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Coupling Coupling Carbonless Carbonless ElectricityElectricityand Hydrogen Transportationand Hydrogen Transportation

9 July 2003

Gene Berry & Alan Lamont([email protected])

Energy and Environment DirectorateLawrence Livermore National Laboratory

Livermore, CA

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QuickTime™ and a TIFF (PackBits) decompressor are needed to see this picture.

Present Challenges and Future History:Present Challenges and Future History:global energy use may quadruple over 50 yearsglobal energy use may quadruple over 50 yearsaccording to Shell’s sustained growth scenarioaccording to Shell’s sustained growth scenario

Today:Near-term concerns merit

moving toward hydrogen• zero tail-pipe emissions• national security:universal availability• economic security:vehicles, fuel, and utilitiesare critical industries• economic integration ofrenewable intensive &decentralized transportationand utility sectors

Tomorrow:Energy carriers will be hydrogen and electricity

• food,land, and water will limit biomass• atmosphere will limit carbon emissions• security will limit economic oil and gas

20 TW

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2000 U.S. Energy Flow is 104 EJ/2000 U.S. Energy Flow is 104 EJ/yryr (3.3 TW) but (3.3 TW) butElectricity is only 3.6 Trillion kWh (0.4 TW) (30% Electricity is only 3.6 Trillion kWh (0.4 TW) (30% effeff.).)

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$0

$10

$20

$30

$40

$50

$60O

il Pr

ice

(199

2 $/

Bar

rel)

1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995

Petroleum Prices 1970-1995

-0.02

0

0.02

0.04

0.06

0.08

GD

P G

row

th

1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995

Annual Change in U.S. Gross Domestic Product 1970-1995

Source: EIA 1995,1996

Energy/economic security has been a critical challengeEnergy/economic security has been a critical challengeeach recession in the last 3 decades - costing trillions -each recession in the last 3 decades - costing trillions -

has been associated with oil price shockshas been associated with oil price shocks

5Source: EIA 1995,1996


U.S. highway oil consumption is projected to grow fromU.S. highway oil consumption is projected to grow fromtwice to three times domestic oil production by 2020twice to three times domestic oil production by 2020

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Primary EnergyRenewable

Nuclear

Fusion

Fossil

Processed EnergyElectricity

Heat

MaterialAir

Water

Natural Gas

Biomass

Waste

FuelsHydrogen

Oxygen

Ammonia

Methane

Water

GasCompressed

Cryo Compressed

LiquidLH2

LO2

LNG

Ammonia

Water

SolidWarm: FeTiH2, LaN5H6

Hot:MgH2 , TiH2

Fullerene

Recover GasElectrolyze

Heat

Fuel CellPlastic

Ceramic

Alkaline

Molten

MotorElectric

AuxiliaryFlywheel

Supercap

TransportationAutomibile

Bus

Truck

Train

Ship

Airplane

CombustionEngine

Turbine

PEM FC

SO FC

Gas Turbine

Myriad (future) replacements for oil can be envisionedMyriad (future) replacements for oil can be envisioned

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HH22 is just one of many potential synthetic fuels is just one of many potential synthetic fuelsbut also the but also the majority majority componentcomponent

and production precursor for them alland production precursor for them all


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HH22 is uniquely capable of is uniquely capable of dynamicallydynamically linking linking carbonlesscarbonlesselectricity and transportation through electrolysis of Helectricity and transportation through electrolysis of H22OO

PhotovoltaicWind

Nuclear

ElectrolyticHydrogen Station

Fuel Cell Vehicles

Electrolytic Home Refueling

Hydroelectric

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Natural gas

Electric demand Cars and trucks demand

Long term storage (liquid H2)

Short term storage (compressed H2)

Elect- rolyzer 1

Fuel cell

PhotovoltaicWind

Fossil generator

Electrolyzer 2

Aircraft demand

CompressorLiquefier

Fly- wheel

Nuclear

H2 flowsElectricity flows

Distribution (market) nodes

H2 Utilization(transportation fuel)

H2 Storage(gaseous & cryogenic liquid)

H2 Production(electrolysis)

Electricity Generation(regeneration by fuel cell)

Primary Energy(fossil or non-fossil)

