powerone (nho) aspiro evaluation results

8/10/2019 PowerOne (Nho) ASPIRO Evaluation Results

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Evaluation of the PowerOne Aspiro48Vdc rectifier system

Abstract:

This document summarizes the evaluation test results obtained with the PowerOne Aspiro AC-DC rectifier

system.

Author: Sylvain Mico & Vincent Bobillier

Version: 2.1

Date: 8/8/2013


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Evaluation of the PowerOne Aspiro 48Vdc rectifier system

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Table of contents

1 Introduction ............................................................................................................................................. 3

2 General Observations .............................................................................................................................. 42.1 Equipment received and first impression .................................................................................................... 4

2.2 Cooling system ............................................................................................................................................. 4

2.3 Control module ............................................................................................................................................ 4

3 Control interface and software ................................................................................................................ 5

3.1 Front panel interface .................................................................................................................................... 5

3.2 Web server interface .................................................................................................................................... 5

3.3 PowCom GUI ................................................................................................................................................ 6

3.4 Test summary ............................................................................................................................................... 8

4 Electrical test ........................................................................................................................................... 9

4.1 Sensor accuracy ............................................................................................................................................ 9

4.2 Hot swap function ........................................................................................................................................ 9

4.3 Soak testing .................................................................................................................................................. 9

4.4 Overvoltage and overcurrent limits ........................................................................................................... 10

4.5 Static and dynamic regulation test ............................................................................................................ 11

4.5.1 Static regulation test .............................................................................................................................. 11

4.5.2 Dynamic regulation test ......................................................................................................................... 11

4.6 Noise and ripple measurement and EMC compliance ............................................................................... 14

4.6.1 Output ripple ......................................................................................................................................... 14

4.6.2 EMC compliance .................................................................................................................................... 15

4.6.3 Electrical mains input ............................................................................................................................. 16

4.6.4 -48Vdc output ........................................................................................................................................ 17

4.7 Start-up mains inrush current .................................................................................................................... 20

4.8 Efficiency and PF measurements ............................................................................................................... 22

5 Conclusion.............................................................................................................................................. 24

5.1 Result summary.......................................................................................................................................... 24

5.2 Pros/Cons ................................................................................................................................................... 24

6 References ............................................................................................................................................. 26


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1 Introduction

The goal of this evaluation is to verify the functionalities and characteristics of the PowerOne Apiro AC-DC

rectifier system for its possible use with xTCA equipment. This AC-DC rectifier is a potential candidate to

supply DC power to xTCA (MTCA or ATCA) shelves used in future LHC experiments electronics systems.

The PowerOne Aspiro system[1] consists of a modular AC-DC rectifier made of a mainframe housing a

number of AC-DC rectifier bricks/modules, a controller module and DC output circuit breakers. Thesystem can be AC supplied by 1 to 3 phases with an AC voltage range of 90 to 300V. The power bricks are

hot-swap interchangeable during operation providing a so called N+1 redundancy depending on the total

required output power. The Aspiro rectifier outputs a negative voltage of - 48Vdc. This output voltage can

be adjusted via the control interface of the rectifier.

Table 1 below lists the main characteristics of the AC-DC rectifier bricks (type XPGe12.48)[2].

Table 1: XPGe12.48 AC-DC brick main electrical characteristics.

Input voltage Nominal 90 to 275 VAC

Derated output 90 to 180 VAC

Input current < 8A

Output voltage 46 - 57 VDC

Output power 1200 W

Output current Nominal 22.6 A

Efficicency above 40% load > 95%

Output votlage toerance Vout 1 %

Output voltage ripple < 100 mV p-p


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2 General Observations

2.1 Equipment received and first impression

The Aspiro system received was well and securely packaged. The 2U chassis comes equipped with a set of

sensing wires for battery connection and monitoring and a couple of temperature sensors to be placed on

the batteries (the use of a battery is optional). These sensing wires can easily be disconnected when not

required.

The AC-DC rectifier system comes with a fully detailed and well written instruction manual (paper format;

upon request a pdf version was sent from the manufacturer by email). The system was ordered with an

ACC type of controller[3].The so called PowCom GUI for remote control and monitoring via USB could be

downloaded easily from the manufacturer web site (the licence key was sent by email from the

manufacturer).

