powerpoint presentation · unsustainable animal farming resource and pollution livestock uses ~30%...
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[2] Ramankutty, N., and J.A. Foley (1999). Estimating historical changes in land cover: North American croplands from 1850 to 1992. Global Ecology and Biogeography 8, 381-396
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Land Use by Category
[3] [4]
[3] Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, FAO Statistical Pocketbook 2015, 2015. http://www.fao.org/3/a-i4691e.pdf.
[4] J. Foley, Feeding 9 Billion, Natl. Geogr. Soc. (n.d.). http://www.nationalgeographic.com/foodfeatures/feeding-9-billion/ (accessed February 5, 2016).
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Water Use
[5] National Geographic Society, A Freshwater Story, (2016). http://environment.nationalgeographic.com/environment/freshwater/freshwater-101-interactive/ (accessed January 15, 2016).
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Unsustainable Animal Farming
Resource and pollution
Livestock uses ~30% of the world’s ice-free landmass 6
Livestock produces 14.25% of all greenhouse emissions 6
Food and water consumption: 1 lb 7
[6] Silicon Valley gets a taste for food, Econ. - Technol. Q. (2015). http://www.economist.com/news/technology-quarterly/21645497-tech-startups-are-moving-food-business-make-sustainable-versions-
meat (accessed November 24, 2015).
[7] National Geographic Society, The Hidden Water We Use, (2016). http://environment.nationalgeographic.com/environment/freshwater/embedded-water/ (accessed January 15, 2016).
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Compare That To
Unsustainable Animal Farming
[7] National Geographic Society, The Hidden Water We Use, (2016). http://environment.nationalgeographic.com/environment/freshwater/embedded-water/ (accessed January 15, 2016).
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Unsustainable Diets?
Embedded Water
- One 0.3 lb Burger
- One cup of Coffee
[7] National Geographic Society, The Hidden Water We Use, (2016). http://environment.nationalgeographic.com/environment/freshwater/embedded-water/ (accessed January 15, 2016).
8-minute shower
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People and Food• Distribution of World’s crop calories4:
55% → People (25% of crop calories wasted before consumed)
~36% → Livestock
~9% → Biofuels
[4] J. Foley, Feeding 9 Billion, Natl. Geogr. Soc. (n.d.). http://www.nationalgeographic.com/foodfeatures/feeding-9-billion/ (accessed February 5, 2016).
[9] United Nations, World Urbanization Prospects, the 2014 Revision, United Nations, New York, NY, 2014. doi:10.4054/DemRes.2005.12.9.
[10] United Nations, Food Security and Sustainable Agriculture, Futur. We Want. (n.d.). http://www.un.org/en/sustainablefuture/food.asp (accessed February 2, 2016).
39%
46%
15%
% Ice Free Land
Agriculture Undeveloped Other
67%
33%
Pastureland Cropland
67%
3%
18%
12%
Pastureland Biofuels Human Lifestock
% Agricultural Land
If we
assume
equal land
distribution
of food
calories
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People and Food• Distribution of World’s crop calories4:
55% → People (25% of crop calories wasted before consumed)
~36% → Livestock
~9% → Biofuels
[4] J. Foley, Feeding 9 Billion, Natl. Geogr. Soc. (n.d.). http://www.nationalgeographic.com/foodfeatures/feeding-9-billion/ (accessed February 5, 2016).
[9] United Nations, World Urbanization Prospects, the 2014 Revision, United Nations, New York, NY, 2014. doi:10.4054/DemRes.2005.12.9.
[10] United Nations, Food Security and Sustainable Agriculture, Futur. We Want. (n.d.). http://www.un.org/en/sustainablefuture/food.asp (accessed February 2, 2016).
39%
46%
15%
% Ice Free Land
Agriculture Undeveloped Other
67%
33%
Pastureland Cropland
67%3%
18%
12%
Pastureland Biofuels Human Lifestock
67%3%
13%
5%12%
Pastureland BiofuelsHuman - Consumed Human - WasteLifestock
% Agricultural Land
46%
15%
1%5%
2%
26%
5%
% Ice Free Land
Undeveloped OtherBiofuels Human - ConsumedHuman - Waste PasturelandLifestock
* Assuming equal land
distribution of food calories
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7.4 Billion
(3.5 Billion Urban)
9.1 Billion
(6.4 Billion Urban)
34 years
• Today, 925 million people (12.5%) don’t have access to quality food
• UN proposed zero-hunger challenge
People and Food
[4] J. Foley, Feeding 9 Billion, Natl. Geogr. Soc. (n.d.). http://www.nationalgeographic.com/foodfeatures/feeding-9-billion/ (accessed February 5, 2016).
