power system fundamentals - nyiso€¢ total electric power consumed by all users connected to the...
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FOR TRAINING PURPOSES ONLY©COPYRIGHT NYISO 2018. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
Power System Fundamentals
Horace HortonSenior Market Trainer, Market Training, NYISO
New York Market Orientation Course (NYMOC)June 5-8, 2018Rensselaer, NY 12144
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Session Objectives At the end of this session attendees will be able to…
• Understand the Fundamentals of the New York Control Area (NYCA) Power System
• Identify the Physical Components of the New York Control Area (NYCA) Power System
• Explain the Purpose behind Operational Ancillary Services
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NYCA Power System Basic Fundamentals
• Bulk Power vs. Retail Load Distribution
• NYCA Zones
• Neighboring Control Areas
• Common Terms
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Bulk Power vs. Load Distribution Bulk Power Transmission
• NYISO is responsible for controlling the transmission of power across the high-voltage transmission network, which is maintained by the Transmission Owners
Distribution System• Transmission Owners are responsible for distributing power across the
lower voltage transmission network to consumers
Management of Retail Load Consumption• Load Serving Entities buy power at the wholesale level to sell to
consumers at the retail level
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Bulk Power vs. Distribution vs. Retail Load
Bulk Power System - Grid Distribution System
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GENERATEDiverse Set ofGenerators Produce Energy
TRANSFORMTransformersStep-Up Voltage for Transmission
TRANSMITHigh Voltage Transmission Lines Transmit Power
TRANSFORMTransformersStep-Down Voltage for Distribution
DISTRIBUTELocal Utility Supplies Power Via Distribution System
CUSTOMERSPower Used for Homes, Business, and Industry
Retail LoadEnergy Suppliers
ENERGY PRODUCTION AND DELIVERY
Wholesale Energy Market - NYISO Retail - Customers
Step-Up Step-Down
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New York Control Area Load Zones
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A WESTB GENESEC CENTRLD NORTHE MHK VLF CAPITLG HUD VLH MILLWDI DUNWODJ N.Y.C.K LONGIL
A
B
B
C
D
E F
GH
I
J K
UpstateZones A - E
DownstateZones F - K
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A WESTB GENESEC CENTRLD NORTHE MHK VLF CAPITLG HUD VLH MILLWDI DUNWODJ N.Y.C.K LONGIL
Marcy
New York Control Area Load Zones
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Neighboring Control AreasIESO
PJM
ISO-NE
HQ
AB
B
C
D
EF
GH
I
J K
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Basic Fundamentals Common Terms
• Load (Demand)• Total electric power consumed by all users connected to the
distribution network of a system, and also the power used to compensate for losses in all parts of the network.
• Generation• Equipment that converts energy sources, e.g. mechanical, solar,
etc. into electrical energy for consumption by the load.
• Transmission• Bulk transfer of electrical energy from the generating power plants
to electrical substations located near load (demand) centers.
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Basic Fundamentals Common Terms
• Bus• A conductor or group of conductors that serve
as a common connection point for two or more electric circuits.
• Contingency• A circumstance that is possible but cannot be
predicted with certainty.
• Constraint• A limitation to the system that prevents optimal
transfer of power from generation to load.
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Circuit Breaker Tripping
Contingency
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Basic Fundamentals Common Terms
• Watt• Unit of power that measures the rate of energy transfer.
• Megawatt• Equal to 1 million watts. Generation is produced/sustained
on this scale.
• Megawatt-Hour• 1 million watts consumed over 1 hour = 1 MWHr• ½ million watts over 2 hours = 1 MWHr
• Voltage• The force that moves electricity.
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100 Watts
10,000 - 100W Lightbulbs = 1MW
10,000 - 100W Lightbulbs energized for 1 hour would consume 1 MWHr
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Basic Fundamentals Common Terms
• New York Control Area (NYCA)• The area in which the NYISO, among other things, balances load
and generation, which includes the entire state of New York.
• Rest of State (ROS)• For purposes of the Capacity Market, all areas of the New York
control area excluding Load Zones G (Hudson Valley), H (Millwood), I (Dunwoodie), J (NY City), and K (Long Island).
• Interface• Group of transmission lines that define an internal or external
boundary.
