powerpoint presentation for dennis & haley wixom, systems analysis and design, 2 nd edition...
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PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis & Haley Wixom, Systems Analysis and Design, 2 nd Edition Copyright 2003 © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved Key Definitions The As-Is system is the current system and may or may not be computerized The To-Be system is the new system that is based on updated requirements The System Proposal is the key deliverable from the Analysis PhaseTRANSCRIPT
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PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis & Haley Wixom, Systems Analysis and Design, 2nd Edition
Copyright 2003 © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.4 - 1
Systems Analysis Systems Analysis and Design, and Design, 22ndnd Edition Edition
Alan Dennis and Barbara Haley WixomJohn Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Slides by Roberta M. Roth University of Northern Iowa
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PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis & Haley Wixom, Systems Analysis and Design, 2nd Edition
Copyright 2003 © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.4 - 2
Requirements Requirements DeterminationDeterminationChapter 4
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PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis & Haley Wixom, Systems Analysis and Design, 2nd Edition
Copyright 2003 © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.4 - 3
Key DefinitionsThe As-Is system is the current system and may or may not be computerizedThe To-Be system is the new system that is based on updated requirementsThe System Proposal is the key deliverable from the Analysis Phase
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PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis & Haley Wixom, Systems Analysis and Design, 2nd Edition
Copyright 2003 © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.4 - 4
Key IdeasThe goal of the analysis phase is to truly understand the requirements of the new system and develop a system that addresses them -- or decide a new system isn’t needed.The System Proposal is presented to the approval committee via a system walk-through.Systems analysis incorporates initial systems design.Requirements determination is the single most critical step of the entire SDLC.
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PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis & Haley Wixom, Systems Analysis and Design, 2nd Edition
Copyright 2003 © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.4 - 5
REQUIREMENTS REQUIREMENTS DETERMINATIONDETERMINATION
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PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis & Haley Wixom, Systems Analysis and Design, 2nd Edition
Copyright 2003 © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.4 - 6
A statement of what the system must do A statement of characteristics the system must haveFocus is on business user needs during analysis phaseRequirements will change over time as project moves from analysis to design to implementation
What is a Requirement?
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PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis & Haley Wixom, Systems Analysis and Design, 2nd Edition
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Functional RequirementsA process the system hast to performInformation the system must contain
Nonfunctional RequirementsBehavioral properties the system must have
OperationalPerformanceSecurityCultural and political
Requirement Types
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PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis & Haley Wixom, Systems Analysis and Design, 2nd Edition
Copyright 2003 © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.4 - 8
Requirements definition reportText document listing requirements in outline formPriorities may be included
Key purpose is to define the project scope: what is and is not to be included.
Documenting Requirements
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PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis & Haley Wixom, Systems Analysis and Design, 2nd Edition
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Determining Requirements
Participation by business users is essentialThree techniques help users discover their needs for the new system:
Business Process Automation (BPA)Business Process Improvement (BPI)Business Process Reengineering (BPR)
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PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis & Haley Wixom, Systems Analysis and Design, 2nd Edition
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Basic Process of Analysis (Determining Requirements)
Understand the “As-Is” systemIdentify improvement opportunitiesDevelop the “To-Be” system conceptTechniques vary in amount of change
BPA – small changeBPI – moderate changeBPR – significant change
Additional information gathering techniques are needed as well
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PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis & Haley Wixom, Systems Analysis and Design, 2nd Edition
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REQUIREMENTS REQUIREMENTS ANALYSIS ANALYSIS TECHNIQUESTECHNIQUES
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PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis & Haley Wixom, Systems Analysis and Design, 2nd Edition
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Business Process Automation
Goal:
Efficiency for users
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PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis & Haley Wixom, Systems Analysis and Design, 2nd Edition
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Identifying Improvements in As-Is Systems
Problem AnalysisAsk users to identify problems and solutionsImprovements tend to be small and incrementalRarely finds improvements with significant business value
Root Cause AnalysisChallenge assumptions about why problem existsTrace symptoms to their causes to discover the “real” problem
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PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis & Haley Wixom, Systems Analysis and Design, 2nd Edition
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Root Cause Analysis Example
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PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis & Haley Wixom, Systems Analysis and Design, 2nd Edition
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Business Process Improvement
