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ENERGY EFFICIENCY IS MOST COST EFFECTIVE

SOLUTION TO REDUCE CARBON EMISSION.

Carbon Reduction

Cost

Energy Efficiency

Renewable Energy

There is No Magic Silver Bullet for

Energy Efficiency in Building

The most important lesson you need to learn today….

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Holistic Approach Required

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

180

200

B0

C1

C3

C5

C7

C9

C11

C13

C15

C17

C19

C21

C23

C25

C27

C29

C31

C33

C35

C37

C39

C41

C43

C45

C47

C49

C51

kWh

/m2

/ye

ar

Block F Simulated BEI Potential

-10%

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

B0 C1 C3 C5 C7 C9 C11 C13 C15 C17 C19 C21 C23 C25 C27 C29 C31 C33 C35 C37 C39 C41 C43 C45 C47 C49 C51

% Accumulated Energy Reduction

Results from Energy Efficiency Study for JKR Block F, Jalan Salahuddin, K.L.

The 8 Steps Approach

Energy Index

-30.0

-10.0

10.0

30.0

50.0

70.0

90.0

110.0

130.0

150.0

Fan

En

ergy

Smal

l

Po

we

r

Ligh

tin

g

Ch

iller

Ener

gy

Fan

Gai

n

Ligh

tin

g

Gai

n

Smal

l

Po

we

r G

ain

Sola

r G

ain

Ext

Co

nd

uct

ion

Gai

n

Pp

l Gai

n

Deh

um

id

Pp

l Lat

ent

Gai

n

Deh

um

id

Fre

sh A

ir

Fres

h A

ir

Gai

n

kWh

/m2/

year

worst

base

mewc

Chiller Energy Breakdown

1 2 3

4

5 6 7

8 Energy Management!

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1st Law of Thermodynamic

• Energy can be change from one form into another, but it cannot be created or destroyed.

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Question 1.

• 100 Watt fluorescent lamp.

– Conversion efficiency is 20%.

• How much heat is produced in the room by the lamp?

A. 20 watt

B. 80 watt

C. 100 watt

D. None of the above

Question 2.

• In your house, the ceiling fan consumes 100 watt electricity when it is running. – The motor have a conversion efficiency of 50%

• How much heat is produced in the room by the fan?

A. 200 watt B. 50 watt C. 100 watt D. 0 watt – because a ceiling fan cools a room, does

not heat it.

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1st Law of Thermodynamics

• Energy In = Energy Out

• Has never been proven wrong in any case or situation!

• As a reasonably logical, sane person we have to place our trust in this law.

Basic Air Properties

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Dry Bulb Temperature & Wet Bulb Temperature

Relative Humidity & Moisture Content

Air at High Temperature can store more water (moisture) than Air at Low Temperature.

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Heat

2 Types of Heat

• Sensible Heat

• Latent Heat

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Basic Heat Transfer

• Convection

• Conduction

• Evaporation

• Radiation

Thermal Comfort

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Operative Temperature

• Operative Temperature = Average of Dry Bulb Air Temperature and Mean Radiant Temperature

• Recommended

– < 25°C

Air

Temperatu

re (°C)

Mean

Radiant

Temperatur

e (°C)

Operative

Temperatu

re (°C)

22 28 25

23 27 25

24 26 25

25 25 25

26 24 25

27 23 25

28 22 25

Thermal Comfort Fanger’s Comfort Model

• Fanger’s Comfort Model (ISO 7730) – Air Temperature

– Mean Radiant Temperature

– Humidity

– Air Flow Rate

– Clothing

– Type of Work Doing

• Recm’d Predicted Percentage Dissatisfied (PPD)

• < 10%, ISO 7730

• < 20%, Ashrae 55

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Fanger’s PPD – Naturally Ventilated Space (Daytime)

• Air T = 29°C

• M Radiant T = 29°C

• Humidty = 65%

• Air Vel = 0.5 m/s

• Activity = Typing

• Clothing = Light Office Wear

• PPD = 28%

– Slightly warm

• Air T = 29°C

• M Radiant T = 29°C

• Humidty = 65%



• Clothing = Shorts & Singlets

• PPD = 9%

– Neutral

Fanger’s PPD – Air Conditioned Space

• Air T = 24°C

• M Radiant T = 28 °C

• Humidty = 50%




• PPD = 7%

– Neutral

• Air T = 27°C

• M Radiant T = 25 °C

• Humidty = 50%




• PPD = 8%

– Neutral

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Thermal Comfort in Office Spaces?

Thermal Comfort

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Adaptive Thermal Comfort

End of Chapter 1

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Source of Weather Data

• Based on 21 years (1975 to 1995) of weather data from the Malaysian Meteorological Station in Subang, Klang Valley, Selangor.

• Developed in University Teknologi Malaysia (UiTM) under DANCED (Danish International Assistant) project for Energy Simulations for Buildings in Malaysia.

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Global Positioning

Locations Latitude

(°N)

Longitude

(°E)

Solar Noon

1. Kuala Lumpur

(Subang) 3.12 101.55

13:11

2. Penang 5.30 100.27 13:16

3. Johor Bharu 1.48 103.73 13:02

4. Kota Bharu 6.17 102.28 13:08

5. Kuching 1.48 110.33 12:36

6. Kota Kinabalu 5.93 116.05 12:13

SunPath

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20

22

24

26

28

30

32

34

36

12

:00

:00

AM

3:0

0:0

0 A

M

6:0

0:0

0 A

M

9:0

0:0

0 A

M

12

:00

:00

PM

3:0

0:0

0 P

M

6:0

0:0

0 P

M

9:0

0:0

0 P

M

12

:00

:00

AM

De

gre

e C

elc

ius

Dry Bulb Temperature Average Minimum Maximum

Natural Ventilation Potential.

18

20

22

24

26

28

30

12:0

0:0

0 A

M

3:00

:00

AM

6:00

:00

AM

9:00

:00

AM

12:0

0:0

0 P

M

3:00

:00

PM

6:00

:00

PM

9:00

:00

PM

12:0

0:0

0 A

M

Deg

ree

Cel

ciu

s

Wet BulbTemperature Average Minimum Maximum

Evaporative Cooling Potential.