The Aspiro system was ordered with 4 AC-DC rectifier bricks (type: XPGe12.48). Each of this brick can

deliver a total power of 1200W. After a first general visual inspection, the 2U chassis mechanics and the

modules seem sturdy, robust and well executed. The mainframes internal organisation is clear; input andoutput screw terminals, AC-DC brick slots, connections to external sensors and circuit breakers positions

are well defined and organized.

2.2

Cooling system

The Aspiro rectifier mainframe itself is not cooled by any airflow. The AC-DC rectifier bricks are

individually air cooled by their own fan located on the front panel. The fresh air is forced from the front

panel through the module and the hot air is evacuated on the back side of the modules. This results in a

front to back horizontal cooling airflow.

Compared to other lab instruments and equipment, the Aspiro AC-DC system is found very quiet in terms

of audible noise of the cooling fans, this even at full load. It is however important to note that all

measurements and tests were performed in an air-conditioned lab and that the rectifier systems internalfans are regulated depending on the internal temperature sensing and not on the output load applied.

2.3 Control module

The Aspiro system can be equipped with different flavour of control modules. The control module

received with the system under evaluation is the ACC type. This controller offers a small front panel

interface as well as a USB and a TCP/IP network connection. A dedicated PowerOne GUI (PowCom) can be

used to control and monitor the AC-DC rectifier via the USB connection and a web server and support for

SNMP control is provided via the network connection.


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3 Control interface and software

The supervisory system (ACC control module) used in the Guardian power supply can be controlled locally

and/or remotely. The ACC controller front panel interface is used to locally control the AC-DC rectifier

system. Three solutions can be used to remotely control the system. The first one is the Web server

interface which can be used by connecting the ACC controller via Ethernet. Another solution is the

PowCom GUI software provided by PowerOne which uses the USB or the Ethernet port to communicatewith the ACC. The last possible way of controlling the system via the Ethernet connection is the SNMP

protocol.

In the followings chapters, the observations made on these di fferent control interfaces are described. The

control features offered by the SNMP protocol were not tested.

3.1 Front panel interface

Figure 1: ACC controller module

The ACC Controller provides the monitoring and manages the Power One rectifier system. The ACC

controller has the same size as the rectifier module. Its front panel interface is composed of a backlit LCD

display, three alarm LEDs, four navigation buttons and the USB and Ethernet interfaces.

The front panel system navigation is organized into a set of scrollable menus and submenus. Each menu

and submenu contains a comprehensive set of system parameters grouped by their domain of

application. This clear organisation allows the user to access all system parameters easily. As the limited

screen size does not always allow displaying long sentences, abbreviations are used in some cases. Finally,

the front panel interface is an excellent compromise considering to the limited panel size and the features

it offers. In addition, the USB and Ethernet interfaces offer the possibility to extend the control interfaceon a PC screen with a wider display.

3.2 Web server interface

The ACC integrated web server offers the possibility to control the Guardian power supply using any

simple web browser.

To use the web interface, the system controller and the PCs must be connected via Ethernet. An IP

address, mask and gateway must be attributed to the ACC controller using its front panel interface. The

web server can then simply be accessed by entering the ACC IP address or hostname in the address bar of

any web browser.


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Figure 2: Web server interface

Observations:

As shown onFigure 2,all settings available on the Guardian front panel interface are available via

the Web server. All the ACC parameters can be modified from this Web interface in

administrator mode.

The web server interface was tested with the following web browsers: IE 9, Chrome 26.0.1410.64

and Firefox 20.0.1. The interface behaviour was the same with all three web browser used..

In the rectifier menu, the rectifier status does not refresh when a rectifier is taken out of the

system. The values stay frozen. Only after restarting the power system, the status shows the

missing rectifier. In contrary, when a rectifier is inserted in a free system slot, the status is

correctly updated.

An automatic screen refresh is executed approximately every 30 seconds. As with any web page,

if an instantanueous value needs to be read, a refresh of the web page can be triggered at any

time.

Three different PCs (W7 with IE, W7 with Firefox and WXP with IE) were used simultaneously to

perform a stability test during approximately 12 hours. The web interface did run correctly overthe testing period on all three PCs.

3.3 PowCom GUI

PowCom is a GUI software provided by Power One to remotely access the power supply systems via USB

or Ethernet.

Remark: By default, this software runs in read only mode. A licence key (provided by Power One) is

required to run it in the administrator mode.


