Issue , October

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InFocus: C“N SOL“R PV REPL“CE DIESEL ENTIRELY?C“N SOL“R PV REPL“CE DIESEL ENTIRELY?

1 s t A n n i v e r s a r y

….The Power Newsleter

POWER SCEN“RIO IN SP“INPOWER SCEN“RIO IN SP“IN

HE“T RECOVERY FROM ”OILER ”LOWDOWN HE“T RECOVERY FROM ”OILER ”LOWDOWN

SM“RT GRID RO“DM“ SM“RT GRID RO“DM“PP--INDI“INDI“

POWER TR“DING UPD POWER TR“DING UPD“TES“TES

POWER SECTOR D“T“ POWER SECTOR D“T“

TESTIMONI“LS TESTIMONI“LS

CONTENTS

INNOV“TION: PINE NEEDLE CH“RCO“LING

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With this issue, we are celebrating our st anniversary.

“s in last year, we have tried to bring every edition special. We have published all the insights of the sector and its analysis along with plenty of data and statistics.

We have tried to cover all the important issue pertaining to sector and included special section like analysis of power sector of a Country covered more than counties , states states , Smart Grid-India in detail, power trading analysis, innovation in sector along with focus in

renewable energy.

The previous government tried to address various issues in power sector such as Coal availability, huge debt of DISCOM, dependency on im-ported coal etc. but only limited success is achieved.

Increasing dependency on coal and far too much reliance on coal is major impediment to sector. The newly form government bringing many reform in which commercial coal mining by private sector at their top priority to increase coal production. Government has brought ordinance to address the issues related to cancellation of coal block allocated in between to .

Dealing with distribution issues is trickier and more diicult for any government, given the fact power is concurrent subject and distribution is controlled by state government. ND“ government should force state to follow tarif rationalization and should showcase strong political will to tackle higher “T&C losses.

The greater private participation may reduce the burdening “T&C losses and address the issue of inancial crunch in distribution at large.

Moreover, many reforms have been taking place and many at the urge. There are great expectations from government. So far, it is talking the talk. It should start walking soon to overcome the various challenges of the power sector.

We are thankful for your warmest response to PS“G magazine. We look for your suggestion and response to make it more insightful.

Your Sincerely,

Yashaswi Gyanpuri

Adve

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CENTR“L SECTOR

N “ “ G a

Eforts will be made to ease fuel crisis at power plants

With the Supreme Court clearing the air with regard to coal blocks, Coal Ministry will make eforts to ensure that the fuel is made available for electricity generation and the crisis at power plants is eased as more than half of the generating stations have less than a week's fuel stock making coal stock position critical at thermal power plants. The ministry further said that it is keen to move forward in the mater of allocating the coal blocks which stand reverted to the government. In a major blow to the corporate sector, the Supreme Court on September quashed allocation of out of coal blocks alloted to various companies since terming it as "fatally lawed" and allowed the Centre to take over opera-tion of such blocks which are functional.

Captive power plants seek preference in re-auctioning of cancelled coal blocks

Captive power plants want the government to give preference to opera-tional units in re-auctioning of cancelled blocks starting next year. Last week the Supreme Court scrapped coal blocks saying the allocations by the govt over the last two decades were illegal. It ordered that the blocks be returned to Coal India.

Cost of power generation likely to increase

Following a Supreme Court order, coal blocks get transferred from private sector to Coal India . Due to this, the cost of power generation is likely to increase about a third as Coal India's cost of production is more than that of private irms due to higher overheads and strict adherence to the rules requiring key postings in all of its mines. Rating agen-cy ICR“ has estimated that about GW capacity of independent power producers will be afected by the Supreme Court order. This comprises a mix of operational projects . GW as of July and under-construction projects . GW expected to become operational over the next two years .

Power ministry to sell LEDs at Rs The power ministry launched a business model enabling the sale of LEDs to households at Rs. against the market price of Rs. after the Nobel Prize in physics was won by the scientists who invented blue light-emiting diodes LEDs . LEDs are emerging as the most energy-eicient source of lighting as they use one-tenth of the energy of a normal incan-descent bulb and half as much energy as a Compact Fluores-cent Lamp CFL to produce the same amount of light. “ll lighting man-ufacturers have established domestic manufacturing facilities for LED-

based lighting system, and have started training programmes for engi-neers and demonstration programmes in various buildings to showcase this technology.

major rail projects cleared to address coal supply

The govt is focusing on - major rail projects, in order to improve coal supply, which will resolve the connectivity problems. The Project Moni-toring Group PMG , which was set up under the Cabinet Secretariat last year, so far has listed projects for clearance on its portal from sectors like power, coal, steel and road which have investments to the tune of about Rs lakh crore and is mandated to facilitate in clearance and track large projects with investment of over Rs , cr.

