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Chapter

© 2010 South-Western, Cengage Learning

Managing Liquidity(Checking Accounts and Bank Savings)

9

Chapter 9


The Roles of Money Management and SavingsIf you can’t manage your checking and

savings accounts properly, you’ll have trouble managing more complicated investments, such as retirement accounts

Why maintain cash balances?It’s expensive (because you’re forgoing

interest income)But we like the convenience

Chapter 9


The Roles of Money Management and SavingsWhy savings are so important

Very liquidServes as an emergency fundAllows us to achieve a certain goal

(vacation, car down payment, etc.)Americans save less than 2.5% of their

incomeEuropeans save about 10%+

Chapter 9


The Roles of Money Management and Savings How much savings do you need?

Emergency fundShould have amount equal to about 3 to 6 months of after-

tax income Additional amount depends on your goals (short-

and long-term)Do you want to buy a house soon? Need to save for the

down payment

Have money automatically transferred to your savings account from each paycheck Treat it as a fixed expense

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The Roles of Money Management and SavingsHow fast your savings will grow depends

upon:What interest rate your savings earn (stated

or nominal rate)Frequency of compoundingHow much money you deposit periodicallyHow your account balance is determined

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What Determines How Fast Your Savings Will Grow?

The impact of time on interest earned If interest is being compounded (earning interest on interest),

time can have a significant impact The frequency of compounding

The more frequently money is compounded, the more often interest is paid—so money grows faster

Your effective interest rate is greater the more often interest is compounded

The treatment of deposits and withdrawals Most financial institutions use the day-of-deposit-to-day-of-withdrawal method

of computing interest Interest is based on the exact number of days the money is in your

account Other methods include minimum balance (will earn less interest this way)

Chapter 9


Choosing a Financial Institution

Financial institutions include banks and credit unions

Factors influencing your decisionHow important is convenience to you?

Do you choose a bank just because it’s right around the corner from your house?

Convenience is important, but nowadays with electronic banking it’s not nearly as important

Direct deposit, online-banking, epay, etc.

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What services do you expect?Electronic bankingSafe deposit boxDo you want good, personal service where

the tellers know you by name?

What insurance safeguards are present?Most financial institutions (banks, credit

unions) are federally insured up to $250,000

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How much does it cost? Before deregulation financial institutions offered many services for ‘free’

Charged a basic fee for having an account Provided free checks, help with reconciliation, etc. Banks competed on the basis of service because basically all banks paid

customers same interest rate on deposits The spread between interest paid to customers and interest charged on

loans was large

Since deregulation banks compete for deposits based on interest rates Spread on interest paid vs. charged has narrowed Banks have eliminated ‘free’ services and now charge fees (sometimes very

HIGH fees) Banks collect about $20 billion in fees (up 200% from 10 years ago)

Fees vary widely from bank to bank Shop around

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What are the Major Financial Institutions?Commercial banks (AKA full-service banks)

Offer:Checking and savings accountsPersonal and business loansTrust servicesSafe-deposit boxesMortgage loansDiscount brokerage serves (maybe)

Convenient (Over 65,000 branch offices across U.S.)

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What are the Major Financial Institutions?

Savings Banks (S&Ls) Traditionally serve consumers Mortgage loans (make about 40% of all mortgage loans) Today are more similar to commercial banks

Credit Unions Cooperative venture owned by depositors and borrowers Organized to serve specific groups of people Non-profit so offer lower interest rates on loans, pay higher

interest rates on deposits Generally don’t want to take a great deal of risk

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What are the Major Financial Institutions?

Brokerage Firms Offer central asset management accounts

Combines a checking account, debt/credit card, and a money market fund with a traditional brokerage account

Cash earned from dividends, interest, etc. is automatically swept into a money market account

You start earning interest on your money immediately You can write a check (or use debit/credit card) to access your

funds Minimum investment required, which varies across brokerage

firms Check out minimum investment amount and fees (if any),

customer service, choice of money market funds, credit/debit card features, margin rates

Chapter 9


Checking Accounts

Regular checking accounts Some banks require a minimum balance (average is $500)

which give you unlimited check writing privileges Some banks charge no fee unless you exceed a certain

number of checks per month Banks can pay interest on checking accounts but rarely do

Special checking accounts Require no minimum balance Most banks charge a per check fee ($0.10-$0.15 per check)

plus monthly maintenance fee May be a good choice for college student if write only a few

checks

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Checking Accounts

Overdraft Protection If you write a check for an amount greater than the balance in

your checking account it is still covered You pay a fee (essentially interest on a short-term loan)

NOW Accounts (Negotiable Order of Withdrawal) Combined checking and savings account

Pays interest on balance (but lower rate than savings account) Can write checks (actually are authorizations to take money from

savings) Minimum balance of about $1,000

If balance drops below the minimum a fee is charged Shop around!