Goal:
Efficiency andeffectivenessfor users
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PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis & Haley Wixom, Systems Analysis and Design, 2nd Edition
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Duration AnalysisCalculate time needed for each process stepCalculate time needed for overall processCompare the two – a large difference indicates a badly fragmented processPotential solutions:
Process integration – change the process to use fewer people, each with broader responsibilitiesParallelization – change the process so that individual step are performed simultaneously
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PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis & Haley Wixom, Systems Analysis and Design, 2nd Edition
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Activity-Based CostingCalculate cost of each process stepConsider both direct and indirect costsIdentify most costly steps and focus improvement efforts on them
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PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis & Haley Wixom, Systems Analysis and Design, 2nd Edition
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BenchmarkingStudying how other organizations perform the same business processInformal benchmarkingCommon for
customer-facing processesInteract with other business’ processes as if you are a customer
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PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis & Haley Wixom, Systems Analysis and Design, 2nd Edition
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Business Process Reengineering
Goal:
Radical redesign of business processes
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PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis & Haley Wixom, Systems Analysis and Design, 2nd Edition
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Outcome AnalysisConsider desirable outcomes from customers’ perspectiveConsider what the organization could enable the customer to do
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PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis & Haley Wixom, Systems Analysis and Design, 2nd Edition
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Technology AnalysisAnalysts list important and interesting technologiesManagers list important and interesting technologiesThe group identifies how each might be applied to the business and how the business might benefit
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PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis & Haley Wixom, Systems Analysis and Design, 2nd Edition
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Activity EliminationIdentify what would happen if each organizational activity were eliminatedUse “force-fit” to test all possibilities
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PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis & Haley Wixom, Systems Analysis and Design, 2nd Edition
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Your TurnHow do you know whether to use business process automation, business process improvement, or business process reengineering? Provide two examples.
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PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis & Haley Wixom, Systems Analysis and Design, 2nd Edition
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Selecting an Analysis Technique
Potential business valueProject costBreadth of analysisRisk
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PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis & Haley Wixom, Systems Analysis and Design, 2nd Edition
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Characteristics of Analysis Techniques
Business Business BusinessProcess Process ProcessAutomation Improvement Reeingineering
Potential Business Low-Moderate Moderate HighValue
Project Cost Low Low-Moderate High
Breadth of Analysis Narrow Narrow-Moderate Very Broad
Risk Low-Moderate Low-Moderate Very High
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PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis & Haley Wixom, Systems Analysis and Design, 2nd Edition
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REQUIREMENTS-REQUIREMENTS-GATHERING GATHERING TECHNIQUESTECHNIQUES
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PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis & Haley Wixom, Systems Analysis and Design, 2nd Edition
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Interviews
Most commonly used techniqueBasic steps:
Selecting IntervieweesDesigning Interview QuestionsPreparing for the InterviewConducting the InterviewPost-Interview Follow-up
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PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis & Haley Wixom, Systems Analysis and Design, 2nd Edition
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Selecting Interviewees
Based on information needsBest to get different perspectives
ManagersUsersIdeally, all key stakeholders
Keep organizational politics in mind
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PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis & Haley Wixom, Systems Analysis and Design, 2nd Edition
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Types of Questions
Types of Questions Examples
Closed-Ended Questions * How many telephone orders are received per day?
* How do customers place orders?* What additional information would you like the new system to provide?
Open-Ended Questions * What do you think about the current system?* What are some of the problems you face on a daily basis?* How do you decide what types of marketing campaign to run?
Probing Questions * Why?* Can you give me an example?* Can you explain that in a bit more detail?
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PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis & Haley Wixom, Systems Analysis and Design, 2nd Edition
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Organizing Interview Questions
Unstructured interview useful early in information gathering
Goal is broad, roughly defined information
Structured interview useful later in process
Goal is very specific information
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PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis & Haley Wixom, Systems Analysis and Design, 2nd Edition
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Structuring the Interview
High Level:Very General
Medium-Level:ModeratelySpecific
Low-Level:Very Specific
TOP DOWN
BOTTOM UP
EXAMPLES?