Coal supply at projects still critical: CE“

“ccording to the latest data by CE“, coal-based power plants have critical fuel stock position with less than seven days of raw material and more than half the country's thermal power plants are struggling with less than a week's stock of coal at their disposal. It is mainly due to low supplies by Coal India and its subsidiaries. “s per the oicial data, coal stock position at the state-run company, NTPC s, ”adarpur Delhi ,

Tanda & Unchahar Utar Pradesh and Vindhayachal Madhya Pra-desh is nil. It had said that the fuel shortage was known to discoms and notices were given to them in advance about the problem.

PMO asks Coal Ministry to work out a plan to deal with supply

The PMO has asked the Coal Ministry to work out a plan of action to deal with the present situation -- arising out of the Supreme Court's can-celling the allocation of coal blocks -- in consultation with infrastruc-ture ministries so that end-use plants are not stranded in the absence of fuel. Nripendra Misra, Principal Secretary to Narendra Modi, had writen earlier to the Coal Ministry regarding the contingency plan to deal with the implications of the Supreme Court's judgment on coal block allocation. It said the beneiciaries of the illegal process "must sufer" the consequences and refused to show sympathy to private com-panies which submited that Rs . lakh cr have been invested in coal blocks and Rs lakh crores in end-use plants.

Indian Energy Exchange sees higher demand for electricity than sup-ply in September

Demand for power continued to outstrip supply on the Indian Energy Exchange in September, while electricity price came down to Rs . per unit as compared to the previous month. ”ids for purchase of electricity touched . billion units last month whereas the sell bids stood at . billion units in September. The increase in demand could largely be atributed to extended summer coupled with the onset of the festive sea-son.

Supreme Court asked to waive forest clearance norm to build new power lines

The govt is planning to approach the Supreme Court for permission for waiving a forest clearance norm for expediting the building of new pow-er transmission lines. This includes a critical alternate new line being constructed to insulate the energy-starved Kashmir valley. Since , the Supreme Court has acted as an additional gate-keeper to India's for-ests and has put in place additional requirements for any diversion of land from wild habitats. The Centre is likely to request the court to treat power transmission lines diferently as they have a much smaller foot-print and don't involve large-scale deforestation by cuting trees.

Peak power deicit in “pril-September at . %: CE“

Country's peak power deicit in “pril-September stood at . %. “s against a peak power demand of , , MW during “pril-September as much as , , MW was met, leaving a deicit of , MW. The peak power deicit in the same period last year “pril-September stood at . %. North-eastern region was the worst suferer with . % deicit followed by Southern region with . % shortage and Northern region with . % shortfall, during the period “pril-September . The peak power requirement of the north-eastern region compris-ing “ssam, Meghalaya, Manipur, Mizoram, Tripura, “runachal Pradesh and Nagaland, was at , MW of which , MW was met. During the same period of last year, the region had a shortfall of . %.

Coal stocks at power plants lowest in yrs: CE“

Fuel stockpiles at the thermal power stations hit a new low in yrs at . million tonnes, as Coal India and its subsidiaries failed to meet their

production targets. “ccording to latest data October by the Central Electricity “uthority, total fuel stocks at coal-based stations have come down to . million tonnes. This . million tonnes comprise . million tonnes of indigenous coal and tonnes of imported fuel.

Power ministry assures PM Modi of uninterrupted electricity

The power ministry has assured the Prime Minister that electricity sup-ply will not be afected due to nonavailability of coal. The ministry add-ed that since the Supreme Court has given six months' time to the coal block allotees, power supply is not likely to be immediately afected due to non-availability of coal from these blocks. The PMO had sought a plan

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ST“TE SECTOR

PRIV“TE SECTOR

PROJECTS “ND VENTURE S

The MNRE proposes to add GW in tranches through NVVN in the Phase II, ”atch II of the JNNSM and has released the draft guidelines for the selection of projects totaling GW.

