelon and pumpkin being 6% and 13% respectively, in natural infection and

whiteflies transmission. In Egypt; CYSDV infects noncucurbit plants belonging to the

families Amaranthaceae; Chenopodiaceae; Leguminosae (Fabaceae); Malvaceae and

Solanaceae. The purified virus has Amax at 260 and Amin at 240 of 1.3. Virus yield was

20mg/200g of fresh weight. Evalution of cucumber varietal reaction against CYSDV-

infection using the induced antibody (CYSDV-Pab) in DAS-ELISA, after 1h and overnight

incubation with paranitrophenyl phosphate (PNPP) substrate gave nearly similar results.

The induced polyclonal antibody (CYSDV-Pab) was also evaluated in detecting CYSDV

antigen in the infected plants through serological tests i.e. tissue and dot blot immuno-


43

printing assay (DBIA&TBIA, respectively) in naturally-and whiteflies infected plants. Both

DBIA and TBIA proved to be effective in differentiating between healthy and infected

samples; faster; sensitive and reliable techniques for the detection CYSDV in cucumber

leaf petioles.

Keywords: Sweepoviruses; sweet potato leaf curl virus; sweet potato; begomovieses;

Bemisia tabaci; Egypt; novel species.

Rezk; A. A. (2016). Molecular characterization of tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV)

infecting pepper and common bean. International journal of virology (12); 1-9.

Abstract:

Background: Tomato Yellow Leaf Curl Virus (TYLCV) is a circular single strand DNA

begomovirus; which causes one of the most important diseases in tomato worldwide.

This virus was observed on tomato plants for first time in Saudi Arabia in 1978 and has

been endemic since then. Materials and Methods: Plant samples of pepper (Capsicum

frutescens) and common bean (showing leaf yellowing and curling) were collected from

Jizan and Hail Southwest and North of Saudi Arabia; respectively. Rolling Circle

Amplification (RCA) was used to amplify the complete genome for two TYLCV strains

(TYLCV-GB and TYLCV-Pep). The amplified complete genomes of TYLCV-GB (2779 bp) and

TYLCV-Pep (2764 bp) were cloned; sequenced and registered in the GenBank database

under accession numbers KF444467 and KF435136; respectively. Results: Phylogenetic

analyses revealed that the length of the Intergenic Region (IR) was 305 bp for TYLCV-GB

and 290 bp for TYLCV-Pep. The homology tree showed that TYLCV-GB and TYLCV-Pep

belong to two different clusters and the identity between them was 81.2%. The TYLCV-

GB clustered with isolates from Sudan; whereas TYLCV-Pep clustered with isolates from

Iran. Six Open Reading Frames (ORFs) (V1; V2; C1; C2; C3 and C4) were found on the

TYLCV-Pep dsDNA replicative form while seven ORFs (V1; V2; C1; C2; C3; C4 and C5)

were found on the TYLCV-GB genome. The DNA β satellite was found to be associated

with TYLCV-GB but not with the TYLCV-Pep. Conclusion: This study provide definitive

evidence based on molecular data suggesting that TYLCV-GB and TYLCV-Pep are two

different strains in Saudi Arabia with different invasion routes.

Waziri, Hoda M. A.; C. Zhuomin; A.M. El-Borollosy; Hala A. Amin and A. M. Soliman (2016). Nucleotide Sequence for Two Genes of Egyptian Barley Yellow Dwarf Virus - PAV Isolate and their Relationships to other Luteovirus. Int J Bact Virol; Volume 2; Issue 1 http://crescopublications.org/ijbv/IJBV-2-005.pdf Article Number: IJBV-2-005.

Abstract:

Barley Yellow Dwarf Virus (BYDV- PAV) isolated from Wheat plants grown in Egypt has been characterized. Two coding regions of the Barley yellow dwarf virus (BYDV- PAV) isolate for the polymerase gene (P1) located in open reading frame (ORF1)


44

and coat protein gene (CP) located in open reading frame (ORF3) were targeted. Two sets of specific primers were designed according to of BYDV-PAV isolate in Genbank. The DNA fragments of ORF1and ORF3 of an Egyptian isolate of BYDV- PAV were cloned and sequenced. The sequence contained a full-length ORF1 coding for the viral polymerase gene (P1). It comprises 910 ntin length encodes a predicted polypeptide chain of 303 amino acids with a M(r) of 34.67. On the other hand; the sequence data for the ORF3 coding for the viral coat protein revealed that it was 603 bp in length encodes a predicted protein 200 amino acids; with molecular weight of 21.96 KDa. However; the phylogenetic homology tree based on the multiple sequence alignments of the Egyptian isolate Egy-Wz with those isolates available in NCBI GenBank revealed that the polymerase gene (P1) shared 76.5 %-99 % and 71.6% - 93.2% sequence identities at amino acid and nucleotide levels with the 05GG2; PAV 014 and PAV014; PAV-Aus isolates respectively. On the other hand; the coat protein gene (CP) showed 85.1% -99.5% and 89.7%-99.2% sequence similarity with two isolates 06KM14 and 05GG2 at the amino acid and nucleotide level, respectively.

Keywords: RT-PCR; ORF; Sequencing; Cloning; Barley yellow dwarf virus; BYDV-PAV isolate.

Youssef, Sahar A.; E. Arafa; Gehan, Safwat and A. A. Shalaby (2016). Molecular Characterization and Cytopathological Studies of Potato Virus Y Isolated from Potato Sprout in Egypt. Int. J. Adv. Res. Biol. Sci. 3(4): 194-204. Abstract:

Potato Virus Y (PVY) is a plant pathogenic virus from Potyviridae and it belongs to

Potyvirus genus. PVY is an aphid-borne virus that causes yield losses and tuber quality

defects in commercial potato crops in Egypt. Infected seed potato tubers are the

principal source of PVY spread to other potato plants. PVY was readily detected by RT-

PCR of tuber sprouts. Molecular characterization of PVY isolated from infected potato

sprout was investigated by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and

nucleotide sequencing analysis in addition to cytopathological study to detect the

presence of virus infection in infected sprout tissue. Analysis of RT-PCR amplified cDNA

product from infected tissue using primers designed to amplify the coat protein gene of

the PVY genome verified that the Potyvirus infecting potato sprout is an isolate of PVY.

These results were confirmed by nucleotide sequence analysis. Nucleotide sequencing of

the PVY CP gene showed about 99% identitiy to that of other PVYNTN isolate.

Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) negative staining methods were used in order

to detect the presence of viral cytoplasmic inclusion bodies. Typical pinwheels; scrolls;

laminated aggregates and disruption of normal cells were observed in PVY infected

potato sprout. RT-PCR technique has primarily been developed for large scale screening

of many samples for determining viral incidence in commercial fields or seed lots; and

also amenable to use in smaller scale research applications.

Keywords: Potato sprout; Potato Virus Y, RT-PCR, Nucleotide Sequence Analysis, Transmission Electron Microscope.


45

Youssef, Sahar A. and A. A. Shalaby (2016). Single -Strand Conformation Polymorphism (SSCP) and Nucleotide Sequence Analysis of Citrus Tristeza Virus in Egypt. Int. J. Adv. Res. Biol. Sci., 3(5): 84-92. Abstract:

Citrus Tristeza Virus (CTV) is the most economically important virus of citrus

worldwide. CTV isolates differ by their biological characteristics; particular in the

intensity of symptoms. The CTV genetic variability was analyzed using single strand

conformation polymorphism (SSCP) assay. The amplicon genes coding for CTV coat

protein (CP) p23 and the non-structural p20 protein were analyzed using SSCP. As well

as; sequence analysis was used to separate either distinct virus isolates for cloning the

CP genes or variants (haplo types) for sequencing. SSCP profiles of PCR amplified

products from Ismailia Egyptian Isolate of CTV showed bands patterns corresponding to

mild reference strains. While, Qalyubia Egyptian isolate of CTV showed Band patterns

corresponded to a CTV strain sh owing typical SSCP profiles with VT isolates and to

California and Japan sever strains.The genes coding for p20 and p23 was amplified and

the nucleotide sequences were determined for the isolate from Qalyubia in both

directions. Blast analyses showed a nucleotide identity ranged from 95-99% with VT

sever strains. SSCP analysis provided a rapid procedure to screen the genetic

heterogeneity of the viral isolates reducing considerably the amount of nucleic acid

sequenciation necessary to gain that knowledge. Results confirm that more than a single

introduction of CTV could have occurred in Egypt over the years. The prevalence of

severe isolates in the area of particular concern; and implications for the future of the

CTV epidemics should be considered. PCR-SSCP gives reproducible results and permits to

process a large number of samples at once. This method can improve its potentiality to

simultaneously monitor and analyze the genetic diversity and structure of CTV

population.

Keywords: Citrus; CTV, SSCP, Sequence analysis.

Youssef, Sahar A.; S. B. Elharony; F. M. Abo El-Abbas and A. A. Shalaby (2016). Incidence and detection of Citrus Tristeza Virus in Egypt by ELISA; RT-PCR and real-time PCR (TaqMan®). Int. J. Sci. Eng. Res.Vol. 7:1220-1226.

Abstract:

Citrus tristeza virus (CTV) has been previously reported in citrus growing regions

of Egypt. Incidence; distribution of CTV and extensive surveys were conducted in citrus

growing areas of Qalyubia; Ismailia and Sharkya Governorates during 2012-13 to

determine the occurrenc e of the virus; to evaluate its incidence; to identify and

characterize the CTV isolate. A total of 3630 citrus seedlings and trees from nurseries

and orchards were sampled from more than 10300 Feddans of citrusin three

governments. Leaf samples were collected and symptom intensity of the trees was

recorded. Field observations including stem pitting; stunting; vein clearing and leaf

curling symptoms revealed the existence of CTV. Double Antibody Sandwich - Enzyme


46

Linked Immunuo-Sorbent Assays (DAS-ELISA); one step RT-PCR and TaqMan real time-

RT-PCR were used to index and confirm the existence of CTV in different locations in

Egypt. Isolate genotyping was conducted using reverse-transcription polymerase chain

reaction (RT-PCR). RT-PCR and the real-time RT-PCR assays developed were more

sensitive and less time consuming than DAS-ELISA.

Keywords: Citrus; Citrus tristeza virus (CTV); survey; DAS- ELISA; RT-PCR.


47

FRUIT AND WOODY

TREE DISEASES


48

Abdelmalek Gehan A. M. and T. A. Salaheldin (2016). Silver nanoparticles as a potent

fungicide for citrus phytopathogenic fungi. J. Nanomedicine Rsearch, 12 (4):1 -12.

Abstract:

Pathogenic Fungal infections have tremendous harmful effects on human health

and economy. Citrus fruit crop has an immense economic, social and health impact on

human all over the world. Citrus fruits are attacked by a number of pathogens from

bloom to harvesting stage and subsequently by post-harvest pathogens that affect fruit

yield and considerably deteriorate the fruit quality. In the present work; survey was

conducted during 2014 and 2015 to evaluate the incidence of citrus leave spots and fruit

decay in some orchards in Menofiea and Beheira governorates, Egypt. Three different

fungi were isolated from samples of citrus. Alternaria alternata was the most abundant

fungal pathogen isolated from citrus leaf and fruit spots followed by Alternaria citri and

Penicillium digitatum. Silver nanoparticles were tested as a potent fungicide that may

replace the dangerous cytotoxic fungicides. Silver nanoparticles were synthesized with

10 ± 5 nm average diameter size. In vitro assay was carried out on Potato Dextrose Agar

(PDA) media treated with 50, 100 and 150ppm of silver nanoparticles in addition to two

control traditional fungicides products; namely Iprodione and Difenoconazole at 150

ppm concentrations. Results revealed that Silver nanoparticle, 150 ppm, showed potent

antifungal activity against the isolated fungi that will open the gate of new generation of

less harmful fungicides replacing the cytotoxic dangerous currently used fungicides.