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Physical Components of the NYCA Power System
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Physical Components of NYCA Power System
• Load
• Generation
• Transmission
GENERATION TRANSMISSION
LOAD
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Load Power Consumed off of NYCA Grid
LOAD
GENERATION TRANSMISSION
LOAD
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2017 NYCA Load Profile – Seasonal and HourlyLow Points Morning
PickupPeak Summer
Peak Fall & Winter
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NYCA Load Profile – Historical Record Peak Days
0
5,000
10,000
15,000
20,000
25,000
30,000
35,000
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
2013_July_19
2014_Jan_7
Record Summer Peak33,956 MW - 2013
Record Winter Peak25,738 MW - 2014
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AC
2,557 MW
E1,147 MW
I 1,335 MW
H 603 MW
D 512 MW
G
K 4,952 MW
2,435 MW
B 1,798 MWF
2,024MW
J 10,240 MW
July 19, 2017Total = 29,664 MWs
Zones A–I = 14,472 MWsZones J-K = 15,192 MWs(NYC & LI)
2,061 MW
NYCA Load by Zone
IMPORTANT FACT
Nearly 51% of electric load was located in
NYC & LI19
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Let’s Review
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Load• NYISO Control Area load profiles reflect which of
the following:a. Zone J&K load total nearly equal to the Rest of
State total
b. Peak usage is always between 1200 and 1400
c. Less load in the summer than winter
d. All of the above
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Generation Electrical energy for load consumption
TRANSMISSION
LOAD
GENERATION
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OSWEGO –1639 MW
ROSETON –1189 MWBOWLINE –1125 MW
NORTHPORT – 1574 MW
RAVENSWOOD –2190 MW
ARTHUR KILL - 844 MW
NIAGARA - 2435 MW
ST. LAWRENCE –856 MW
BLENHEIM-GILBOA–1170 MW
FITZPATRICK – 838 MW
INDIAN PT. 3–1041 MW
NYS Major GenerationMW Values from 2017 Summer Capability
SITHE INDEPENDENCE– 949 MW
GINNA –580 MW
ASTORIA -760 MW
INDIAN PT. 2–1000 MW
9 MILE 2–1310 MW
9 MILE 1–625 MW
ATHENS –981 MW
= COMBINED CYCLE= WIND FARMS
BETHLEHEM –760 MW
NYPA ASTORIA–467 MW
Wind Farms 1740 MW
Somerset –686 MW
ASTORIA EAST – 1126 MW
= COAL= NUCLEAR= OIL/GAS= HYDRO = PUMP STORAGE
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Capacity vs. EnergyTwo very different commodities!
Capacity – measured in MW• Refers to the electric power output for which a
generating system, plant, or unit is rated
Energy – measured in MWh• Is the amount of energy produced (from capacity) over
time
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Generating Capacity vs. Energy
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New York StatewideGeneratingCapacityby Fuel Source: 2017
Source: 2017 and 2018 Power Trends Report – New York Independent System Operator
*If Nuclear ran at full capacity for a year: 5375 MW x 24 hrs x 365 days = 47,085 GWh Produced
*
New York StatewideEnergy Productionby Fuel Source: 2017
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A2,435 MW3,965 MW
B1,798 MW768 MW
C2,557 MW6,636 MW
E1,147 MW1,037 MW
D512 MW
1,927 MW
F2,024 MW4,411 MW
G2,061 MW3,004 MW
H603 MW
2,092 MW
K4952 MW5,325 MW
I1,335 MW
0 MW
LOAD 7/19/17 HB18 (Top Number)-----------------------------------------------------------------------
GEN CAPACITY Summer ’17 (Bottom Number)
51% of NYCA load was in Zones J and K (NYC and LI)
62% of NYCA Generation Capacity was in Zones A - I
NYCA Load vs. Generation
A WESTB GENESEC CENTRLD NORTHE MHK VLF CAPITLG HUD VLH MILLWDI DUNWODJ N.Y.C.K LONGIL
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J10,240 MW9,612 MW
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Let’s Review
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Generation
• Fossil Fuels are used by less than 25% of the Generation Capacity in the NYCA:
a. True
b. False
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Let’s Review
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Generation• Which best describes the Concentration of
Generation and Demand in the NYCA:Option Zones A - I Zones J and K
(NYC/LI)a. 62% Gen 51% Load
b. 70% Load 30% Gen
c. 30% Load 70% Gen
d. 63% Gen 37% Load
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Transmission Bulk transfer of electrical energy
GENERATION
LOAD
TRANSMISSION
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NYCA TRANSMISSION OWNERSNEW YORK POWER AUTHORITYTransmission Lines Throughout State
ROCHESTER GAS AND ELECTRIC CORPORATION
NEW YORK STATE ELECTRIC AND GAS CORPORATION
ORANGE AND ROCKLANDUTILITIES, INC.