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12

14

16

18

20

22

24 1

2:0

0:0

0 A

M

3:0

0:0

0 A

M

6:0

0:0

0 A

M

9:0

0:0

0 A

M

12

:00

:00

PM

3:0

0:0

0 P

M

6:0

0:0

0 P

M

9:0

0:0

0 P

M

12

:00

:00

AM

g/k

g Moisture Content

Average Minimum Maximum

Condensate Water Recovery Potential.

35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95

100 105

12

:00

:00

AM

3:0

0:0

0 A

M

6:0

0:0

0 A

M

9:0

0:0

0 A

M

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M

3:00

:00

PM

6:00

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PM

9:00

:00

PM

12

:00

:00

AM

pe

rce

nta

ge (

%)

Relative Humidity Average Minimum Maximum

Indicates how well evaporative cooling will work.

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17

19

21

23

25

27

29

12

:00

:00

AM

3:0

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M

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M

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M

12

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PM

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0:0

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M

6:0

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M

9:0

0:0

0 P

M

12

:00

:00

AM

Deg

ree

Cel

ciu

s

Dew Point Temperature Average Minimum Maximum

Condensation Potential.

0.0% 0.0% 0.1% 0.5% 1.9%

7.0%

22.7%

41.0%

22.5%

4.0% 0.3% 0.0% 0.0%

0%

5%

10%

15%

20%

25%

30%

35%

40%

45%

% o

f H

ou

rs in

a Y

ear

Dew Point Temperature (degree Celcius)

Dew Point Temperature

Condensation Potential.

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Solar Radiation

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

12

:00

:00

AM

3:00

:00

AM

6:00

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AM

9:00

:00

AM

12:

00:0

0 P

M

3:0

0:00

PM

6:0

0:00

PM

9:0

0:00

PM

12

:00

:00

AM

wat

t/m

2

Global Horizontal Radiation Average Minimum Maximum

Varies a lot day to day.

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0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700 12

:00:

00 A

M

3:00

:00

AM

6:00

:00

AM

9:00

:00

AM

12:0

0:00

PM

3:00

:00

PM

6:00

:00

PM

9:00

:00

PM

12:0

0:00

AM

wat

t/m

2

Average Daily Radiation Global Direct Diffuse

More direct radiation in the morning. More diffuse radiation in the afternoon. Indicates the effectiveness of solar shading devices.

Cloud Cover

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0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

12:0

0:0

0 A

M

3:00

:00

AM

6:00

:00

AM

9:00

:00

AM

12:0

0:0

0 P

M

3:00

:00

PM

6:00

:00

PM

9:00

:00

PM

12:0

0:0

0 A

M

Okt

as

Cloud Cover


Very Cloudy Skies. Cloudy Skies are brighter than Clear Blue Skies. Potential for daylight harvesting from cloud diffused light is very high.

Night Sky

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5

10

15

20

25

30 12

:00:

00 A

M

3:00

:00

AM

6:00

:00

AM

9:00

:00

AM

12:0

0:00

PM

3:00

:00

PM

6:00

:00

PM

9:00

:00

PM

12:0

0:00

AM

De

gre

e C

elc

ius

Effective Sky Temperature Average Minimum Maximum

Colder effective sky temperature allowed it to absorb heat from objects on the ground.

Ground Temperature

• Computed from the TRY using Kasuda’s equation at 1 meter depth Kasuda, T., and Archenbach, P.R. 1965.

• Constant 26.9°C

• In Open system:

– High moisture risk

26.9 °C

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0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

12

:00

:00

AM

3:0

0:0

0 A

M

6:0

0:0

0 A

M

9:0

0:0

0 A

M

12

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PM

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0:0

0 P

M

6:0

0:0

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M

9:0

0:0

0 P

M

12

:00

:00

AM

met

er/

seco

nd

Wind Speed


Wind is blowing when the air temperature is hot.

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

North

North-East

East

South-East

South

South-West

West

North-West

Hours of Wind Direction in TRY

All Temperature < 29 deg

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Air Temperature < 29°C

Air Temperature < 29°C

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End of Chapter 2

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Most Efficient Building Form?

Methodology

Not as straight forward as it seems

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Building Model

No Descriptions Floor Area Units Ventilation Concept

1 Office Floor Area 1650 m2/floor AC

2

Lift

Lobby/Walkway 170 m2/floor AC

3 3 no AHU rooms 100 m2/floor AC

4 4 no lift shafts 165 m2/floor NV

5 Pantry 22 m2/floor

NV if located with external

façade. AC otherwise.

6 2 fire staircases 72 m2/floor NV

7 Toilets 80 m2/floor

NV if located with external

façade. 10 ach otherwise. Total Area per

Floor 2259 m2/floor

No of Floors 17 floors

Total Building GFA

38,403 m2

Daylight Harvesting Assumed

• For all spaces that can benefit from daylight:

– Part or all the electrical lights will be switched off when daylight is available.

– Offices: daylight up to 4 meter depth from façade

– Toilet, Pantry: 50% space daylight.

– Staircase: 100% space daylight.

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Internal Toilet requires Mechanical Ventilation

• Toilet located away from building façade requires a mechanical ventilation system to provide 10 air-changes per hour.

0.0%

1.1% 1.4% 1.6% 1.6%

2.2% 2.4%

3.1% 3.5% 3.5% 3.6% 3.8%

4.2%

4.8% 4.8% 4.9%

6.6% 6.7%

7.2%

-1.0%

0.0%

1.0%

2.0%

3.0%

4.0%

5.0%

6.0%

7.0%

8.0%

208.0

210.0

212.0

214.0

216.0

218.0

220.0

222.0

224.0

226.0

C4 C6 C3 C5 C7 C11 C13 C18 C12 C15 C16 C0 C17 C9 C10 C14 C1 C8 C2

%

I

n

c

r

e

a

s

e

B

E

I

Building Form, Core Location and Orientation

BEI (kWh/m2/year) % Increase

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0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

0.00

0.10

0.20

0.30

0.40

0.50

0.60

0.70

0.80

0.90

1.00

C0 C1 C2 C7 C9 C10 C8 C4 C6 C3 C5 C11 C13 C18 C12 C15 C16 C17 C14

% R

edu

ctio

n

Rat

io B

EI/V

iew

Ou

t (d

egre

e)

Ratio of BEI/View Out

Ratio of BEI/View Out % Increase

End of Chapter 3

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Daylight space when done right is much nicer environment than electrical light space.

