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1/26/2016
1
Good Morning!
• Come and pickup a notecard from me. Only 1 per
student.
Random Quiz #1
• Don’t freak out, you get credit whether your
answer is correct or not.
• Should give you a feel for what test questions may
be like.
• Write your FULL NAME, what you like to go by,
and student number on your card
• Each student can only turn in one note card at the
end of class
Random Quiz #11. In the example with the adders, they found
individuals from isolated populations had
smaller litter size, inviable offspring, and less
genetic diversity. What is this an example of?
2. When looking at growth curves, we
discussed two classic curves. Exponential and
logistic. Logistic assumes an upper bound for
populations (K) resulting from limited
resources. What is the common term for K?
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Random Quiz #11. In the example with the adders, they found
individuals from isolated populations had
smaller litter size, inviable offspring, and less
genetic diversity. What is this an example of?
Answer: Inbreeding depression
2. When looking at growth curves, we
discussed two classic curves. Exponential and
logistic. Logistic assumes an upper bound for
populations (K) resulting from limited
resources. What is the common term for K?
Random Quiz #11. In the example with the adders, they found
individuals from isolated populations had
smaller litter size, inviable offspring, and less
genetic diversity. What is this an example of?
Answer: Inbreeding depression
2. When looking at growth curves, we
discussed two classic curves. Exponential and
logistic. Logistic assumes an upper bound for
populations (K) resulting from limited
resources. What is the common term for K?
Answer: K = Carrying Capacity
urban suburban exurban wildland
Urban Avoider
the urban gradient
Wildlife Responses to Urbanization
Suburban AdapterUrban Invader
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Rural versus urban
wildlife communities
• Lower diversity
• Multiple species with no evolutionary history
• Over representation of exotic species
• More generalists and less specialists
• Show altered behavioral patterns
Urban communities tend to have:
General characteristics:
Urban avoider
• Sensitive, can’t tolerate:
- fragmented habitat, reduced food or shelter,
pollution, competition, etc.
• Specialist
• Often large species (herbivores,
predators) but not always
General characteristics:
Urban avoiders-birds
Western wood pewee Hutton’s vireo
Interior nesting birds, tree foraging insectivores, Neotropical
migrants, and ground nesting birds
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General characteristics:
Suburban adapter
• Can benefit if sufficient native habitat available
• Can take advantage of “edge”
• Can survive in small patches
• Highly adaptable
• May use human provided shelter or food
• May need access to habitat that is undisturbed
American Robin Swallows
Edge species, ground foragers, omnivores, seedeaters
General characteristics:
Suburban adapter - birds
General characteristics:
Urban exploiter (adapter)
• Generalist
- Use human structures as shelter
- Use human provided food sources
• Populations increase with development
• “Bold” temperament
• Small individuals
• Can be either native or exotic
• Tends to homogenize populations in cities
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Peregrine Falcon European Starling
Cavity nesters, cliff dwellers, omnivores
General characteristics:
Suburban exploiter - birds
Urban bird communities:
Typically less diverse (more homogenized), dominated
by fewer species and support more biomass than
natural communities
Case Study: Urban Bird Communities
Marzluff and Rodewald 2008
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Marzluff & Rodewald (2008)
Bird Diets and Responses to
Urbanization What is this
telling us?
Amphibian urban “avoiders”
Southern toadlet (Pseudophryne semimarmorata),
needs moist area/ponds to breed
Common spadefoot toad (Neobatrachus sudelli)
Needs soil to burrow and natural ponds to reproduce
Amphibian urban
“exploiters/invaders”
Southern brown tree frog (Litoria ewingii), can climb and
use artificial water bodies
Striped marsh frog (Limnodynastes peronii), can breed
in degraded habitats
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Case Study: Prairie Bats
• Bats need vertical elements to nest
• Natural prairies are flat and homogenous
Compared to neighboring prairies, do urban areas
support a greater abundance of prairie bats?
The big brown bat, Eptesicus fuscusphoto: Jessica Nelson
Case Study: Prairie Bats
Compared urban areas to non-urban areas
• Mist nets/acoustic monitoring
• Alberta, Canada
• 8 different bat species native to the area
Coleman and Barclay (2012) Urban Ecosyst
What did they find? Why?
Little brown myotis, Myotis lucifugus
Case Study: Prairie Bats
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• Found increases in one species of
Prairie bat
• Overall decrease in bat diversity
• Urban invader versus avoider
Case Study: Prairie Bats
Case Study: Banana bats
• Some riparian insectivorous bats forage at rivers
polluted by wastewater treatment works
• Insects are in direct contact with pollutants
are tolerant; eaten by bats
Naidoo et al. (2013) African Zoology
Case Study: Banana bats
the banana bat, Neoromicia nana
• Are diptera insects (midges) more abundant
• Are N. nana (bats) more abundant
• Is metal content higher
In the water
In bat tissues
Want to know:
Naidoo et al. (2013) African Zoology
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Case Study: Banana bats
Three location types: (what were they?)
• Sampled insect abundance (black light trap)
• Sampled bat abundance
Recorded echolocation
Mist nets
• Sampled for metal
water
In bat tissues
Methods:
Naidoo et al. (2013) African Zoology
Case Study: Banana bats
• Midges (diptera) more abundant at polluted sites
• More N. nana feeding activity at polluted sites
Results:
Naidoo et al. (2013) African Zoology
Case Study: Banana bats
Results:
Naidoo et al. (2013) African Zoology
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Case Study: Banana bats
Results:
Naidoo et al. (2013) African Zoology
What are the
implications for urban
invaders?
• Metal content (Cd, Ni, Cr) higher
In the water
In bat tissues (kidneys)
Florida Manatee (Trirhechus manatus Iatirostris)
Endangered (IUCN/Endangered Species Act)
Case Study: Florida Manatee
ARKive photo: David Fleetman
• Need warm water in winter
“cold stress syndrome”, hypothermia
Warm water discharges
o 15% use natural springs
o 60% use power plants
Thermal basins
• High site fidelity (distinct subpopulations)
Laist and Reynolds, III (2005) Marine Mammal Science
Case Study: Florida Manatee
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• Limited access to alternatives (locks, dams, silt)
• Carrying capacity of areas
• Diversion of water, decreased water quality
• Site fidelity
Laist and Reynolds, III (2005) Marine Mammal Science
Case Study: Florida Manatee
If the power plants close,
what happens to manatees?
Urban “invaders”
• Pest species?
• Invasive species?
• How do you classify?
Urban “invaders”
• Pest species?
• Invasive species?