Some of the highlights are given below. The details of the tranches are as follows.

i Tranche-I , MW - to - ”undling with MW unallocated NTPC Power from Coal Station allocated by MoP . ii Tranche-II , MW - to - selection

mechanism to be decided later

iii Tranche-III , MW - to - selection mechanism to be decided later

Part of Tranche – I is for MW and is for the solar park in Kurnool District in “ndhra Pradesh.

Capacity of each project – MW “C. Maximum capacity for a company will be limited to MW and a company can bid for a total projects projects in open category and projects under DCR .

Domestic Content Requirement DCR – MW out of the total MW

PP“ duration – years with a provision to extend it by another years @ Rs. /kWh.

Financial closure – days from the date of signing the PP“. Project commissioning – months from the date of signing the PP“

MNRE proposes to add GW in tranches

of action to ensure thermal power plants in public and private sector are not stranded due to lack of coal. However, the ministry did not suggest any plans or alternatives immediately

India calls for building S““RC power grid

India called for building the S““RC power grid so that excess power produced in one region of South “sia can be used to meet deicits else-where. “ddressing the ifth South “sian “ssociation for Regional Coop-eration energy ministers meet here, Piyush Goyal said that with the im-plementation of such a grid, hydel power generated in India's northeast, for instance, could be transported via ”angladesh, India and Pakistan, on to “fghanistan, or ofshore wind projects set up on the Sri Lankan coast could supply power to Pakistan or Nepal. The household per capi-ta consumption of electricity within the grouping is only units com-pared to the global average of , units. Giving details of intra-S““RC linkages established in the recent past, Goyal gave examples of the , MW exchange between India and ”hutan, MW between India and ”angladesh and MW between India and Nepal.

Modi govt following UP“'s policies for power sector: “IPEF

The Narendra Modi-led govt is following the same policies of the previ-ous UP“ regime. “ll India Power Engineers Federation “IPEF Presi-dent Shailendra Dubey said the Centre is still following the same policy that "crippled" the power sector, of privatizing the proits and national-izing the losses in the power sector which is "unacceptable".

Coal shortage has no efect on power generation in Gujarat Energy Minister Saurabhbhai Patel said that Gujarat is meeting demand of its various consumers without imposing any restrictions as it isn t afected by the coal shortage. The total power generation in Gujarat stands at around , mw as of now and it includes power generated by the Gujarat State Electricity Corporation Limited GSECL , state govt owned IPPs independent power producers , other power producers and central sector power projects.

Rajasthan govt launches Solar Energy Policy-

The Govt of Rajasthan launched a new " Solar Energy Policy- " for the establishment of MW solar capacity in the state. The main ob-jectives of the policy are creation of conducive environment for the in-vestors in the state and ensuring power supply to urban and rural areas along with remove or less populated areas where there is no power sup-ply. Policy also aimed at having energy security at the national level and to overcome the challenges of climate change. Its main provisions is to establish solar parks in state sector, private sector and through Public Private Partnership. ”esides, there would be a fast process of approval of Mega Solar Plants MW by placing them directly before State Level Empowered Commitee headed by Chief Secretary.

NHPC to set up its irst solar project in Utar Pradesh

State-run NHPC has signed an agreement with Utar Pradesh New and Renewable Energy Development “gency for seting up its irst solar power project in the state at a cost of Rs cr. Initially this joint venture company proposes to implement a MW grid connected solar power project at Parason, Utar Pradesh, for which an initial pact was signed UPNED“ and NHPC in “ugust . The estimated project cost is Rs cr and it will be completed by mid- .

Private Discoms worried over proposed changes to Electricity “ct Private distribution companies are concerned about some of the pro-posed amendments to Electricity “ct, , such as empowering regula-tors in states to revoke the license in case the distributor is unable to meet the prescribed standards, saying the changes may hurt the viability of their investments in infrastructure. “ccording to the proposed

amendments, electricity regulators will have a greater say in determina-tion of time period for the distribution licenses and selling the assets of the distributors after the term of license is over or revoked. However, the private companies say they will not be able to make the desired invest-ments if the tenure of the distribution license is not speciied.