Keywords: Silver nanoparticle, Citrus, Penicillium, Alternaria, Fungi.

Taha; Nevine M. and K. M. Abd El Ghany (2016). Some horticultural and pathological studies to reduce fruit decay of Anna apple and increase fruit set; yield and improve fruit quality and storability. Journal of American Science; 12 (1):104 – 122.

Abstract:

The present investigation was conducted during the two successive seasons of

2012 and 2013 on "Anna" apple budded on Mauls rootstock in a private orchard;

Tanboal road from Cairo–Alexandria desert road at El-Monofeya governorate. The trees

were 10-years old and planted at 3x3 m apart. CPPU (Sitofex at (100 cm3/20 water); Inca

at (40cm3/ 20L water) and Calbor at (40 cm3/20L water) were sprayed three times (at full

bloom; fruit set; and month before harvest) and treatment of Kemazed 50% WP at (50

g/100 L water) was sprayed twice; 30 and 15 days before harvest. In addition; Humic acid

at (60 cm3/tree) as a soil drench was applied in the same previous times to assess their

effect on yield; fruit quality; storability and disease severity. The results showed that;

Sitofex effectively increased fruit Iet percentage and number of fruits/ branch. Calbor

treatment increased fruit yield; number of fruits/ branch and/ tree as well as fruit

firmness and decreased fruit drop percentage. Hence; CPPU + Calbor treatment induced

much more fruit yield; number of fruits/ tree and fruit firmness. Humic acid could

http://search.mysearch.com/web?apn_ptnrs=%5ECFQ&apn_uid=067dd108-1445-4336-95ac-f390df41d583&dateOfInstall=2016-10-04&gct=tab&o=APN12071&page=1&psv=oid%3D626%3Achid%3D197%3Acrid%3D5250%3Atgid%3D0%3Apubid%3Da38337s2977960151%3Auiip%3D195.43.12.27%3Aclid%3D%7BA22D84C9-3425-C93B-D313-85CAA4F2FF8C%7D%3Afit%3D2016-10-04%3AExtension_type%3Dsearch%3Aextid%3Djinknlcfffeelldfnedhlhehimalkoka&q=Taha%2C+Nevine+M.+and+K.+M.+Abd+El+Ghany%282016%29.++Some+horticultural+and+pathological+studies+to+reduce+fruit+decay+of++Anna+apple+and+increase+fruit+set%2C+yield+and+improve+fruit+quality+and+storability.+Journal+of+American+Science%2C12%281%29%3A&shad=&tpr=7&trgb=CR&ots=1477304639312




49

increase fruit quality (fruit weight; size and diameter). Inca treatment decreased fruit

juice acidity and fruit shape index. CPPU; Inca and Inca + CPPU effectively reduced fruit

weight loss and maintained fruit firmness during storage at 3°C and 90 R.H. for 12 weeks.

Calbor treatment improved all studied fruit quality attributes. The highest disease

severity was obtained by two pathogens Penicillium puberulum and Scytalidium

dimidiatum. Kemazed 50% WP fungicide completely inhibited the growth of both

Penicillium puberulum and Scytalidium dimidiatum in vitro. Chitosan decreased the

mycelium growth of both them where the inhibitor effect increased with increasing

chitosan concentration up to 1.0%. The highest disease severity with P. puberulum and

S. dimidiatum occurred when fruit treatment with Acetic acid at 0.5% and control

without chitosan; while Chitosan + Kemazed 50% WP and Chitosan + calboro induced

the least disease severity.


50

POST – HARVEST

DISEASES


51

El-Garhy; Hoda A.S.; I. A.S. Rashid; Rania M. Abou-Ali and ; M.M.A. Moustafa (2016). Field application of safe chemical elicitors induced the expression of some resistance genes against grey mold and cottony rot diseases during snap bean pods storage, Gene 576 (2016) 358–365.

Abstract:

Phaseolus vulgaris is subjected to serious post-harvest diseases such as grey mold

and cottony rot diseases caused by Botrytis cinerea and Pythium aphanidermatum;

respectively. In current study; potassium silicate (KSi); potassium thiosulfate (KTS) and

potassium sulfate (KS) suppressed moderately the growth of B. cinerea and P.

aphanidermatum in vitro. The applied treatments significantly suppressed grey mold and

cottony rot of Xera and Valentio snap beans varieties' pods stored at 7±1 °C and 90–95%

RH for 20 days. Ethylene responsive factor (ERF); polygalacturonase inhibitor protein

(PGIP); phosphatase associated to defense (PA) and pathogenesis related protein (PR1)

defense genes were over-expressed in leaves tissue of both bean varieties responding

positively to potassium salts field application. The expression of these genes was

influenced by plant genotype and environment as it varied by snap bean varieties.

Accumulation of ERF; GIP; PA and PR1 genes transcript under KTS at 4000 ppm

treatment were the highest in Xera tissues (3.5-; 4.8-; 4- and 4.8-fold; respectively). In

conclusion; pre-harvest potassium salt in vivo application could be used as effective safe

alternatives to fungicides against grey mold and cottony rot diseases of snap beans

during storage for up to 20 days at 7 ± 1 °C.

Keywords: Snap bean; Sustainable agriculture; Grey mold; Cottony rot; qRT-PCR;

Defense genes.

Ghoneem Kh. M.; Wesam I. A. Saber; Aml El-Awady; Y. M. Rashed and A. A. Al-Askar (2016). Alternative preservation method against Sclerotioum tuber rots of jerusalem artichoke using natural essential oils. Phytoparsitica; 44: 341-352.

Abstract:

The Sclerotium tuber rot fungus (Sclerotium rolfsii Sacc.) represents a serious

problem for Jerusalem artichoke (JA) tubers during storage periods. The aim of this study

was to investigate an alternative preservation method using a natural essential oil to

inhibit the fungal growth, increase storability and keep nutritive value of JA tubers under

storage conditions. In vitro antifungal activity was assessed using two essential oils;

caraway and spearmint at concentrations of 2, 3, 4 and 5 %. Among the tested

treatments, caraway oil at 2 % resulted in complete inhibition of the fungal growth. In

the storage experiment, two preservation methods were applied using caraway oil. In

the first method, JA tubers were treated with caraway oil at 2 %, kept in perforated

polyethylene bags and stored at 4 °C and 90 % relative humidity (RH). In the second


52

method, JA tubers were treated with caraway oil at 2 %, kept between peat moss layers

and stored at room temperature (25/10 °C, day /night) and 70 % RH. Comparing with the

infected-untreated control, tubers infected with S. rolfsii and treated with caraway oil

which kept in peat moss exhibited lower severity of Sclerotium tuber rot, sprouting

percentage and weight loss. On the other hand; this treatment led to the highest dry

matter and contents of carbohydrates, protein, inulin and total phenols as well as the

activity of peroxidase and polyphenol oxidase enzymes. Based on the obtained results

we recommend the use of caraway oil and peat moss when storing JA tubers at room

temperature due to its eco-safety and saving of the cooling energy.

Keywords: Caraway Carvone Limonene Peat moss Spearmint.

Salem, E. A.; K. Youssef and S. M. Sanzani (2016). Evaluation of alternative means to

control postharvest Rhizopus rot peaches. Scientia horticulture, 198: 86- 90.

Abstract:

The objective of the present research was to test the activity of calcium chloride

and lemongrass oil; alone or in combination; against Rhizopus stolonifer on peaches. The

inhibitory effect was evaluated both in vitro and in vivo. Results showed that in vitro

pathogen growth decreased as treatment’s concentration increased; reaching a

complete inhibition at 1.5 ml/l and 20 g/l for lemongrass and calcium chloride;

respectively. However; taking into account phytotoxicity phenomena; lower

concentrations were tested in vivo. A 70% reduction of both rot incidence and severity

was achieved using lemongrass oil at 1.5 ml/l; whereas; in presence of CaCl2; the disease

reduction was much lower; reaching a maximum at 1.5 g/l of 30 and 59% for incidence

and severity; respectively. The combination of the two treatments gave the best

performance against rot; and the control effect proved to be synergic as far as disease

severity concerns. The observation using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) confirmed

the ultra-structure modification in R. stolonifer after treatment. New strategies are

needed to reach the critical goal of controlling Rhizopus rot of peaches with no fungicide

residues on fruit. In this context; the integration of calcium chloride with lemongrass

essential oil might be promising; although further trials are needed.

Soltan H. H. M.; Naglaa T. Mohamed; M. E. A. Abo Rehab (2006). Influence of preharvest spraying with the chemical salts on grey mold disease and keeping quality of table grapes during storage. Journal of Phytopathology and Pest Management 3 (2): 26-34.

Abstract:

The efficacy of calcium chloride; calcium nitrate; potassium metabisulfate;

calcium carbonate and sodium bicarbonate to protect grape bunches during harvesting

was studied under storage conditions. This experiment was carried out in a private


53

vineyard; El-Khatatba region; Alexandria desert road; Egypt during 2014 and 2015

growing seasons on Thompson seedless variety. The chemical used at 0.1 and 0.2% g

/liter water. The healthy grape bunches of all treatments were harvested at proper

ripeness; packed in perforated plastic bags; put inside carton boxes and stored at 0oC

under 90-95% R.H. for 36 days. Other grape bunches either treated or untreated with

the salts were artificially inoculated with spore suspension of Botrytis cinerea at a

concentration of 3x106 spores/ml before packing and cold storage. Disease severity of

grape bunches with B. cinerea was estimated after 36 days of cold storage. All

treatments exhibited disease reduction under field conditions of Thompson seedless

grape variety. The field applications of salts gave a significant reduction of botrytis rot

during storage. In this respect; the grape rots were significantly reduced when sprayed

by the salts three times.

Youssef, R. M.; H. H. M. Soltan and Laila M. I. A. (2016). Using of modified atmosphere in preventing infection of wheat grains by Aspergillus flavus and production of aflatoxins. Al-Azhar. J. Agric. Res., 26: pp 638-646.

Abstract:

An experiment was conducted during 2015-2016 to study of modified

atmosphere (MA) with different carbon dioxide concentrations has the influence to

protect wheat grains from Aspergillus flavus infection. Tested CO2 concentrations were

10%, 20%, 40%, 60% and 80%. The results revealed that the size of A. flavus colony on

PDA medium was significantly affected after 7-day-incubation at 25°C under investigated

CO2 concentrations, while fungus sporulation was significantly affected. On the other

hand, tested modified atmospheres at 60% and 80% CO2 prevented the production of

Aflatoxins by A. flavus. Lower CO2 concentration down to 40% was ineffective in the

laboratory assay against A. flavus, however, two concentrations of carbon dioxide 20%

and 40% CO2 reduced infection of wheat grains by A. flavus. Modified atmosphere

prevented production of Aflatoxin in natural infection as well as artificial infection at

20% and 40% CO2. Germination percentage was not affected when wheat grains were

stored at atmospheres contained 20% and 40% CO2. While, A.flavus was reduced the

percentage of seed germination to 60% after 20 days respectively, incubation at 25°C for

control treatment.

Keywords: modified atmosphere, wheat grains, Aspergillus flavus, mycotoxins.


54

NEMATOLOGY AND

NEMATODE DISEASES


55

Abo- Kora, Hanaa A.; M.E. Mahdy and Neveen M. Galaall (2016). Effect of Immobilized PGPRs Bacteria in Different Forms against Root-Knot Nematodes on Tomato Plants. Nature and Science 2016; 14 (8) 129-141.

Abstract:

Plant growth-promoting rhizobacterium (PGPR) suppresses root–knot nematode

Meloidogyne javanica through directly or indirectly effect. In our research four different

PGPRs namely Pseudomonas fluorescens; Azotobacter chroococcum; Bacillus polymyxa

and Azospirillum brasilense were used at three different formulated types as follows:

encapsulated with sodium alginate beads; formulated with mixture of carboxymethyl-

cellulose with talcum powder and suspension of culture; to investigate the potential

effect against root–knot nematode M. javanica under greenhouse conditions. The

viability of the bacterial strains studied by using two polymers; sodium alginate and

carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) in vitro. Viability was measured at four temperatures i.e.

