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![Page 1: PowerPoint Presentation - Nerve activates contraction PowerPoint Presentation - Nerve activates contraction Author Karl Miyajima Created Date 8/24/2017 2:07:36 PM](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022022006/5abcde347f8b9a567c8e4c0f/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
PowerPoint® Lecture Slide Presentation
by Patty Bostwick-Taylor,
Florence-Darlington Technical College
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
PART B2
Basic
Chemistry
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Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Biochemistry: Essentials for Life
Organic compounds
Contain carbon
Most are covalently bonded
Example: C6H12O6 (glucose)
Inorganic compounds
Lack carbon
Tend to be simpler compounds
Example: H2O (water)
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Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Important Inorganic Compounds
Water
Most abundant inorganic compound
Vital properties
High heat capacity
Polarity/solvent properties
Chemical reactivity
Cushioning
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Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Important Inorganic Compounds
Salts
Easily dissociate into ions in the presence of
water
Vital to many body functions
Include electrolytes which conduct electrical
currents
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Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Dissociation of a Salt in Water
Figure 2.11
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Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Important Inorganic Compounds
Acids
Release hydrogen ions (H+)
Are proton donors
Bases
Release hydroxyl ions (OH–)
Are proton acceptors
Neutralization reaction
Acids and bases react to form water and a salt
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Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 2.12
pH
Measures relative
concentration of
hydrogen ions
pH 7 = neutral
pH below 7 = acidic
pH above 7 = basic
Buffers—chemicals
that can regulate pH
change
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Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Important Organic Compounds
Carbohydrates
Contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
Include sugars and starches
Classified according to size
Monosaccharides—simple sugars
Disaccharides—two simple sugars joined
by dehydration synthesis
Polysaccharides—long-branching chains
of linked simple sugars
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Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Carbohydrates
Figure 2.13a–b
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Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Carbohydrates
Figure 2.13c
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Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Carbohydrates
Figure 2.14
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Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Important Organic Compounds
Lipids
Contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
Carbon and hydrogen outnumber oxygen
Insoluble in water
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Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Lipids
Common lipids in the human body
Neutral fats (triglycerides)
Found in fat deposits
Composed of fatty acids and glycerol
Source of stored energy
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Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Lipids
Figure 2.15a
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Lipids
Common lipids in the human body (continued)
Phospholipids
Form cell membranes
Steroids
Include cholesterol, bile salts, vitamin D,
and some hormones
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Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Lipids
Figure 2.15b
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Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 2.15c
Lipids
Cholesterol
The basis for all steroids made in the body
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Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Important Organic Compounds
Proteins
Made of amino acids
Contain carbon, oxygen, hydrogen,
nitrogen, and sometimes sulfur
Figure 2.16
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Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Proteins
Account for over half of the body’s organic matter
Provide for construction materials for body
tissues
Play a vital role in cell function
Act as enzymes, hormones, and antibodies
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Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Proteins
Amino acid structure
Contain an amine group (NH2)
Contain an acid group (COOH)
Vary only by R groups
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Figure 2.17a
Proteins
Fibrous proteins
Also known as
structural proteins
Appear in body
structures
Examples include
collagen and
keratin
Stable
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Figure 2.17b
Proteins
Globular proteins
Also known as
functional proteins
Function as
antibodies or
enzymes
Can be denatured
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Figure 2.18a
Enzymes
Act as biological catalysts
Increase the rate of chemical reactions
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Enzymes
Figure 2.18b
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Important Organic Compounds
Nucleic Acids
Provide blueprint of life
Nucleotide bases
A = Adenine
G = Guanine
C = Cytosine
T = Thymine
U = Uracil
Make DNA and RNA
Figure 2.19a
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Nucleic Acids
Deoxyribonucleic acid
(DNA)
Organized by
complimentary
bases to form
double helix
Replicates before
cell division
Provides
instructions for
every protein in the
bodyFigure 2.19c
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Important Organic Compounds
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
Chemical energy used by all cells
Energy is released by breaking high energy
phosphate bond
ATP is replenished by oxidation of food fuels
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Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)
Figure 2.20a
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Figure 2.21
+ADP
Solute
Contracted
muscle cell
Product made
Relaxed
muscle cell
Reactants
Transport work
Mechanical work
Chemical work
Membrane
protein
Solute transported
Energy liberated during
oxidation of food fuels
used to regenerate ATP
ATP
P
P
P
X
Y
(a)
(b)
(c)
YX
P P
+
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Figure 2.21, step 1
Solute
Transport work
Membrane
protein
ATP
(a)
P
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Figure 2.21, step 2
+ADP
Solute
Transport work
Membrane
protein
Solute transported
ATPP
(a)
P P
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Figure 2.21, step 3
Relaxed
muscle cell
Mechanical work
ATP
(b)
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Figure 2.21, step 4
+ADP
Contracted
muscle cell
Relaxed
muscle cell
Mechanical work
ATPP
(b)
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Figure 2.21, step 5
Reactants
Chemical work
ATP
PX
Y
(c)
+
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Figure 2.21, step 6
+ADP
Product madeReactants
Chemical work
ATP
P
P
P
X
Y
(c)
YX
+
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Figure 2.21, step 7
+ADP
Solute
Contracted
muscle cell
Product made
Relaxed
muscle cell
Reactants
Transport work
Mechanical work
Chemical work
Membrane
protein
Solute transported
ATP
P
P
P
X
Y
(a)
(b)
(c)
YX
P P
+
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Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 2.21, step 8
+ADP
Solute
Contracted
muscle cell
Product made
Relaxed
muscle cell
Reactants
Transport work
Mechanical work
Chemical work
Membrane
protein
Solute transported
Energy liberated during
oxidation of food fuels
used to regenerate ATP
ATP
P
P
P
X
Y
(a)
(b)
(c)
YX
P P
+