Government signs pact for ofshore wind power project The government announced signing of an initial pact for seting up a joint venture irm for executing an ofshore wind power project in Guja-rat. “n MOU was signed by MNRE, National Institute of Wind Energy NIWE , and consortium of partners consisting NTPC, Power Grid Cor-

poration, Indian Renewable Energy Development “gency IRED“ , Power Finance Corporation, Power Trading Corporation and Gujarat Power Corporation for seting up a Joint Venture Company towards un-dertaking the ofshore wind power project in the country along the Gujarat coast. The JV Company will undertake detailed feasibility study based on the inputs received from pre-feasibility studies and nec-essary steps for implementation of the irst ofshore demonstration wind power project. The irst planned demonstration ofshore wind power project along the Gujarat coast will be of about MW capacity.

C”I registers case against Jindal Steel & Power

The fresh case has been registered by C”I against Jindal and unknown public oicials for alleged criminal conspiracy, cheating under the Indian Penal Code and Provisions of the Prevention of Corruption “ct, relating to the probe into coal blocks allocated during - period. Soon af-ter registering the case, the agency today carried out searches at four lo-cations in Raigarh, Chhatisgarh. The company has also been accused of indulging in "excess coal mining, sale of raw coal, sale of coal ines and middling to other than speciied end users, irregular permission for con-sumption of coal in expansion of kilns and other related allegations. The company spokesperson said JSPL reiterates that all its actions are in keeping with the legal framework of the country and that it complies with the law in leter & in spirit.

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P S a i i S ai

Spain became one of history's irst global colonial empires, leaving a vast cultural and linguistic legacy that includes over million Spanish speakers, making Spanish the world's second most spoken irst language. It is a developed country with the th largest economy in the world. It is a member of the United Nations, N“TO, OECD, and WTO.

The electricity sector sufered a fall in demand of . % in , in addi-tion to a decline of . % in . The fact that this demand contraction continued into the irst two months of –demand is down . %, ad-justed for calendar and temperature factors– is worrisome. Output under the special regime renewable energies, co-generation, waste plants in-creased by . %, bringing its share of output up to . % compared to

. % in .

GWh

Demand at power station bus bars

, , ,

In , the irst electricity supplier was created, Spanish Electricity Soci-ety. It was the sixth entity in the world, installed capacity, . MW by the end of to . MW in . This allowed power generation quadrupled . GWh. The generation structure also changed substan-tially hydroelectric source was % by and decreased to only % in . Jointly with coal plants, also fuel plants increased, in a low oil prices context. On the irst National Electrical Plan borned, which schedule gener-ating facilities for the next years.

In General Spanish Power Grid and established This system encour-ages construction of new plants, which make a rapid decrease in produc-tion deicit, erasing the electrical constraints In this oice changed the name to REC“.

Normal activities of the REC“

Electricity pricing. Economic and inancial analysis. Placing bond issues. Technical studies of national demand. Optimizing international trade

In addition, as a supplementary work in the REC“, the cash setlements for energy exchanged daily between the companies. UNES“ had daily telephone contact with the utilities, collecting infor-mation on

Fuel consumption

Gauging river hydro. Daily load curves.

UNES“s work achieved a great importance coordinating the plans to build new plants, transmission and distribution lines, taking into account the huge investments needed. UNES“ was ordered by the “dministration to create the National Elec-tric Plan.

In The First Electrical Protocol, National Energy Plan

In - The liberalization of the electricity sector

In Third Electrical Protocol. In The Electricity Sector Law

“s a result of new regulatory model, the number of entities and compa-nies that went to play a role in the functioning of the new system in-creased, because this model is characterized by

“ll consumers have choice of supplier.

Freedom of installation for new plants.

Creation of new management and regulation system.

Liberalization of international trade in electricity.

The separation of transmission and distribution regulated and genera-tion or marketing fully liberalized .

System Management bodies: Electricity market Operator OMEL In the Electricity Wholesale Market, and from January , operation facilities for electricity production are the result of cassation demand and supply. Carried out daily by the OMEL.

The System Operator: Red Eléctrica España REE

Responsible for the functions of Network Operator, its management, planning for expansion and maintenance of facilities equal or grater than

kV, as well as interconnections with other countries.

The current role of government

Establish the basic regulation of electrical activities.

To regulate the organization and operation of electricity Production market and markets that may result from it.