- 5; 10; 20 and 30oC after 10; 20; 30 and 40 days from stored (zero time). In vivo

treatments classified into two groups; one group inoculated only one from all tested

bacteria; whereas the second group inoculated twice after 15 days from the first one

with the same treatments. Results showed that significantly effects on nematode and

vegetative growth parameters compared to plants treated with nematode alone. All

treatment reduced the nematode parameters i.e. number of galls and egg masses/root

system between 25-99 % compared to control. The highest reduction percentage in galls

number recorded with P. fluorescens at all application forms as ranged between 83-93%;

the highest one 91 and 93% recorded with alginate beads types either at one or two

inoculation times; respectively. The same trend of results recorded with egg masses as

the reduction percentage ranged between 94 and 99%. The highest one also recorded

with P. fluorescens alginate beads as ranged between 96 and 99 % at one and two

inoculation time; respectively. The lowest effect on nematode parameters observed with

A. brasilense at all inoculation forms and times. Moreover; results found that inoculation

with encapsulated of all bacterial strains gave a significant increase in rhizosphere

enzymatic microbial activities compared to other treatments and control. Also;

inoculation with all bacterial strains at all forms and times significantly increased the

chemical components i.e. total chlorophyll (a+b); caroteinoids contents as well as total

protein content in all treatments compared to control.

Keywords: PGPRs, Biological control, Meloidogyne javanica, formulation microorganisms, tomato plants (Lycopersicon esculentum L.).

Hagag, Eman S. F.; N. A. A. Taha and Y. M. Hafez (2016). Control of Root-knot

Nematode (Meloidogyne incognita) on Eggplant Plants Using Biotic and Abiotic

Inducers of Resistance. Egyptian Journal of Biological Pest Control; 26 (2): 269- 275.


56

Abstract:

Effect of Salicylic acid (SA); benzothiadiazole (BTH) as chemical resistance

inducers (abiotic) and Micronema (Mi) as a commercial bio-product containing an

Egyptian isolate of Serratia marcescens; as biotic resistance inducer alone and in

combination against root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne incognita) on eggplant under

greenhouse conditions was investigated during the two seasons 2012 and 2013. All

treatments significantly reduced root galling and nematode population in soil. Highest

significant effects were achieved by combinations of bio-control agent and chemical

inducers. Highest reduction in root-galling and nematode population in soil was found by

using SA treatments during season 2012; however; in season 2013 the highest reduction

was by using Mi combined with SA or BTH. SA combined with Mi treatment significantly

increased length of plants as compared to control (1) which was inoculated only with

nematode during season 2013. All treatments significantly increased length of plants;

which did not significantly differ from that achieved in control (2) (without nematode).

Biochemical and histo-chemical analysis of antioxidants and reactive oxygen species

(ROS); respectively; showed significant changes which play a vital role in inducing

resistance. Levels of ROS mainly hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and superoxide (O2.-) in

leaves were increased early 7days after inoculation compared to control that not

inoculated with the nematode. However; activity of antioxidant enzymes catalase (CAT);

dehydroascorbatereductase (DHAR) and peroxidase (POX) were significantly increased

15days later after inoculation in eggplant leaves; as well as; roots compared to control

treatment. It seems that combinations of abiotic and biotic treatments could be

recommended to control M. incognita on eggplants; thereby; decreases the cost and

side effects of using nematicides.

Keywords: Meloidogyne incognita; eggplant; BTH; SA; Micronema; Antioxidants; ROS.

Haidar, Asma M.; Kh. M. Al-Assas and A. A.M. Dawabah (2016). Prevalence; distribution and intraspecific variation of Heterodera schachtii populations from semiarid environment. Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences 23: 293–299.

Abstract:

A two-year survey study was carried-out to identify and determine the

distribution; community characteristics and intraspecific variation of the sugar beet cyst

nematode; Heterodera schachtii populations collected from the six major sugar beet-

producing governorates in Syria; west Asia. A total of 178 composite rhizosphere soil

samples were collected from the six governorates during 2009 and 2010 growing

seasonsas follows: Aleppo (26); Ar Raqqah (17); Dayr az Zawr (33); Idlib (34); Hamah (41)

and Homs (27 samples). The nematode was originally identified on the basis of

morphometrics and morphological features of the cyst vulvar cones and second-stage


57

juveniles (J2). The communities of H. schachtii were then analyzed using the criteria of

frequency of occurrence (FO%); mean population density (PD) and prominence value

(PV). Results showed that H. schachtii was the most frequent and prominent in Homs

(FO% = 70.37% and PV = 23472.37) and the least frequent and prominent in Ar Raqqah

(FO% =5.88% and PV = 28.86). The highest nematode population density was also

recorded in Homs in 2009 (50; 545 J2+ eggs/100 g soil) while the least was recorded in Ar

Raqqah in 2010 (119 J2 +eggs/100 g soil). The morphometric data of cyst vulvar cone;

second-stage juveniles (J2) and eggs were also subjected to a multivariate principal

component analysis to analyze the relationships between the studied populations; and

toidentify the variables that show the highest multiple correlations with these

populations. Results showed that at the high order of hierarchical cluster analysis; four

population (Idlib; Hamah; Homs and Aleppo) formed one main cluster; while Dair az

Zawr and Ar Raqqah failed to form clusters and separated individually. However; at low

distance value; the main cluster further subdivided to separate the Aleppo population

from Idlib; Hamah and Homs populations. The morphometric distance values ranged

from 0.07 to 0.61. Hamah and Homs were the closest populations while Dair az Zawr

showed the most diverse population. This study also revealed the value of J2 body

length; egg length and width; fenestral length and width and the number of bullae inside

the cyst vulvar cone in determining the intraspecific variations the Syrian populations of

H. schachtii.

Haidar; Asmaa, M.; Kh. M. Al-Assas and A. A. M. Dawabah (2016). Efficacy of some Syrian isolates of Verticillium chlamydosporium and two species of Paecilomyces in controlling the sugar beet cyst nematode (Heterodera schachtii). Arab Journal of Plant Protection; 34: 42-51.

Abstract:

Sugar beet is the only source of sugar production in Syria. The sugar beet cyst

nematode; Heterodera schachtii is one of the most important pathogens that attack this

crop in Syria causing serious yield losses. In this study; the efficacy of four V.

chlamydosporium isolates plus two isolates of Paecilomyces (P. lilacinus and P. variotii);

as compared to carbaryl were evaluated against H. schachtii on sugar beet in a

greenhouse pot experiment. The effects of these treatments on the growth parameters

of the sugar beet cv. Rizor were determined. The results showed that all treatments

significantly reduced (P ≤ 0.05) the reproduction of H. schachtii on the sugar beet tested

plants. The most effective treatments were; P. lilacinus (the German isolate DSMZ

14052) (73.45%); followed by V. chlamydosporium (isolate # 26) (61.06%); and carbaryl

(59.29%). However; all treatments increased (P ≤ 0.05) the growth of sugar beet plants

inoculated with H. schachtii. The DSMZ 14052 isolate of P. lilacinus again was the most

effective; where the root fresh weight was almost double of the root fresh weight of the


58

healthy (non-infected) plants. The isolate # 25 of V. chlamydosporium ranked second to

the German isolate of P. lilacinus in this respect; where the root fresh weight did not

significantly differ from that of the healthy plants.

Keywords: Biocontrol; carbaryl; egg-parasitic fungi; sugar beet.

Hassan, Maggie E.M.; Hanaa S. Zawam; Shereen E.M. El-Nahas and Abeer F. Desoukey (2016). Comparison Study Between Silver Nanoparticles and Two Nematicides against Meloidogyne incognita on Tomato Seedlings. Plant Pathol. J.; 15: 144-151.

Abstract:

Background: Root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita is one of the most

important genera of pl ant- para si tic nematodes on different crops; distributed all over

the world and attacks threat of thousands of plant species. Objective: Comparison

between silver nanoparticles; nematicides and silver nanoparticles in combination with

nematicides against root knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita had been studied.

Methodology: Evaluation depends on the results of silver nanoparticles; nematicides

fenamiphos and oxamyl with different concentrations from 25-90% and different

exposure periods from 24-72h. Results: The results indicated that the highest

concentration 90% achieved the highest percentage of juveniles mortality after 72 h;

which were 95; 87; 98 and 100% for silver nanoparticles; polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP);

fenamiphos and oxamyl; respectively; while mortality of the control was 1.5%. The study

included the malformed shape of juveniles; showed paralysis when treated with

fenamiphos; oxamyl and PVP; while silver nano-particles showed degradation in cell wall

under laboratory conditions. Evaluation included root of tomato seedlings and it showed

positive effect for silver nanoparticles. The pathogen signs such as galls; egg-masses;

developmental stages; rate of build up and nematode in 250 g soil had been studied. The

combination of fenamiphos and silver nanoparticles (1:1) gave significant decrease in

number of galls; egg-masses; developmental stages; rate of build up and number of

nematode in soil. Evaluating growth parameters showed significant increase in root

length which reached to (40cm) in the combination of oxamyl and nanoparticles

compared with the root length of infested tomato seedlings (18 cm) under greenhouse

conditions. Conclusion: The results clarified the positive effect of silver nanoparticles

alone and in combination with the nematicides on M. incognita and the enhancement

on growth parameters of tomato seedlings. More research needs to determine the long

run effect.

Keywords: Meloidogyne incognita; nematicides; silver nanoparticles; tomato seedlings.

Kella A. M.; Tagred A. Hegazy and Naglaa T. Mohamed (2016). Control of Root-Knot nematode infecting rose plants and management influence on floral parameters. Minufiya J. of Agric. Res. 41 (3). Minufiya J.Prot.:631-637.


59

Abstract:

A pot experiment was conducted to determine the effect of bioagent (Bacillus

megaterium & Trichoderma album) and to evaluate the efficacy of nematicides the

Fosthiazat, oxamyl, Femamiphos and Ethoprophos on the control of Meloidogyne

javanica infecting rose plants was targted. The influence of these treatments on flowers

quality; number of developed flowers; length of stem; fresh and dry weights. Total

carbohydrates in leaves of rose plants under greenhouse conditions were also evaluated.

Results indicated that all treatments greatly suppressed the counts of M. javanica.

Fosthiazat and oxamyl nematicides recorded 88.2% and 76.5%reduction of juveniles in

soil compared to 80% and 70% reduction in females in root; respectively. Moreover the

bioagent Bacillus megaterium recorded 50% and 70% reduction in gall numbers and

females in root respectively. As for the quality of flowers; results indicated that the

treatments fosthiazat; oxamyl and Bacillus megaterium produced a remarkable flowers

numbers being 6.34; 5.76 and 5.48 per plant respectively compared to the control that

gave 3.13/ plant. The mean fresh and dry weights of leaves; on the flowering stems;

were significantly increased with all treatments than the check treatment with

nematode alone.

Keywords: Fahl Egyptian clover; Trifolium alexandrinum L.; Rhizobium inoculation; Compost; Inorganic NPK fertilizers.

Parise Henry; Olufunmilayo Owopetu; Demilade Adisa; Thao Nguyen; Kevin Anthony; David Ijoni-Animadu; Sakha Jamadar; Fawzia Abdel-Rahmanc; and Mahmoud A. Saleh (2016). 1–7 Fatty acids composition of Caenorhabditis elegans using accurate mass GCMS-QTOF. J Environ Sci Health B. 2016 Aug 2; 51(8): 546–552. J Environ Sci Health B. 2016 Aug 2; 51 (8): 546–552. Published online 2016 May 11. doi: 10.1080/03601234.2016.1170555.