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The software was evaluated on both platforms, Windows 7 and XP using both, the USB and the Ethernet

connections.

Figure 3: PowCom GUI view

General observations:

The PowCom GUI and USB driver installation is smooth and straight forward. No computer

restart is needed after installation.

The bloc diagram representation shows the systems internal connections and makes the

supervision easy and intuitive. Currents and voltages are displayed on the bloc diagram where

they are measured internally in the system. The device status is indicated by different block

colours.

On Windows 7, the PowCom contextual help does not work. It is necessary to download the

"Windows Help program (WinHlp32.exe) for Windows 7" in order to fix this compatibility

problem. However a detailed user manual (PDF format) for PowCom is available after the

program installation.

Only one PowCom session can be used at the same time per connection type (USB or Ethernet)

and per system. However, at the ACC module level, one USB and one Ethernet connection can be

used at the same time in paralleled to remotely control a single AC-DC system.

Observations on PowCom (via Ethernet):

The user manualdoes not clearly express that one needs to add ":9000" at the end of the IP

address setting (e.g. 137.138.49.52:9000).

On the GUI, refreshing rate of the monitored values is around 5 seconds even though the graph

log displayed interval is 1 second only.

The stability test has shown that the communication gets lost sometimes with the error message

on shown onFigure 4.This problem must still to be understood. Additional tests are required to

clarify where this communication loss is coming from (network, PC, ACC module or GUI

software).


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Figure 4: PowCom error message

Observations on PowCom (via USB):

The refresh rate is about 3 seconds even though the graph log displayed interval is 1 second only.

The interface stability was successfully tested during about 20 hours on W7.

3.4 Test summary

All tested user interfaces are found intuitive and comprehensive. They offer a clear graphical

representation and very broad features. The software documentation is clear and detailed.

The ability to control all ACC parameters using any interface is appreciated. The choice of one or the otherwill depend on the users setupand preference. However, one can notice a difference in the monitoring

refresh rate.

No compatibility problems were observed on the tested operating systems and web browsers.

With the web server interface, multiple sessions may be opened to communicate with a single ACC

controller. On the other hand, with the PowCom software, only one session per connection type (USB or

Ethernet) is possible.

The SNMP protocol provides an additional interesting way of controlling the ACC. This protocol allows

integrating the ACC control module in other custom control software developed by the user.


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4 Electrical test

Several electrical tests and measurements have been performed with the Aspiro rectifier system under

evaluation. The goal of these tests is to verify the characteristics and to find possible weak points. Unless

otherwise specified, all tests and measurements were performed with the AC-DC rectifier connected to

the electrical mains network of 400Vac, 50Hz using 3 phases and neutral.

The Aspiro rectifier outputs a negative voltage of - 48Vdc. In this document however, for simplicity andunless otherwise specified, the output voltages are always given unsigned.

4.1 Sensor accuracy

The goal of this test is to verify the possible discrepancy between the voltage set and applied as well as

the voltage and current internal readings and really measured. This is performed using external calibrated

DVM, electronics loads (also used for the current measurement) and the provided AC-DC system remote

control (USB interface).

It is important to note that when the temperature compensation functionality is activated via the control

software and when no temperature sensor is connected, the system will compensate its output voltage by

a few volts below the selected output voltage.

-

Without load:

o Voltage set: 48.5V Internal reading: 48.59 V DVM: 48.532 V

o Current internal read: 0.6 A

-

Under a 33 A load:

o Voltage set: 48.5V Internal reading: 48.39 V DVM: 48.327 V

o Current measured: 33.093 A Internal read: 33.4 A

- Under a 75 A load:

o Voltage set: 48.5V Internal read: 48.13 V DVM: 48.063 V

o Current measured: 75.093 A internal read: 75.4 A

The voltage internal reading is relatively accurate and deviates by less than 0.15%. The voltage reading on

the front panel display and via the USB or network interface is always coherent, the same value (same

number of digit) is shown.

The internal current sensor is less accurate than for the voltage. There, the reading inaccuracy is less than

1%. It is important to note that unlike the voltage reading, the current monitored on the front panel

display has one less digit than the USB or web server readout. At no load, the current reading shows some

offset that fluctuates between 0.5 and 0.7 A. This makes the internal current reading more of an

indication rather than a precise measurement.