CONSOLIDATED EDISON CO OF NEW YORK, INC.
LONG ISLAND POWER AUTHORITY
CENTRAL HUDSON GAS AND ELECTRIC
CORPORATION
NIAGARA MOHAWK POWER CORPORATION -NATIONAL GRID
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NYCA Transmission System765/500 kV Transmission
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NYCA Transmission System345 kV Transmission
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NYCA Transmission System230 kV Transmission
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DC/VFT Transmission Cross Sound DC Cable (ISO-NE)
Neptune DC Cable (PJM)
Linden VFT (PJM)
Hudson Transmission Project (PJM)
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NYCA Transmission SystemBulk Transmission Note: There are some 115 and 138 kV facilities considered part of the Bulk Power System
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Transmission Interfaces Definition of Interface
• A defined set of transmission facilities that separate Load Zones and that separate the NYCA from the adjacent Control Areas
Internal Interface• Obey transfer limitations across the internal
interface to deliver generation to load within NYCA External Interface
• Obey transfer limitations across the external interface to import or export scheduled power transactions between RTO/ISOs
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A B
B
C
D
E
F
G
HI
J K
Dysinger East
West Central
Volney East
Moses South
Total East
Central East
UPNY SENY
UPNY Con EdMillwood
South
Dunwoodie South Con Ed-LIPA
• Multiple transmission lines make up the interface between the load zones
• Interface limits can create constraints on the flow of power between zones
• Some interfaces are more impacting on the flow of power
Load Zone Interfaces
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New York StateTransmission System
Internal Interfaces *
* Not all NYCA internal interfaces are shown
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Example Interface Definitions *
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Interface – DYSINGER EASTName of Line/Equipment Line IDSomerset‐Rochester (Station 80) SR1‐39 Niagara‐Rochester NR2Lockport‐N. Akron 108 Lockport‐Oakfield 112Lockport‐Sweden 1 111 Lockport‐Shelby 113Lockport‐Telegraph 107 Lockport‐Telegraph 114 Stolle Road‐High Sheldon 67 Andover‐Palmiter 157‐932
Interface – Central EastName of Line/Equipment Line IDEdic‐New Scotland 14Marcy‐New Scotland 18Porter‐Rotterdam 30Porter‐Rotterdam 31East Springfield‐Inghams 7-942Inghams PAR PARInghams Bus Tie R81Plattsburg-Sand Bar PV-20
* As found in the NYISO Operating Study Summer 2017, Appendix E–Interface Definitions
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Interface Transfer Limits Transfer limits create constraints on the flow of energy Types of Transfer Limits
• Thermal Limits – Summer and Winter Ratings• Voltage Collapse Limits – Varies on equipment in-service• Stability Limits – Varies on lines in-service or load on selected lines
Real time transfer limits vary with system conditions and are posted at the 5 minute level, both positive and negative limits.
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Total Transfer Capability = Min(Thermal Limit, Voltage Collapse Limit, Stability Limit)
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Congestion creates constraints on the transmission system
Interface Congestion
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Example of Interface Flows
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Central East Interface at Limit
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Let’s Review
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• The majority of the bulk power transmission in NYS is at what level?
