Chapter 14The Great War/WWI

1914 - 1918

Lesson 1 – World War I Begins

Causes of the War •__________________•Alliances•___________________•Nationalism

MILITARISM • Aggressive preparation for ___________•Most countries had started a _____________

•Mutual animosity spurs European countries to engage in _______________________

• By 1914, all European great powers had large standing armies, except _________________

ALLIANCES • Dual Alliance (1870) – Germany &

___________________ • Formed by _________________________________• Believed that France wanted revenge for the ____________________________ War • He wanted to isolate France

• Triple Alliance (1882) – Germany, Austria-Hungary, & _____

• Triple Entente (1907) – ______________, Great Britain, & _______________________• Britain not forced to fight with France or Russia, but promised NOT to fight _______________________________

Shifting Alliances Threaten Peace• 1888- Kaiser ___________ becomes German

ruler•forces ____________________ to resign

• 1890 – German Foreign policy changes •German/Russian alliance _________________•Russia becomes allies w/ _______________•Kaiser Wilhelm II strengthen German __________•which alarms Britain

IMPERIALISM • Competition for colonies ________________

• Creates mistrust among European nations

• Ethnic groups who had become European territories wanted ______________________•________________ groups in the Balkans•Minorities in Austro-Hungarian Empire•_____________ in the British Empire

The Rise of Nationalism • Extreme ___________/devotion for one’s country•Can unify a group of people in an area •Can cause ___________________ b/t nations

• Leads to competition among Europeans•Competition for markets & ____________ (imperialism)•Territorial disputes

• Nationalism in the _______________ leads many groups to demand their own independent nations

OUTBREAK OF WAR – ANNEXATION

• Many groups in Balkans win independence during early 1900s

• One of the new nations, ________________ which is made up largely of Slavs• Wanted all Slavs on the Balkan Peninsula to join __________________• ____________________ supported their independence

• 1908 -Austria-Hungary annexes ______________region – ___________________ & Herzegovina

• ______________ outraged, sees itself as rightful ruler of these Slavic lands

• Austria-Hungary vowed to crush any Serbian effort to undermine them

OUTBREAK OF WAR – ASSASSINATION • Austro-Hungarian royal heir to the throne,

Archduke ______________________ & his wife __________ were killed in their car on June 28, 1914 in Sarajevo, ___________________

• _____________________, 19 yrs. old Bosnian Serb. •member of the secret society “The ______________”• Terrorist organization • wanted _____________ to be free from Austria-Hungary & become a part of a Serbian kingdom

DECLARATION OF WAR! • Immediately _________wanted to declare war on Serbia,

but was afraid _________________ would come to Serbia’s aid• A-H enlisted the help of their ally, _____________ who gave A-H

their full support

• July 28, 1914 – Austria-Hungary declares war on Serbia

• July 29, 1914 - ____________ (Serbia’s ally) comes to their aid & completes a _________ mobilization of ________________ against A-H & Germany• Mobilization was considered an __________________________• Germany gave Russia __________________ to halt mobilization

against • Russia ______________________ Germany

• August 1, 1914 – _______________ declared war on Russia

The Conflict Broadens• August 3, 1914 – Germany declares war on ____________• ________________ Plan – devised by German General Alfred von

Schlieffen• Called for a _____________________ war with France & Russia• Small action against Russia• Most of German army would conduct a rapid invasion of ________________• After France defeated _________________ army would focus on ____________• Problem – plan involved going through neutral Belgium

• Aug. 4, 1914 – _________ declared war against Germany • Due to violating Belgium’s neutrality

• ALL GREAT POWERS ARE NOW AT WAR!!!! • THE GREAT WAR HAS BEGUN!!!

Lesson 2 –World War I

The Western Front • heavy battle zone in northern _____________

resulted in a _____________________• ______________________ Plan didn’t work

• _____________troops were halted outside of ___________ at the First Battle of ______________ (Sept. 6-10, 1914)• Germany forced to retreat after 4 days of fighting

• Both sides engaged in ____________ warfare that started at the _______________ to the border of Switzerland • Troops in this position/location for ________ years!

The Eastern Front• Russia starts invading ____________________ Germany• Russia defeated at the…• Battle of Tannenberg – Aug. 30, 1914 • Battle of Masurian Lakes on Sept. 15, 1914

• Russia no longer a threat to ___________________

• _______ defeated by the _______________ in Galicia & thrown out of Serbia • Germany came to help A-H & pushed the Russians back into Russia • Russian casualties reached 2.5 million captured, wounded, &

killed

• ___________ betrayed their allies (A-H & Germany) by attacking A-H in May 1915• Joined Triple Entente & alliance name changed to the Allied

Powers/___________

• _____________________ joined the Triple Alliance in Sept. 1915

Nations Take Sides & Names•________________– Germany & Austrian-Hungary• Bulgaria & Ottoman Empire also join later

•_________________ (Allies) – Britain, France, & Russia• _________, _____________, & Italy joined later• Italy originally a part of the Triple Alliance

War in the Trenches • Conflict descends into trench warfare to protect themselves from __________________•__________________, concrete machine-gun nest, & heavy ______________ protected trenches