Abstract:

The free living nematode Caenorhabditis elegans is a proven model organism for

lipid metabolism research. Total lipids of C. elegans were extracted using chloroform and

methanol in 2:1 ratio (v/v). Fatty acids composition of the extracted total lipids was

converted to their corresponding fatty acids methyl esters (FAMEs) and analyzed by gas

chromatography/accurate mass quadrupole time of flight mass spectrometry using both

electron ionization and chemical ionization techniques. Twenty-eight fatty acids

consisting of 12 to 22 carbon atoms were identified; 65% of them were unsaturated.

Fatty acids containing 12 to17 carbons were mostly saturated with stearic acid (18:0) as

the major constituent. Several branched-chain fatty acids were identified. Methyl-14-

methylhexadecanoate (iso- 17:0) was the major identified branched fatty acid. This is the

first report to detect the intact molecular parent ions of the identified fatty acids in C.

elegans using chemical ionization compared to electron ionization which produced

fragmentations of the FAMEs.

https://dx.doi.org/10.1080%2F03601234.2016.1170555


60

COTTON AND FIBRE

CROPS DISEASES


61

Alghuthaymi M. A; A. A. Aly; Amal A. Asran and K. A. Abd-Elsalam (2016). Pathotyping and AFLP-based molecular characterization of Macrophomina phaseolina isolates from different plant hosts. Plant Pathology & Quarantine 6 (1): 31–41.

Abstract:

Ninety-six isolates of Macrophomina phaseolina; from five different hosts; were

tested for pathogenicity on seedlings of cotton (Gossypuim barbadense L.) cultivar Giza

89 under greenhouse conditions. Of the cotton isolates; 73 were pathogenic

representing 98.65% of the cotton isolates; 76.04% of the total isolates; and 76.84% of

the pathogenic isolates from all hosts. The pathogenic isolates of the other hosts ranged

from four to seven. The percentage of isolates; which significantly affected post-

emergence damping-off; was much greater than that of the isolates which significantly

affected pre-emergence damping-off or plant height. Dry weight was not affected by any

of the tested isolates. A highly significant negative correlation was observed between

post-emergence damping-off and survival. Grouping the isolates by cluster analysis

based on pathogenicity was neither related to their geographic origins nor to hosts. AFLP

was used to evaluate the genetic diversity among the isolates. In this analysis;

polymerase chain reaction was performed by using four AFLP primers. Grouping the

isolates by cluster analysis based on AFLP banding patterns was also neither related to

their geographic origins nor to hosts. These results may suggest that isolates of M.

phaseolina from each geographic origin or host were a heterogeneous group of isolates.

Keywords: AFLP markers – charcoal rot – Macrophomina phaseolina – pathogenicity.

Gomaa Nafisa M., Shereen E. M. El-Nahas, Eman A. M. Osman and Maggie E. M. Hassan (2016). Use of endophytic bacteria to suppress damping-off of cotton seedlings caused by Fusarium oxysporum. J.Agric.Chem.and Biotechn., Mansoura Univ.Vol. 7 (9): 241 -248.

Abstract:

When two strains of bacteria (Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Stenotrophomonas

maltophilia) were tested on seedlings of cotton cultivar Giza 86, they did not show any

significant effects on plant height and dry weight. The two bacterial strains were also

nonpathogenic (0.0 % infection). The Pseudomonas aeruginosa strain was more effective

in reducing damping-off symptoms caused by Fusarium oxysporum isolates nos 1 and 2

whereas, S. maltophilia was effective against F. oxysporum isolate no. 4. Although the

two bacterial strains reduced damping-off on cotton seedlings caused by Fusarium

fungal isolate no. 3, P. aeruginosa was more effective than S. maltophilia. Fusarium

oxysporum isolates nos. 1 and 2 significantly reduced plant height than isolates nos. 3 and

4. Strain of S. maltophilia significantly increased dry weight of cotton seedlings when soil

was infested with isolates nos 3 or 4 of F. oxysporum. In vitro antagonism tests showed

that P. aeruginosa inhibited growth of F. oxysporum isolates. The inhibition ranged from


62

19.33 to 31.0 %. On the other hand, S. maltophilia did not show any inhibition of F.

oxysporum isolates growth. The two bacterial strains did not show any significant effects

on the activities of peroxidase and polyphenol oxidase, while the ß- 1, 3 glucanase

activity was significantly increased. The total and reduced sugar contents were

significantly increased due to the application of the two bacterial strains but P.

aeruginosa was more effective. Pseudomonas aeruginosa was the only strain which

significantly increased free phenols.

Keywords: Endophytic bacteria, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Stenotrophomonas

maltophilia, Cotton seedling damping-off, and Fusarium oxysporum.


63

ORNAMENTAL,

MEDICINAL AND

AROMATIC PLANTS

DISEASES


64

Bakeer A. T.; M. A. M. Baiuomy and H. F. A. Ahmed (2016). Impact of spraying with some biological products and chemical resistance inducers on controlling powdery mildew disease; growth quality and yield components of coriander and dill. Egypt. J. of Appl. Sci.; 31 (2):17 – 39.

Abstract:

The effects of four commercial products of bioagents; i.e. Bio-Zeid (Trichoderma

album); Bio-ARC (Bacillus megaterium); Blight-Stop (Trichoderma spp.) and Clean-Root

(Bacillus subtilis) as well as five chemical resistance inducers; i.e. Ascorbic acid (C6H9O6);

Humic + Folfic acid (mixture); Potassium di-hydrogen phosphate (KH2PO4); Potassium

silicate (K2SiO3) and Ammonium di-hydrogen phosphate (NH4H2PO4) were tested against

powdery mildew caused by Erysiphe heraclei on Coriander and Dill plant sunder

greenhouse and field conditions. The effect of these treatments on some vegetative

growth; yield parameters and biochemical changes of Coriander and Dill plants was also

investigated. Also; the efficacy of these treatments was investigated in vitro on conidial

germination of E. heraclei. In in vitro study; the obtained results indicated that all

bioagents and chemical resistance inducers treatments significantly reduced spore

germination of E. heraclei. It was observed that rising concentration of tested treatments

reflected negatively on spore germination. Complete inhibition of spore germination was

observed with Tilt 25 EC (Propiconazole) treatment. The Bio-Zeid (T. album) at the rate

2000 ppm gave the superior inhibition in conidial germination (86.42%) followed by

Clean-root (B. subtilis) at the same rate (81.55%). Among different chemical resistance

inducers used for the experiment; better antifungal effect was observed with ascorbic

acid followed by Potassium silicate and Potassium di-hydrogen phosphate; each at the

rate 2000 ppm which had strong inhibition of conidial germination of E. heraclei. Under

greenhouse conditions; all tested bioagents and chemical resistance inducers treatments

significantly reduced in disease severity.

Nada M. G. A.; A. E. A. Halawa; M. A.M. Baiuomy and Reem M. Said (2016). Fungal diseases of moghat (Glossostemon bruguier (Desf.)); their management and effect on the yield in Egypt. Egypt. J. Appl. Sci.; 31(3): 40-61.

Abstract:

Surveying trials in three governorates of Egypt (Beheira; Beni Sueif and Faiyum)

showed that naturaly infection percentages of moghat diseases ranged between (2.91-

6.15%) and (3.50- 7.01%) in the first and second seasons; respectively. Also; Beheira

governorate recorded the highest levels of plant infection (6.15- 7.01%) in the two

seasons; respectively. Seven fungal species belonging to five genera were obtained

during isolation trials from the survied governorates; i.e Alternaria alternata Nees.;

Fusarium oxysporum Schlecht.; F. semitectum Berk..; F. solani Mart. Sacc ; Rhizoctonia

solani Küehn ; Sclerotium rolfsii Sacc. and Sclerotinia sclerotiorum(Lib.)de Bary. Isolation

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beheira_Governorate


65

trials from naturally infected moghat location showed that R. solani (24.42%) and F.

oxysporium (24.20%) were the most frequently fungi at Beheira governorate.

Pathogenicity test of the isolated fungi showed that S. rolfsii (60.0%); R .solani (56.67%)

and F. solani (50.0%) were the most aggreasive fungi to moghat plants compared with

the other isolated fungi. Applying all tested treatments as seed soaking; except

potassium silicate as soil treatment sowing in pots infested with the most of moghat

pathogenic fungi under greenhouse conditions caused significantly reduction in

percentage of pre and post emergence damping -off and increased percentage of

healthy survivals compared with the control treatment. Vitavax/Thiram as chemical

fungicide followed by Hydrogen peroxide as safe inducer were the superior treatments

wherease; they recorded percentages of healthy survivals by (96.67 - 70.0%); (96.67-

86.66%); (86.67 - 80.0 %); (83.33 - 80.0%) and (100 - 93.34%) and (90.0 - 80.0%) under

inoculation with F. oxysporum; F. semitectum; F. solani; R. solani; S. rolfsii and S.

sclerotiorum; respectively. On the other hand ; Plant Guard was the least effective ones

Also; Vitavax/Thiram was the superior treatments in increasing moghat growth

parameter percentages compared with the other tested treatments; whereas; it

recorded (31.43; 12.13; 29.73 and 8.76%); (31.16; 8.50; 20.73 and 8.16 %); (32.53; 7.90;

22.6 and 9.70%); (32.53; 9.0; 27.50 and 8.83%); (28.33; 8.10; 23.43 and 10.13%) and

(29.70; 8.13; 22.30 and 9.36%) in plant height; root length; root fresh weight; and root

dray weight and under inoculation with F. oxysporum; F. semitectium ; F. solani; R. solani

S. rolfsii and S. sclerotiorum; respectively. While; Potassium Silicate ranked in the second

position in this respect. Potassium Silicate as soil treatment was the most active

treatment in increasing percentages of mucilage and fatty acids compared with the

other tested treatments; whereas it recorded (14.35 & 0.90%); (15.75 & 0.90%); (16.15 &

0.73%); (15.75 & 0.90%); (15.75 & 0.90%) and (12.28 & 0.80%) mean percentages in

state of inoculation with F. oxysporum; F. semitectium; F. solani; R. solani; S.rolfsii and S.

sclerotiorum; respectively. On the other hand; the most aggressive fungus reduced the

percentage of mucilage was S. sclerotiorum (11.05%); while; F. solani (0.63%) was the

most aggressive fungus reduced the percentage of fatty acids compared with the other

tested fungi.

Nada M. G. A. and A. M. M. El-Karamany (2016). The fungal infections causing reductions in growth and oil yield of Lavender (Lavandula angustifolia Mill.) and their control means.

Abstract:

Fusarium solani; R. solani (RS); F. oxysporum (FO) and M. phaseolina were the most

frequently isolated fungi from rotted roots and stems and or/wilted lavender plants.

They plus F. semitectum and Phytophthora nicotiana were pathogenic to plants

developed from rootless cuttings. The first three fungi recorded the highest infection (%)


66

on plants grown for 30 and 90 days in infested soil. The in vitro growths of the six fungi

were inhibited at different degrees with each of Clove; Garlic and Rosemary essential oils

at 1000; 2000 and 3000 ppm.The superiority; however; was ususally to Clove oil. Clove

oil (3000 ppm) ;Bio-Cure F (6 g/l water) and Topsin M(2 g/l water) as dipping treatment

(30 min.) for rootless cuttings and transplants or Rhizobactrein (1g/pot) significantly

reduced infection (%) than the controls for the plants grown in infested soil. Topsin M

followed by Clove oil were the best treatments. On the other hand; Rhizobactrein

followed by Topsin M and Clove oil were the superior treatments in improving plant

growth (height & fresh weight) and essential oil (EO) yield ;while Bio-Cure F was the

lowst treatment .The highest increases in plant height (92.4%); fresh weight (107.8%)

and oil yield (94.27%) were found with Rhizobactrein.The analyzed EOs using Gas

Chromatographic-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) have different chemical composition due

to the fungal infection and the control means tested. A total of 62 compounds were

identified in healthy plants oil; while they were 42 and 44 in oils of plants grown in soil

infested with FO and RS; respectively. Infection by FO decreased (%) contents (0.31-

4.04%) of the six major oil components than those of RS infection (1.77 – 5.22%). All

control treatments; however; gave considerable increases in the contents (%) of five

major oil components in the presence of FO; while this action was occurred with Topsin

M in case of RS infection. Also; Salicylic acid and Zearalenone contents (%) among the

major components of oil were greatly increased in most cases; using the control

measures tested. The fungicide Topsin M was generally the superior control treatment in

improving contents (%) of the major components of lavender oil under stresses of

infection by FO and RS; followed by Clove oil.