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Daylight is Cool & Free

15 18

70 80 90 100 130 140

160

200

280

-20

30

80

130

180

230

280

Effi

cacy

lm/W

att

Luminous Efficacy

HPS & LPS = Conventional Street Lights Today

Useful Daylight

• Dr. John Mardaljevic recommended Useful Daylight as

– 100 lux to 2,000 lux

• Direct Sunlight

– > 100,000 lux

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Halogen_bulb.jpg

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Daylight Factor

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Daylight Availability, 300 lux

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0

Daylight Factor (%)

% of Hours > 300 lux Level (Diffuse Light Only)

8-18 hours

9-17 hours

Daylight Availability, 2000 lux

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

4 5 6 7 8 9

Daylight Factor (%)

% of Hours > 2,000 lux Level (Diffuse Light Only)

8-18 hours

9-17 hours

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Key Principles of Daylight Harvesting

1. Solar Heat Gain Minimization

2. Glare Prevention

3. Deep Penetration Of Daylight

4. Uniform Daylight Distribution

5. Electrical Light Response To Daylight Harvested

6. Interior Design Colour

SOLAR HEAT GAIN MINIMISATION

• Rule 1 – Avoid Direct Sunlight

– Too much light, too much heat

• Rule 2 – Make use of

– Glazing Technologies,

– External Blinds, and

– Internal Blinds.

– Chapter 5 & 6.

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Glare Prevention

• Maximum 10% view of the sky.

• 0% of Direct Sunlight.

No Glare!

Deep Penetration of Daylight

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Uniform Daylight Distribution

Descriptions Max. Brightness Contrast Ratio

Between task and adjacent surroundings

3

Daylight Responsive Lighting

Lighting Control • Automatic off (light sensor and/or occupancy sensor)

• Manual on (people press the wall switch)

• Use task light (table lamp)

Lighting Zone 1 Lighting Zone 2

Task light (example)

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Electrical Lights & Daylight

Interior Design

Dark Coloured Interior absorb daylight.

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Design Tools

• Manuals Tables and Charts

– BRE Daylight Factor Protractors

• Computer Simulation

– Dialux, Relux, etc.

– Radiance

Classic Daylight Harvesting

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Malaysia Green Technology Center, Bangi, Kuala Lumpur

National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL), in Golden, Colorado

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Right Sizing Windows Area on Facade

• Provide glazing area adequate for uniform daylight harvesting.

– More glazing area will provide more heat gain than energy saved through daylight harvesting.

Façade Daylight Harvesting

No Glare!

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Daylight Factor of 1% with Horizontal Blinds

Full Height Window

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No Glare!

~ 0.6 m

< 1 m

No Glare!

~ 1.5 m

Daylight Factor with and without Furniture

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Roof lights Skylight. Not suitable for office space. Acceptable for public space.

Saw Tooth Roof Light. Diffuse light only. Acceptable for office space. Acceptable for public space.

Roof Monitor. Diffuse light only. Acceptable for office space. Acceptable for public space.

Recommended Daylight Factor

• Atrium Space. 1% to 6%.

– 1% is equivalent brightness to an office space.

– 6%, where 50% of the daytime hours, the lux level is above 2,000 from diffuse daylight.

– 4% where 0% of the hours, the lux level is above 2,000 from diffuse daylight.

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Skylight Design

Low-Rise Atrium: 2 Story height (8 m)

• Large Roof (16m x 16m):

– 5% skylight = 4% DF ave.

– 10% skylight > 10%. DF ave.

• Small Roof (8m x 8m):



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Medium-Rise Atrium: 5 floors (20 m)

• Large Roof (16m x 16m):


– 20% skylight = 3.5% DF ave.

• Small Roof (8m x 8m):

– 20% skylight = < 1% DF.

High-Rise Atrium: 10 floors (40m)

• Large Roof (16m x 16m)

– 40% Skylight = 1% DF ave.

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End of Chapter 4

Chapter 5 Glazing Properties

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Solar Spectrum

UV

Glazing Terminologies

• Visible Light Transmission (VLT)

• Solar Heat Gain Coefficient (SHGC) or g-value

• Light to Solar Gain Ratio (LSG)

• U-value (W/m²K)

• Low-Emissivity

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Visible Light Transmission (VLT)

• % of Light Transmitted Through Glazing

Solar Heat Gain Coefficient (SHGC)

• Total amount of solar heat that passes through the glazing.

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Light to Solar Gain Ratio (LSG)

• Light to Solar Gain Ratio

– Higher Value = More Light, Less Heat

– Lower Value = Less Light, More Heat

U-value (W/m²K)

• A measure of conduction heat gain through the glazing unit.

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Low-Emissivity (Low-E)

• Low Radiation Heat Transfer

3 Types of Low-E

• High solar gain Low-E

• Low solar gain Low-E (Solar IR absorbing)

• Low solar gain Low-E (Solar IR reflecting)

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Single Glazing Low-E

• Hard-Coat metallic oxides.

• Acceptable to be exposed to internal space.

Double Glazing Low-E

• Soft-Coat metallic oxides

• Requires protection.