Distinct from fossil fuels,Distinct from fossil fuels,HH22 is not an energy source, is not an energy source,

HH22 instead carries energy from primary sources instead carries energy from primary sources

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Strategic advantages of HStrategic advantages of H22 as an energy carrier as an energy carrier

• Clean non-toxic, made from (and returns to) H2O

• Carbonless Zero emissions (e.g. greenhouse gases)

• Universal Feasible for all transportation modes (air, land,sea)

• Versatile H2 can carry energy from any source (electricity)

• Synergistic Dynamic integration of electricity & transportation

• Transitional Smooth, scalable, flexible infrastructure evolution

• Ultimate H2 is simple, pure, light, efficient, final

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SecondaryEnergy

PrimaryEnergy

Production ofH2 (& O2)

Wind

Biomass

Nuclear

Solar

Fossil

Thermal

Photovoltaic

HydropowerElectric

ThermochemicalSteam Decomposition

Cycles

Steam Electrolysis

Water Electrolysis

Steam ReformingChemical

FissionFusion

Photoelectrolysis

HH22 production fundamentally requires decomposing H production fundamentally requires decomposing H22OOinto Hinto H2 2 and Oand O22 by myriad methods by myriad methods

but all use thermal, electric, or chemical energybut all use thermal, electric, or chemical energy

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DirectDirect thermal decomposition of H thermal decomposition of H22O is hampered by theO is hampered by thethermodynamic thermodynamic equilibriaequilibria of steam. T > 2500 K is needed of steam. T > 2500 K is neededbut Hbut H2 2 and Oand O2 2 also decompose at these high temperaturesalso decompose at these high temperatures

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Multi-stepMulti-step thermochemical thermochemical HH22O decomposition reducesO decomposition reducespeak temperatures, but also lowers peak temperatures, but also lowers Carnot Carnot efficiencyefficiency

GA claims HTGR S-I cycles can achieve ~42% (50% HHV) GA claims HTGR S-I cycles can achieve ~42% (50% HHV)

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+ – + + –H2O (g) + H2O2

H2O (g)

H2O + O2

H2O (l)

–H2

H2O2

e- e- e-

Alkaline

CathodeCathodeCathodeAnode Anode Anode

OH- H+ O2-

Solid OxidePolymer

ElectrolyteMembrane

Electrolytic HElectrolytic H22 production technologies are production technologies arefundamentally distinguished by choice of ionfundamentally distinguished by choice of ion

(OH (OH--, H, H++, O, O2-2-) to be conducted across the electrolyte) to be conducted across the electrolyte

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Conventional alkaline (KOH) electrolysis theoreticallyConventional alkaline (KOH) electrolysis theoreticallyrequires 1.23 Volts but 1.48 V (83%)to be requires 1.23 Volts but 1.48 V (83%)to be thermoneutralthermoneutral

and ~1.9 V (65% or 50 kWh/kg Hand ~1.9 V (65% or 50 kWh/kg H22) at high current density) at high current density

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Electrolysis thermodynamics mean high water (steam)temperatures and pressures reduces theoretical voltage - if both heat and electricity are available

QuickTime™ and a TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor are needed to see this picture.

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On an equal energy basis HOn an equal energy basis H22 is the is the lightestlightest - - but also the but also the leastleast compactcompact fuel fuel

magnifying storage vessel mass, volume and cost magnifying storage vessel mass, volume and cost

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Vessel walls, insulation, and LHVessel walls, insulation, and LH22 thermal expansion limit thermal expansion limit volumetric efficiency of high density Hvolumetric efficiency of high density H22 storage storage (all volumes shown store 5 kg H(all volumes shown store 5 kg H22 or energy equivalent) or energy equivalent)

5 gallons Gasoline 20 L

5 kg LH2 (20 K)

LH2 Volume = 75 L

15% Ullage

35 L

2.5 cm cryogenic insulation

11 L

3600 psi H2 (80 K)

H2 gas Volume = 93 L 39 L8 L

H2 gas Volume = 290 L 20 L

H2 gas Volume = 220 L 5000 psi H2 (300 K)

25 L

H2 gas Volume =130 L 32 L

CH4 Volume = 65 L 3600 psi CH4 (300 K)