[9] United Nations, World Urbanization Prospects, the 2014 Revision, United Nations, New York, NY, 2014. doi:10.4054/DemRes.2005.12.9.
[10] United Nations, Food Security and Sustainable Agriculture, Futur. We Want. (n.d.). http://www.un.org/en/sustainablefuture/food.asp (accessed February 2, 2016).
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Green Food
- Sustainable “Meat” and “Dairy” from Plants
(14,000 species of plants and each plant
species has 1000s of proteins)
Tech Startups are trying to create plant-based foods
•Cheaper
•Healthier
•Satisfying as animal-based products
•MUCH LOWER ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT
Enormous efficiency in
terms of energy, water and
other inputs
Mimic the taste of animal-
derived foods with plants
[6] Silicon Valley gets a taste for food, Econ. - Technol. Q. (2015). http://www.economist.com/news/technology-quarterly/21645497-tech-startups-are-moving-food-business-make-sustainable-versions-
meat (accessed November 24, 2015).
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Examples of “Green Foods”
Plant-based chicken strips
Beyond Meat
Eggless mayonnaise
Hampton Creek
Plant “beef” burger patty
Impossible Foods (Rancid Polenta)
Beverage as complete substitute for food
Soylent (Ocassional Recreational Eating)
[6] Silicon Valley gets a taste for food, Econ. - Technol. Q. (2015). http://www.economist.com/news/technology-quarterly/21645497-tech-startups-are-moving-food-business-make-sustainable-versions-
meat (accessed November 24, 2015).
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[2] Ramankutty, N., and J.A. Foley (1999). Estimating historical changes in land cover: North American croplands from 1850 to 1992. Global Ecology and Biogeography 8, 381-396[4] J. Foley, Feeding 9 Billion, Natl. Geogr. Soc. (n.d.). http://www.nationalgeographic.com/foodfeatures/feeding-9-billion/ (accessed February 5, 2016).[8] Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), Agriculture key to addressing future water and energy needs, News Arch. (2011). http://www.fao.org/news/story/en/item/94760/icode/ (accessed February 4, 2016).
According to UN8:• Food production must increase by 70% in 34 years• Global Energy demand will increase by 36% in 9 years.
Area cleared for crops8
• 13% of Ice-Free Land
Area for livestock grazing4,8
• 26% of Ice-Free Land
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CitiesOccupy 3% of Land Surface
Utilize 60-80% of Energy Generated
Produce 50% of Global Waste
60 – 80% of Global GHG
Emission
Consume 75% of Natural Resources
[4] J. Foley, Feeding 9 Billion, Natl. Geogr. Soc. (n.d.). http://www.nationalgeographic.com/foodfeatures/feeding-9-billion/ (accessed February 5, 2016).
[11] United Nations Environment Programme, Global Initiative for Resource Efficient Cities Engine to Sustainability, Paris, 2012.
Sustainable Cities
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Closing the Urban Water, Nutrient and Carbon Loop: Urban Farming - Combined Carbon Capture, Cooling, Heat and Power
Urban Agriculture (Aquaponics,
Urban Farming, Greenhouse Farm)
Stormwater Management with
Low-Impact Development
More Concentrated Wastewater
Sou
rce of Fertilizer Harvested
Rainwater
Stormwater treated through LID
Heat and Energy
Fertilizer for Farms, Food for Aquaponics
Heat
Na
tura
l Ga
s from
An
aero
bic D
igestio
n
Natural Gas from Compost
Natural Gas
CO2 Injection
Natural Gas from Landfill
Combined Carbon Capture, Cooling, Heating and
Power (Air-cooled microturbines)
On-site Energy and Nutrient Recovery
Local Composting
Landfill
[12] J.C. Crittenden, Water for Everything and the Transformative Technologies to Improve Water Sustainability, in: Natl. Water Res. Inst. Clarke Prize Lect., Huntington Beach, CA, 2015: pp. 1–23. http://www.clarkeprize.com/.
Heat and Energy
Water
Fertilizer
Natural Gas
CO2
LEGEND
Close the loop in urban infrastructure systems
Urban system as a Circular Economy
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The Design of Decentralized Food, Water and Energy Systems in Rural Baoting, Hainan
One single family with 5 people Conventional Decentralized Change
Land use (including housing
and farming)More than 400 m2 Less than 100 m2 -75%
Water use More than 200 tones/year Less than 120 tones/year -40%
Chemical fertilizer use More than 40 kg/acre/year Less than 10 kg/acre/year -75%
Pesticide use More than 1kg/acre/year Less than 0.1 kg/acre/year -90%
Net household income Less than ¥40,000/year More than ¥50,000/year +20%
Credit: Baolong Han,
Research Center for
Eco-Environmental
Sciences
The installation
cost: ¥50,000
($8,000) from
local government
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Pictures of the Construction In Details
The collaboration is funded by NSF RESIN Supplement (PI: Dr. Crittenden),
Catalyzing NEW International Collaboration on Sustainable Infrastructures.
