power system protection - uprmlorama/week8b.pdf · power system protection dr. lionel r. orama...
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Power System Protection
Dr. Lionel R. Orama Exclusa, PEWeek 8
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Copyright L.R. Orama 2006 2
Distance Relays
• Mason– Chapter 4, pgs. 61-76
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Objectives
• R-X Diagrams• Operating Principles of:
– Impedance– Admittance (Mho)– Reactance
• Memory Action
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Distance Relays
• Respond to phasor ratio of input voltage & input current to relay (V/I)
• They are directional• They have high speed• Used to protect transmission lines• Usually induction cup design
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Construction
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R-X Diagram
• Can use impedance or R-X diagram to analyze relay operation
1. Plot relay characteristic
2. Plot impedance “seen” by the relay (Z relay)
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Copyright L.R. Orama 2006 8
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Copyright L.R. Orama 2006 11
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Impedance Relay
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Admittance (Mho) Relay
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Offset Mho
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Offset Mho
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Angle Impedance Relay
Non-Directional
Not appropriate to work alone
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Reactance Relay
Non-Directional
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Distance Relays• Operating Time
– Induction Cup: High Speed
• Adjustments– Reach: Tapped
Transformer• Rises or lowers voltage on
restraining coil• Range of Z to cover down
the line
– Offset: Tapped Reactor• For offset Mho, adjust ZT
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Application of Distance Relays to Transmission Line Protection
• Phase distance relays• Ground distance relays (will not be
covered)• Step distance relays
– Usually 3 zones
• Distance better than overcurrent– Faster– Easier coordination– Permit higher line loading
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System Impedance on Relay Base
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System Impedance on Relay Base
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PT Connections-Phase Distance Relays
600577115
4.66
10115
115 3
→===
===
V
kV
V
VPTR
V
kV
V
VPTR
LGout
LGinLG
LLout
LLinLL
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CT Connection to Op Coils
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Impedances Detected by Phase Relays
3 Phase Fault
Phase-Phase Fault
Relay setting based on Positive Sequence Impedance (Z1)
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Step Distance Relaying
Objectives• Zones of protection• Effect of arc resistance• Effect of infeed• Methods to reduce size of distance relay
characteristic
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Zones of Protection-3 Zones
• 3 zones (Primary & Backup)Purpose: Provide high speed tripping for internal faults• Relay must be set to underreach• Does not cover entire line• Zone 1 settings:
– Reach:80-90%– Time: No time delay
Zone 1
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Zones of Protection
Purpose: Cover remaining 10-20% of AB segment• Zone 2 must reach beyond B• Will detect faults on CD segment• Must have time delay• Zone 2 settings:
– Reach:120%– Time: 0.2-0.4 seconds
Zone 2
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Zones of Protection
Purpose: Provides Backup protection for faults on adjacent line
• Do not set such that load can cause a trip• Zone 3 settings:
– Reach:120% of ZAB+ZCD
– Time: 0.4-1.0 seconds
Zone 3
Equivalent Relays at B and D looking on the other direction
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Three Zones of Protection Using Mho Relays
• Advantage– Lots of fault coverage
• Disadvantage– Characteristic gets
close to ZLOAD
GCY - GE Mho
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Relay Characteristic Vs Arc Resistance
• illustrates increase RF coverage with mho relay (GCY) & reactance relay (GCX)– O1 & M3 operate - Zone 1– O2 & M3 operate – Zone 2– M3 operate – Zone 3– M1 – Zone1 using mho
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Zone 3 Setting with Infeed
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Zone 3 Setting with Infeed
danger
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Use of Blinders where Impedance may cause incorrect tripping
Zone 3 so big that ZLOAD gets inside of it
Angle Impedance relays to blind
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Reverse Third ZoneZAB+ZCDIF/IA
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Reverse Third Zone
Load
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Admittance Relay Settings• Reach: Diameter of Mho
Circle– Maximum Z that makes
relay operate
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Admittance Relay Settings
• t varies from 0.10 to 1.00 (t higher, smaller circle)• k is called Basic Minimum Reach is adjustable• Angle of maximum torque is adjustable• Offset is adjustable
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Impedances Detected by all Relays During B-C Fault
B-C Relay
A-B Relay
C-A Relay
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Impedances Detected by all Relays During B-C Fault