60.3 m

2.5 cm cryogenic insulation

3600 psi H2 (300 K)

Vessel WallVolume

10,000 psi H2 (300 K)

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HH22 will cost more than fossil fuels will cost more than fossil fuelsas long as the as long as the energyenergy to produce & store H to produce & store H22

costs more than fossil fuelscosts more than fossil fuels

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12Delivered Hydrogen Cost ($/kg Hydrogen)

Liquid Hydrogen (Truck)Steam Reforming

Methanol ReformingAmmonia ReformingAlkaline ElectrolysisPolymer Electrolysis

Steam Electrolysis

Liquid Hydrogen (Truck)Methanol ReformingAmmonia ReformingAlkaline ElectrolysisPolymer Electrolysis

Steam Electrolysis

Liquid Hydrogen (Truck)Alkaline ElectrolysisPolymer Electrolysis

Alkaline ElectrolysisPolymer Electrolysis

Figure 8. Cost Breakdown of 7 Hydrogen Pathways for Stations, Fleets, and Homes (broken down by cost element )

Capital Investment(Prod. Equip. - 20 yr. life)

(Storage Equip. - 10 yr. life)

Operation and Maintenance

Interest (20% except forindividual vehicle case)

Fuel/Feedstock (Natural Gas,Methanol, Ammonia, Water)

Electricity($0.05/kwh)

Station Overhead ($2.40/car)

Full Station(300 cars/day)

Small Station(60 cars/day)

Individual Car (30 miles/day)

Fleet (10 cars/day)

$1.50/gallon of gasoline(energy equivalent)

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0-0-60 mph i0-

Electric drive motor: 80 kW maximum powerBody and frame - Cd = 0.2; 1100 kg (empty wt)Cross-sectional area: 2.0 m2

Regenerative braking35km/L energy equivalent(0- 60 mph < 10 sec.)

30 kW fuel cell

PEAK POWER (2 kWh)

Advanced Batteries

Advanced Flywheel

HYDROGEN STORAGE: 5 kg/400 mile range Cryogenic (Insulated)

Pressure Vessel (20- 80K)

Ultracapacitors

or

or

PRIMARY ENERGY CONVERSION:

Metal hydride “sponge”<100 psi, < 100C

The expense and volume of The expense and volume of HH22 can (only) be overcome can (only) be overcomeby high efficiency (60-100 mpg or 25-40 km/L) vehiclesby high efficiency (60-100 mpg or 25-40 km/L) vehicles

using using onlyonly ~ 5 kg of ~ 5 kg of HH22 for 300-500 mile (480-800 km) range for 300-500 mile (480-800 km) range

Liquid hydrogen tank(50 psi, 20- 28K)

Compressed H2(5,000-10,000 psi)

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BMW has prototyped 5 generations of LHBMW has prototyped 5 generations of LH2 2 carscarsA fleet of 15 dual-fuel vehicles have beenA fleet of 15 dual-fuel vehicles have been

road tested > 100,000 km road tested > 100,000 km

300 km LH2 range+

650 km gasoline range

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A robotic LHA robotic LH2 2 refueling station has been demonstratedrefueling station has been demonstrated

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LHLH22 storage is lightweight and routine for spacecraft but storage is lightweight and routine for spacecraft butLiquefaction is energy intensive (10 kWh/kg LHLiquefaction is energy intensive (10 kWh/kg LH22 or 30%) or 30%)LHLH22 requires heat transfer below 1 W to remain cold (~1 week) requires heat transfer below 1 W to remain cold (~1 week)

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CovalentCovalent H H22 compounds are more compact than LH compounds are more compact than LH22 but butare hazardous (NHare hazardous (NH33) or use carbon (CH) or use carbon (CH44). ). IonicIonic & & metallicmetallichydrides are either heavy or release Hhydrides are either heavy or release H2 2 only when very hotonly when very hot

10,000 psi H2 gas on prototype automobiles

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U.S. U.S. automakersautomakers have developed concept/prototype cars have developed concept/prototype carsin the past 2-3 years. Each stores 5-10 in the past 2-3 years. Each stores 5-10 ksiksi compressed H compressed H22