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PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis & Haley Wixom, Systems Analysis and Design, 2nd Edition
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Interview Preparation Steps
Prepare general interview planList of questionAnticipated answers and follow-ups
Confirm areas of knowledgeSet priorities in case of time shortagePrepare the interviewee
ScheduleInform of reason for interviewInform of areas of discussion
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PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis & Haley Wixom, Systems Analysis and Design, 2nd Edition
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Conducting the InterviewAppear professional and unbiasedRecord all informationCheck on organizational policy regarding tape recordingBe sure you understand all issues and termsSeparate facts from opinionsGive interviewee time to ask questionsBe sure to thank the intervieweeEnd on time
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PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis & Haley Wixom, Systems Analysis and Design, 2nd Edition
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Conducting the InterviewPractical Tips
Take time to build rapportPay attentionSummarize key pointsBe succinctBe honestWatch body language
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PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis & Haley Wixom, Systems Analysis and Design, 2nd Edition
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Post-Interview Follow-Up
Prepare interview notesPrepare interview reportHave interviewee review and confirm interview reportLook for gaps and new questions
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PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis & Haley Wixom, Systems Analysis and Design, 2nd Edition
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Joint Application Development
A structured group process focused on determining requirementsInvolves project team, users, and management working togetherMay reduce scope creep by 50%Very useful technique
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PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis & Haley Wixom, Systems Analysis and Design, 2nd Edition
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JAD Participants
FacilitatorTrained in JAD techniquesSets agenda and guides group processes
Scribe(s)Record content of JAD sessions
Users and managers from business area with broad and detailed knowledge
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PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis & Haley Wixom, Systems Analysis and Design, 2nd Edition
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JAD Sessions
Time commitment – ½ day to several weeksStrong management support is needed to release key participants from their usual responsibilitiesCareful planning is essentiale-JAD can help alleviate some problems inherent with groups
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PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis & Haley Wixom, Systems Analysis and Design, 2nd Edition
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JAD Meeting Room
JPEG Figure 5-5 Goes Here
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PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis & Haley Wixom, Systems Analysis and Design, 2nd Edition
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The JAD SessionFormal agenda and ground rules Top-down structure most successfulFacilitator activities
Keep session on trackHelp with technical terms and jargonRecord group inputStay neutral, but help resolve issues
Post-session follow-up report
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Managing Problems in JAD Sessions
Reducing dominationEncouraging non-contributorsSide discussionsAgenda merry-go-roundViolent agreementUnresolved conflictTrue conflictUse humor
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PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis & Haley Wixom, Systems Analysis and Design, 2nd Edition
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QuestionnairesA set of written questions, often sent to a large number of peopleMay be paper-based or electronicSelect participants using samples of the populationDesign the questions for clarity and ease of analysisAdminister the questionnaire and take steps to get a good response rateQuestionnaire follow-up report
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PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis & Haley Wixom, Systems Analysis and Design, 2nd Edition
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Good Questionnaire Design
•Begin with non-threatening and interesting questions•Group items into logically coherent sections•Do not put important items at the very end of the questionnaire•Do not crowd a page with too many items•Avoid abbreviations•Avoid biased or suggestive items or terms•Number questions to avoid confusion•Pretest the questionnaire to identify confusing questions•Provide anonymity to respondents
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Document AnalysisStudy of existing material describing the current systemForms, reports, policy manuals, organization charts describe the formal systemLook for the informal system in user additions to forms/report and unused form/report elementsUser changes to existing forms/reports or non-use of existing forms/reports suggest the system needs modification
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Observation
Watch processes being performedUsers/managers often don’t accurately recall everything they doChecks validity of information gathered other waysBe aware that behaviors change when people are watchedBe unobtrusiveIdentify peak and lull periods
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Selecting the Appropriate Requirements-Gathering Techniques
Type of informationDepth of informationBreadth of informationIntegration of informationUser involvementCostCombining techniques
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Selecting the Appropriate Techniques
Interviews JAD Questionnaires Document Observation Analysis
Type of As-Is As-Is As-Is As-Is As-IsInformation Improve. Improve. Improve. To-Be To-Be
Depth of High High Medium Low LowInformation
Breadth of Low Medium High High LowInformation
Integration Low High Low Low Lowof Info.
User Medium High Low Low LowInvolvement
Cost Medium Low- Low Low Low- Medium Medium
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PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis & Haley Wixom, Systems Analysis and Design, 2nd Edition
Copyright 2003 © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.4 - 48
SummaryThe analysis process focuses on capturing the business requirements for the systemFunctional and non-functional business requirements tell what the system must doThree main requirements analysis techniques are BPA, BPI, and BPRThese techniques vary in potential business value, but also in potential cost and risk
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PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis & Haley Wixom, Systems Analysis and Design, 2nd Edition
Copyright 2003 © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.4 - 49
Summary, continuedThere are five major requirements-gathering techniques that all systems analysts must be able to use: Interviews, JAD, Questionnaires, Document Analysis, and Observation.Systems analysts must also know how and when to use each as well as how to combine methods.
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PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis & Haley Wixom, Systems Analysis and Design, 2nd Edition
Copyright 2003 © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.4 - 50
Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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