NOW accounts at credit unions are called Share-Draft Accounts

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Checking Account Basics

A checking account allows you to write checks to make payments. A check is a written order to a bank to pay

the amount stated to the person or business named on it.

A checking account is also called a demand deposit, because the money may be withdrawn at any time—that is, “on demand.”

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Checks follow a process through the banking system. The payee cashes your check. The bank that cashed the check returns it to your

bank. Your bank withdraws the money from your account

and sends it to the other bank. Your bank then stamps the back of your check,

indicating that it has cleared. A canceled check is a check that has cleared your

account.

(continued)

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Many banks no longer send paper checks to other banks for processing. To make processing faster and more

efficient, they exchange check information electronically by transmitting an image of the check, called a substitute check.

A substitute check can be used in the same way as an original check.

(continued)

Chapter 9



You must also maintain enough money in your account to cover all the checks you write.

A check written for more money than your account contains is called an overdraft. A bank that does not honor a check usually stamps

the check with the words “not sufficient funds” (NSF) and returns the check to the payee’s bank.

When this occurs, the check has bounced. Your bank will charge you a fee for each NSF check

processed.

(continued)

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Floating a check is writing a check and hoping to deposit money to cover it before the check clears.

Floating a check is very risky because today’s electronic systems allow checks to process very quickly.

Floating a check is illegal in most states.

(continued)

Chapter 9


Checking Account Advantages

ConvenienceSafetyBuilt-in record keeping systemAccess to bank services

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Opening a Checking Account

Signature authorization formInitial deposit

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Parts of a Check

CheckNumber

ABA Number

Name and Address of Maker Date

Payee Numeric Amount

WrittenAmount

Signature

Account and Routing Numbers

Memo

Chapter 9


Using Your Checking Account

Writing checksPaying bills onlineMaking depositsUsing a checkbook register

A checkbook register is a booklet used to record checking account transactions.

Chapter 9


Bank Reconciliation

The process of matching your checkbook register with the bank statement is known as bank reconciliation.

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Reconciling Your Checking Account

1. Write ending balance from bank statement.

2. Add credits or deposits not on statement.

3. Total lines 1 and 2.4. List checks, withdrawals, and

debits made but not shown on statement.

5. Total outstanding checks/debit transactions.

6. Subtract line 5 from line 3.(Result should match checkbook balance)

Chapter 9


Endorsing Checks

A check generally cannot be cashed until it is endorsed.

To endorse a check, the payee signs the top part of the back of the check in ink.

There are three major types of endorsements. Blank endorsement Special endorsement Restrictive endorsement

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Blank Endorsement

A blank endorsement is the signature of the payee written exactly as his or her name appears on the front of the check.

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Special Endorsement

A special endorsement, or an endorsement in full, is an endorsement that transfers the right to cash the check to someone else.

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Restrictive Endorsement

A restrictive endorsement restricts or limits the use of a check.

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Types of Checking Accounts

Joint accountsSpecial accountsStandard accountsInterest-bearing accountsShare accounts

Chapter 9


Banking Services and Fees

GOALSDescribe banking services available at

most financial institutions.List and explain fees charged by financial

institutions for their services.

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Banking Services

A full-service bank is one that offers every possible kind of service, from savings and checking accounts to credit cards, safe deposit boxes, loans, and ATMs.

Other services commonly offered are online banking, telephone banking, certified checks, cashier’s checks, money orders, and debit cards.

Most banks offer FDIC (Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation) insurance, which protects the deposits of customers against loss up to $250,000 per account.

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Guaranteed-payment Checks

A certified check is a personal check that the bank guarantees or certifies to be good.

A cashier’s check, also called a bank draft, is a check written by a bank on its own funds.

Traveler’s checks are check forms in specific denominations that are used instead of cash while traveling.

Chapter 9


Money Orders

Banks sell money orders to people who do not wish to use cash or do not have a checking account.

A money order is like a check, except that it can never bounce.

There is a charge for purchasing a money order.

You also can purchase money orders through the post office and local merchants.

Chapter 9


Debit Cards

A debit card is a plastic card that deducts money from a checking account almost immediately to pay for purchases.

The debit card is presented at the time of purchase.

When a debit card is used, the amount of the purchase is quickly deducted from the customer’s checking account and paid to the merchant.

Chapter 9


Bank Credit Cards

You can apply to a full-service bank for a bank credit card, such as a Visa or MasterCard.

If you meet the requirements and are issued a card, you can use it instead of cash at any business that accepts credit cards.

Banks offering national credit cards usually charge both an annual fee for use of the card and interest on the unpaid account balance.

Chapter 9


Overdraft Protection

Overdraft protection allows you to cover checks or withdrawals up to a specified amount, usually between $100 and $1,000, depending on the typical balance in your account.

With overdraft protection, your checks will be covered even if you have insufficient funds in your checking account.

Chapter 9


Automated Teller Machines

An Automated Teller Machine is often called an ATM.