Nada M. G. A. (2016). Soilborne fungi causing disease problems on the medicinal plant Chia (Salvia hispanica L.) in Egypt and the possibility of controlling damping – off. J. Biol.Chem. Environ. Sci. 11 (3): 483 - 510.

Abstract:

Chia (Salvia hispanica L.); is well known for its medical properties and has a great

industrial significance. It is recently introduced to cultivate under Egyptian conditions as

medicinal plant. Surveying plantations of chia in Giza and Beni-Suief governorates

exhibited damping–off; root rot and wilt fungal diseases. Isolation trials yielded A.

alternata; F. oxysporum; F. solani; M. phaseolina; P. ultimum; R. solani and S.

sclerotiorum. According to the available literature; these diseases and their pathogens

were recorded on chia plant for the first time in Egypt. The isolated fungi significantly

realized different (%) of damping – off. R. solani followed by F. solani; F. oxysporum and

M. phaseolina were the most pathogenic fungi. On the other hand; all fungi significantly

decreased plant height & fresh and dry weights per plant than the control as well as root

length and root fresh and dry weights. R. solani gave the highest reductions in this


67

respect. Whereas; P.ultimum resulted in the lowest reductions. Also; R. solani gave the

highest reductions in root length (54.2%); root fresh weight (67.4%) and root dry weight

(75.0%); beside reductions in no. of inflorescences /plant (35.7 - 54.8%); length of

inflorescences (15.5-55.5%); fresh weight (30.8 - 50.0%) and dry weight (12.5- 50.0%).

However; the maximum increases in plant growth parameters were obtained with

Vitavax/Thiram followed by thyme essential oil and extract. Thyme hot water extract

recorded the highest effect in reducing the mycelia fungal growths; which gave (66.97%)

of reduction followed by rue (45.98%); while lavender extract gave the least (35.98%). As

for the essential oils; significant decrease was found with the three tested concns. of

thyme and lavender oils than the controls. Moreover; decreases were incresed by

increasing concns. of these oils. Soaking seeds (30min.) in either of extracts & oils of

lavender and thyme; biocides (Bio-Cure F & Rhizo-N) and the fungicide Vitavax/Thiram

significantly reduced damping-off incidence. The fungicide Vitavax/Thiram followed by

the essential oil of thyme and the biocide Rhizo-N were the best effective treatments;

while the extract of lavender was the least. On the other; the control measures tested

resulted in significant increases in growth parameters of plant and inflorescences. The

fungicide followed by the extract and oil of thyme were the superior treatments in this

concern.

Shabana; Y. M.; M. E. Abdalla; A. A. Hilal and H. M. Abdel–Aziz (2016). Performance of Three Silicon Sources in Suppressing Rhizoctonia solani Diseases on Sage (Salvia officinalis L.) and in Improving Yield of Plant Herb and Essential Oil. J. Plant Prot. and Path.; Mansoura Univ.; 7 (9): 555 - 563.

Abstract:

Isolation trials from infected sage seedlings and plants; growing in Ismailia; North

Sinai and Qalubyia governorates; showing symptoms of damping–off and root rot

diseases yielded Fusarium oxysporum; F. solani; Macrophomina phaseolina; Pythium

ultimum and Rhizoctonia solani. However; R. solani recorded the highest frequency in

isolation (52.6%); followed by Fusarium solani (24.6%); while M. phaseolina was the least

(3.5%). These fungi were found to be pathogenic to sage seedlings Rhizoctonia solani

followed by F. solani were the most virulent fungi; causing the highest damping – off

incidence. Three silicon (si) sources; i.e. calcium silicate; potassium silicate and sodium

silicate with four concentrations (25; 50; 100 and 200 ppm) significantly inhibited the in

vitro growths of R. solani in different degrees. Potassium silicate was more effective than

the other silicon sources tested and completely inhibited mycelial growth at 200 ppm.

Soaking seeds (30 min.) and /or dipping treatment for seedlings (30 min.) in each of

these silicon sources (400 ppm) or the fungicide Vitavax /Thiram (3 g/l water) gave

sufficient control to R. solani diseases; i.e. damping –off in greenhouse and nursery as

well as root rot in the field. Also; they recorded significant increases in growth

parameters of seedlings (height & root length) and mature plants (height & no. of


68

branches/plant). Potassium silicate; however; was significantly the most effective

treatment among other silicon sources. Using calcium silicate and potassium silicate as

dipping treatment for seedlings; gave significant increases in yields of fresh herb and

essential oilcontent. Vitavax /Thiram treatment in the nursery and field experiments was

more effective than silicon treatments; except with potassium silicate in the field; which

increased fresh herb weight per plant and essential oil content than the fungicide.

Keywords: Sage (Salvia officinalis); Rhizoctonia diseases; calcium silicate; potassium

silicate; sodium silicate; plant growth and plant yields (herb and oil).


69

BACTERIAL

DISEASES


70

Ashour; A.Z.A. and Aida H. Afify (2016). Evaluation of antagonistic properties of rhizo-bacteria in vitro. J. Agric.Chem.and Biotechn.; Mansoura Univ.Vol. 7 (3): 89- 94.

Abstract:

Twelve bacterial isolates were recovered from the rhizosphere of cotton; flax;

and tomato seedlings of the most predominat commerical cultivars in Egypt. Bacterial

isolates determined for their activities against three phytopathogenic fungi: Fusarium

oxysporum; Rhizoctonia solani and Sclerotium rolfsii. When the six most antagonistic

isolates were classified by standard tests; it was found that 4 strains (57%) were

belonging to Bacillus spp.; 2 strains (40%) were belonging to Pseudomonas spp. In vitro;

Bacillus subtilus (2 strains); Bacillus sp. (2 strains); Pseudomonas flurorescens and

Pseudomonas sp. were effective antagonists. Ammonia; chitinase; amylase and cellulase

in bacterial culture by Bacillus sp.; were produced and also; the production of

siderosphore; ammonia; lipase and chitinase by Pseudomonas spp. may contribute to

the antagonistic activities of the bacterial isolates.

Keywords: Bacillus spp.; Pseudomonads; Phytopathogenic fungi; Volatile materials;

Hydrolytic enzymes.

Ezzat, A. S. and Z. Mousa (2016). Investigating the effect of some elicitors on brown rot disease and tuber yield of potato. journal of Productivity Development, 21 (1): 67 – 96.

Abstract:

Brown rot of potato is a worldwide disease that causes huge agricultural and

economical losses. Using synthetic chemicals like antimicrobial pesticide may have

adverse effects on consumers and on the environment. The recent trend of control plant

disease is the application of eco-friendly tools to control disease. In the present

investigation, and this study streptomycin, Pleurotus columbinus spent wheat straw

(PCSWS), wheat straw (WS), three bacterial species (Bacillus subtillus, B. polymyxa and

Pseudomonas fluorescens), plant essential oils of anethole, mustard, caraway and neem

were tested to control brown rot disease of potato cv. Spunta in Baramoon Research

Station, Dakahlia Governorate, Egypt under field conditions, during the two winter

seasons of 2013/14 and 2014/15. The vegetative growth parameters, tuber yield, tuber

grading, tuber dry matter, specific gravity and infected tubers were investigated. PCSWS

led to significant increase in all studied criteria, compared to check or other treatments.

Furthermore, PCSWS or caraway oil gave the best results in reduction of infected tubers

in vitro. The direct antibacterial effect of studied treatments against the causal pathogen

of brown rot of potato, Ralstonia solanacerum. Only streptomycin, anethole and caraway

oil affected the growth of R. solanacearum. Pots experiment was carried out to study the

ability of the tested treatments to induce systemic resistance (ISR). Conclusively, Bacillus

subtillus, caraway and neem oils significantly increased the production of total phenols,


71

polyphenol oxidase and peroxidase, respectively, which enhanced potato plant health,

increased chlorophylls and plant height as well as, decreased disease rating that

increased tuber weight after 70 days of planting.

Keywords: Potato, production, brown rot, essential oils, organic residues, streptomycin.

Hamad, Y. I.; S. A. G. Youssef; Naglaa M. Balabel; W. I. Shaaban and M. I. Ahmed

(2016). Detection the causal organism of potato brown rot bacterium in potato and

water canals. Egypt journal of applied Sci., 31 (6): 90 – 109.

Abstract:

The present work was concerned with diagnosing potato brown rot disease

caused by Ralstonia solanacearum in deferent habitats through three seasons

(2010/2011 to 2012/2013). Potato tubers and irrigation water samples were collected

from different potato districts at the governorates (El-Behera, El-Minufiya, El-Gharbia

and El-Isamailia) in Egypt, over three seasons. Based on pathogenicity as well as growth

characteristics on semi selective medium of South Africa (SMSA) and

immunofluorescence antibody staining (IFAS) tests, variable percentages of positive

reactions were recognized. The pathogenic variation between isolates was assessed on

the basis of the degree of virulence on inoculated tomato seedlings under greenhouse

conditions. The highest pathogen potential was detected by seven isolates, as shown by

the degree of wilting expressed out of 58 isolates. Identification and race determination

of the aforementioned seven isolates were done based on the physiological and

bacteriological characteristics. The conclusion of results revealed the identity with

characteristics described for phylotype II sequevar I (race 3 biovar 2) of R. solanacearum.

All tested isolates produced a single band at the size of 288 bp using PCR technique.

Also, phylotype specific multiplex (Pmx) - PCR revealed that, all the seven isolates of R.

solanacearum belonged to phylotype II as 372- bp amplicon was observed with all tested

isolates. Positive reaction (water and weed samples) were detected under El- Gharibi, El-

Behera and Menoufia governorates, while negative results under El-Ismailia governorate

were recorded with pathogenicity test in all the three tested seasons.

Hamad Y. I.; Naglaa M. Balabel; G. Youssef; H. A. Awaad; M. I. Ahmed and A. H. Zaian (2016). Detection the causal organism of potato brown rot bacterium in weed hosts using traditional methods and DNA markers. Egypt J. Applied Sci., 31 (6): 110 – 127.

Abstract:

The present investigation was carried out in an attempt to study the transmission

of Ralstonia solanacearum, the causal organism of potato brown rot under El-Gharbia,

El-Behira, El-Menoufia and El-Ismailia governorates of Egypt over three seasons

(2010/2011 to 2012/2013). The obtained results revealed that, Portulaca olracea L.

(purslane), Solanum nigrum (black nightshad), Rumex dentatus (sorrel), Chenopodium


72

album (lamb's pauters), Brassica kaber (DC) L.C. (black mustard) and Beta vulgaris sub

sp. Marima (curly dock) are considered as hosts for R. solnacearum. On the other hand,

Conyza dioscorids (wild), Medicago capulina (black clover), Cichorium endivia (wild

chicory), Amaranthus sylvestris (pig weed), Convolvulus arvensis (field bind weed),

Plantago major (great plantain) and Urtica urens (small nettle) are not considered as

hosts for R. solnacearum. Bacterial wilt caused by Ralstonia solanacearum belonged to

phylotype II sequevar I (race 3 biovar 2). The causal organism of potato brown rot

bacterium was identified based on pathogenicity test as well as growth characteristics on

semi selective medium of South Africa (SMSA) and immunofluorescence antibody

staining (IFAS) tests. Identification isolates were done based on the physiological and

bacteriological characteristics. All tested isolates produced a single band at the size of

288 bp using PCR technique. Also, phylotype specific multiplex (Pmx) - PCR revealed that,

all the five isolates of R. solanacearum belonged to phylotype II as 372- bp amplicon was

observed with all tested isolates.