4 kg H2 @ 5000 psi

Fuel-cell Battery Hybrid

60-70 mpg

240-280 mile range

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GM’s prototype chassis height is 6-12 GM’s prototype chassis height is 6-12 inchesinches to capture to captureplatform independent manufacturing economics but onlyplatform independent manufacturing economics but onlystores 2.0-3.5 kg Hstores 2.0-3.5 kg H22 in 5 -10 in 5 -10 ksiksi tanks (120-210 tanks (120-210 mimi @ 60 mpg) @ 60 mpg)


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NonlinearNonlinear H H22 gas density gas density vsvs. pressure. pressureis the fundamental property characteristic of gaseous His the fundamental property characteristic of gaseous H22limiting storage capacity to ~10 kg Hlimiting storage capacity to ~10 kg H22 in 250 L (66 gal) vessels in 250 L (66 gal) vessels

28Temperature, K

H2 d

ensi

ty (k

g/m

3)

Volu

me

(lite

rs) o

ccup

ied

by 5

kg

of H

2

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

20 60 100 140 180 220 260 300

500 atm

1.75

1.50 kWh/kg1.25

1.00

3.2550

100

500

2.75 kWh/kg3.00

2.00

350 atm250 atm

2000 atm

2.25

2.50 kWh/kg

1000 atm700 atm

200

Cooling from 300 K to 80 K or to LHCooling from 300 K to 80 K or to LH22 (20 K) (20 K)reduces Hreduces H22 volume dramatically volume dramatically

but energy intensity rises at cryogenic temperaturesbut energy intensity rises at cryogenic temperatures

29

Cryogenic compatible Cryogenic compatible pressure vessels compromisepressure vessels compromisebetween LHbetween LH22 (20 K) and high pressure H (20 K) and high pressure H22 (300 K) storage (300 K) storage

High pressure eliminates the H2 boiloff

of LH2 (low-pressure) tanks

More compact and/or lower pressurethan conventional (300 K) vessels

Can be refueled flexibly

300 K H2 (urban)or

Cryogenic (80 K) H2 & LH2 (highway)

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Hydrogen storage pressure (atmospheres)

Max

imum

ene

rgy

rele

ase

from

adi

abat

ic e

xpan

sion

(kW

h pe

r kg

H2)

0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0 200 400 600 800 1000

300 K

150 K

80 K

The theoretical instantaneous maximum energy releasefrom an H2 vessel rupture is dramatically lower forcryogenic H2 and independent of pressure above 20-100 atm

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2000 U.S. carbon (dioxide) emissions2000 U.S. carbon (dioxide) emissionsfrom energy consumption—1547* from energy consumption—1547* MtCMtC

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Future deep greenhouse gas cuts must come fromFuture deep greenhouse gas cuts must come fromelectricity and transportationelectricity and transportation

Pie Chart#2

Autos Freight TrucksAircraft

Marine

Electricity

All Other Energy

Pipelines, Others

Transportation (23%) and electricity (44%) willaccount for 2/3 of all US energy-related carbon

emissions

EIA 2020 projection, adjusted forfull PNGV passenger vehicle

implementation

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Complete integration of non-fossil electricityComplete integration of non-fossil electricity with transportation will require with transportation will require

HH22 use beyond automobiles use beyond automobiles

Carbonless Electric Grid Transportation

Electrolysis Hydrogen Storage

H2

(L)H2e-e-

e-

H2O

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LLNL has constructed an equilibrium network modelLLNL has constructed an equilibrium network modelintegrating hourly demand patterns with generation ofintegrating hourly demand patterns with generation of

hydrogen transportation fuel and electricityhydrogen transportation fuel and electricity

• This system has_ 120,000 inequality

constraints_ 25,000 equality

constraints• Nine capacities must be

determined• Each hour allocations

must be made for_ Five generators_ Two electrolyzers_ Withdrawals from

long and short-termstorage

_ Purchases of H2 bythe storage devices

Natural gas

Electric demand Cars and trucks demand

Long term storage (liquid H2)

Short term storage (compressed H2)