“uthorize the electrical installations when their use afects more than an autonomous community.

Fix the regulated electricity tarif and tolls for the use of networks.

Establish minimum quality and security requirements of supply.

With Spain in the EU, the Electric development process occurs as the other European countries, with some diiculties because of the oil crisis of . In Spain the situation was always helped by our water sources, taking advantage of the hydroelectric plants

C i BY:

M”“ Power , ”.Tech Electrical

M”“ Power , ”.Tech ECE

N PONR“J“ K“RTHIK V

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H a R y ” i ”

The boiler blowdown process involves the periodic or continuous remov-al of water from a boiler to remove accumulated dissolved solids and sludge. During the process, water is discharged from the boiler to avoid the negative impacts of dissolved solids or impurities on boiler eiciency and maintenance. However, boiler blowdown wastes energy because the blown down liquid is at about the same temperature as the steam pro-duced. Much of this heat can be recovered by routing the blown down liquid through a heat exchanger that preheats the boiler's makeup water. The purpose of this article is to present the fact of the interesting fuel sav-ings that can be obtained by recovering purged heat. The relatively low cost of these systems and the increasing price of fuel make it possible for a quick return on investment.

The surface blowdown system, a necessary evil Upon boiler water vaporization, dissolved solids become concen-

trated and may reach their soluble limit and form scale. It is necessary to consider the use of a heat exchange system to

avoid the formation of scale and keep salt concentration levels in-side the parameters.

The amount of blowdown water depends on the percentage of con-densate returned, the quality of the make-up water, and the water quality speciied for the boiler.

The water quality of a boiler depends on the working pressure and the type of boiler, with water tube or ire tube boilers being the most stringent on water quality.

It is very common to have concentration cycles of quotient of feed water divided by the purge water for a ire tube boiler work-ing at bar.

“ concentration cycle of is equivalent to a blowdown low vol-ume equal to . % of the steam production.

When the quality of the make-up water is beter or when there is more condensate recovered, the concentration cycles will be higher.

Water extracted from the boiler is at an elevated temperature and pressure the enthalpy that it has can be taken advantage of.

Potential of heat recovery from surface blowdown In general, thermal power stations are equipped with retention ponds where lash steam is generated at atmospheric pressure. However, it is very common that the lash steam generated is simply processed through a vent and the remaining water is eliminated as liquid industrial waste. If the surface blowdown has a continuous low, the lash steam that is gen-erated can be used to power the deaerator thereby, replacing some of the

high pressure steam the deaerator uses for power. Deaerators general-ly have a working pressure of . to bar, a condition in which O and CO solubility is less. Figure shows the amount of lash steam generat-ed at bar, bar, and bar, by the blowdown water.

In addition to the loss of lash steam, sensible heat is also lost in the blowdown water. The sensible heat in the blowdown can be observed in Figure , with the stipulation that °C water with bar of pressure has an enthalpy of J/Kg. The sensible heat can be recovered by heating the make-up water. The sensible heat and latent heat lash steam are equally present in the surface blowdown. Heat recovery can be achieved in systems equipped with an expansion tank and an integrated heat exchange.

Figure shows the fuel savings that can be obtained by recovering both the latent lash heat and the sensible heat from the surface blowdown. These savings are not dependent on an excess of boiler working pres-sure rather, they are dependent on the concentration cycles considered in the water treatment. The advantage of implementing a surface blow-down heat recovery system is apparent when it is impossible to im-prove the quality of the feed water.

Figure . Fuel savings in relation to concentration cycles for diferent working pressures.

Implementation

“s water evaporates within a boiler, dissolved solids in the water are left at the botom of the boiler, resulting in buildup of sludge and scale. This buildup is alleviated by discharging some boiler water through a valve at the botom of the boiler. High concentrations of solids can also lead to foaming near the top of the boiler and result in water hammer, which may damage piping, steam traps, and process equipment. Skim-ming or surface blowdown removes the dissolved solids near the sur-

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face of the liquid and is usually a continuous process. This low is routed through a heat exchanger. The amount of blowdown necessary depends on boiler operating pressure, amount of makeup water, impurity levels in the makeup water, and the dissolved solids concentrations that a giv-en boiler can tolerate. Modiications included installing a plate-and-tube heat exchanger and associated piping. The ° F water from the lash tank drain was routed to the hot side of the heat exchanger to preheat boiler feed water passing through the other side of the heat exchanger.