4.2

Hot swap function

As mentioned in the introduction, the Aspiro AC-DC modules are hot-swap interchangeable. This hot-

swap function has been tested in operation during the different evaluation test phases. In all cases, and

unless the total available power is not exceeded, extracting or inserting different rectifier bricks in the

mainframe never gave any error nor output voltage loss. Some measurements have also been taken

under load while inserting/extracting power bricks and no output voltage fluctuation was observed.

The hot swap functions well and the mainframe controller module correctly monitors and reports the

presence or absence of every power rectifier brick.

4.3 Soak testing

The soak test was performed with the Aspiro system operating with all 4 AC-DC modules installed, with a

total load of 3560W for more than 2 hours. This represents a load of almost 75% of the maximum output


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4.5

Static and dynamic regulation test

4.5.1 Static regulation test

The static regulation test consists of observing the voltage fluctuation with and without load. The test is

performed while the AC-DC rectifier is operating with 3 modules only. The voltage is first measured

without load and then at full load (~3600W for 3 modules). The voltage variation ratio is then calculated.

- Voltage @0A: 48.5375 V

- Voltage @75A: 47.9129 V

-

Ratio: 0.987133

The voltage variation from 0 to full load is less than 1.3%.

4.5.2 Dynamic regulation test

The dynamic regulation test (also called transient response) is performed using the triggering function of

the Aligent electronics loads to create defined current steps while the voltage variation is measured with

a LeCroy 44Xs oscilloscope. The current is also measured using a TCP303 150A Tektronix current probe, a

TCPA300 amplifier.

The transient response of the XPGe12.48 Aspiro rectifier module is specified as 3% for load variations of10% to 90% and 90% to 10% with a recovery time of 20ms.

The measurements were performed on two different modules installed individually in the Aspiro main

frame. In all cases, the current slew rate of the load was set to 1 A/us. All tests were performed with load

variations between 10% and 90% of the maximum output power.

The overshoot and undershoot peak values are measured in comparison with the average voltage

(obtained from the average at 10% and 90% load). The recovery time is measured when the output

voltage is stabilized within a range of 1% of the final value.

Module 3:

Figure 6: Transient response to a load variation of 10% to 90% of the maximum power (measured voltage

undershoot: 1.7 V, recovery time: 16ms)


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Figure 7: Transient response to a load variation of 10% to 90% of the maximum power (zoom on the first voltage

undershoot peak: 2.9 V)


overshoot: 1.6 V, first peak: 2.3 V, recovery time: 12ms)

Module 4:


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undershoot: 1.4 V, first peak: 3 V, recovery time: 16ms)


overshoot: 1.4 V, first peak: 2.4 V, recovery time: 11ms)

Results summary:

Table 2 below summarizes the results obtained. The relative voltage deviation is always calculated from

the average voltage (average output value at 10% and 90% load).


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Table 2: Transient response results to dynamic load variations.

In all cases, the recovery time is within the specified 20ms. However, on both tested modules, the

maximum voltage deviation is above the specified 3%. The first fast (within 20us) voltage response even

goes above 5% deviation in certain cases.

It is important to note that these measurements have been made using the full system with one single

rectifier module connected. This has an important impact on the cabling length and related serial

inductance present between source and load. After discussing those results with the manufacturer, we

learned that the specification is meant for the rectifier module itself (not installed in a system) which

implies much shorter connections to load. One should also consider that the specified values are typical

and not maximum. The manufacturer also reminds us that these rectifier systems are normally designed

to be connected to large battery racks with which the dynamic behaviour of such a system is not ofprimary importance.

4.6 Noise and ripple measurement and EMC compliance

4.6.1 Output ripple

The ripple is measured using a LeCroy 44Xs oscilloscope connected differentially on the system DC output.

The measurement was made at 90% load and without any load with similar results. The measurement

was also performed across different AC-DC bricks with the same results.

Figure 11: Time domain representation of the output voltage ripple (20mV and 1us/div).

The average measured ripple observed at 90% load is 102mV pp. The ripple frequency is around 100 Hz.

The technical specification of the XPGe12.48 specifies a maximum output ripple of 100mV pp.

