19 18EQ: What innovations helped large industries and

big business to grow?

Free Enterprise – Individuals are free to produce whatever they wish, People go into business to

make a profit. Prices are set by supply and demand. Inefficient companies that are unable to

compete are driven out of business.

Proprietorship – single owner

Partnership – two or more owners

Cooperation – charted by the state and recognized as a

separate person. Stock

Business Structures

Innovation - An improvement of an existing technological product, system, or method of doing something.Entrepreneur - A person who starts up and takes on the risk of a business.Stocks – A share of ownership in a corporation.

1920

EQ: How did industrialization bring both positive and negative changes?

Pros of Big Business Cons of Big Business

Large business are more efficient leading to lower prices

Unfair competitiveadvantage against smaller businesses

Hire large number of workers

Exploit workers

Produce goods in large quantities

Pollute

Resources to support expensive research and invent new items

Unfair influence over government policies affecting them

Definition – controls goods or services and attempts to reduce competition.

Simile1. Monopoly2. Trust3. CooperationExample1. Carnegie Steel2. Standard Oil

Big Business

21 22EQ: How did workers respond to the rise of large

industries?

Labor Union – the joining together of workers to collectively

bargain (negotiating with employer as a group) for better pay

and conditions due to industrialization. Used strikes (temporary

refusing to work) to get demands meet.

Labor leaders criticized company owners and managers for

reducing competition, paying low wages and maintaining

unsafe working conditions for their employees.

Labor strikes were not effective in industries that depended

on unskilled workers because they could easily be replaced.

Because strikes hurt trade, government leaders used U.S.

troops to put down strikes.

First national labor union was the Knights of Labor, led by

Terrence Powderly. Made up of skilled and unskilled workers

who wanted 8-hour work days, higher wages, safety codes,

equal pay for women, and an end to child labor.

Three significant events of the time period included the “Great

Strikes,” Homestead, Pullman, and Haymarket Riot.

Haymarket Riot labor leaders were blamed for bombings

during a protest demonstration by strikers.

Knights of Labor fell apart after losing a series of major

strikes.

The American Federation of Labor, led by Samuel Gompers,

consisted of skilled workers demanding economic improvement

like higher pay, 8 hour work days, better conditions, closed

shops (only hire union workers), and the use of arbitration

(settling of a dispute by an impartial third party).

By the late 19th century unions gained improved wages and

hours.

Before Labor Unions

After LaborUnions

10 to 14 hour workdays

$3 to $12 weekly

Child Labor

Women received lower wages

Dangerous working conditions

Easily replaceable by immigrant workers

23 24EQ: What economic, social, and political changes

did urbanization bring to American cities?

urbanization – the migration of people to live in cities

industrialization – economic activity characterized by

manufacturing of goods

– Industrialization of cities was accompanied by urbanization.

Cities were crowded and living conditions were often

unhealthy as many cities lacked services to provide for

sanitation and clean drinking water.

– The close proximity of people in cities facilitated the spread

of diseases and the poverty resulted in high crime rates.

– Cities grew as a result of immigration from other countries

and migration from rural areas.

Old Immigrant – (1865-1890) were Protestants from Northern

and Western Europe. Most of them spoke English. Most

became farmers. New Immigrants

New Immigrant - (1890-1914) were Catholics and Jews from

Southern and Eastern Europe.

Poor and spoke no English. New immigrants became factory

workers in northern cities, lived in harsh conditions, and had

low paying jobs. They lived in ethnic ghettos (same culture)

because of inexpensive housing, and they felt comfortable

living with those who spoke the same language and had the

same old-world customs.

– Nativists opposed the new waves of immigrants and

supported restrictions on immigration. Immigrants were

seen as uneducated and in competition for jobs and living

space. Some groups faced exclusion from employment or

housing, and discrimination because of ethnic differences,

including discrimination against Irish immigrants for being

predominately Roman Catholic.

– The Chinese Exclusion Act (1882) passed in response to

nativists prohibited Chinese laborers from entering the

United States. Immigrants were encouraged to assimilate

and public schools assumed a large role in the assimilation

of immigrants.

Push Factors Pull Factors

Oppression Economic Opportunity “Job”

Poverty American Dream

Wars Cultural Ties “family”

Ethnic Persecution Cheap land and passage

Urbanization

Problem Solution

Crowded Tenements (diseases)

Pollution

Lack of Clean Water

25 26EQ: What political and social effects did political bosses have on late nineteenth century America?