Figure . Blowdown system before and after installation

Conclusion

This article presents the interesting savings that can be obtained by using a heat recovery system. Due to the recent rise in fuel prices, these savings are becoming more and more appealing.

References: Technical case study , U.S. Department of Energy

Energy Eiciency & Renewable Energy, U.S. Department of Energy

Hurst ”oiler and Welding Company, Inc. Madden Manufacturing, Inc.

AUTHOR:

INNOV“TION

PINE NEEDLE CH“RCO“LING By: K S Krishna Swaroop

“s climate change and its efects begin to dawn upon the world, clean development technologies has started inding more takers, and small hill state of Utarakhand is one of them. “lthough we are familiar with most of Rural based clean techniques, still we are not conined to them. In Par-ticular for Utarakhand, the total area of Pine Forest in reserve forest is about . Lakh Hectare which produces about . lakhs tones of dry mass pine needle annually . Keeping in this mind URED“ Utarakhand Renewable Energy Development “gency has been organizing numer-ous events on prospective uses of pine needles for energy application on September .

Now, as mentioned earlier, with the process of PINE NEEDLE CH“R-CO“LING, the villagers are given employable opportunity so as to col-lect needles and thereby storing them in villages. Further, this is utilized for electricity and charcoal. With the concern towards charcoaling, nee-dles are passed into biomass gasiier reactor which we obtain residue further mixed with the root. Interestingly in many rural areas, they loosely pack the collected biomass into the kiln. The kiln will accommo-date ~ kg dry biomass. “fter loading the biomass into the kiln close top of the kiln with metal lid atached to a conical chimney. Use litle amount of biomass in the iring portion to ignite in the kiln and close the doors tightly and ired for minutes to hr depending upon the bio-mass using biomass. In the absence of air, the burning process is slow and the ire slowly spreads to the biomass though the hole in the perfo-rated sheets. In this method % of carbonized char can be obtained. Consequently, this is mixed with binder such as char and starch for strengthen of charcoal. “nd eventually this mixture is made in briquetes either manually or using machine.

“ kW prototype is in operation since and also this is encouraged by year PP“ for electricity sale and signed agreements with village level

governing bodies. This made a embolden response by private participa-tion such as “vani and Kumaon Earthcraft Cooperative.

One lakh hectares of forest land stretching through the middle of the hill state will be opened up for the project. Forest sections like Dhanaulti near “lmora, Chakrata, areas near Nainital among others will be part of this project, With the government already having done a pilot project of sorts in ”erinath, Pithoragarh district and Pipalkoti as well as where small-scale gasiier-based energy production set-ups are functioning, the state forest department is rather optimistic about the plan.

M”“ Power ”Tech Electrical

SOUR“DEEP MUKHERJEE

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Ca a PV a i i y ?

The importance of replac-ing Diesel with Solar in In-dia is unique and a few oth-ers developing nations whose hunger for energy is not matched by growth in con-ventional power supply, necessitating large diesel systems and now large so-lar systems . This is an emerging area where many solar system provid-ers are still evolving solutions with varying degrees of efectiveness.

Constraints in generating power from rooftop solar

Some of the limits facing rooftop solar PV is Solar power is generated only during the daytime on non-rainy

days

Solar power may not handle the heavy starting currents required by heavy machinery

The output of the solar plant varies as the sun moves across the sky, and as clouds move across the sun

Limited roof area constrains the capacity of solar PV plant that can be installed

Due to these reasons, rooftop solar ideally acts in conjunction with die-sel generators, taking up part of the load and saving, but not eliminat-ing, diesel expenditure.

Integrating rooftop solar with a diesel generator

The question that now arises is how well can rooftop solar power inte-grate with diesel power if both are to be used simultaneously. There are several issues to be considered here

Frequency & Power Quality: “s the loading factors of the diesel gen-erator varies as a result of introducing an intermitent solar power source into the mix , the frequency of the output “C power can vary beyond acceptable levels reducing the quality of power. Some mod-ern devices require high quality power to operate

Reverse Current Flow: When the output of the solar power exceeds the load demand, some reverse current will low into the diesel gen-erator. There are acceptable levels to which this can happen beyond which the diesel generator trips, terminating the reference voltage for the solar system causing it to shut down

Eiciency and Minimum Loading: Diesel generators operate in vari-ous modes. Running a generator at loads below the minimum load factors for prolonged periods afects the eiciency of operations which in turn has a bearing on fuel consumption, maintenance costs, and useful life. Operating below the minimum load is possible if a sizeable solar system is integrated into the supply and results in de-creased lifecycle savings of the solar-diesel generator system.

