powerpoint chapter 18: nuclear chemistrypreparatorychemistry.com/18bishop_ec.pdf · powerpoint...
TRANSCRIPT
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Chapter 18Nuclear Chemistry
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Chapter Map
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Nuclides
• Nuclide = a particular type of nucleus, characterized by a specific atomic number and nucleon number
• Nucleon number or mass number= the number of nucleons(protons and neutrons) in the nucleus of a nuclide.
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Nuclide Symbolism
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Nuclear Stability• Electrostatic force = the force that
causes opposite electrical charges to attract each other.
• Strong force = the force between nucleons (protons and neutrons).
• Neutrons increase the attraction from the strong force without increasing electrostatic repulsion between nucleons.
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Band of Stability
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Alpha Emission
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Beta Emission
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Positron Emission
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Electron Capture
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Gamma Emission
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Nuclear Reactions• Nuclear reactions involve changes
in the nucleus, whereas chemical reactions involve the loss, gain, and sharing of electrons.
• Different isotopes of the same element may undergo very different nuclear reactions, even though an element’s isotopes all share the same chemical characteristics.
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Nuclear Reactions (cont.)
• Unlike chemical reactions, the rates of nuclear reactions are unaffected by temperature, pressure, and the presence of other atoms to which the radioactive atom may be bonded.
• Nuclear reactions, in general, give off much more energy than chemical reactions
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Nuclear Equations
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General Nuclear Equations
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Half-life = the time it takes for
one-half of a sample to disappear.
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Radioactive Decay Series
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Radiation Effect on Body
• Radioactive emissions ionize atoms and molecules. This also leads to free radicals (particles with unpaired electrons).
H2O → H2O●+ + e−H2O●+ + H2O → H3O+ + ●OHH2O + e−→ H● + OH−
• These reactive particles react with important substances in the body, leading to immediate damage and delayed problems, such as cancer.
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Uses for Radioactive Nuclides
• Cancer radiation treatment• Computer imaging techniques• Radiocarbon dating• Smoke detectors• Food irradiation• Radioactive tracers
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Nuclear Energy• Binding energy = the amount of energy
released when a nucleus is formed. • Binding energy per nucleon generally
increases from small atoms to atoms with a mass number around 56. Thus fusing small atoms to form medium-sized atoms (nuclear fusion) releases energy.
• Binding energy per nucleon generally decreases from atoms with a mass number around 56 to larger atoms. Thus splitting large atoms to form medium-sized atoms (nuclear fission) also releases energy.
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Binding Energy
per Nucleon
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Nuclear Fission
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Chain Reaction
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Nuclear Reactor
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Nuclear Fusion Powers the Sun