Khalil, M. E.; E. M. A. Ashmawy and Amal A. Ismaail (2016). Suppression of potato brown rot disease using some biotic agents under artificial inoculation condition. J. Biol. Chem. Envirom. Sci., 11 (2): 593 – 609.

Abstract:

Four biotic agents, i.e Bacillus subtilis, Pseudomonas fluorescens, Streptomyces

griseus and Trichoderma harzianum were isolated from Rhizosphere of healthy potato

plants grown in heavily infested fields with brown rot of adult plants. The species were

evaluated for biocontrol capacity against 14 isolates of Ralstonia solanacearum in velvet

in brown rot of potato under greenhouse conditions. Analysis of variance showed very

highly significant effects of biotic agents. R. solanacearum isolates and their interaction

on percentage of infected tubers (%), the percentage of infected foliage (%), dry weight,

(mg/plant) and tuber weight (kg/plant) while the interaction was not significant in the

case of plant height (cm/plant). Responses of R. solanacearum isolate to antagonistic

effects of biotic agents were different. Some isolates of R. solanacearum exhibited

response to all biotic agents, which significantly increased dry weight; plant height and

tuber weight kg/plant. The results of cluster analysis of R. solanacearum isolates based

on their response patterns to biotic agents. Placed the isolates in three distinct groups;

however, grouping the isolates was not related to geographic origins. It is worth noting

that isolates of Middle Egypt were placed in the same group.

Keywords: Biological control, potato, brown rot, Ralstonia solanacearum.


73

VARIOUS

SUBJECTS


74

Abd El-Moez A. Mohamed; Mohamed A. Mohamed; V. Vega; B. Hernando and A. M. Ahmed (2016). Tuning magnetoresistive and magnetocaloric properties via grain boundaries engineering in granular manganites. RSC Adv.; 2016; 6; 77284-77290 DOI: 10.1039/C6RA15874A; Paper.

Abstract:

In this work; we investigate the effect of interface size on the electrical;

magnetoresistive; magnetic and magnetocaloric properties of the La0.7Ba0.3MnO3

(LBMO) manganite compound. This is done by introducing different sizes of secondary

phases of Ni and Ag (Ni powder; Ni nanowires; Ag oxide powder and Ag nanoparticles) to

the LBMO compound; forming inhomogeneous systems of LBMO/Ni and LBMO/Ag

composites. X-Ray diffraction patterns reveal the interaction lack between Ni & Ag

interfaces and LBMO compound through the coexistence of their characteristic peaks.

This suggests the segregation of these interfaces between LBMO grains; leading to a

change in the boundary resistance that is found to be an interface-size-dependent

change. Accordingly; the transport properties of LBMO are changed; where; the

resistivity increases and the metal–semiconductor transition temperature decreases

with the introduced interfaces. The change in grain boundary resistance enhances the

magnetoresistive properties during the promotion of the spin carrier tunnelling process.

For instance; the room temperature low field magnetoresistance of the LBMO

compound is enhanced from −1.23% to − 4.35; −5.25 and − 7.9% with the introduction of

Ni powder; Ag nanoparticles and Ag oxide powder interfaces; respectively. The dc

thermal magnetization measurements show a constant value of the LBMO Curie

temperature (Tc) with the introduced interfaces that may be attributed to the complete

interaction lack. However; a small decrease is registered in the Tc value of Ni nanowires

doped LBMO composite; that may be due to the incomplete interaction lack in this

composite. Moreover; the magnetocaloric properties of the LBMO compound show a

notable enhancement with the introduced interfaces; where its relative cooling power is

enhanced from 44 J kg−1 to 107; 167; 92 and 94 J kg−1 with the introduction of Ni

powder; Ni nanowires; Ag oxide and Ag nanoparticle interfaces; respectively; at a 3 T

applied magnetic field.

Abdel-Hafez S. I. I.; Nivien A. Nafady; I. R. Abdel-Rahim; Abeer M. Shaltout; José-Antonio Daròs; M. A. Mohamed (2016). Assessment of protein silver nanoparticles toxicity against pathogenic Alternaria solani. Published: 21 September 2016 by Springer in 3 Biotech; Volume 6; doi:10.1007/s13205-016-0515-6.

Abstract:

Mycogenic synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) was carried out in the

present investigation using an aqueous extract of endophytic non pathogenic Alternaria

solani F10 (KT721914). The mycosynthesized AgNPs were characterized by means of

spectroscopic and microscopic techniques. The surface Plasmon resonance found at 430

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75

nm confirmed the formation of stable AgNPs for several weeks at room temperature.

Also; the results revealed the formation of spherical and mono dispersed AgNPs with an

average size of 14.8 ± 1.2 nm. The FT-IR spectrum suggested that the fungal extracellular

proteins and secondary metabolites had the role in Ag reduction and AgNPs capping of

which protein Ag nanoconjugates were formed. Furthermore; the mycosynthesized

AgNPs exhibited potent antifungal activity against different pathogenic isolates of the

same Alternaria solani fungus; the causal pathogen of tomato early blight disease. The

antifungal efficiency of the AgNPs at 1; 5 and 10 ppm were evaluated for 8 days after

incubation by measuring the inhibition rate of fungal radial growth. The results were

further supported by investigating fungal hyphae morphology alteration by scanning and

transmission electron microscopy. Treated fungal hyphae showed formation of pits and

pores. Also; the mycosynthesized AgNPs were able to pass and distribute throughout the

fungal cell area and interact with the cell components.

Keywords: Silver nanoparticles Mycosynthesis Pathogen Alternaria solani Antifungal activity.

Crous; P.W.; M.J. Wingfield; J.J. Le Roux; D.M. Richardson; D. Strasberg; R.G. Shivas; P. Alvarado; J. Edwards; G. Moreno; R. Sharma; M.S. Sonawane; Y.P. Tan; A. Altés; T. Barasubiye; C.W. Barnes; R.A. Blanchette; D. Boertmann; A. Bogo; J.R. Carlavilla; R. Cheewangkoon; R. Daniel;Z.W. de Beer;M. de Jesús Yáñez-Morales; T.A. Duong; J. Fernández-Vicente; A.D.W. Geering; D.I. Guest; B.W. Held; M. Heykoop; V. Hubka; A.M. Ismail; S.C. Kajale; W. Khemmuk; M. Kolarík; R. Kurli; R. Lebeuf; C.A. Lévesque; L. Lombard; D. Magista; J.L. Manjón; S. Marincowitz; J.M. Mohedano;A. Nováková; N.H. Oberlies;E.C. Otto; N.D. Paguigan; I.G. Pascoe;J.L. Pérez-Butrón; G. Perrone; P. Rahi; H.A. Raja; T. Rintoul;R.M.V. Sanhueza; K. Scarlett; Y.S. Shouche; L.A. Shuttleworth;P.W.J. Taylor; R.G. Thorn; L.L. Vawdrey; R. Solano-Vidal; A. Voitk;P.T.W. Wong; A.R. Wood; J.C. Zamora and J.Z. Groenewald (2016). Fungal Planet description sheets. Persoonia 35; 2015: 264–327.

Abstract:

Novel species of fungi described in the present study include the following from

Australia: Neoseptorioides eucalypti gen. & sp. nov. from Eucalyptus radiata leaves;

Phytophthora gondwanensis from soil; Diaporthe tulliensis from rotted stem ends of

Theobroma cacao fruit; Diaporthe vawdreyi from fruit rot of Psidium guajava;

Magnaporthiopsis agrostidis from rotted roots of Agrostis stolonifera and Semifissispora

natalis from Eucalyptus leaf litter. Furthermore; Neopestalotiopsis egyptiaca is described

from Mangifera indica leaves (Egypt); Roussoella mexicana from Coffea arabica leaves

(Mexico); Calonectria monticola from soil (Thailand); Hygrocybe jackmanii from littoral

sand dunes (Canada); Lindgomyces madisonensis from submerged decorticated wood

(USA); Neofabraea brasiliensis from Malus domestica (Brazil); Geastrum diosiae from

litter (Argentina); Ganoderma wiiroense on angiosperms (Ghana); Arthrinium gutiae

from the gut of a grasshopper (India); Pyrenochaeta telephoni from the screen of a


76

mobile phone (India) and Xenoleptographium phialoconidium gen. & sp. nov. on exposed

xylem tissues of Gmelina arborea (Indonesia). Several novelties are introduced from

Spain; namely Psathyrella complutensis on loamy soil; Chlorophyllum lusitanicum on

nitrified grasslands (incl. Chlorophyllum arizonicum comb. nov.); Aspergillus citocrescens

from cave sediment and Lotinia verna gen. & sp. nov. from muddy soil. Novel foliicolous

taxa from South Africa include Phyllosticta carissicola from Carissa macrocarpa;

Pseudopyricularia hagahagae from Cyperaceae and Zeloasperisporium searsiae from

Searsia chirindensis. Furthermore; Neophaeococcomyces is introduced as a novel genus;

with two new combinations; N. aloes and N. catenatus. Several foliicolous novelties are

recorded from La Réunion; France; namely Ochroconis pandanicola from Pandanus utilis;

Neosulcatispora agaves gen. & sp. nov. from Agave vera-cruz; Pilidium eucalyptorum

from Eucalyptus robusta; Strelitziana syzygii from Syzygium jambos (incl. Strelitzianaceae

fam. nov.) and Pseudobeltrania ocoteae from Ocotea obtusata (Beltraniaceae emend.).

Morphological and culture characteristics along with ITS DNA barcodes are provided for

all taxa.

Keywords: ITS DNA barcodes; LSU; novel fungal species; systematic.

Elagamey, Eman ; Arunima Sinha; Pooja Rani Aggarwal; Sudip Ghosh; Niranjan Chakraborty and Subhra Chakraborty (2016). Extracellular Matrix Proteome and Phosphoproteome of Potato Reveals Functionally Distinct and Diverse Canonical and Non-Canonical Proteoforms.Proteomes. 4; 20; doi: 10. 3390/ proteomes 4030020.

Abstract:

The extracellular matrix (ECM) has a molecular machinery composed of diverse

proteins and proteoforms that combine properties of tensile strength with extensibility

exhibiting growth-regulatory functions and self- and non-self-recognition. The

identification of ECM proteoforms is the prerequisite towards a comprehensive

understanding of biological functions accomplished by the outermost layer of the cell.

Regulatory mechanisms of protein functions rely on post-translational modifications;

phosphorylation in particular; affecting enzymatic activity; interaction; localization and

stability. To investigate the ECM proteoforms; we have isolated the cell wall proteome

and phosphor proteome of a tuberous crop; potato (Solanum tuberosum). LC-MS/MS

analysis led to the identification of 38 proteins and 35 phosphoproteins of known and

unknown functions. The findings may provide a better understanding of biochemical

machinery and the integrated protein and phosphoprotein network of ECM for future

functional studies of different developmental pathways and guidance cues in

mechanosensing and integrity signaling.

Keywords: ECM; proteoforms; phosphoproteome; potato; 2-DE; protein interaction

network

http://www.mdpi.com/search?authors=Eman%20Elagamey&orcid=

http://www.mdpi.com/search?authors=Arunima%20Sinha&orcid=

http://www.mdpi.com/search?authors=Pooja%20Rani%20Aggarwal&orcid=

http://www.mdpi.com/search?authors=Sudip%20Ghosh&orcid=

http://www.mdpi.com/search?authors=Niranjan%20Chakraborty&orcid=



http://www.mdpi.com/search?authors=Subhra%20Chakraborty&orcid=


77

El-Garhy, Hoda A.S.; S. Khttab; M.M.A. Moustafa; Rania M. Abou-Ali; A. Z. Abdel Aziez; Abeer Elhalwagi and Fadia El Shreif (2016). Silybin content and overexpression of chalcone synthase genes in Silybum marianum L. plants under abiotic elicitation.J. Plant Physiology and Biochemistry , (108):191-202.