The Construction was completed in April, 2015. The full assessment is
undergoing based on one-year operation.
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[13] D. Despommier, The Rise of Vertical Farms, Sci. Am. (2009) 80 – 87. http://www.nature.com/scientificamerican/journal/v301/n5/box/scientificamerican1109-80_BX3.html (accessed December 6, 2015).
[14] M. Al-Chalabi, Vertical farming: Skyscraper sustainability?, Sustain. Cities Soc. 18 (2015) 74–77. doi:10.1016/j.scs.2015.06.003.
[15] SkyGreens, Singapore - http://www.skygreens.com/
[16] VertiCrop, Vancouver, CA - http://www.verticrop.com/
[17] Farmed Here, Chicago, IL - http://farmedhere.com/
Vertical FarmingWhat is Vertical Farming:
• Produce grown in racks with natural or artificial light
• Hydroponic or Aquaponic
Produce:
leafy greens, fruits, vegetables, microgreens
• Claim 90 - 97% less water
• Serve local regions → smaller carbon footprint from
transportation
• 75% less labor
• Smaller impact on land use
• Grow year-round
Current Investigations:• Production capacity
• Nutrient, Energy, Emissions, and Water (NEEW) Flows
• Economic viability
• Impact on urban system resilience and sustainability
• Relationship with food supply and availability
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[13] D. Despommier, The Rise of Vertical Farms, Sci. Am. (2009) 80 – 87. http://www.nature.com/scientificamerican/journal/v301/n5/box/scientificamerican1109-80_BX3.html (accessed December 6, 2015).
[14] M. Al-Chalabi, Vertical farming: Skyscraper sustainability?, Sustain. Cities Soc. 18 (2015) 74–77. doi:10.1016/j.scs.2015.06.003.
[15] SkyGreens, Singapore - http://www.skygreens.com/
[16] VertiCrop, Vancouver, CA - http://www.verticrop.com/
[17] Farmed Here, Chicago, IL - http://farmedhere.com/
[16]
[17]
Vertical FarmingWhat is Vertical Farming:
• Produce grown in racks with natural or artificial light
• Hydroponic or Aquaponic
Produce:
leafy greens, fruits, vegetables, microgreens
• Claim 90 - 97% less water
• Serve local regions → smaller carbon footprint from
transportation
• 75% less labor
• Smaller impact on land use
• Grow year-round
Current Investigations:• Production capacity
• Nutrient, Energy, Emissions, and Water (NEEW) Flows
• Economic viability
• Impact on urban system resilience and sustainability
• Relationship with food supply and availability
[15]
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Current InvestigationsModeling the urban system using Ecosystem Network Analysis
• Natural ecosystem health is dependent on stabilityand sustainability
Quantify:
• Food Flows
• Connectivity
• Robustness of current urban food network
Tradeoffs between efficiency and redundancy
• High efficiency – less ability to respond to stress
• High redundancy – decreased development and competition
[19] A. Layton, B. Bras, M. Weissburg, Industrial Ecosystems and Food Webs: An Expansion and Update of Existing Data for Eco-Industrial Parks and Understanding the Ecological Food Webs They Wish to Mimic, J. Ind. Ecol. 00 (2015) n/a–n/a. doi:10.1111/jiec.12283.
[20] S.J. Goerner, B. Lietaer, R.E. Ulanowicz, Quantifying economic sustainability: Implications for free-enterprise theory, policy and practice, Ecol. Econ. 69 (2009) 76–81. doi:10.1016/j.ecolecon.2009.07.018.[21] C. Bondavalli, A. Bodini, How interaction strength affects the role of functional and redundant connections in food webs, Ecol. Complex. 20 (2014) 97–106. doi:10.1016/j.ecocom.2014.09.004.
(2)
(3)
High efficiency High redundancyMat
eria
l D
istr
ibu
tio
n
(4)
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Current Investigations
[22] X. Lin, Q. Dang, M. Konar, A Network Analysis of Food Flows within the United States of America, Environ. Sci. Technol. 48 (2014) 5439–5447. doi:10.1021/es500471d.
University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
• Quantified food commodity flows through the US [4]
Can we apply the same principle to a city?
Working to Identify Flows and Properties:
• Centrality
• Ascendency
• Development Capacity
• Redundancy
• Fractal Dimension
• Cycling Index
How does Vertical Farming fit in this network, and how does it change the flows?
(5)
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How many vertical farms can we
sustain?
How many vertical farms do we
need?
• Scope of influence
• How spread out should they
be?
Optimum size of vertical farms?
What are the vulnerabilities of this
food network?