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Glazing Selection for Tropical Climate

1. Choose the VLT requirement for your building.

2. Set the LSG values

• Tinted: 0.5 ~ 0.85

• Low-E Single Glazing: 1.05 ~ 1.25

• Low-E Double Glazing: 1.10 ~ 2.05

Financial Estimates – Reducing Window Areas

Orientation North South East West

Energy Reduction (per year) Per Glazing Area

Reduction (kWh/m2 of glazing area reduced) 88.60 81.07 136.11 101.62

*RM Reduction (per year) Per Glazing Area

Reduction (RM/m2 of glazing area reduced) 31.01 28.38 47.64 35.57

**Peak Cooling Load Reduction Per Glazing Area

Reduction (W/m2 of glazing area reduced) 214.50 132.74 344.70 266.02

Table 5.6.1.1: Energy and Peak Load Impact of Reducing Glazing Area

*A simplified energy tariff of RM 0.35 per kWh is used. ** Only applicable for buildings with glazing area distributed evenly on all orientation.

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Example Calculation

• Base Design, East Façade, Glazing Area: 2,000 m² • Revised Design, East Façade, Glazing Area: 1,700 m²

Calculations: • East Façade Glazing Area Reduction: 2,000 m² - 1,700 m² =

300 m² • From Table 5.6.1.1, East Façade: Energy Reduction: 136.11

kWh/m² of glazing reduction. • Energy Saved per year due to Reduction of Glazing Area on

the East Façade: 300 m² x 136.11 kWh/m² = 40,833 kWh/year,

• Saving of RM 14,291.55 per year.

Financial Estimates – Reducing SHGC

Orientation North South East West

Energy Reduction (per year) Per Glazing Area Per

SHGC Reduction (kWh/m2.shgc of glazing area) 115.54 100.69 150.14 130.56

*RM Reduction (per year) Per Glazing Area

Reduction Per SHGC Reduction (RM/m2.shgc of

glazing area reduced)

40.44 35.24 52.55 45.70

**Peak Cooling Load Reduction Per Glazing Area Per

SHGC Reduction (W/m2.shgc of glazing area ) 267.86 144.14 310.24 355.82

Table 5.6.2.2: Energy and Peak Load Impact of Reducing SHGC

*A simplified energy tariff of RM 0.35 per kWh is used. ** Only applicable for buildings with glazing area distributed evenly on all orientation.

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Example Calculation

• Base Design, East Façade, – Glazing Area: 1,200 m², – SHGC: 0.75

• Revised Design, East Façade, – Glazing Area: 1,200 m² – SHGC: 0.42

Calculations: • East Façade Glazing SHGC Reduction: 0.75 – 0.42 = 0.33 • Energy Reduction Table 5.6.2.2 : 150.14 kWh/m².shgc • Energy Reduction per Year: 150.14 kWh/m².shgc x 0.33 x 1,200 m² =

59,455 kWh/year • Providing a saving of RM 20,809.40/year • Total Additional Cost (RM): RM 50/m² x 1,200 m² = RM 60,000 • Simple Payback = RM 60,000 / RM 20,809.40 = 2.9 years.

Financial Estimates – Reducing U-Value

Orientation Average of All Orientation

Energy Reduction (per year) Per Glazing Area Per U-value

Reduction (kWh/m2.u-value reduction) 4.24

*RM Reduction (per year) Per Glazing Area Reduction Per

SHGC Reduction (RM/m2.u-value reduction) 1.48

**Peak Cooling Load Reduction Per Glazing Area Per U-

value Reduction (W/m2.u-value reduction) 13.93

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Financial Estimate – Using OTTV

Where,

ER is the energy reduction per year (kWh/year)

OTTV1 is the computed OTTV based on option 1 (W/m²)

OTTV2 is the computed OTTV based on option 2 (W/m²)

Aw is the area of walls (inclusive of glazing areas) (m²)

Hac is the Hours of air-conditioning per year (approximately 2700 hours)

SCOP is the Air-Conditioning System Coefficient of Performance

Recommendation: 2.8 for Split Unit AC, 4.0 for Central Plant or

Check with your HVAC engineer.

End of Chapter 5

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External and Internal Shadings

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57

Solar Heat Reduction

Cases Descriptions

SHGC

ext

shades

SHGC

glazing

SHGC

int

shades

Computed

SHGC total

% SHGC

reduction

1 Poorly designed façade 1.00 0.87 1.00 0.87 0%

2 Only 1 item done well 1.00 0.30 1.00 0.30 66%

3 Only 1 item done well 1.00 0.87 0.30 0.26 70%

4 Two (2) items done

moderately well 0.70 0.50 1.00 0.35 60%

5 All 3 items done moderately

well 0.70 0.50 0.70 0.25 72%

6 All 3 items done well 0.50 0.30 0.50 0.08 91%

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

0.00 0.20 0.40 0.60 0.80 1.00 1.20 1.40 1.60 1.80

kWh/m2 Savings

R1 Ratio

Horizontal Shades

H.North H.South H.East H.West

HP

Z

Horizontal Shading

(Section View)

Where,

HP = Horizontal Projection (m)

Z = Window Height (m)

12/17/2012

58

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

0.00 0.20 0.40 0.60 0.80 1.00 1.20 1.40 1.60 1.80

kWh/m2 Savings

R2 Ratio

Vertical Shades

V.North V.South V.East V.West

Where,

VP = Vertical Projection (m)

L = Window Width (m)

Glazing & Internal Blinds

White Blind Black Blind

Which one Reduces Air-Conditioning Load for the Building?

12/17/2012

59

Science of Internal Blinds

SHCG internal blind

• Glazing Dependent

Ashrea ID Descriptions VLT SHGC

glazing

White

Opaque

Dark

Opaque

Reflective

White

Translucent

SHGC

Reflective

White

Translucent +

Glazing

1b Clear 88% 0.81 0.35 0.65 0.25 0.20

1d Bronze 54% 0.62 0.47 0.69 0.39 0.24

1f Green 76% 0.6 0.48 0.7 0.4 0.24

1h Grey 46% 0.59 0.49 0.7 0.41 0.24

12/17/2012

60

Solar Protection Blinds Works! But be aware that SGHC is always provided for Clear Glazing!