POLITICS IN THE GILDED AGE•As cities grew in the late 19th century, so did population•Political machines controlled the immigrant population in a city•Ward bosses, precinct captains, and the city boss worked to ensure they maintained power ROLE OF THE POLITICAL BOSS•The “Boss” (typically the mayor) controlled the vote.•Precinct captains and ward bosses were often 1st or 2nd generation immigrants so they helped immigrants with jobs in exchange for their vote. •Political Bosses improved infrastructure(what makes a place livable – roads, clean water, sanitation) for immigrants. SCANDAL•Some political bosses were corrupt•Some political machines used fake names and voted multiple times to ensure victory (“Vote early and often”) – called Election fraud•(bribes) was common among political bosses•The fact that police forces were hired by the boss prevented close scrutinyTHE TWEED RING SCANDAL•William Tweed, known as Boss Tweed, became head of Tammany Hall, NYC’s powerful •Between 1869-1871, Tweed led the Tweed Ring, a group of corrupt politicians, in defrauding the cityTweed was indicted on fraud and extortionTweed was sentenced to 12 years in jail – released after one, arrested again, and escaped to Spain

2728

EQ: How did various groups respond to the problems

they faced in the late nineteenth century?

FARMERS PROBLEMS• Overproduction of crops • Transportation Costs • Indebtedness • Natural Disasters GRANGE MOVEMENT -1867 social club for farmers.Supported economic and political reforms• Farmers felt they were being overcharged by railroads and grain

storage facilities.• congressmen who promised reforms.• passed laws regulating the rates railroads and grain storage

facilities could charge.• Interstate Commerce Act (1887), prohibited railroads from

charging more for short hauls than long hauls over the same route.• Interstate Commerce Commission was created to enforce the new

law, it became the first federal government agency to regulate unfair business practices

Populist Party (People’s Party) 3rd Party• Farmers, workers, and miners battled against the rich, bankers and

railroad owners. (Women and Blacks participated)• Wanted the government to end poverty, injustice, and unfair laws.• 1892 Election – ELECTED Senators and their Presidential candidate

did well in the election (but he didn’t win).• 1896 Election – Supported William Jennings Bryan for President

due to his “Cross of Gold” speech in which he supported the unlimited coinage of silver, instead of gold

• 1900 Election – Populists again supported Bryan, but he again lost to William McKinley.

3rd PARTY LEGACY• Provide an outlet for minorities to voice their grievances or to

voice new ideas that the main stream (Democrat & Republican) don’t usually support.

• Ideas were later adopted by the larger political parties, like a graduated income tax or direct election of senators.

29

30EQ: What political and social changes resulted from

the efforts of the Progressive reformers?

Progressive Party (Bull Moose Party) (3rd Party) • Middle-class city people (writers, lawyers, ministers, college

professors), instead of the Populist farmers and factory workers.

• Borrowed ideas from the Populists PartyGoal • Correct the political and economic injustices that resulted

from industrialization• Address inequalities between rich and poor• Use the power of the government to correct evils (pollution,

exploitation of workers, and monopolies)• Reform government because it was corrupted by big business

and political machines.Social Reform - attempted to help solve the problems that faced the American society.Social Gospel Movement - Protestant ministers calling for social reforms (justice).• Goals – end child labor and safer working conditions.• Supported banning alcoholic beverages. (Would lead to 18th

Amendment)• Christian duty to help those less fortunateReformersSettlement House – all purpose community center for the poor• Provide child care, nursing services, and English lessons for

immigrants by women• Jane Addams - Founded a settlement house called Hull

House to help immigrants and needy find a place to live, jobs, or get an education.

• Assimilated immigrants by teaching them English and helping them learn American culture (Americanization).

Definition –

Reformers Reform

Gilded Age Corruption & Monopolies

Progressive EraProgress &

Reform

31 32EQ: Who were some of the leading reformers of the

Progressive era?

Social Reformers ContinuedW.E.B. DuBois - Help found the NAACP to help African Americans gain civil rights.• Felt African Americans should achieve immediate racial

equality and supported open protests.• Disagreed with another Civil Rights pioneer Booker T.Booker T. Washington – educator who believed African Americans should gain equality by focusing on job training, not by demanding.• Agreed with W.E.B. that African Americans should seek their

civil rights, but he disagreed on how they should achieve those rights.

Ida B. Wells - an advocate for anti-lynching (murder by hanging) and equality. • Organized a national anti-lynching crusade • Reveled that many were lynched for crimes they did not

commit

Muckraker: Reporters and writers who exposed corruption and the abuses of big business. • Examined the rise of industry and the abuses that were often

used in the effort to become rich.• Examined business practices and the negative effect they had

on the consumers and the lives of the very poor.• Their books and investigations led to action by the federal,

state, and city government

Muckraker – Reporters & Writers

Government Action/ Legislation

Upton Sinclair - He exposed dangerous working conditions and unsanitary practices in meat packing industry in his book The Jungle.

Meat Inspection Act - law that set standards of cleanliness and required federal inspection of meat plants.Pure Food & Drug Act - law that required foods to be pure and accurately labeled.

Jacob Riis - He exposed the poverty, living conditions, and disease of the urban poor in his book How the Other Half Lives.

Problem – the horrible living conditions of the poor in the cities.Legislation - New York City passing building codes to promote safety and health.