This should be specially considered by those who have only one diesel generator, or use only one diesel generator at a time, as the generator s load will reduce once solar is introduced. In a multi-generator system, it is possible to balance the load by turning of some generators complete-ly, and running the other generators at full load and optimum eiciency.

Economics of substituting diesel with rooftop solar pv

The inancial returns from substituting diesel with rooftop solar have to be calculated carefully because they have very diferent cost structures

Diesel generator The initial cost of the system is low but running cost both fuel and maintenance is high.

Rooftop solar PV Initial investment is high but running cost is very low.

In order to compare the costs involved with both options, we model the expenses involved in both cases in a cash low statement over the life of

the PV plant years . “ny savings in expenditure over diesel power is treated as revenue for the solar plant. The resulting cash low is then used to calculate inancial metrics such as IRR and payback period. One of the factors to be considered when estimating the economics of rooftop solar as a substitute for diesel is the timing of load-shedding.

If load-shedding occurs during the entire time when the solar system is generating power, then the entire output of the solar system will help in abating diesel consumption. Here there is a very clear gain as solar power is cheaper than diesel power, but this scenario isn t very realistic.

If load shedding occurs during part of the time when the solar sys-tem is generating power, then part of the output of the solar plant abates diesel during load shedding time and part of the output of the plant abates grid power during non load-shedding time . This is a more realistic scenario but the gains from using solar will have to be carefully calculated if grid power for the consumer is cheaper than solar power.

Returns under diferent scenarios

Considering these factors, we have estimated the returns from partial substitution of diesel with rooftop solar for a kWp system under var-ying proportions of diesel substitution % diesel substitution means

% of solar power will substitute diesel, and the remaining % will substitute grid power , price, and diesel cost escalation. The results from our analysis are given below.

Scenario

Capital cost Rs. Lakhs

Diesel price escala-tion %

Diesel substitu-tion %

Project IRR

%

Pay-back period Years

Pessimistic . . .

Likely . . .

Optimistic . . .

”oth the likely and optimistic scenario ofer atractive returns the pessi-mistic scenario ofers a fairly good IRR but has a rather long payback pe-riod. Please note that these calculations are only indicative in nature and are based on a number of assumptions.

Solutions to support diferent loads

Due to rooftop space constraints or issues with integrating diesel and so-lar power, you might be faced with limits on the kind of load or extent of load that can be supported. Many innovative solutions are being imple-mented, and they can be broadly classiied into two approaches

Light loads

In this solution the rooftop solar system is used to support non-critical loads that don t require heavy starting current, such as lighting. Such a system requires the light points to be wired through a separate circuit that can be powered only through solar. This solution is favoured by those who are severely restricted in the size of rooftop plants they can install.

Critical loads

Here the critical loads that must run continuously, even during a grid failure, are identiied such as a portion of the plant, or a critical ma-chine and their electrical circuit is isolated from the rest of the plant s circuitry, sometimes through a separate feeder. The rooftop solar plant has a batery backup and is the primary source of power for the critical load, keeping it running even during grid failure. “ny excess power gen-erated by the panels is irst used to charge the bateries, and then sup-plied to the rest of the plant. “ny shortfall in power perhaps due to an

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Cyber Security

overcast day is made up through a diesel generator. This system is essentially a solar powered industrial UPS and is favoured by those running critical loads that cannot wait for a diesel generator to start up.

Source: www.eai.in

www.solarmango.com

Can rooftop solar power replace all of my diesel consumption?

Typically, no it might be possible in some cases based on factors such as the nature of the load, timing of load shedding, etc. but for many commercial/industrial units % replacement of diesel power with rooftop solar is unlikely, while partial replacement of diesel consump-tion is possible.

