power units: the terawatt challenge power 1 10 3 10 6 10 9 10 12 1 w 1 kw 1 mw 1 gw 1 tw
TRANSCRIPT
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Power Units: The Terawatt ChallengePower Units: The Terawatt Challenge
PowerPower11 101033 10 1066 10 1099 10 101212
1 W 1 kW 1 MW 1 GW 1 TW1 W 1 kW 1 MW 1 GW 1 TW
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Current BenchmarksCurrent Benchmarks• global energy usageglobal energy usage
500 Quad 500 Quad (annual total)(annual total)
15 TW 15 TW (average rate)(average rate)
- will double by 2050- will double by 2050• carbon emissionscarbon emissions
7 Gtons 7 Gtons (annual total)(annual total)
• atmospheric COatmospheric CO22 level level
350 ppm 350 ppm 280 ppm = historical background280 ppm = historical background
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Photovoltaic Land Area RequirementsPhotovoltaic Land Area Requirements
20 TW
3 TW
Graphic fromNate LewisCaltech
3 TW= approx
total energycurrently
used in U.S.
20 TW= minimum carbon-freetotal energyneeded by
2050
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Potential Energy ResourcesPotential Energy Resources Fossil fuelsFossil fuels
with carbon sequestrationwith carbon sequestration annual volume (STP) = Lake Superiorannual volume (STP) = Lake Superior
NuclearNuclear three 1 GW plants every day all year = 1 TWthree 1 GW plants every day all year = 1 TW
RenewablesRenewables Geothermal ( ~ 12 TW )Geothermal ( ~ 12 TW ) Wind Wind ( ~ 2 - 4 TW )( ~ 2 - 4 TW ) Hydroelectric ( ~ 0.5 TW )Hydroelectric ( ~ 0.5 TW ) Solar Solar ( ~ 120,000 TW global average)( ~ 120,000 TW global average)
( at least 600 TW readily available)( at least 600 TW readily available)
Basic Research Needs for Solar Energy UtilizationBasic Research Needs for Solar Energy Utilization, DOE Report, 2005, DOE Report, 2005
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PhotosynthesisPhotosynthesis( 1961 Nobel Prize )( 1961 Nobel Prize )
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Photosynthetic Reaction CenterPhotosynthetic Reaction Center
http://www.mpibp-frankfurt.mpg.de/~michael.hutter/rcenter.html
( 1988 Nobel Prize )( 1988 Nobel Prize )
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Artificial PhotosynthesisArtificial Photosynthesis
Any solar energy conversion method that uses some aspects of nature’s strategy, compounds, or both
StrategyPhotoinduced Photoinduced
electron transfer electron transfer across a membraneacross a membrane
CompoundsChlorophyll dyes Chlorophyll dyes
and electron-and electron-transfer mediatorstransfer mediators
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Solar CellsSolar Cells
e-
h+
ETM HTMdye
Dye-Sensitized (Grätzel) CellDye-Sensitized (Grätzel) CellSilicon p/n JunctionSilicon p/n Junction
hh
e-
h+
n-Si p-Si
• •
oo
hh
•light absorption
• charge separation (holes and electrons)
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PolyanilinePolyaniline
N
H
N
H
N
N
H
N
HH
n
N
H
N
H
N
N
H
N
HH
n
N
H
N
N
NN
HH
N
H
N
H
N
N
H
N
HH
n
n
- 2 H +
- 2 e -
- 2 e -
leucoemeraldine(colorless, nonconductive)
pernigraniline(black, nonconductive)
emeraldine base(blue, nonconductive)
emeraldine (green, conductive)
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Poly-TAPPPoly-TAPP
• Oxidative electropolymerization of TAPP is Oxidative electropolymerization of TAPP is expected to occur like aniline polymerizationexpected to occur like aniline polymerization
• Covalent links could include simple amines or Covalent links could include simple amines or cyclization to phenazine bridgecyclization to phenazine bridge
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Polymers of TAPPPolymers of TAPP
Poly-TAPP is electrically conductiveand has a fibrous structure with avery high surface area
Poly-TAPP generated without pyridinecatalyst has higher conductivity anda slightly different morphology