Elect- rolyzer 1

Fuel cell

PhotovoltaicWind

Fossil generator

Electrolyzer 2

Aircraft demand

CompressorLiquefier

Fly- wheel

Nuclear

H2 flowsElectricity flows

Distribution (market) nodes

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CarbonlessCarbonless electricity and H electricity and H22 transportation markets transportation marketsmodeled using modeled using simultaneoussimultaneous equilibrium optimization equilibrium optimization

Hourly Electricity and Transportation Demands

Hourly Variations in Electrolytic Hydrogen Production

Electricity for both Grid use and Hydrogen Production

Hourly Electric Generation from a mix of Technologies

Fuel Cell Vehicle Refueling Patterns

Short and Long Term Hydrogen Storage

Solar, Wind, Hydro Resource Patterns and Availability

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Hypothesis: Hypothesis: CouplingCoupling carbonless carbonless electricity sources electricity sourceswith hydrogen fuel productionwith hydrogen fuel productioncan reduce the cost of deep carbon reductionscan reduce the cost of deep carbon reductions

Electricity Supply Variations Large carbon reductions in the electric sector will require significant amounts of intermittent electricity sources (solar and wind)

Hydrogen Fuel: Flexible Load and Energy StorageElectrolytic hydrogen production would be a very large and flexible loadUtility hydrogen storage could also serve as transportation fuel storage

Shared Functions Reduce Overall CostHydrogen and electric infrastructure would serve both electricity and transportation sectorsDecentralized production of electricity and hydrogen can ease transmission and distribution requirements

Carbonless Electricity and Transportation Would Eliminate 2/3 of US CO2 Emissions

37

Power

Nov Feb May NovAugust

Typical electric demand variations exhibitTypical electric demand variations exhibitclear hourly, daily, weekly, and seasonal patternsclear hourly, daily, weekly, and seasonal patterns

38

Power


Wind energy supply patterns show great variabilityWind energy supply patterns show great variabilityover daily, weekly and seasonal periodsover daily, weekly and seasonal periods

39

Typical solar supply patterns show markedTypical solar supply patterns show markedseasonal variability, but predictable daily patternsseasonal variability, but predictable daily patterns

Power


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ModellingModelling Electricity Production Patterns: Electricity Production Patterns:BaseloadBaseload Nuclear Balanced by Fossil Generation Nuclear Balanced by Fossil Generation

emissions and total system

0.0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

1.0

1 25 49 73 97 121 145 169 193 217

Hours from st art ofsegment

PowerGenerati on

(T W)

0.0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

1.0

Load(T W)

Nuclear Fossil PV Wind Fuel Cell Elect ric Load S2h:1/0;0;0/f0.9n0. 1w0st20

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ModellingModelling electricity production patterns: electricity production patterns:BaseloadBaseload nuclear, wind/fossil hybrid nuclear, wind/fossil hybrid

0.0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

1.0

1 25 49 73 97 121 145 169 193 217Hours from start of segment

Power

Generation (TW)

0.0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

1.0

Load (TW)

Nuclear PV Fossil Wind Fuel Cell Electric Load S2h:1:0;0;0/f0.5n0.1w1st10

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ModellingModelling Electricity Production Patterns: Electricity Production Patterns:Wind/Fossil/SolarWind/Fossil/Solar

0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

1.2

1.4

1.6

1.8

2.0

1 25 49 73 97 121 145 169 193 217

Hours from start of segment

Power

Generation (TW)

0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

1.2

1.4

1.6

1.8

2.0

Load (TW)

Nuclear PV Fossil Wind Fuel Cell Electric Load S2h:1/0;0;0/f0.1n0.1w1st10

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ModellingModelling Electricity Production Patterns: Electricity Production Patterns:Nuclear/Solar/Wind and H2 Fuel for carsNuclear/Solar/Wind and H2 Fuel for cars

0.00.20.4

0.60.81.01.21.4

1.61.82.0

1 25 49 73 97 121 145 169 193 217

Hours from start ofsegment

PowerGeneration

(TW)

0.00.20.4

0.60.81.01.21.4

1.61.82.0

Load(TW)

Nuclear PV Fossil Wind Fuel Cell Elect ric Load S2h:1:0;0;0/f0n0.1w1st10

44

Projected patterns (10 days) of electricity demandProjected patterns (10 days) of electricity demandsupplied by fossil & non-fossil sourcessupplied by fossil & non-fossil sources