•Battles result in many deaths & _______ land gains

•Space between trenches “__________________”

•Life in trenches is miserable, difficult, & unsanitary

• Battle of _________________…•Germans launched attack against ____________•Each side lost more than ____________ PEOPLE! •Germans only gained __________ miles

• Battle of _______________ …•______________ forces attack Germans•By end of battle each side lost more than _________________ troops•British only gained about ______ miles

War in the Air • 1915, First time in history ____________ had been

used in war• First used to _____________ the enemy•Next started to attack ground targets like _________________

• Last came plane vs plane attacks in the air…•At first pilots shot ________ guns/___________ at each other • _________________ guns were then mounted on the nose of the plane

• __________________ were giant airships designed by the __________________ to bomb London & eastern England• Filled with ______________ gas & blew up when shot by enemies• Did very little damage• Scared people more than anything else

New weapons …• _______________ Gas • Introduced by __________________, but used by both sides• Caused blindness, blisters, & death

• __________________ Gun• Fires ammunition ___________________________• Wiped out waves of attackers at once

• _______________________• Could cross many types of terrain• Introduced by _____________________

• ________________________• Introduced by the ____________________ – U-Boat • Primary weapon – the torpedo

The Gallipoli Campaign• Allies move to capture Ottoman’s Dardanelles Strait in February 1915 to capture the capital of ___________________________•Hope was to defeat Ottoman Empire, ally of Central Powers

•GOAL: Wants to open a ______________ through region to _______________

•Effort ends in costly _________________ defeat

Battles in Africa & Asia• Allies take control of ____________ holdings in Asia and __________________

• _____________ and ___________ use their colonial _________ to help in the war effort

The Zimmerman Note…• ________________ foreign secretary Arthur Zimmerman wrote letter to the German _____________________ to the U.S. on Jan. 16, 1917 • the _______________ intercepted it & sent it to the U.S. • ____________________ released letter on March 1, 1917

to the press

• Letter stated that if _____________ joined the _______________________with Germany they would help Mexico get back their land from the __________ (TX, NM, AZ)

• U.S. declares war against ______________ on April 2, 1917, joining Allies

Entry of the United States • In beginning, the U.S. vowed to remain ____________________

in European affairs

• Problem–both G.B. & Germany set up ____________________ in the Atlantic & North Sea. • The United States trades goods with ________________

• Germany wants to control Atlantic Ocean by stopping supplies to G.B. •Uses __________________ submarine warfare•Ships near Britain sunk without __________________

•1915, Germany sinks ___________ & angers U.S.• British passenger ship & 100 Americans on board

• Sept. 1915, Germany agrees to stop attacking ________________ & ___________________ ships

• Jan. 1917, Renews unrestricted submarine warfare in hopes to starve _______________ of supplies

• Attacks 3 _______________ ships

• U.S. declares war against Germany on April 2,1917, joining _______________

Governments Wage Total War• WWI becomes _____________ – nations devote all

resources & people to war, affects all lives of citizens

• Countries ____________ tens of millions of young men

• Governments take control of ___________________ to produce _____________ goods

• Nations turn to ___________________ – limiting purchases of war-related goods

• ________________________ – one-sided information to build morale, support for war

Women & the War• At home, thousands of women fill jobs

previously held by men

• Many women also experience the war by working as _____________________

Lesson 3 – The Russian Revolution

Russia Withdraws• Civil unrest in Russia forces Czar

_______________ to step down from throne in 1917

• Nov. 1917 - Communist leader, ______________ took control of Russia’s gov’t

• By 1917, __________ million Russians were either killed, wounded, or taken as POW’s

• Russia signs treaty with ________________ in March 1918 & pulls out of war

Background to Revolution

• Russians defeated by ______________ in the Russo-Japanese War of 1905

• Russia is militarily and _________________ unprepared for war•Undeveloped industry• ______ million soldiers killed between 1914-1916•Czar Nicholas II insisted on personally leading the ____________________ w/ little experience

Grigory Rasputin• A known _________________, Grigory Rasputin, began

to influence the czar’s wife, ____________________________

• With Nicholas off at the _____________ it was rumored that Rasputin was making all of the ________________________ in Russia.

• _______________________ aristocrats who supported the Czar _________________________ Rasputin in December 1916, but it was too late to save the monarchy

Revolts• The rise of the price of _____________ led to rioting in

_________________________ (formerly St. Petersburg)

• March 8 1917 – 10,000 ____________ marched through the city demanding “_________________________”

• March 12 1917 – The ________________ (legislative body) established the provisional government, consisting of ______________________ representatives

• March 15, 1917 – Czar Nicholas II steps down ending ________ year Romanov Dynasty

• Provisional Government led by Aleksandr __________________ decided to stay in the war.

• Local councils led by workers called “soviets” challenged the gov’t

Lenin and the Bolsheviks• The Bolsheviks began as a small faction of a

_____________ party called the Russian Social ____________________

• Led by Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov – aka V.I. ____________

• The party became dedicated to ______________ revolution• April 1917 – German military leaders shipped Lenin back to Russia in the hopes

that he would create unrest in the country

• Lenin believed the Bolsheviks should ______________ to gain the support of soldiers, workers and peasants.