Abstract:

Silymarin, a Silybum marianum seed extract containing a mixture of

flavonolignans including silybin, is being used as an antihepatotoxic therapy for liver

diseases. In this study, the enhancing effect of gamma irradiation on plant growth

parameters of S. marianum under salt stress was investigated. The effect of gamma

irradiation, either as a single elicitor or coupled with salinity, on chalcone synthase (CHS)

gene expression and silybin A + B yield was also evaluated. The silybin A + B content in

S. marianum fruits was estimated by liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (LC-

MS/MS). An increase in silybin content was accompanied by up-regulation of the CHS1,

CHS2 and CHS3 genes, which are involved in the silybin biosynthetic pathway. The

highest silybin A + B production (0.77 g/100 g plant DW) and transcript levels of the

three studied genes (100.2-, 91.9-, and 24.3-fold increase, respectively) were obtained

with 100GY gamma irradiation and 4000 ppm salty water. The CHS2 and CHS3 genes

were partially sequenced and submitted to the NCBI database under the accession

numbers KT252908.1 and KT252909.1, respectively. Developing new approaches to

stimulate silybin biosynthetic pathways could be a useful tool to potentiate the use of

plants as renewable resources of medicinal compounds.

Keywords: Silybum marianum Sea water, Gamma rays, LC-MS/MS, Silybin ,Chalcone

synthase (CHS) genes.

Hamza, Amany, S. El-Mogazy, A. Derbalah (2016). Fenton reagent and titanium dioxide nanoparticles as antifungal agents to control leaf spot of sugar beet under field conditions. Journal of Plant Protection Research, 56 (3): 270-278. Abstract:

In this study, foliar sprays of Fenton solutions (Fenton reaction, Fenton-like

reaction and Fenton complex), titanium dioxide (TiO2) and the recommended fungicide

(chlorothalonil) were estimated in the control of sugar beet leaf spot caused by

Cercospora beticola under field conditions in two growing seasons. In addition, the

impacts of these treatments on some crop characters (leaf dry weight, root fresh

weight, soluble solid content, sucrose content and purity of sugar) were examined.

Biochemical and histological changes in the livers and kidneys of treated rats compared

to an untreated control were utilized to assess the toxicity of the examined curative

agents. Overall, chlorothalonil and Fenton complex were the most effective treatments

for disease suppression in both tested seasons followed by Fenton-like reagent, Fenton’s

reagent and TiO2, respectively. Growth and yield characters of treated sugar beet

significantly increased in comparison to an untreated control. There were mild or no

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78

(biochemical and histological) changes in the livers and kidneys of treated rats compared

to the control. Fenton solutions and TiO2 may offer a new alternative for leaf spot

control in sugar beet.

Keywords: control, Fenton, leaf spot, sugar beet, toxicity.

Hashem Abeer; E. F. Abd_Allah; A. A. Alqarawi and D. Egamberdieva (2016). Bioremediation of adverse impact of cadmium toxicity on Cassia italica Mill by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences. 23; 39–47.

Abstract:

Cassia italica Mill is an important medicinal plant within the family Fabaceae. Pot experiment was conducted to evaluate cadmium stress induced changes in physiological and biochemical attributes in C. italica with and without arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF). Cadmium stressed plant showed reduced chlorophyll pigment and protein content while AMF inoculation enhanced the chlorophyll and protein content considerably. AMF also ameliorated the cadmium stress induced reduction in total chlorophyll and protein contents by 19.30% and 38.29%; respectively. Cadmium stress enhanced lipid peroxidation while AMF inoculation reduced lipid peroxidation considerably. Increase in proline and phenol content was observed due to cadmium stress and AMF inoculation caused a further increase in proline and phenol content ensuring better growth under stressed conditions. AMF alone also enhanced proline and phenol content. Activity of antioxidant enzymes enhanced under cadmium treatment and AMF inoculation further enhanced their activity thereby strengthening the antioxidant system. Enhanced activities of antioxidants and increased accumulation of osmolytes help plants to avoid damaging impact of oxidative damage. The research has shown that AMF inoculation mitigated the negative impact of stress by reducing the lipid peroxidation and enhancing the antioxidant activity. The present study strongly supports employing AMF as the biological mean for enhancing the cadmium stress tolerance of C. italica.

Keywords: Cassia italic; AMF; Antioxidant enzymes; Proline; Phenol; Lipid peroxidation.

Hashem Abeer; E. Abd_Allah; A. Alqarawi; Asma Al-Huqail; S. Wirth and D. Egamberdieva (2016). The interaction between arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and endophytic bacteria enhances plant growth of Acacia gerrardii under salt stress. Front. Microbiol. 7:1089. doi:10.3389/fmicb.2016.01089.

Abstract:

Microbes living symbiotically in plant tissues mutually cooperate with each other

by providing nutrients for proliferation of the partner organism and have a beneficial

effect on plant growth. However; few studies thus far have examined the interactive

effect of endophytic bacteria and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) in hostile

conditions and their potential to improve plant stress tolerance. In this study; we

investigated how the synergistic interactions of endophytic bacteria and AMF affect

plant growth; nodulation; nutrient acquisition and stress tolerance of Acacia

gerrardii under salt stress. Plant growth varied between the treatments with both single


79

inoculants and was higher in plants inoculated with the endophytic B. subtilis strain than

with AMF. Co-inoculated A. gerrardii had a significantly greater shoot and root dry

weight; nodule number; and leghemoglobin content than those inoculated with AMF

or B. subtilis alone under salt stress. The endophytic B. subtilis could alleviate the

adverse effect of salt on AMF colonization. The differences in nitrate and nitrite

reductase and nitrogenase activities between uninoculated plants and those inoculated

with AMF and B. subtilis together under stress were significant. Both inoculation

treatments; either B. subtilis alone or combined with AMF; enhanced the N; P; K; Mg;

and Ca contents and phosphatase activities in salt-stressed A. gerrardii tissues and

reduced Na and Cl concentration; thereby protecting salt-stressed plants from ionic and

osmotic stress-induced changes. In conclusion; our results indicate that endophytic

bacteria and AMF contribute to a tripartite mutualistic symbiosis in A. gerrardii and are

coordinately involved in the plant adaptation to salt stress tolerance.

Keywords: AMF; endophyte; Acacia gerrardii; salinity; nutrition

Liming Yang; Jianhui Ji; Hongliang Wang; Karen R. Harris-Shultz; E .F . Abd_Allah; YumingLuo; Xiangyang Hu and Yanlong Guan (2016). Carbon Monoxide Interacts with Auxin and Nitric Oxide to Cope with Iron Deficiency in Arabidopsis. Front Plant Sci. 2016; 7: 112.Published online 2016 Mar 7. doi: 10.3389/fpls.2016.00112. Abstract:

To clarify the roles of carbon monoxide (CO); nitric oxide (NO); and auxin in the

plant response to iron deficiency (–Fe); and to establish how the signaling molecules

interact to enhance Fe acquisition; we conducted physiological; genetic; and molecular

analyses that compared the responses of various Arabidopsis mutants; including hy1 (CO

deficient); noa1 (NO deficient); nia1/nia2 (NO deficient); yuc1 (auxin over-accumulation);

and cue1 (NO over-accumulation) to –Fe stress. We also generated a HY1 over-

expression line (named HY1-OX) in which CO is over-produced compared to wild-type.

We found that the suppression of CO and NO generation using various inhibitors

enhanced the sensitivity of wild-type plants to Fe depletion. Similarly; the hy1; noa1; and

nia1/nia2 mutants were more sensitive to Fe deficiency. By contrast; the yuc1; cue1; and

HY1-OX lines were less sensitive to Fe depletion. The hy1 mutant with low CO content

exhibited no induced expression of the Fe uptake-related genes FIT1 and FRO2 as

compared to wild-type plants. On the other hand; the treatments of exogenous CO and

NO enhanced Fe uptake. Likewise; cue1 and HY1-OX lines with increased endogenous

content of NO and CO; respectively; also exhibited enhanced Fe uptake and increased

expression of bHLH transcriptional factor FIT1as compared to wild-type plants.

Furthermore; we found that CO affected auxin accumulation and transport in the root

tip by altering the PIN1 and PIN2 proteins distribution that control lateral root structure

under –Fe stress. Our results demonstrated the integration of CO; NO; and auxin

signaling to cope with Fe deficiency in Arabidopsis.

Keywords: CO, NO, auxin, iron deficiency, Arabidopsis, basipetal transport.

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4780267/

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El-Kammar, H.F.; Omhashem M. El-Banna; A.H. Hame; M.S. Abbas and A.K. El-Attar (2016). Serological, Molecular and Ultrastructural studies on Tobacco Rattle Virus-infected Potato Plants in Egypt. Journal of Plant Pathology, 98 (1): 15-24.

El-Saidy, Aml E.A. and K. M. Abd El-Hai (2016). Effect of some Evaporation Matters on Storability of Sunflower ( Helianthus annuus L.) Seed . Pakistan Journal of Biological Sciences; 19: 239-249

El-Sawy, M. M.; R. I. Omara, and M. A. Ashmawy (2016). Use of natural products as fungicide alternatives against wheat stripe rust and improvement grain crop. Egy. J. Plant Pro. Res. 4 (4): 1-20.

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http://www.mdpi.com/search?authors=Pooja%20Rani%20Aggarwal&orcid=

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Elwakil; M. A.; M. A. Abass; M. A. El – Metwally and Mona S. Mahmoud (2016). Green chemistry for inducing resistance against chocolate spot disease of faba bean. Journal of Environmental Science and Technology; 9 (1):170 – 187.

Ezzat, A. S. and Z. Mousa (2016). Investigating the effect of some elicitors on brown rot disease and tuber yield of potato. journal of Productivity Development, 21 (1): 67 – 96.

Geetika Sirhindi; Mudaser Ahmad Mir; Elsayed Fathi Abd-Allah; Parvaiz Ahmad and Salih Gucel (2016). Jasmonic Acid Modulates the Physio-Biochemical Attributes; Antioxidant Enzyme Activity; and Gene Expression in Glycine max under Nickel Toxicity. Front. Plant Sci.; 2016; 7: 591|Published online 2016 May 12. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2016.00591.

Ghanem, G. A. M.; A. A. Kheder; Noura M. Hassan and A. I. Abdel-Alim (2016). Application of a reverse transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification (RT-LAMP) and reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) for the detection of Cucurbit yellow stunting disorder virus (CYSDV) in Egypt. International Journal of advanced research, 4 (3): 744-751.

Ghanem, G. A. M.; Noura M. Hassan. A. A. Kheder; H. M. Mazyad and A. I. Abdel-Alim (2016). Antiserum production; biological and serological detection of Cucurbit yellow stunting disorder crinivirus (CYSDV) in Egypt. International Journal of advanced research.4 (4):1116-1128.

Ghoneem Kh. M.; Wesam I. A. Saber; Aml El-Awady; Y. M. Rashed and A. A. Al-Askar (2016). Alternative preservation method against Sclerotioum tuber rots of jerusalem artichoke using natural essential oils. Phytoparsitica; 44: 341-352.

Gomaa Nafisa M., Shereen E. M. El-Nahas, Eman A. M. Osman and Maggie E. M. Hassan

(2016). Use of endophytic bacteria to suppress damping-off of cotton seedlings caused by Fusarium oxysporum. J.Agric.Chem.and Biotechn., Mansoura Univ.Vol. 7 (9): 241 -248.

Hagag, Eman S. F.; N. A. A. Taha and Y. M. Hafez (2016). Control of Root-knot Nematode (Meloidogyne incognita) on Eggplant Plants Using Biotic and Abiotic Inducers of Resistance. Egyptian Journal of Biological Pest Control; 26(2): 269- 275.