a. 115 kV
b. 230 kV
c. 345 kV
d. 765 kV
Transmission
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Let’s Review
45
Transmission• Which definition best describes a transmission
interface?a. A piece of equipment that connects a clutch and
transmissionb. A defined set of transmission facilities that separate
zones and that separate the NYCA from adjacent Control Areas
c. A standard used for connecting computersd. 765 kV
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Operational Ancillary Services
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Operational Ancillary Services Purpose Behind…
• Voltage Support
• Regulation & Frequency Control
• Operating Reserves
• Black Start Service
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Voltage Support is needed to:• Transfer power from the generation to the load• Prevent equipment damage from high voltages• Prevent voltage collapse during high load periods
Voltage Support
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No Pressure No Flow
Water Pressure Analogy
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Operational Ancillary Services Voltage and Reactive Power
• VAR = Volt-Amperes Reactive = Reactive Power• Reactive Power supports the Voltage that must be controlled
within limits for System Reliability• Too few VARs, Voltage goes Down• Too many VARs, Voltage goes Up
• Not load…but cannot move WATTs without VARs• Wheelbarrow analogy
– Reactive Power – lifting the wheelbarrow handles– Real power – move the load by pushing the wheelbarrow
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Operational Ancillary Services System Voltage Control
• Voltage Control is a Continuous Process
• System Voltage Control provided by the Voltage Support Service is an Optional program in which Generators can participate
– Generator monitors local voltage– Must utilize Automatic Voltage Regulator (AVR)
• Transmission Owners (TO) are responsiblefor Local Control within their Network
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Legend:765 kV
345 kV230 kV
500 kV
115 kV
Niagara
Oswego
OakdaleFraser
Marcy
Massena
Moses-St. Lawrence
Chateauguay
Plattsburgh
Gilboa AlpsClayLafayette
Watercure
Stolle Rd.
Edic Porter
Rotterdam
PleasantValley
CoopersCorners
RockTavern
Roseton
Buchanan
RamapoSprainbrook
Complex
Homer City
Shore Rd.E.Garden City
Huntley
PannellSta.80
Somerset
Adirondack
Dunkirk
Meyer
Willis
NewScotland
Leeds
Hillside
Millwood
Dunwoodie
Goethals
Farragut
W49St/Rainey
Robinson Rd.
Beck
Gardenville
Saunders
Sandbar
Hoosick
Whitehall
RichfieldSprings
Inghams
Blissville
Bennington
Andover Palmiter
Dennison
Colton
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Cap
Rx
SVC
SC
StatCom
= Synchronous Condenser
= Static VAR Compensator
= Shunt Capacitor Bank(s)
= Shunt Reactors
= Static Compensator (FACTS)
StatCom
Rx
Rx
SVCSVC
SC
Rx
Cap
Cap
Cap
Cap
CapCap Cap
Cap
Cap
Cap
Cap
Cap
Cap
Cap
Non-Generator Voltage Support - Examples
(Reactive Support)
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Let’s Review
52
Voltage Support
• A Generator’s Voltage Regulators may be used to:
a. Decrease power on the system
b. Increase loads on the system
c. Support voltage on the system
d. None of the above
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Operational Ancillary Services Regulation and Frequency
Control• Areas are Controlled by
Functional Entities defined by NERC as Balancing Authorities (BA)
• The NYISO is a Balancing Authority
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Operational Ancillary Services Control Area Operation
• Criteria is set forth to instantaneously Balance Load and Generation throughout the Eastern interconnection
• In order to sustain a 60 Hz Frequency
54
Load Generation
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Operational Ancillary Services System Frequency Changes
Load Increases without Generation Increase
Generation Increases without Load Increase
L
G
F
F
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Operational Ancillary Services
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17,000 MW 17,000 MW
Frequency Control
60 MPH
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Operational Ancillary Services
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Frequency Control – Effect of Increasing Load
59.98 MPH
17,200 MW17,000 MW59.98 Hz17,000 MW
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Operational Ancillary Services Frequency Control
• Generation needs to be increased to maintain Load-Gen Balance and to maintain frequency at 60 Hz.
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17,200 MW 17,200 MW
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Operational Ancillary Services Area Control Error (ACE)
• ACE is an error signaled created when the Actual Net Interchange and Desired Net Interchange (scheduled) are different
• The ACE formula also uses the system frequency to ensure the Balancing Authority is contributing to frequency regulation of the interconnection
• A negative ACE means that the control area is under generating• A positive ACE means that the control area is over generating
• The ACE signal is used to move the regulating units up or down
• A reserve pick-up may be used to return to schedule if the Area Control Error (ACE) exceeds (–)100 MW
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00
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Operational Ancillary Services Automatic Generation Control (AGC)
• Compensates for Over or Under Generation• NYISO measurements are gathered every 6
Seconds• Automatic control provided by Regulating units
(Regulation Service)• Regulating units are dispatched every 6 Seconds
based on ACE
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Operational Ancillary Services System Frequency Impacts
• Industrial & Commercial Equipment Operating at 60 Hz will be impacted
• Industrial Motors, Refrigerators, Laundry Machines, Clocks, etc.