To use ATMs, you must Have a card that is electronically coded Know your personal identification number (PIN)

Getting cash is a common ATM transaction. Using a debit card you can withdraw cash from your

checking or savings account. Using a Visa or MasterCard, you can receive a cash

advance electronically.

Chapter 9


Online and Telephone Banking

Online and telephone banking services give you the ability to access your accounts from a computer or telephone anytime, day or night.

Services include: Transferring money from one account to another Paying bills by authorizing the bank to disburse

money Getting account balances Seeing which checks have cleared and which

deposits have been entered

Chapter 9


Online and Telephone Banking

Most banks also allow and encourage electronic transfers of money. An electronic funds transfer (EFT) uses a

computer-based system that enables you to move money from one account to another without writing a check or exchanging cash.

(continued)

Chapter 9


Stop Payment Orders

A stop-payment order is a request that the bank not honor a specific check.

The usual reason for stopping payment is that the check has been lost or stolen.

Most banks charge a fee for stopping payment on a check.

Chapter 9


Safe Deposit Boxes

Financial institutions offer customers a safe deposit box to store valuable items or documents.

They charge a yearly fee based on the size of the box.

Keeping important documents and other items in a safe deposit box ensures that the items won’t be stolen, lost, or destroyed.

Chapter 9


Safe Deposit Boxes

Examples of items commonly kept in a safe deposit box includeBirth, marriage, and death certificatesDeeds and mortgage papersStocks and bondsJewelryCoin collections

(continued)

Chapter 9


Loans and Trusts

Financial institutions also make loans to finance the purchase of cars, homes, home improvements, vacations, and other items.

Banks can also provide advice for estate planning and trusts.

Banks can act as trustees of estates for minors and others. A trustee is a person or an institution that manages

property for the benefit of someone else under a special agreement.

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Notary Public

A notary public verifies a person’s identity, witnesses the person’s signature on a legal document, and then “notarizes” the signature as valid.

Financial institutions typically have a person on their staff who is a notary public. This person provides notary services for account

holders, usually without charge. For noncustomers, however, there is typically a

small fee.

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Financial Services

Purchasing or selling savings bondsInvestment brokerage services

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Bank Fees

Banks charge fees to their customers to help cover their operating costs.

The best way to avoid fees is to choose the right kind of account. Shop around and find the account that is

right for you. Be aware of the rules of your account, so

that you don’t violate them and be required to pay high fees.

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Examples of Bank Fees

Loan fees Trustee fees Check cashing fees Per-check fees Monthly service fees Overdraft fees NSF check charges ATM transaction fees

Safe deposit box fees Teller service fees Minimum balance fees Fees for guaranteed-

payment checks Notary service fees Online bill payment fees Fees to return canceled

checks

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Consumer Loans

Car loansMortgage loansCollege loansHome improvement loansUnsecured personal loan

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Bank Credit Cards

Allow consumers to purchase items in lieu of cash or check

Can also get a cash advanceEven pay your taxes

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Other Banking Services

Retirement Plans IRAs and Keoghs Trustee Services Managing money for others Estate planning and management

Safe-Deposit Boxes Fees vary (up to $100)

Bank Wire Transfers Send money to someone (quickly & long distances)

Debt Management and Counseling Often free

Chapter 9


Savings Options

Money Market Deposit Account (MMDA) Interest rate fluctuates with the market rate Initial deposit $1,000 Only a certain number of withdrawals are allowed per month (penalty

assessed if rules aren’t followed)

Fixed-Time Deposits Saver agrees to keep money in account for a certain time

period (earn higher interest) Certificate of Deposit (CD)

Sacrifice liquidity If interest rates are rising, and you’ve locked in a long-term CD, is it

worth it to pay the interest penalty? Some banks offer variable rate CDs Shop around

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Money Market Mutual Funds

Pool many investors’ funds and invest in short-term, low-risk investments

Not federally insured In practice this risk is very small

Require a minimum initial deposit ($1,000) Can write checks (minimum amount of check

value is about $250) Some funds limit the number of checks you can

write each month

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U.S. Treasury Bills and Notes

Issued by the U.S. government (very safe) Can be sold prior to maturity Interest income is not subject to state taxes

T-bills have 3, 6 and 12 months until maturityMinimum face value of $10,000 Interest is discounted

T-notes have 2, 3, 5, and 10 years to maturityPay fixed amount of interest 2x a yearFace value is as low as $1,000

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U.S. Savings Bonds

Face amounts range from $50 to $30,000 Can buy from financial institutions Purchase price is ½ the face value Bond will mature at some point (when exactly depends

on the interest rate) Interest accumulates (even after maturity) until 30 years

after the issue date Exempt from state taxes Federal taxes are owed only when bond is cashed in or

reaches 30 years from issue date Series I bonds pay a fixed interest rate + the average

rate of inflation

Chapter 9


Choosing the Best Savings OptionNeed to evaluate:

Minimum investmentLiquidityYieldSafetyTaxation

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