ScaleFood deserts: low-income communities at
least one mile from the nearest supermarket
[23] United States Department of Agriculture, Food Access Research Atlas, Econ. Res. Serv. (2015). http://www.ers.usda.gov/data-products/food-access-research-atlas/go-to-the-atlas.aspx (accessed February 5, 2016).
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References[1] D. Bryant, D. Nielsen, L. Tangley, Last Frontier Forests: Ecosystems and Economies on the Edge, 1997.
[2] Ramankutty, N., and J.A. Foley (1999). Estimating historical changes in land cover: North American croplands from 1850 to 1992. Global Ecology and Biogeography 8, 381-396
[2] Ramankutty, N., and J.A. Foley (1999). Estimating historical changes in land cover: North American croplands from 1850 to 1992. Global Ecology and Biogeography 8, 381-396
[3] Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, FAO Statistical Pocketbook 2015, 2015. http://www.fao.org/3/a-i4691e.pdf.
[4] J. Foley, Feeding 9 Billion, Natl. Geogr. Soc. (n.d.). http://www.nationalgeographic.com/foodfeatures/feeding-9-billion/ (accessed February 5, 2016).
[5] National Geographic Society, A Freshwater Story, (2016). http://environment.nationalgeographic.com/environment/freshwater/freshwater-101-interactive/ (accessed January 15, 2016).
[6] Silicon Valley gets a taste for food, Econ. - Technol. Q. (2015). http://www.economist.com/news/technology-quarterly/21645497-tech-startups-are-moving-food-business-make-sustainable-versions-meat (accessed November 24, 2015).
[7] National Geographic Society, The Hidden Water We Use, (2016). http://environment.nationalgeographic.com/environment/freshwater/embedded-water/ (accessed January 15, 2016).
[8] Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), Agriculture key to addressing future water and energy needs, News Arch. (2011). http://www.fao.org/news/story/en/item/94760/icode/ (accessed February 4, 2016).
[9] United Nations, World Urbanization Prospects, the 2014 Revision, United Nations, New York, NY, 2014. doi:10.4054/DemRes.2005.12.9.
[10] United Nations, Food Security and Sustainable Agriculture, Futur. We Want. (n.d.). http://www.un.org/en/sustainablefuture/food.asp (accessed February 2, 2016).
[11] United Nations Environment Programme, Global Initiative for Resource Efficient Cities Engine to Sustainability, Paris, 2012.
[12] J.C. Crittenden, Water for Everything and the Transformative Technologies to Improve Water Sustainability, in: Natl. Water Res. Inst. Clarke Prize Lect., Huntington Beach, CA, 2015: pp. 1–23. http://www.clarkeprize.com/.
[13] D. Despommier, The Rise of Vertical Farms, Sci. Am. (2009) 80 – 87. http://www.nature.com/scientificamerican/journal/v301/n5/box/scientificamerican1109-80_BX3.html (accessed December 6, 2015).
[14] M. Al-Chalabi, Vertical farming: Skyscraper sustainability?, Sustain. Cities Soc. 18 (2015) 74–77. doi:10.1016/j.scs.2015.06.003.
[15] SkyGreens, Singapore - http://www.skygreens.com/
[16] VertiCrop, Vancouver, CA - http://www.verticrop.com/
[17] Farmed Here, Chicago, IL - http://farmedhere.com/
[18] L. Bubbly Dynamics, The Plant, (n.d.). http://www.plantchicago.com/ (accessed Sep. 5, 2015).
[19] A. Layton, B. Bras, M. Weissburg, Industrial Ecosystems and Food Webs: An Expansion and Update of Existing Data for Eco-Industrial Parks and Understanding the Ecological Food Webs They Wish to Mimic, J. Ind. Ecol. 00 (2015) n/a–n/a. doi:10.1111/jiec.12283.
[20] S.J. Goerner, B. Lietaer, R.E. Ulanowicz, Quantifying economic sustainability: Implications for free-enterprise theory, policy and practice, Ecol. Econ. 69 (2009) 76–81. doi:10.1016/j.ecolecon.2009.07.018.
[21] C. Bondavalli, A. Bodini, How interaction strength affects the role of functional and redundant connections in food webs, Ecol. Complex. 20 (2014) 97–106. doi:10.1016/j.ecocom.2014.09.004.
[22] X. Lin, Q. Dang, M. Konar, A Network Analysis of Food Flows within the United States of America, Environ. Sci. Technol. 48 (2014) 5439–5447. doi:10.1021/es500471d.
[23] United States Department of Agriculture, Food Access Research Atlas, Econ. Res. Serv. (2015). http://www.ers.usda.gov/data-products/food-access-research-atlas/go-to-the-atlas.aspx (accessed February 5, 2016).