• Bolshevik slogans:• “_______________________________________”• “Worker Control of Production” and “All Power to the Soviets”

Peace, Land, and Bread!• https://www.google.com/search?q=Peace+land+a

nd+bread+cartoon&ie=utf-8&oe=utf-8

The Bolsheviks Seize Power• November 6, 1917 the Bolsheviks seized the seat of

the Provisional Government at the ________________________

• Provisional gov’t __________ and power was given to the Congress of the __________________ – (Lenin). Bolsheviks renamed the ____________________________

• March 3, 1918 – Treaty of Brest-Litovsk signed between _______________________________ and Lenin•Russia gave up Eastern Poland, ___________________, Finland, and the Baltic Provinces

Civil War in Russia• Communist Opposition• Those loyal to the Czar• _______________________• Anti-Lenin Socialists

• Allies aid __________________ in hopes of Russia reentering the war

• Civil War in Russia between• _____________ Army – Communist (Winner! Winner!)• _____________ Army – Anti-Communist

• In April 1918 The czar, his wife, and ______ children as prisoners were moved to Yekaterinburg in the ________________ Mountains.

• July 16 – members of the local soviet murdered the family and burned their bodies in a nearby mine shaft.

Lesson 4 – World War I Ends

The Last Year of the War • Allied offenses on Western front had been

________________ & worn out physically & ______________________

• 1917 – U.S. entry to war gave Allies a boost of moral & ___________• Fresh troops, supplies, & good attitude about winning war

• With Russian withdrawal, Germany could focus all of their efforts on the __________________________ front • The German Gamble – a grand offensive attack in the west in

March 1918

• Germans reached _________ miles outside of Paris, France, and was stopped at the 2nd Battle of ________________ on July 18, 1918• The German Gamble failed & Germans retreated from France

Central Powers Collapse & Armistice

• Sept. 29, 1918 Allied troops began advancement towards Germany with _________________________ U.S. troops

• Nov. 9, 1918- Kaiser _______________ stepped down & left the country

• The _______________________ led by Friedrich Ebert created a German democratic republic

• Nov. 11, 1918 the new German Gov’t signed an ___________________ to end fighting • The _____th hour, on the _____th day, in the ______th month

The Peace Settlements• Jan. 1919, 27 allied powers met in

__________ to make final settlements for World War I

• Reasons for fighting the __________ War had changed…•1914 – sought __________________ gains•1918 – expressing more idealistic reasons for war

Wilson’s Plan for Peace• Portrayed WWI as a people’s war against

“_______________________ & Militarism”

• Proposition: The ______ Points – outline/solution for lasting world peace• _______________________ among nations •end to secret______________ alliances & military buildups•Promotes self-determination – right of people to govern

their own nation•Envisions international _____________________ body to settle world disputes

The Paris Peace Conference - 1919

• Complications…• Secret _________________ made before the war begun led them to

believe they would receive ___________________• National Interest

• G.B. wanted Germany to ____________ for the war

• France wanted…• ________________________________ since they suffered the most • Create a buffer state b/t France & Germany; ______________________• Germany stripped of all ______________________• Germany to pay ____________________ to cover the cost of the war

• Missing????• _________________ not invited to Paris Meetings • _________________ couldn’t be present due to civil war

The Big Three/ Big Four• These _____ made most of the decisions at the

Paris meeting & didn’t always agree, but came to a ________________

• ______________________– President of the United States• Wanted to create the League of Nations to prevent future wars

• ___________________________ – Premier of France• Wanted to punish Germany

• ________________________ – Prime Minister of Great Britain Wanted to punish Germany

• “Big Four” includes Italy - ____________________

The Treaty of Versailles• Allies & Germany sign treaty on June 28, 1919 in

the Hall of _________________ at the Palace of Versailles…• _______________________________ created

•War ______________ Clause blamed Germany & A.H. for war

• Forced Germany pay damages to _______________ nations

• Germany is ______________________ – allowed to have naval ships & army can only have ________________________ men

• League to rule over German _______________ until deemed ready for independence

The Creation of New Nations•Germany & _______________ lost territory in _________________ Europe

• __________________________ Empire disappeared• each became its own ______________ nation

• ____________________ Empire was broken up

•New Nations…• _________________, Latvia, Estonia, Lithuania,

_________________, Czechoslovakia, Austria, & Hungary

A High Price• ______ million soldiers died & _______ million wounded•Countless civilians died due to starvation, disease, & slaughter

• War devastates European economies, drains national treasuries• Estimated total cost - $________ billion (in 1918 dollars)

• Many acres of land & homes, villages, & towns destroyed

• Survivors suffer ___________________ & despair•Reflected in the arts

A Peace Built on Quicksand• ______________________ – creates feelings

of bitterness on both sides

• German people feel bitter & betrayed after taking blame for war

• ______________ never signs the Treaty of Versailles •Many Americans oppose L. of Na. & involvement w/ European affairs

• Some former _______________ express anger over not winning ______________________

• _________________ & Italy criticize treaty b/c they gain __________ land than they wanted