Recovery

time

Recovery

time

mV % mV % ms mV % mV % ms

10% - 90% 1.7 3.18% 2.9 5.43% 16 1.4 2.62% 3 5.62% 16

90% - 10% 1.6 3.00% 2.3 4.31% 12 1.4 2.62% 2.4 4.49% 11

Specified 3.00% 3.00% 20 3.00% 3.00% 20

Module 3 Module 4

Maximum

votlage

First peak

voltage

Maximum

votlage

First peak

voltage


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4.6.3 Mains electrical input

Figure 13: EMI receiver measurement on the AC-DC input (ENV216 LISN) at 90% load (max peak detection).

Red line: EN61000-6-3 Quasi-Peak limit.

On the AC input side, the Aspiro AC-DC conducted emissions are within the EN61000-6-3 standard

(emission limits for residential and light-industrial equipment; equivalent to EN55011 class B) both, with

the quasi-peak (the measurement was performed with the max peak detection as it is much faster) and

average detection methods.

Figure 14: EMI receiver measurement on the AC-DC input (ENV216 LISN) at 90% load (average detection).

Black line: EN61000-6-3 Average limit.


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The EN standard does not specify any limit below 150 kHZ nor above 30 MHz. The used LISN impedance is

also not calibrated for these frequency ranges. However a few measurements were performed at

different frequency ranges in order to identify possible weak behaviours at those frequencies. When

required, further measurements were made using the Lindgren current probe, which is calibrated for a

broader frequency range, to better identify the noise and its mode (common or differential).

At higher frequencies (from 30 to 100 MHz), the measurements show very low values not exceeding one

tenth of uA, both in CM and DM.

At lower frequencies (from 10 to 150 kHz) however, some common mode current peak is seen at 62 kHz.

The maximum peak detected at this frequency is 51 dBuA (355 uA). This peak was observed on two

different AC-DC bricks at the same frequency.

Figure 15: EMI receiver measurement at lower frequencies on the AC-DC input (current probe connected tomeasure the common mode noise) of two different bricks at 90% load (max peak detection).

Further measurements, using a Lindgren current probe and the EMI receiver in spectrum analyser mode,

show that this noise peak at ~62 kHz seems to be emitted by the front panel fans of the AC-DC power

bricks. The reason for this suspicion is that the spectral signal received using this magnetic probe is

increased significantly when the probe is placed very close form these fan. No other place on the AC-DC

rectifier shelf shows an equivalent peak at this frequency.

4.6.4 -48Vdc output

Similar measurements have been performed on the -48 Vdc output.


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Figure 16: EMI receiver measurement on the AC-DC output (ESH 3-Z6 LISN) at 100% load (max peak detection).

Red line: EN61000-6-4 Quasi-Peak limit.

The EN61000-6-4 quasi peak limit is well respected. The switching frequency seems to fluctuate around a

frequency lower than the 150 kHz limit below which the standard does not specify any limit. This

fluctuating switching frequency is a method often used to lower the average EMC emission of given

equipment.

Figure 17: EMI receiver measurement on the AC-DC output (ESH 3-Z6 LISN) at 100% load (average detection).

Black line: EN61000-6-4 Average limit.


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The average detection shows two peaks at 150 kHz and 280 kHz at respectively 2 and 1 dBuV above the

66 dBuV limit of the EN61000-6-4 standard.

Figure 18: EMI receiver measurement at higher frequencies on the -48V output (current probe connected to

measure the common and differential mode noise; max peak detection).

At higher frequencies, the current probe is used as the LISN transfer impedance is not calibrated at 50

ohm above 30 MHz.Figure 18 shows that the maximum current peak only presents amplitude of 13 dBuA.

Figure 19: EMI receiver measurement at lower frequencies on the -48V output (current probe connected to

measure the common and differential mode noise; max peak detection).

At frequencies below 200 kHz, the measurement is also made in current using the Lindgren current probe.

As the current probe transfer impedance is decreasing with the frequency, the transducer compensation


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of the EMI receiver amplifies also the background noise. This explains the slope shown onFigure 19.

Considering this, the maximum current peak is probably seen at ~170 kHz with an amplitude of 54 dBuA

(~500 uA).

Further EMC measurement results are available in the Annexe to be added.

4.7

Start-up mains inrush currentThe maximum mains inrush current is given according to the ETSI (European Telecommunications

Standards Institute) standard ETS 300 132-1. This standard specifies the limit shown inFigure 22.

The current is measured on one single AC-DC rectifier brick using a TCP303 150A Tektronix current probe,

a TCPA300 amplifier and a LeCroy 44Xs oscilloscope.