Ida Tarbell - Exposed Standard Oil’s ruthless business tactics of forcing others out of business and thereby creating a monopoly.

Problem – trusts and monopolies had an unfair advantage among businesses.Legislation - Sherman Anti-Trust Act outlawing monopolies.

Lincoln Steffens - Writer who exposed corruption in city and state governments in his book, The Shame of the Cities.

Problem – city and state leaders were often corrupt, took bribes or broke the law.Legislation - Pendleton Act gave exams that selected government appointees based on merit, not on who they knew.

Frank Norris - Pointed out the stranglehold the railroads had on California farmers in his book The Octopus.

Problem – railroads were charging farmers more than their crops were often worth to ship them to market.Legislation – Interstate Commerce Act -Regulate railroads to prohibit railroads from charging more for short hauls than for long hauls over the same route.

33 34EQ: What have I learned about the Gilded Age and

Progressive Era?

1Q6W Scantron1Q6W Test

35 36EQ: What have I learned about the Gilded Age and

Progressive Era?

Foldable Progressive Party

Foldable Industrialization

37 38EQ: How did Reformers create legislative change?

What is the difference between a Muckraker and Reformer?Muckraker = Revealed the problems of the era to many who were not aware of them.Social Reformers attempted to help solve the problems that faced the American society.Municipal Reformers focused their attention on solving problems at the city government level.State Government Reformers to free states from corruption and influence of big business.How did direct democracy (having a voice in government) create legislative change?Progressive Party wanted politicians who were not “owned” by banks, railroads, and the upper class.Progressives wanted to limit the control of ‘political machines’ and get rid of corruption and inefficient government.They wanted to replace the ‘bosses’ & ‘machines’ with real public servants.Reformers wanted to expand city services to deal with overcrowding, fire hazards, and sanitation issues.What is political reform?To give people more power, a direct voice in the government, and make it more responsive to the people. Progressives passed several laws.Secret Ballot – to keep people from being intimidated or forced to vote a certain way.Initiative – voters could introduce bills themselves.Referendum – voters could force legislators to place a bill on the ballot to be voted on.Recall – elected officials could be removed from office by voters in a special election.Direct Election of Senators – 17th Amendment Senators are elected by the people of a state.

The passage of the 16th Amendment in 1913 was a big boost for

Definition – a proposal of a new law or constitutional amendment that is placed on the ballot by petition, that is, by collecting signatures of a certain number of citizens. Twenty-four states have the initiative process

Example Initiative

Definition – elected officials could be removed from office by voters in a special election.

ExampleRecall

Definition – A proposal to repeal a law that was previously enacted by the legislature, and that is placed on the ballot by citizen petition. A total of 24 states permit referendums.

Example Referendum

40EQ: How did the relationship between the federal government and private business change?

Theodore Roosevelt 1901 – 1909As Vice=President, he became President with the assassination of Pres. William McKinley.Roosevelt's motto was “Speak softly, but carry a big stick”Roosevelt, “The Trust Buster” felt that some trusts that served the public’s interest were ok, but those that didn’t needed to be stopped.The Coal Miners Strike (1902) proved he was willing to use the power of the federal government to protect the public interests.Roosevelt served two terms as President before he decided not to run for a third time. (no one had ever ran 3 times)He supported his Vice-President William Howard Taft as the Republicannominee for President.Taft won the election of 1908 and continued with Roosevelt’s Progressive policies, for a while.William Howard Taft 1909 - 1912Roosevelt supported Pres. Taft, until Taft began doing things not considered to be a part of the Progressive agenda.Taft was nominated for President again in 1912, but Teddy decided to run against him.Roosevelt started his own third party called the Bull Moose Party.But, Teddy’s 3rd Party split the votes and neither Taft nor Roosevelt would win in 1912.Woodrow Wilson 1912 – 1916The split between Roosevelt and Taft allowed the Democratic nominee Woodrow Wilson to win the 1912 Presidential election.Wilson’s economic agenda “New Freedom”.Pres. Wilson felt like Roosevelt:

Big business needed to be tamedTrusts should be broken upBanking system needed fixedTariffs only benefitted the rich

Federal Reserve Act – Reformed the banking industry. Federal Reserve Bank serves as a bankers bank, where the banks borrow their money. Fed’s control interest rates and the amount of money a bank can loan.Antitrust Legislation – Clayton Antitrust Act gave government more power to regulate unfair business practices.Federal Trade Commission protects consumers against unfair business practices by corporations.In 1911, the Triangle Shirtwaist Factory caught fire and the public’s attention.

Reform Explanation What problem did it address?

Square Deal Reform program that focused on regulating big business and protecting workers and consumers.

Monopolies, working conditions, unsafe products.

Sherman Antitrust Act

1890, ineffective until Roosevelt used it to regulate and break up big businesses.

Monopolies

Meat Inspection Act

1906, set strict cleanliness requirements and created a federal meat inspection program.

Unsafe products, working conditions (cleanliness