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Cell MembraneCytoplasmNucleusNucleolusMitochondriaEndoplasmic ReticulumGolgi BodiesLysosomesRibosomesCentriolesCiliaFlagella

Cell membraneCell wallCytoplasmNucleusNucleolusMitochondriaEndoplasmic ReticulumGolgi BodiesLysosomesRibosomesCentriolesCiliaFlagellaChloroplastChromplastLeucoplastVacuole

Organelle: The Cell Membrane

Two Word Definition

a. Selectively permeableFunction

a. an outer membrane perimeter of the cell that acts as a fence with gates which allow certain materials to pass in and out of the cell

Organelle: The Cell Membrane

3. Structure

Lipid bi-layer

Protein gate

Individual phospholipid

a. the structure is a complex structure known as a lipid bi-layer. The concept of the structure is called the “fluid mosaic model”

Organelle: The Cell Membrane TEM

Organelle: Nucleus

1. Two Word Definitiona. Control center

2. Functiona. Controls the activities of the cell

3. Structurea. Outer membrane called the nuclear membrane

is a double membrane

Organelle: Nucleus3. Structure con’t

b. Inner fluid environment called nucleoplasmnucleoplasmc. Nucleus contains genetic molecule DNA, structured as chromosomes

Organelle: Nucleus TEM

Organelle: Nucleolus

1. Two Word Definition/ Functiona. makes ribosomes

2. Structurea. basically a “knot” of chromatin

Nucleolus

Nucleus

b. can be more than one in a nucleus

Ribosome maker

Organelle: The Mitochondria

1. Two Word Definitiona. powerhouse

2. Functiona. site of cell process : cell respirationb. production of “ATP”

i. ATP molecule of energy

cell battery packii. Trivia: use 1 billion ATP’s / 2 minutes

Organelle: The Mitochondria

3. Structurea. overall appearance: kidney bean shape b. two regions of the interior

i. matrix: inner fluid ii. cristae: inner folded membrane

Diagram of mitochondria

TEM of Mitochondria

Organelle: Endoplasmic Reticulum

1. Prefix / Suffix Timea. endo means: insideinsideb. plasma means: fluidc. reticulate means: repeated patterns

2. Two word definitiona. transport and storage

3. Functiona. transports and stores proteinsb. divides cell into compartments

Organelle: Endoplasmic Reticulum

4. Two kinds of “ER”

a. rough “ER”: has ribosomesb. smooth “ER”: has no ribosomes

5. Structure of “ER”a. network of channel like membranesb. connectd to the nuclear membrane

Diagram of Endoplasmic Reticulum

TEM of Endoplasmic Reticulum

Organelle: Golgi Apparatus or Complex

1. Mr. Golgia. Camello Golgi discovered the Golgi

Apparatus in 1898Camello Golgi won 1906 Nobel Prize recognition in Medicine for his work on cells

2. Two Word Definitiona. cell packaging centerb. modifies protein vesicles made in rough “ER”c. makes lysosomes

Organelle: Golgi Apparatus or Complex

3. Functiona. modifies protein vesicles made in rough “ER” these vesicles will leave the cellb. makes lysosomes

4. Structurea. Flattened stack of membranes “ a pancake stack”

Organelle: Lysosomes

1. Two Word Definitiona.”suicide sacs”

2. Functiona. contain enzymes used to destroy material inside and outside the cell

3. Structurea. membrane sack filled with hydrolytic enzymesb. made by the Golgi Complex

The Formation of Lysosomes by Golgi Apparatus

Vesicle containing hydrolytic enzymes is pinched off the Golgi and begins journey to cell membrane

Organelle: Ribosomes

1. Two Word Definitiona. protein synthesis

2. Functiona. site of the construction of proteins

3. Structurea. made of ribosomal RNA ( nucleic acid )b. two locations

i. free ribosomes or “floaters”ii. ribosomes connected to rough “ER”

Ribosome structure: made of two subunits

TEM of ribosomes: free

ribosomes in cytoplasm

Ribosome Structure

Organelle: Chromosomes

1. Two Word Definitiona. Heredity information, genetic mailman2. Functiona. code for all the organisms’ traits

3. Structurea. composed of DNA and proteinsb. when cell is at rest, DNA is known as chromatin

Organelle: Chromosomes TEM

Organelle: Cilia and Flagella

1. Two Word Definitiona. Cilia: short / fast movement

b. Flagella: long / slow movement

2. Structure

a. Cilia: short hair-like structures

9 + 2 arrangement of microtubules

cilia in trachea

Organelle: Cilia and Flagella

2. Structure ( con’t)

b. Flagella: long hair-like structures

biological motor in bacteria

http://www.northland.cc.mn.us/biology/Biology1111/animations/flagellum.html

Organelle: Centrioles

1. Two Word Defintion

a. cell divisionb. makes spindle fibers

2. Structurea. Made of microtubules of contractile proteinsb. Tubules organized in a 9 x 3 arrangement

c. Centrioles located at right angles to each other outside the nucleus

Organelle: Centrioles

3. Function

a. Centrioles produce spindle fibers during cell division

i. As cell division begins centrioles move to opposite ends of the cell ii. Once positioned centrioles will produce spindle fibers

Organelle: Chloroplast

1. Two Word Defintion

a. Photosynthesis2. Function

a. Site of photosynthetic reactionsb. Conversion of light energy into chemical energy

3. Structurea. similar appearance to mitochondriab. two main regions

i. stroma: fluidii. grana: stacks of chlorophyll discs


3. Structure

Fluid environment

Chlorophyll storage


4. Relation of structure to function

Sunlight energy is absorbed by the chlorophyll

Organelle: Plastids / chromoplast, leucoplast, chloroplastA. Chromoplast (plants only)

1. Two word definition: color storage or color bodies

2. Structurea. Membrane sacks filled with non-green pigments in plants

3. Function

a. Coloration of flowers, fruit and leaves

B. Leucoplast (plants only)1. Two word definition: starch storage (function)2. Structure: membrane sack filled with starch

Organelle: Vacuole

A. Two word definition1. Water / food storage

Function of water vacuole in plants is

to provide tugor pressure which

keeps plants upright

One cell organisms “stomach”

Cells: Two KindsCells: Two Kinds

Eukaryotic Prokaryotic1. Generally larger2. Contain a defined nucleus3. Contain membrane bound organelles4. Found in kingdoms: Animalia, Plantae, Protista, Fungi

1. Very small cell size2. No defined nucleus3. No membrane bound organelles4. Found only in the kingdom Monera: bacteria and blue green algae

Eu: true Karyon: nucleus pro: first Karyon: nucleus

Cells: organizationCells: organization

Unicellular organismsColonies Multi-cellular

Groups of cellsLittle cell specialization

high cell specialization

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Cells: multi-cellular Cells: multi-cellular organizationorganization

cells

tissues

organs

systems

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OrganismOrganism