• Generator’s Rotational Speed is tied to the Frequency of the System
• Cascading effect to Generation• Load continually increasing, Generation trips off-line
61
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Let’s Review
62
Regulation• Regulation Service provides the following:
a. Regulates Installed Capacity to ensure Blackouts do not occur
b. Regulates System Loads to maintain System Frequency
c. Regulates Generation Output to maintain System Frequency
d. None of the above
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NYCA Black Start Service• Generators capable of starting without
an outside Electric Supply, following a System-Wide blackout• 9 Nov 1965• 13 July 1977• 14 August 2003
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Operational Ancillary Services
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Black Start - Priorities in Restoration Energizing the backbone transmission path of the NYS
Power System. Synchronizing the NYS Power System with the
interconnection. Restoring off-site power supplies to nuclear power plants. The next priority shall be load restoration. If there is limited energy available within the NYCA,
preference shall be given to generating station startup, followed by the restoration of the high-density load portions of the system.
64
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Operating Reserves• Backup Generation in the event of a System
Contingency• NYSRC Total Operating Reserve Requirement:
• Must Procure ≥ to 1.5 x times the Largest Single Contingency (in MW)
– Largest Single Contingency is 1310 MWs
• NYISO Procures 2 x Largest Single Contingency• 2 x 1310 = 2,620 MWs of Total Reserves
each Market Day– Regional/Locational Requirements– Time/Product Type Requirements
Operational Ancillary Services
65
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Largest Single ContingencyOperational Ancillary Services
D
C
B
A
100 MW
200 MW
40 MW
off line
Q: What is the largest single generation contingency for this system?
Q: According to NYISO’s Reserves scheduling process, how much in Operating Reserves would be scheduled in this example?
A: _____ MW
A: _____ MW66
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The reserves being held in NYC & LI would be asked to start generating.
Example: Small Reserve PickupNew reserve units would need to be selected to maintain Operating Reserves.
67
Substation C
Substation A
Substation B
301
92 91
90Lightning strikes the 92 line
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Let’s Review
68
Operating Reserves • Identify the NYISO Reserve Requirement for a
largest single contingency of 1000 MWs:
a. 500 MWs
b. 750 MWs
c. 1000 MWs
d. 2000 MWs
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‘Putting it all Together’ The following is an Exercise in Maintaining Reliable
Operations of a Simplified NYCA Power System
It Highlights:• The Principles Driving Generation Dispatch
• Three Factors Affecting Transmission System Limitations
• The Criteria for a Reliable Operating Scenario
• The Impact of Contingencies
69
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Power System Analysis Secure for System Contingencies
• Forced Generator Outage• Forced Line Outage
Secure for System Constraints• Obey Transmission Limitations
• Thermal Limitations• Voltage Limitations• Stability Limitations
• Obey Generator Limitations• Ramp Rates, Upper Operating Limits, Emergency Operating Limits
70
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Contingency Example Lightning Strikes Sub Station
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Simple Power System Analysis Office Load
HouseLoad
Generator 2Max Gen = 500 MW
Generator 1Max Gen = 400 MWLine A
Limit = 175 MW
Line BLimit = 200 MW
Line CLimit = 300 MW
Line DLimit = 400 MW
Assume No Losses
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Generation Load BalanceOffice Load = 150 MW
House Load = 0 MW
Generator 2Max Gen = 500 MWGen Output = 0 MW
Generator 1Max Gen = 400 MWGen Output = 150 MW
Line ALimit = 175 MWFlow = 100 MW
Line BLimit = 200 MWFlow = 50 MW
Line CLimit = 300 MWFlow = 50 MW
Line DLimit = 400 MWFlow = 50 MW
Assume No Losses
73
Generator 1 –More economical to run
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Let’s Review
78
Power System Analysis
• Which of the following could affect flows on a NYCA interface line:
a. Dispatch of a Generator in the Area
b. Generator Outage
c. Line Forced out of Service
d. All of the above
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Summary Power Systems Fundamentals
• NYISO Responsible for NYCA Bulk Power Operations• Three Primary Components to Power System
• Load, Generation, & Transmission
• Operational Ancillary Services in place to meet the following System Requirements:
• Maintaining power transfer capability of the transmission system (Voltage Support)• Maintaining balance between Generation and Load (Regulation and Frequency Support)• Securing System for Contingencies & Constraints (Reserves)• System Restoration (Black Start Service)
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