Financial Estimation

Preferen

ce

Orientation Energy Reduction (per year)

Per Glazing Area Per SHGC

Reduction (kWh/m2.shgc of

glazing area)

% Improvement

Compared to South

Orientation

1 East 150.14 49.1%

2 West 130.56 29.7%

3 North 115.54 14.7%

4 South 100.69 0.0%

12/17/2012

61

End of Chapter 6

12/17/2012

62

Table 7.2.1.1

Descriptions

Ashrae U-

value

(W/m²K)

Wall Simplified Energy Index

(kWh/year of m² of wall area)

Cases High Base

Load

Mid Base

Load

Low Base

Load

1 Steel Sheet, 10mm 6.68 76.978 55.477 52.770

2 Concrete Wall, 100mm 3.40 54.604 32.182 28.282

3 Brick Wall, 115mm 2.82 52.259 29.542 25.415

4 Brick Wall, 220mm 2.16 49.938 27.171 22.194

5 Double Brick Wall with 50mm cavity,

300mm 1.42 47.784 24.659 19.601

6 Autoclave Lightweight Concrete,

100mm 1.25 46.788 23.614 18.274


150mm 0.94 45.253 21.874 16.679


200mm 0.75 44.488 21.590 15.754

9 Steel/Aluminum Composite Wall with

75mm Insulation 0.38 44.487 20.920 15.159

Annual Energy Reduction

Financial Estimates

Building Wall Area: 15,000 m². Base Wall: 100mm Concreted Wall; U-value of 3.4 W/m²K Proposed Wall: 150mm ALC; U-value of 0.94 W/m²K Calculations: Assumption: High base load, Table 7.2.1.1 100mm Concreted Wall: 54.604 kWh/year/m² of wall area 150mm ALC: 45.253 kWh/year/m² of wall area Energy reduction per wall area: 54.604 – 45.253 = 9.351 kWh/year/m² Energy Saved = 9.351 x 15,000 = 140,265 kWh/year saved. Assuming Energy Tariff of RM 0.35 per kWh: Energy Saved Per Year = 140,265 kWh/year x 0.35 RM/kWh = RM 49,093 /year saved.

12/17/2012

63

Financial Estimates

Building Wall Area: 15,000 m². Base Wall: 100mm Concreted Wall; U-value of 3.4 W/m²K Proposed Wall: 150mm ALC; U-value of 0.94 W/m²K Calculations: Assumption: Medium base load, Table 7.2.1.1 100mm Concreted Wall: 32.182 kWh/year/m² of wall area 150mm ALC: 21.874 kWh/year/m² of wall area Energy reduction per wall area: 32.182 – 21.874 = 10.308 kWh/year/m² Energy Saved = 10.308 x 15,000 = 154,620 kWh/year saved. Assuming Energy Tariff of RM 0.35 per kWh: Energy Saved Per Year = 154,620 kWh/year x 0.35 RM/kWh = RM 54,117/year saved.

Financial Estimates

Building Wall Area: 15,000 m². Base Wall: 100mm Concreted Wall; U-value of 3.4 W/m²K Proposed Wall: 150mm ALC; U-value of 0.94 W/m²K Calculations: Assumption: Low base load, Table 7.2.1.1 100mm Concreted Wall: 28.282 kWh/year/m² of wall area 150mm ALC: 16.679 kWh/year/m² of wall area Energy reduction per wall area: 28.282 – 16.679 = 11.603 kWh/year/m² Energy Saved = 10.308 x 15,000 = 174,045 kWh/year saved. Assuming Energy Tariff of RM 0.35 per kWh: Energy Saved Per Year = 174,045 kWh/year x 0.35 RM/kWh = RM 60,916/year saved.

12/17/2012

64

Peak Cooling Load Reduction

Table 7.2.1.2

Descriptions

Peak Cooling Load Index

Cases

kWcooling/m² wall

ton/m²

wall

1 Steel Sheet, 10mm 1.673 0.4758

2 Concrete Wall, 100mm 1.607 0.4570

3 Brick Wall, 115mm 1.604 0.4561

4 Brick Wall, 220mm 1.600 0.4550

5 Double Brick Wall with 50mm cavity, 300mm

1.590 0.4522

6 Autoclave Lightweight Concrete, 100mm 1.583 0.4501



9 Steel/Aluminum Composite Wall with 75mm

Insulation 1.572 0.4472

Financial Estimates

Building Wall Area: 15,000 m². Base Wall: 100mm Concreted Wall; U-value of 3.4 W/m²K Proposed Wall: 150mm ALC; U-value of 0.94 W/m²K Calculations: Assumption: Low base load, Table 7.2.1.2 100mm Concreted Wall: 0.4570 ton/m² of wall area 150mm ALC: 0.4492 ton/m² of wall area Peak Load reduction per wall area: 0.4570 – 0.4492 = 0.0078 ton/m² Peak Load Saved = 0.0078 x 15,000 = 117 ton. Assuming AC cost of RM 3,000 per ton: Energy Saved Per Year = 117 ton x 3,000 RM/ton = RM 351,000 /year saved.

12/17/2012

65

End of Chapter 7

12/17/2012

66

Flat Roof Insulation

AC Hours 8am to 5:30 pm

Cases Flat Roof Descriptions

Building

Energy

kWh/m² of

roof area

per year

kWh/m²

reduction

per year

RM/m²

reduction

per year

Budget for

Insulation with

15 years

Payback (RM/m²

of roof area)

1 Base Flat Roof 135.06 -

2 Flat Roof with 25mm Insulation 124.19 10.86 3.80 57.04



5 Flat Roof with 100mm

Insulation 122.12 12.94 4.53 67.92


Insulation 121.63 13.43 4.70 70.49


Insulation 121.63 13.42 4.70 70.47


Insulation 121.42 13.63 4.77 71.58


Insulation 121.39 13.66 4.78 71.74

12/17/2012

67

AC Hours 24 Hours Daily


Building

Energy

kWh/m² of

roof area

per year

kWh/m²

reduction

per year

RM/m²

reduction

per year

Budget for

Insulation with

15 years

Payback (RM/m²

of roof area)






