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10/28/2019
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© Teepa Snow, Positive Approach, LLC – to be reused only with permission.
© Teepa Snow, Positive Approach, LLC – to be reused only with permission.
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without the expressed written consent of Teepa Snow and
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© Teepa Snow, Positive Approach, LLC – to be reused only with permission.
Brain Changes in
Dementia
© Teepa Snow, Positive Approach, LLC – to be reused only with permission.
Normal vs. Not Normal
Normal Aging:
Slower to think
Slower to do
Hesitates more
More likely to ‘look before leaping’
Know the person but not the name
Pause to find words
Reminded of the past
Harder
Not Normal Aging:
Can’t think the same
Can’t do like before
Can’t get started
Can’t seem to move on
Doesn’t think it out at all
Can’t place the person
Words won’t come – even later
Confused about past versus now
Very different
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Cognitive Changes with Aging:- Normal changes: more forgetful and slower to learn
- MCI: Mild Cognitive Impairment: Immediate recall, word
finding, or complex problem-solving problems
-Half these folks will develop dementia in 5 years
- Dementia: Chronic thinking problems in > 2 areas
- Delirium: Rapid changes in thinking and alertness, seek
medical help immediately
- Depression/anxiety: Chronic unless treated, poor
quality of life, “I don’t know” or “I just can’t”responses, no pleasure, can look like agitation and
confusion
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© Teepa Snow, Positive Approach, LLC – to be reused only with permission.
Ten Early Warning Signs:
1. Memory loss for recent or new
information, repeats self
frequently
2. Difficulty doing familiar but
difficult tasks: managing money,
medications, driving
3. Problems with word finding,
mis-naming, or misunderstanding
4. Getting confused about time or
place, getting lost while driving,
missing several appointments
5. Worsening judgment, not
thinking thing through like before
6. Difficulty problem-
solving or reasoning
7. Misplacing things or
putting them in ‘odd’ places
8. Changes in mood or
behavior
9. Changes in typical
personality
10. Loss of initiation:
withdraws from normal
patterns of activities and
interests
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So, What is Dementia?- It is not part of normal aging! It is a disease!
- It is more than just forgetfulness, which is part of normal aging
- It makes independent life impossible, eventually
- It changes everything over time
- It is not something the person can control
- It is not always the same for every person
- It is not a mental illness
- It is real
- It is hard at times
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Four Truths About
Dementia:
1. At least 2 parts of the brain are dying-
one related to memory and another part
2. It is chronic – can’t be fixed
3. It is progressive – it gets worse
4. It is terminal – it will kill, eventually
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The person’s brain is dying
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Normal Brain Alzheimers BrainUsed with permission from Alzheimers:The Broken Brain, 1999 University of Alabama
© Teepa Snow, Positive Approach, LLC – to be reused only with permission.
Executive
Control
Center:
Emotions
Behavior
Judgment
Reasoning
Wiring –
connecting,
bringing data in
and sending
data out
Storage units
- data
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HippocampusBig Changes:
• Learn and remember
• Way-finding• Passage of
time
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Understanding Language – Big Change
Changes in
Language Skills• Vocabulary
• Comprehension
• Speech Production
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Hearing Sound – Not Changed
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Sensory Strip
Motor Strip
White Matter
Connections:
Big Changes
Formal Speech
and Language
Center:
Huge Changes
Automatic
Speech
Rhythm – Music
Expletives:
Preserved
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Executive
Control
Center
Changes:
• Being logical,
reasonable, rational
• Controlling impulses
• Making decisions
• Initiating-
sequencing-
terminating-
transitioning
• Being self-aware
• Seeing other
perspectives
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Vision Center – Big Changes
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Dementia
does not equal
Alzheimers
does not equal
Memory Problems
© Teepa Snow, Positive Approach, LLC – to be reused only with permission.
© Teepa Snow, Positive Approach, LLC – to be reused only with permission.
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Alzheimers:
- New information lost
- Recent memory worse
- Problems finding words
- Misspeaks
- More impulsive or indecisive
- Gets lost
- Notice changes over 6 months – 1 year
© Teepa Snow, Positive Approach, LLC – to be reused only with permission.
Positron Emission Tomography (PET)
Alzheimers Disease Progression vs. Normal
Brains
G. Small, UCLA School of Medicine.
NormalEarly
Alzheimers
Late Alzheimers Child
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Vascular Dementia:
CT Scan:
The white spots indicate dead cell areas
caused by mini-strokes
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Pick’s Disease:
PET Scan
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Brain Atrophy:
-The brain actually shrinks
-Cells wither, then die
-Abilities are lost
-With Alzheimers, areas of loss are fairly predictable, as is the progression, but the experience is individual
-With other dementias…. Look for your clues.
© Teepa Snow, Positive Approach, LLC – to be reused only with permission.
Memory Loss:
Losses:
• Immediate recall
• Attention to selected info
• Recent events
• Relationships
Preserved Abilities:
• Long ago memories
• Confabulation
• Emotional memories
• Motor memories
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Understanding:
Losses:
• Can’t interpret words
• Misses some words
• Gets off target
Preserved Abilities:
• Can get facial expression
• Hears tone of voice
• Can get some non-verbals
• Learns how to cover
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© Teepa Snow, Positive Approach, LLC – to be reused only with permission.
Sensory Changes:
Losses:
-Awareness of body and position
-Ability to locate and express pain
-Awareness of feeling in most of body
Preserved Abilities:
-4 areas can be sensitive
-Any of these areas can be hypersensitive
-Need for sensation can become extreme
© Teepa Snow, Positive Approach, LLC – to be reused only with permission.
Self-Care Changes:
Losses:
- Initiation and termination
-Tool manipulation
-Sequencing
Preserved Abilities:
-Motions and actions
-The doing part
-Cued activity
© Teepa Snow, Positive Approach, LLC – to be reused only with permission.
Language:
Losses:
• Can’t find the right words/vague language
• Word salad
• Single phrases
• Sounds and vocalizing
• Can’t make needs known
Preserved Abilities:
• Singing
• Automatic speech
• Swearing/sex words/forbidden words
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© Teepa Snow, Positive Approach, LLC – to be reused only with permission.
Impulse and Emotional Control:
Losses:
• Becomes labile and extreme
• Think it - say it
• Want it - do it
• See it - use it
Preserved:
• Desire to be respected
• Desire to be in control
• Regret after action
© Teepa Snow, Positive Approach, LLC – to be reused only with permission.
Sensory Processing and
Dementia:
With dementia or brain
change, it matters
© Teepa Snow, Positive Approach, LLC – to be reused only with permission.
With Dementia All Senses
Are Affected:- Miss information
- Misunderstand information
- Over-react to information
- Under-react to information
- Get stuck on a sensation
- Can’t stand a sensation
- Variable abilities
- Can’t adjust or adapt to sensation
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© Teepa Snow, Positive Approach, LLC – to be reused only with permission.
Believe:
People with dementia
are doing
the best they can!
© Teepa Snow, Positive Approach, LLC – to be reused only with permission.
Dementia is not curable,
but it can be treated:
- With knowledge
- With skill building
- With commitment
- With flexibility
- With practice
- With support
- With compassion
© Teepa Snow, Positive Approach, LLC – to be reused only with permission.
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Copyright 2017, All Rights Reserved
Teepa Snow and Positive Approach to Care
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