Haidar, Asma M.; Kh. M. Al-Assas and A. A. M. Dawabah (2016). Prevalence; distribution and intraspecific variation of Heterodera schachtii populations from semiarid environment. Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences 23: 293–299.

Haidar; Asmaa, M.; Kh. M. Al-Assas and A. A. M. Dawabah (2016). Efficacy of some Syrian isolates of Verticillium chlamydosporium and two species of Paecilomyces in controlling the sugar beet cyst nematode (Heterodera schachtii). Arab Journal of Plant Protection; 34: 42-51.

Hamad Y. I.; Naglaa M. Balabel; G. Youssef; H. A. Awaad; M. I. Ahmed and A. H. Zaian (2016). Detection the causal organism of potato brown rot bacterium in weed hosts using traditional methods and DNA markers. Egypt J. Applied Sci., 31 (6): 110 – 127.

Hamad, Y. I.; S. A. G. Youssef; Naglaa M. Balabel; W. I. Shaaban and M. I. Ahmed (2016). Detection the causal organism of potato brown rot bacterium in potato and water canals. Egypt journal of applied Sci., 31 (6): 90 – 109.







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Hamed, N. M. and M. F. Abdel-Monaim (2016). Evaluation of some Fodder Beet Genotypes for Yield, Yield Components and Diseases Susceptibility under New Valley Conditions. J. Plant Production, Mansoura Univ., Vol. 7(11): 1215 – 1220.

Hamza, Amany, S. El-Mogazy, A. Derbalah (2016). Fenton reagent and titanium dioxide nanoparticles as antifungal agents to control leaf spot of sugar beet under field conditions. Journal of Plant Protection Research, 56 (3): 270-278.

Hashem Abeer; E. Abd_Allah; A. Alqarawi; Asma Al-Huqail; S. Wirth and D. Egamberdieva (2016). The interaction between arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and endophytic bacteria enhances plant growth of Acacia gerrardii under salt stress. Front. Microbiol. 7:1089. doi:10.3389/fmicb.2016.01089.

Hashem Abeer; E. F. Abd_Allah; A. A. Alqarawi and D. Egamberdieva (2016). Bioremediation of adverse impact of cadmium toxicity on Cassia italica Mill by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences. 23; 39–47.

Hassan, Maggie E.M.; Hanaa S. Zawam; Shereen E.M. El-Nahas and Abeer F. Desoukey (2016). Comparison Study Between Silver Nanoparticles and Two Nematicides against Meloidogyne incognita on Tomato Seedlings. Plant Pathol. J.; 15: 144-151.

Ismail A. A.; Nagwa M. Sidkey; Rasha M. Fathy and A. I. El – Batal (2016). Evaluation of In vitro antifungal activity of silver and selenium nanoparticles against Alternaria solani caused early blight disease on potato. British biotechnology journal 12 (3) 2231 – 2927.

Ismail A.M.; T.A. Essa; S.M. Kamel; G. Perrone (2016). First report of Curvularia spicifera causing leaf spot on tomato (Solanum lycoperscium L.) In Egypt. Journal of Plant Pathology; 98; 3: 679.

Kella A. M.; Tagred A. Hegazy and Naglaa T. Mohamed (2016). Control of Root-Knot nematode infecting rose plants and management influence on floral parameters. Minufiya J. of Agric. Res. 41 (3). Minufiya J.Prot.:631-637"

Khalifa M. M. A., Noher A. Mahmoud and N. M., Abou-Zeid (2016). Management of onion bulb rots during storage using pre- and post- harvest control treatments. Egyptian J. Phytopathology, 44: (2). Accepted for publication.

Khalil, M. E.; E. M. A. Ashmawy and Amal A. Ismaail (2016). Suppression of potato brown rot disease using some biotic agents under artificial inoculation condition. J. Biol. Chem. Envirom. Sci., 11 (2): 593 – 609.

Liming Yang; Jianhui Ji; Hongliang Wang; Karen R. Harris-Shultz; E .F. Abd_Allah; YumingLuo; Xiangyang Hu and Yanlong Guan (2016). Carbon Monoxide Interacts with Auxin and Nitric Oxide to Cope with Iron Deficiency in Arabidopsis. Front Plant Sci. 2016; 7: 112.Published online 2016 Mar 7. doi: 10.3389/fpls.2016.00112.

Mahmoud; E. Y.; M. M. Ibrahim; Fatma; A. Mostafa and Zeinab N. Hussien (2016). Integration of Bacillus subtilis with some essential plant for the control of onion white rot. Egypt. J. Agric. Res.; 94 (3); 2016: 591-608.

Mahmoud, E.Y.; Zeinab N. Hussien, M.M. Ibrahim., and M.A. Abdel-Gayed (2016).

Compatable between chemical inducers and Amistar Top fungicide for controlling onion



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downy mildew and purple blotch diseases. Egyptian J. Phytopath., 44: (2). Accepted for puplication.

Moustafa, Nabila A. (2016). Use of proten electrophoresis for qualitative and quantatve differentiation of powdery mildew (Blumeria graminis) disease severity on barley genotypes. J. Plant Prot. and path.; Mansoura Univ.; 7 (1): 59 -68.

Muhanna, Naglaa A. S.; T. A. Essa; Manal A. H. El – Gamal and S. M. Kamel (2016). Biocontrol efficacy of free and formulated arbuscular mycorrhiza; Trichoderma viride and Pesudomonas fluorescens for controlling tomato (Solanum lycopersicum Mill.) root rot diseases. Egyptian journal of biological pest control; 26(3): 477 – 486.

Nada M. G. A. (2016). Soilborne fungi causing disease problems on the medicinal plant Chia (Salvia hispanica L.) in Egypt and the possibility of controlling damping – off. J. Biol.Chem. Environ. Sci. 11 (3): 483 – 510.

Nada M. G. A. and A. M. M. El-Karamany (2016). The fungal infections causing reductions in growth and oil yield of Lavender (Lavandula angustifolia Mill.) and their control means.

Nada M. G. A.; A. E. A. Halawa; M. A.M. Baiuomy and Reem M. Said (2016). Fungal diseases of moghat (Glossostemon bruguier (Desf.)); their management and effect on the yield in Egypt. Egypt. J. Appl. Sci.; 31(3): 40-61.

Omar, S.A.; Zianb, Abd EL-Naby and Sayda, S. Abd el-Rahman (2016). Screening for alfalfa traits in relation to yield and crown rot disease. International J. of applied and pure science and agriculture, (2): 184 – 192.

Omara, R.I.; Doaa R.M. EL-Naggar; Nagwa I. Abd El-Malik and H. A. Ketta (2016). Losses assessment in some Egyptian wheat cultivars caused by stripe rust pathogen (Puccinia striiformis), Egy. J. Plant Pro. Res. 4 (4): 1-20.

Parise Henry; Olufunmilayo Owopetu; Demilade Adisa; Thao Nguyen; Kevin Anthony; David Ijoni-Animadu; Sakha Jamadar; Fawzia Abdel-Rahmanc; and Mahmoud A. Saleh (2016). 1–7 Fatty acids composition of Caenorhabditis elegans using accurate mass GCMS-QTOF. J Environ Sci Health B. 2016 Aug 2; 51(8): 546–552. J Environ Sci Health B. 2016 Aug 2; 51 (8): 546–552. Published online 2016 May 11. doi: 10.1080/03601234.2016.1170555.

Parvaiz Ahmad; Arafat Abdel Latef; Abeer Hashem; Elsayed F. Abd_Allah; Salih Gucel and Lam-Son P. Tran (2016). Nitric oxide mitigates salt stress by regulating levels of osmolytes and antioxidant enzymes in chickpea. Front Plant Sci. 2016 Mar 31, 7:347.doi: 10.3389/fpls.2016.00347.

Rezk; A. A. (2016). Molecular characterization of tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV) infecting pepper and common bean. International journal of virology (12); 1-9.

Saleh F. E. M.; Hoda A.M. Ahmed and K. M.H. Abd-El- Moneem (2016). Efficacy of essential oils from three medicinal and aromatic plants in controlling wilt disease of roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa L.). Scientific J. Flowers & Ornamental Plants, 3 (2): 95-105.

Salem, E. A.; K. Youssef and S. M. Sanzani (2016). Evaluation of alternative means to control postharvest Rhizopus rot peaches. Scientia horticulture, 198: 86- 90.

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Sallam Minaas; W. M. El-Orabey and R. I. Omara (2016). Seedling and Adult Plant Resistance to Leaf Rust in Some Egyptian Wheat Genotypes. African journal of agricultural research 11 (4):247-258·

Shabana; Y. M.; M. E. Abdalla; A. A. Hilal and H. M. Abdel–Aziz (2016). Performance of Three Silicon Sources in Suppressing Rhizoctonia solani Diseases on Sage (Salvia officinalis L.) and in Improving Yield of Plant Herb and Essential Oil. J. Plant Prot. and Path.; Mansoura Univ.; 7 (9): 555 - 563; 2016.

Shalaby, Sh. I. M.; S. Shalaby and M. M. Amin (2016). Survey of some fungal diseases on garlic plants at East Delta governorate of Egypt. Zagazig J. Agric. Res., 43 (3): 27-37.

Shalaby; E. M.; M. Bader; Rana El–Essawy (2016). Potential impacts of some promosing antagonistic fungi and daconil fungicide in controlling barley net blotch disease caused by Drechslera teres. Egy. J. Plant Pro. Res.; 4(2):15 – 38.

Soltan H. H. M.; Naglaa T. Mohamed; M. E. A. Abo Rehab (2006). Influence of preharvest spraying with the chemical salts on grey mold disease and keeping quality of table grapes during storage. Journal of Phytopathology and Pest Management 3(2): 26-34; 2016.

Taha; Nevine M. and K. M. Abd El Ghany (2016). Some horticultural and pathological studies to reduce fruit decay of Anna apple and increase fruit set; yield and improve fruit quality and storability. Journal of American Science; 12 (1):104 – 122.

Waziri, Hoda M. A.; C. Zhuomin; A.M. El-Borollosy; Hala A. Amin and A. M. Soliman (2016). Nucleotide Sequence for Two Genes of Egyptian Barley Yellow Dwarf Virus - PAV Isolate and their Relationships to other Luteovirus. Int J Bact Virol; Volume 2; Issue 1 http://crescopublications.org/ijbv/IJBV-2-005.pdf Article Number: IJBV-2-005.

Youssef, R. M.; H. H. M. Soltan and Laila M. I. A. (2016). Using of modified atmosphere in preventing infection of wheat grains by Aspergillus flavus and production of aflatoxins. Al-Azhar. J. Agric. Res., 26: pp 638-646.

Youssef, Sahar A. and A. A. Shalaby (2016). Single -Strand Conformation Polymorphism (SSCP) and Nucleotide Sequence Analysis of Citrus Tristeza Virus in Egypt. Int. J. Adv. Res. Biol. Sci., 3(5): 84-92.

Youssef, Sahar A.; E. Arafa; Gehan, Safwat and A. A. Shalaby (2016). Molecular Characterization and Cytopathological Studies of Potato Virus Y Isolated from Potato Sprout in Egypt. Int. J. Adv. Res. Biol. Sci. 3(4): 194-204.

Youssef, Sahar A.; S. B. Elharony; F. M. Abo El-Abbas and A. A. Shalaby (2016). Incidence and detection of Citrus Tristeza Virus in Egypt by ELISA; RT-PCR and real-time PCR (TaqMan®). Int. J. Sci. Eng. Res.Vol. 7:1220-1226.

Zayan, Sahar A.M. (2016). Control of charcoal rot disease of okra plants using certain chemical plant resistance inducers. Journal of Phytopathology and Pest Management 3(2): 35-47; 2016.

https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Walid_El-Orabey2

https://www.researchgate.net/researcher/2091811946_Omara_RedaI





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