Insulation 515.79 36.29 12.70 190.51


Insulation 514.31 37.77 13.22 198.29


Insulation 513.79 38.29 13.40 201.03


Insulation 513.52 38.56 13.50 202.43


Insulation 513.36 38.72 13.55 203.28

AC Hours 2pm to 10pm Daily


Building

Energy

kWh/m² of

roof area

per year

kWh/m²

reduction

per year

RM/m²

reduction

per year

Budget for

Insulation with

15 years

Payback (RM/m²

of roof area)






Insulation 154.06 27.17 9.51 142.62


Insulation 153.11 28.12 9.84 147.61


Insulation 152.66 28.56 10.00 149.95


Insulation 152.58 28.64 10.03 150.38


Insulation 152.51 28.71 10.05 150.73

12/17/2012

68

AC Hours 10pm to 6am Daily


Building

Energy

kWh/m² of

roof area

per year

kWh/m²

reduction

per year

RM/m²

reduction

per year

Budget for

Insulation with

15 years

Payback (RM/m²

of roof area)






Insulation 145.79 6.24 2.18 32.77


Insulation 145.25 6.79 2.38 35.63


Insulation 144.76 7.28 2.55 38.20


Insulation 144.89 7.15 2.50 37.52


Insulation 144.79 7.25 2.54 38.04

Pitch Roof Insulation with Plasterboard Ceiling

12/17/2012

69


Cases

Pitch Roof with Plasterboard

Ceiling Descriptions

Building

Energy

kWh/m² of

roof area

per year

kWh/m²

reduction

per year

RM/m²

reduction

per year

Budget for

Insulation with

15 years

Payback (RM/m²

of roof area)

1 Base Pitch Roof 137.40 -

2 Pitch Flat Roof with 25mm Insulation 134.55 2.85 1.00 14.97









Cases



Building

Energy

kWh/m² of

roof area

per year

kWh/m²

reduction

per year

RM/m²

reduction

per year

Budget for

Insulation with

15 years

Payback (RM/m²

of roof area)










12/17/2012

70


Cases



Building

Energy

kWh/m² of

roof area

per year

kWh/m²

reduction

per year

RM/m²

reduction

per year

Budget for

Insulation with

15 years

Payback (RM/m²

of roof area)











Cases



Building

Energy

kWh/m² of

roof area

per year

kWh/m²

reduction

per year

RM/m²

reduction

per year

Budget for

Insulation with

15 years

Payback (RM/m²

of roof area)


2 Pitch Flat Roof with 25mm Insulation 138.25 (2.22) (0.78) (11.66)








12/17/2012

71

Pitch Roof Insulation with Concrete Ceiling


Cases

Pitch Roof with Concrete


Building

Energy

kWh/m² of

roof area

per year

kWh/m²

reduction

per year

RM/m²

reduction

per year

Budget for

Insulation with

15 years

Payback (RM/m²

of roof area)

1 Base Pitch Roof with concrete slab 124.54 -

2 Pitch Flat Roof with concrete slab &

25mm Insulation 121.07 3.47 1.21 18.21


50mm Insulation 120.19 4.35 1.52 22.83


75mm Insulation 119.90 4.64 1.62 24.37


100mm Insulation 119.73 4.81 1.68 25.26


200mm Insulation 119.44 5.10 1.78 26.77


300mm Insulation 119.36 5.18 1.81 27.22


400mm Insulation 119.34 5.21 1.82 27.33


500mm Insulation 119.33 5.21 1.82 27.37

12/17/2012

72


Cases



Building

Energy

kWh/m² of

roof area

per year

kWh/m²

reduction

per year

RM/m²

reduction

per year

Budget for

Insulation with

15 years

Payback (RM/m²

of roof area)



25mm Insulation 510.12 11.36 3.98 59.66


50mm Insulation 507.40 14.08 4.93 73.91

4 Pitch Flat Roof with concrete slab

&75mm Insulation 506.22 15.26 5.34 80.12


&100mm Insulation 505.55 15.93 5.58 83.64


200mm Insulation 504.43 17.05 5.97 89.52


&300mm Insulation 504.02 17.46 6.11 91.64


400mm Insulation 503.81 17.67 6.18 92.76


500mm Insulation 503.67 17.80 6.23 93.48


Cases



Building

Energy

kWh/m² of

roof area

per year

kWh/m²

reduction

per year

RM/m²

reduction

per year

Budget for

Insulation with

15 years

Payback (RM/m²

of roof area)



25mm Insulation 154.84 8.42 2.95 44.21


50mm Insulation 152.97 10.30 3.60 54.06


&75mm Insulation 152.21 11.06 3.87 58.05


&100mm Insulation 151.78 11.49 4.02 60.30


200mm Insulation 151.03 12.23 4.28 64.22


&300mm Insulation 150.72 12.54 4.39 65.83


400mm Insulation 150.58 12.69 4.44 66.60


500mm Insulation 150.52 12.75 4.46 66.93

12/17/2012

73


Cases



Building

Energy

kWh/m² of

roof area

per year

kWh/m²

reduction

per year

RM/m²

reduction

per year

Budget for

Insulation with

15 years

Payback (RM/m²

of roof area)



25mm Insulation 144.98 2.35 0.82 12.34


50mm Insulation 144.32 3.01 1.05 15.80


&75mm Insulation 143.94 3.39 1.19 17.81


&100mm Insulation 143.72 3.61 1.26 18.95


200mm Insulation 143.37 3.97 1.39 20.82


&300mm Insulation 143.23 4.10 1.44 21.53


400mm Insulation 143.12 4.21 1.47 22.09


500mm Insulation 143.03 4.30 1.50 22.57

Summary – AC Hours: Office

12/17/2012

74

Summary – AC 24 Hours Daily

Summary – AC 2pm to 10pm Daily

12/17/2012

75

Summary – AC 10pm to 6am Daily

End of Chapter 8

12/17/2012

76

Atrium Model Tested

12/17/2012

77

Base Case

• Air-Conditioned Ground Floor

• Permanently Closed Atrium Space.