(with H(with H2 2 fuel produced from excess electricity)fuel produced from excess electricity)

0.00.20.40.60.81.01.21.41.61.82.0

1 25 49 73 97 121 145 169 193 217


PowerGeneration

(TW)

0.00.20.40.60.81.01.21.41.61.82.0

Load (TW)

Nuclear PV Fossil Wind Fuel Cell Electric Load S2h:1:0;0;0/f0n0.1w1st10

0.00.10.20.30.40.50.60.70.80.91.0

1 25 49 73 97 121 145 169 193 217


PowerGeneration

(TW)

0.00.10.20.30.40.50.60.70.80.91.0

Load (TW)

Nuclear Fossil PV Wind Fuel Cell Electric Load S2h:1/0;0;0/f0.9n0.1w0st20

Natural Gas (CH4)&

Nuclear/Hydro

SolarWind

Nuclear/HydroH2 electrolysis

Night-time fuel cell

45

CarbonlessCarbonless electricity combined with H electricity combined with H22 transportation transportationcan replace CHcan replace CH44 but could need 1/3 more energy for but could need 1/3 more energy forLHLH22, electrolysis, and utility fuel cell operations, electrolysis, and utility fuel cell operations

Electrolysis LossesCompression Losses

Natural gas fueled transportation

Natural gas fueled electric generation Wind

Photovoltaic

Photovoltaic not used

Wind not used

-4000

-2000

0

2000

4000

6000

8000

10000

12000

14000

16000

0100200300400500600

Carbon Emissions (mmTC/yr)

Delivered Energy

(TWh/yr)

Fuel Cell LossesLiquefaction Losses

Nuclear Electricity

0.00.10.20.30.40.50.60.70.80.91.0

1 25 49 73 97 121 145 169 193 217


PowerGeneration

(TW)

0.00.10.20.30.40.50.60.70.80.91.0

Load (TW)

Nuclear Fossil PV Wind Fuel Cell Electric Load S2h:1/0;0;0/f0.9n0.1w0st20

0.00.20.40.60.81.01.21.41.61.82.0

1 25 49 73 97 121 145 169 193 217


PowerGeneration

(TW)

0.00.20.40.60.81.01.21.41.61.82.0

Load (TW)

Nuclear PV Fossil Wind Fuel Cell Electric Load S2h:1:0;0;0/f0n0.1w1st10

Efficiency of fossil to non-fossil transition

46

EfficiencyEfficiency will determine the economics of H will determine the economics of H22 because becausethe Hthe H22 infrastructure (e.g. fuel cells) will cost less infrastructure (e.g. fuel cells) will cost less

than the energy it carriesthan the energy it carries

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

0100200300400500600

Carbon Emissions (mmTC/yr)

Annual Fuel and

Electricity Cost

(B$)Solar Photovoltaic

Wind

Natural Gas Transportation Fuel

Gas Capacity

Nuclear

LH2 Storage

Compressed H2 Storage

Fuel Cell CapacityNatural Gas Generation

Compression Capacity

Peak Electrolyzer

Baseload Electrolyzer

H2 Related Opr Costs

H2 Liquefaction Capacity

47

Cost and emissions for a variety of carbon reductionCost and emissions for a variety of carbon reductionpaths: timing of H2 vehicle intro appears flexiblepaths: timing of H2 vehicle intro appears flexible

300

350

400

450

500

550

600

650

700

0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700

Carbon emissions (mmTonnes/yr)

System cost

(B$/yr)

900 GW gas 500 GW gas350 GW gas 250 GW gas100 GW gas 0 GW gasSlope of $500/tonne C emissions reduction

c

c

c

c c

t

t

t

t

a

a

The transportation served by H2 is indicated as: None: normal symbol, no letter 50% cars: half sized symbol, no letter 100% cars: letter "c" 100% cars and trucks: letter "t" 100% cars, trucks, aircraft: letter "a"

48

Capital Cost Fuel/Power Cost EfficiencyGas Combined Cycle $600/kW 1.9 c/kwh 56%Nuclear $2000/kW small -Hydroelectric $2000/kW small -Wind $655/kW small -Solar Thermal (12hr) $2500/kW small -Photovoltaic $1100/kW small -