Figure 20: Measured inrush current upon system start up (50A and 10ms/div).


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Figure 21: Measured inrush current upon system start up (50A and 10ms/div).

Figure 22: Inrush current (It/Imax ratio) vs time upon mains e lectrical connection.

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100 1000 10000 100000

It/Im

Time [us]

xPGE12.48

ETS 300 132-1


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The inrush current over the maximum current (8A) ratio is measured upon several system starts up, each

time taking the worst case peaks. In most cases, no obvious inrush current is observed at all. One needs to

start-up the system a hundred times to be able to see a few peaks. Most of these peaks have a current

ratio within the specified limits of ETS 300 132-1. 4 exceptions have been observed where the limit ration

is very slightly exceeded (It/Im ration around 10 after 10ms). However, due to the fact that these peaks

are seen very rarely, the behaviour of the system is found acceptable.

It was observed that the DC load connected to the system has no significant effect on the inrush current

as the 48Vdc output of the AC-DC is only activated in a second phase after the system boot up.

4.8 Efficiency and PF measurements

The total efficiency and the power factor measurements were made for the full system with 3 and 4 AC-

DC rectifier modules present in the AC-DC mainframe as well as individually for each AC-DC rectifier brick.

Both measurements are made using an Infratec 106A power meter. The DC load consists of a set of

Agilent electronics load (N330x series).

The total efficiency is obtained from the Infratec active power measurement over the three phases input

of the AC-DC system and from the product of the load current and the output voltage reading performed

by a Keithley 2000 DVM. All instruments are monitored remotely via a simple LabView interface.

Figure 23: PF and efficiency vs system output power for operation with 3 and 4 modules.

When the AC-DC system operates on 3 AC-DC bricks, the efficiency above 500W output power is >90%. In

both configurations, 3 and 4 bricks operation, the efficiency reaches 95% above 1300W total output

power. The Aspiro AC-DC module technical specification[2] indicates an efficiency of >95% @ 40-100%

load.

The presence or absence of the fourth rectifier brick influences the power factor at low output power,

below 1500W. The behaviour of the power factor is better when only 3 modules (one on each phase) are

inserted in the mainframe. In this case, the PF is better than 0.95 above 700W. When 4 modules are

operating, this limit is reached above 1000W only.

0

0.05

0.1

0.15

0.2

0.25

0.3

0.35

0.4

0.45

0.5

0.55

0.6

0.65

0.7

0.75

0.8

0.85

0.9

0.95

1

0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500

Total output power [W]

Power factor 4 modules

Efficiency 4 modules

Power factor 3 modules

Efficiency 3 modules


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5 Conclusion

Even though a couple electrical evaluation results are very slightly out of the specified values, the

PowerOne Aspiro system presents very satisfactory main electrical characteristics. Its high efficiency and

power factor are particularly remarkable for such a high-density rectifier system.

The Aspiro AC-DC chassis and its power modules are well designed and executed and seem mechanically

sturdy. The documentation delivered with the AC-DC system and its GUI SW is clear and sufficientlydetailed.

The different user interfaces (local and remote) are found intuitive and comprehensive. The SNMP

protocol provides an additional interesting way of controlling the ACC. This protocol potentially allows

integrating the ACC control module in other custom control software developed by the user.

5.1 Result summary

The table below summarizes the evaluation results obtained and compare them with the values specified

in the technical datasheet of the XPGe12.48 AC-DC rectifier brick from PowerOne.

Table 3: Test results summary

The pass/fail criteria are based on the manufacturer specification. Only a few parameters are slightly out

of the specified range. However, in most cases, these values, even when out of tolerance are acceptable

depending on the application the rectifier is used for. In a few cases, the values can be accepted because

the test setup used is not exactly the same as the one used by the manufacturer to characterize the

modules (i.e. dynamic load regulation).

5.2 Pros/Cons

Pros:

Modularity, hot swappable and N+x redundancy capable.

Compact size and high density (up to 4.8kW AC-DC output power in 2U 19).

High efficiency (95% reach above ~40% of max load).

Efficient power factor corrector (better than 0.99 above ~40% of max load).

Test condition measured specified Result

voltage < 0.15% not specified NA

current < 1% not specified NA

Soak testing 2 hours @ 75%

load

voltage fluctuation

powerone (nho) aspiro evaluation results

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