AC Ground Floor

Mon Tue Wed Thu

38363432302826242220

Te

mp

era

ture

(°C

)

Date: Mon 06/Mar to Wed 08/Mar

Dry resultant temperature: Offices 0 (base_closedacbtm_door.aps)

Dry-bulb temperature: SubangTRY.fwt (SubangTRY.fwt)

Energy = Base Comfort Hours = 100%

Case 1

• Naturally Ventilated Ground Floor.

• Permanently Open Top and Bottom.

Energy reduced 1.0% Comfort Hours: 48%

Mon Tue Wed Thu

36

34

32

30

28

26

24

22

20

Te

mp

era

ture

(°C

)


Dry resultant temperature: Offices 0 (c1_opentopbtm.aps)


12/17/2012

78

Case 2


• Permanently Closed Top and Bottom.

Mon Tue Wed Thu

38363432302826242220

Te

mp

era

ture

(°C

)


Dry resultant temperature: Offices 0 (c2_closedtopbtm.aps)



Case 3


• Permanently Closed at Bottom.

• Permanently Open at Top.

Mon Tue Wed Thu

38363432302826242220

Te

mp

era

ture

(°C

)


Dry resultant temperature: Offices 0 (c3_closebtm_opentop.aps)



12/17/2012

79

Case 4


• Temperature Controlled Ventilation at Bottom and Top.

Mon Tue Wed Thu

36

34

32

30

28

26

24

22

20

Te

mp

era

ture

(°C

)


Dry resultant temperature: Offices 0 (c4_autobtmtop.aps)


Temp

Temp


Case 5


• Time Controlled Ventilation at Bottom and Top. (7am to 4pm)

Mon Tue Wed Thu

36

34

32

30

28

26

24

22

20

Te

mp

era

ture

(°C

)


Dry resultant temperature: Offices 0 (c5_timebtmtop.aps)


Time

Time


12/17/2012

80

Case 6


• Time Controlled Ventilation at Bottom

• Permanently Open Top

Mon Tue Wed Thu

36

34

32

30

28

26

24

22

20

Te

mp

era

ture

(°C

)


Dry resultant temperature: Offices 0 (c6_timebtm_opentop.aps)


Time


Case 7


• Temperature Controlled Ventilation at Bottom

• Permanently Open Top

Mon Tue Wed Thu

36

34

32

30

28

26

24

22

20

Te

mp

era

ture

(°C

)


Dry resultant temperature: Offices 0 (c7_autobtm_opentop.aps)


Temp


12/17/2012

81

Case 8

• Air-Conditioned Ground Floor.

• Atrium Permanently Open at the Top.

• Atrium Permanently Closed at the Bottom.

AC Ground Floor

Mon Tue Wed Thu

38363432302826242220

Te

mp

era

ture

(°C

)


Dry resultant temperature: Offices 0 (c8_ac_opentop.aps)


Energy increased 0.9% Comfort Hours: 100% Higher Infiltration when doors open at Ground Level

Case 9


• Atrium Temperature Controlled at the Top.

• Permanently Closed at the Bottom.

Mon Tue Wed Thu

38363432302826242220

Te

mp

era

ture

(°C

)


Dry resultant temperature: Offices 0 (c9_ac_autotop.aps)


AC Ground Floor

Energy increased 0.4% Comfort Hours: 100% Higher Infiltration when doors open at Ground Level

Temp

12/17/2012

82

Case 10


• Atrium Temperature Controlled at both Top and Bottom.

AC Ground Floor


Temp

Mon Tue Wed Thu

363432302826242220

Tem

pera

ture

(°C

)


Dry resultant temperature: Atrium 0 (c11_ac_nvnite.aps)


Temp

Cases

Total Building

Energy Saved

(%)

Comfort Hours/Year at

Atrium Floor Level, (8am

to 6pm, Mon-Fri)

Comfort

Hours/Year (%)

Base: Air-Conditioned Ground Floor.

Atrium Permanently Closed at Bottom and Top 0.0% 2,600 100%

Case 1: Natural Ventilation.

Atrium Permanently Open at Bottom and Top 1.0% 1,235 48%

Case 2: Natural Ventilation. Permanently Closed at Bottom

and Top 2.3% 977 38%


Permanently Closed at Bottom and Open at Top. 2.3% 1,040 40%


Temperature Controlled Ventilation at Bottom and Top. 3.3% 1,713 66%


Time Controlled Ventilation at Bottom and Top. 3.0% 1,666 64%


Time Controlled Ventilation at Bottom and Permanently

Open Top.

3.0% 1,669 64%


Temperature Controlled Ventilation at Bottom and

Permanently Open Top.

3.3% 1,713 66%

Case 8: Air-Conditioned Ground Floor.

Atrium Permanently Open at the Top. -0.9% 2,600 100%


Atrium Temperature Controlled at the Top -0.4% 2,600 100%


Atrium Temperature Controlled at both Top and Bottom. 0.6% 2,600 100%

12/17/2012

83

Summary

• If comfort is utmost important. – Air Conditioned Base Scenario, or

– Case 10 where the atrium is ventilated at night • 0.4% energy reduction.

• If energy efficiency is utmost important. – Keep the top permanently open for ventilation.

– Keep the bottom closed from hours of 7am to 4pm.

– Open the bottom for night cooling from 4pm to 7am. • 3 to 3.3% energy reduction

• Comfort achieved at best is 66% of the working hours.