Electrolysis(Steam) $500/kW small 92%Utility fuel cells $200/kW small 50%CH2 storage $6/kWh H2 $100/kW 91%LH2 storage $.30/kWh LH2 $500/kW 75%

~80 mpg hydrogen passenger vehicles ($500 extra) with 400-mile rangeEIA efficiencies for trucks. LH2 aircraft were EIA x 1.1

Aggressive efficiency and economic assumptionsAggressive efficiency and economic assumptionswere used (both for fossil and non-fossil)were used (both for fossil and non-fossil)

Electricity Sources

Hydrogen Infrastructure

Note: 4% Real Discount Rate, 20 -30 yr life for capital equipment. Conventional electricity costs drawn from EPRI, GRI, EIAI. Hydrogenand renewable electricity costs from DOE rnewable energy characterizations(1998)..

Hydrogen Vehicles

49

Technological prerequisites for widespreadTechnological prerequisites for widespreadimplementation of Himplementation of H22 as an energy carrier as an energy carrier

• Energy efficient design, integration, and operationof H2 and electricity infrastructure

(“just in time” liquefaction, flexibly fueled hydrogen onboard storage)

• 25-40 km/L or 60-100 mpg H2 (fuel-cell) light-duty vehicles

• Efficient (80-90%) electrochemistry for both forward &reverse reactions (H2 fuel cells and H2O electrolysis)

• Non-fossil electricity @ $0.05-0.07/kWh

50

Potential improvements to be examinedPotential improvements to be examined

• Electrolysis and fuel cells close-coupled for heat and O2integration where needed.

• “Peak” and “Baseload” electrolyzers and Fuel Cells

• Potential synergies with hydrogen for chemical industry (NH3)

• Biomass and Natural gas for seasonal leveling, with minimalcarbon sequestration burden

51

Capacity (TW) Capacity Factor Trillion kWh/yrNuclear 0.1 0.9 0.8Hydroelectric 0.1 0.9 0.8Wind 1.0 .44 4.4Photovoltaic 3 .3 7.0

13 total

Miles/year kg H2/yr400 million autos (100 mpg) 15k 60 billion 2.0 (3.2)2 million trucks (15 mpg) 150k 20 billion 0.66 (1.1)400 million flights (60 seat mpg) 6k 40 billion (LH2) 1.33 (2.7)

120 billion 4 (7) total

400 million people @ 15000 kWh/yr per person 6

6 trillion kWh of displaced coal generation (66% efficient) is 1 GtCor 6 trillion kWh of displaced natural gas generation (66% Efficient) is 0.5 GtC7 trillion kWh of electricity creates 4 trillion kWh of H2 offsetting only 0.25 GtC of oil

Electricity Sources

H2 Transportation

Direct Electricity use

CO2 Displaced

1.5 TW (13 Trillion kWh/1.5 TW (13 Trillion kWh/yryr) U.S. ) U.S. circacirca 2050 2050CarbonlessCarbonless Electricity and Transportation Scenario Electricity and Transportation Scenario

shows shows decarbonize decarbonize the grid firstthe grid first

52

H2 pipelines (large) were cheaperthan power lines

Electric growth was thought to be8x by 2000 (2x actual)

H2 mostly for stationary usesAutomotive viewed as possible

not mentioned -energy security

greenhouse gasesphotovoltaics

windcompressed H2 on cars

Electricity was $0.02/kWhGas was $0.50/GJ

Only 30 years of economic/technological change haveOnly 30 years of economic/technological change havealtered the Haltered the H22 “economy” concept dramatically “economy” concept dramatically

How robust are our conceptions for the next 100 years?How robust are our conceptions for the next 100 years?

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The HThe H22 transition will take 30-50 years, transition will take 30-50 years, but is the essential element pivotal to but is the essential element pivotal to

universaluniversal and and enduringenduring solution of global challenges solution of global challenges

• Clean Air, Water, Transportation

• Energy and Economic Security

• Stabilizing Greenhouse Gases

• Sustainable Development

powerpoint presentation: coupling carbonless electricity ... · pdf filecoupling carbonless...

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