End of Chapter 9

12/17/2012

84

Zoning

Server Room/

24 hours Air-Conditioned Room

12/17/2012

85

Placed with external Façade and Window

Placed away from external Façade and Window

12/17/2012

86

Key Results

0.0%

0.5%

1.0%

1.5%

2.0%

2.5%

0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25%

Server Room Percentage of Total Floor Area

Energy Increase % Due to Locating Server Room on the Side instead of Center of the building

ServerRoom WWR 70% ServerRoom WWR 15%

Server Room Locations

12/17/2012

87

Daylight Harvesting Potential

Largest Server Room Results

Cooling Load Energy Consumption

Annual Energy Consumption

Solar heat gain (MWh)

Conduction heat gain (MWh)

In-filtration heat gain (MWh)

Lighting heat gain (MWh)

Equipment heat gain (MWh)

People heat gain (MWh)

In-filtration lat gain (MWh)

People latent gain (MWh)

Total Cooling Load (MWh)

Total Cooling System Energy (MWh)

Total Equipment Energy (MWh)

Total Lighting Energy (MWh)

Total Building Energy (MWh)

Server at Center, Base WWR 70%

207.405 -28.704 11.235 40.971 517.457 29.812 74.449 19.875 872.478 321.092 517.457 40.971 879.519

ServerRoom WWR 70%

212.066 -17.391 10.875 45.270 517.457 29.812 73.612 19.875 890.861 334.317 517.457 45.270 897.150

Differences (MWh) 4.661 11.314 -0.360 4.300 0 0 -0.837 0 18.383 13.225 0 4.300 17.63

% Differences 2.2% -39.4% -3.2% 10.5% 0.0% 0.0% -1.1% 0.0% 2.1% 4.1% 0.0% 10.5% 2.0%

Impact 0.5% 1.3% 0.0% 0.5% 0.0% 0.0% -0.1% 0.0% 2.1% 1.5% 0.0% 0.5% 2.0%

Server at Center, Base WWR 70%

207.405 -28.704 11.235 40.971 517.457 29.812 74.449 19.875 872.478 321.092 517.457 40.970 879.519

ServerRoom WWR 15%

173.957 -6.867 10.493 45.270 517.457 29.812 72.080 19.875 861.775 321.529 517.457 45.270 884.362

Differences (MWh) -33.448 21.838 -0.742 4.300 0 0 -2.369 0 -10.703 0.437 0 4.300 4.844

% Differences -16.1% -76.1% -6.6% 10.5% 0.0% 0.0% -3.2% 0.0% -1.2% 0.1% 0.0% 10.5% 0.6%

Impact -3.8% 2.5% -0.1% 0.5% 0.0% 0.0% -0.3% 0.0% -1.2% 0.05% 0.0% 0.5% 0.6%

12/17/2012

88

Infiltration in Building

Sources of Air Leakages

12/17/2012

89

This Study Focused on 3 Items Only

• Open Door

• Open Windows

• Cracks/Leakages around Window Frame

Summary Results

Descriptions

BEI

(kWh/m²/

year)

% Re-

duction

% Re-

duction

per Step

RM

Saved/Year

/Step

Max

Infiltration

(ACH)

Mean

Infiltration

(ACH)

Base, Worst Case Scenario,

Entrance Door 100% Open,

1.6% of Windows Open

243.2 0.0% 0.0% 0 4.19 0.97

C1, Entrance Door 50% Open,

1.6% of Windows Open 242.9 0.1% 0.1% 2,911 4.19 0.96


1.6% of Windows Open 242.6 0.2% 0.1% 2,957 4.13 0.96


0.8% of Windows Open 230.4 5.3% 5.0% 119,852 2.23 0.5

C4, No Windows Open, Crack

Flow Coefficient of 1.1 220.1 9.5% 4.3% 101,518 0.94 0.17

C5, Crack Flow Coefficient of

0.74 218.2 10.3% 0.8% 18,237 0.64 0.11


0.39 216.3 11.1% 0.8% 18,968 0.34 0.06


0.13 214.6 11.8% 0.7% 16,633 0.12 0.02


0.086 214.1 12.0% 0.2% 4,440 0.09 0.01

12/17/2012

90

Table 10.4.1: Crack Flow Coefficients (l s-1 m-1 Pa-0.6)[1]

Descriptions Lower Quartile Median Higher Quartile

Windows (Weatherstripped)

Hinged

Sliding

0.086

0.079

0.13

0.15

0.41

0.21

Windows (Non-weatherstripped)

Hinged

Sliding

0.39

0.18

0.74

0.23

1.1

0.37

[1] An Analysis and Data Summary of the AIVC’s Numerical Database. Technical Note AIVC 44,

March 1994. Air Infiltration and Ventilation Centre.

Sealing Windows

Cases (l s-1 m-1 Pa-0.6)

RM/m saved

per year per

step

3 years payback

Budget (RM/m run of

window perimeter)

C5, Crack Flow Coefficient of 1.1 down to 0.74 1.04 3.12




Total 3.33 9.98

12/17/2012

91

End of Chapter 10

12/17/2012

92

EE Interior Design Influence

• Daylight Harvesting – Rooms or spaces that rarely require lighting should be

located away from daylight spaces – Glare prevention should be given a priority to ensure

that daylight can be harvested comfortably

• Private office rooms – For higher ranking staff. – Normally located on the façade where daylight is

harvested. – Up to 50% of time, empty because attending meetings

elsewhere.

Building Model No Descriptions Floor Area Units

1 Office Floor Area 1650 m2/floor

2 Lift Lobby/Walkway 170 m2/floor

3 3 no AHU rooms 100 m2/floor

4 4 no lift shafts 165 m2/floor

5 Pantry 22 m2/floor

6 2 fire staircases 72 m2/floor

7 Toilets 80 m2/floor

Total Area per Floor 2259 m2/floor

No of Floors 17 floors

Total Building GFA

38,403 m2

12/17/2012

93

Office Rooms Location

Option A Option B

Exterior Exterior

Interior Interior

Energy Saved per m2 of Private Office Shifted away from Daylight Area

y = 0.0618x R² = 0.999

0.0%

0.5%

1.0%

1.5%

2.0%

2.5%

3.0%

3.5%

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% Pe

rce

nta

ge o

f To

tal E

ne

rgy

Savi

ngs

Percentage of Hours Individual Rooms Not Occupied

% Total Building Energy Saved

Only valid if Daylight is Harvested for the 1st 4 meter of façade space.

12/17/2012

94

Estimating Savings

% of hours individual offices are empty

kWh/year saved per m2 of individual offices shifted

RM/Year Saved Per m2 of individual office shifted

50% 12.6 4.40 30% 7.4 2.60

10% 2.8 0.98

Approximated Electricity Tariff of RM 0.35/kWh

End of Chapter 11

12/17/2012

95

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