Smart Grid Cyber Security

The smart grid is a digital infrastructure that sits on top of the already existing electrical grid. This serves to monitor grid conditions, energy consumption and generation as well as automate many of its operations. Overlaying a data network isn't just a minor upgrade to the electrical grid but will be a revolution in the ways that utilities generate and dis-tribute energy, and consumers consume electricity.

The aims and goals of the smart grid are but not limited to

Improve the reliability of the electrical grid

Improve its overall eiciency

Lower costs of distribution and generation

“llow for real time monitoring of the electrical grid

To accomplish these goals and tasks, the smart grid will employ smart devices and instruments on both the customer and utility side. Some of these technologies include the use of smart meters microprocessor ena-bled electric meters to communicate to utilities and customers on energy

being used, grid conditions and electricity prices in real time to the con-sumer.

Smart Grid Cyber-Threat With the advent of cyber-crime there is also a concern for security espe-cially where communication is concerned. Though cyber-threat is associ-ated with all aspect of smart grid domains including smart grid devices, the chief concern is along the communication technologies that are the heart of the smart grid. Designed for real-time contact, each of these smart devices will ofer a new vector of atack that could be exploited if not handled cautiously.

The NISTIR report has identiied a few examples of potential risks associated with the Smart Grid, which are

Greater complexity increases exposure to potential atackers and unintentional errors

Networks that link more frequently to other networks introduce common vulnerabilities that may now span multiple Smart Grid domains see Figure and increase the potential for cascading failures

More interconnections present increased opportunities for "denial of service" atacks, introduction of malicious code in software/irmware or compromised hardware, and related types of atacks and intrusions

“s the number of network nodes increases, the number of entry points and paths that potential adversaries might exploit also in-creases

Extensive data gathering and two-way information lows may broaden the potential for compromises of data conidentiality and breaches of customer privacy, and compromises of personal data and intrusions of customer privacy.

Furthermore the report states that "Risk is the potential of unwanted out-come resulting from internal or external factors, as determined from the likelihood of occurrences and the associated consequences."

”ased on the existing risk assessment methodology, smart grid risk as-sessment approaches should be derived that identiies threat, asset, and vulnerabilities and the potential impact that may cause to the smart grid infrastructure. Smart Grid being the vital national infrastructure, smart grid cyber security should not only address potential threats from dis-gruntled employees, terrorists, and espionage operations but also should take care of vulnerabilities arising from user errors, equipment failures, and natural disasters.

Smart Grid Cyber Strategy

Smart grid is a complex ecosystem that is not only amalgamation of vari-ous systems, networks, and processes but also convergence of various technologies like IT and communication with electrical grid. For such a complex techno-system, the country should consult all its stakeholders to develop a comprehensive cyber security framework that is all encom-passing, interoperable, and robust in nature. Furthermore, cyber security should not be thought as retroit, but should be part of the smart grid de-velopment itself. Organization such as The National Institute of Stand-ards and Technology NIST , European Network and Information Securi-ty “gency ENIS“ have developed guidelines for smart grid cyber secu-rity, which should be taken into consideration while developing a cohe-sive cyber strategy. “ccording to the NISTIR report, the smart grid cyber strategy should be designed such a way that it addresses preven-

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tion, detection, response, and recovery processes to counter any existing and potential threats. Few of the key guidelines are outlined hereunder.

The competent bodies should develop policy and regulatory frame-work that provides supporting environment for cyber-security ob-jectives

Develop risk assessment methodologies that assesses threats, vul-nerabilities, and impact

Privacy is of paramount importance and measures should be taken to protect four key aspect of the user privacy personal infor-mation, personal privacy behavioral privacy, and personal communication privacy.

Develop security architecture that is linked on smart grid conceptu-al reference model

Develop certiication schemes for smart grid devices, networks, sys-tems, and processes and/or create a security governance mechanism that enables the stakeholders to benchmark their infrastructures.

Foster research program for smart grid cyber security by leveraging the existing research program. NIST has identiied four key cyber security R&D challenges Device level security, Cryptographic and key management, Networking issues related security and System level security

Design security awareness and training programs that complies with the organization's, local, state, and national policy and regula-tory framework that supports the overall smart grid security

Smart Grid Pilot Projects in India In continuation….

Maharashtra State Electricity Distribution Com-pany Limited, Maharashtra

Location: ”aramati Town

Project Summary

Project proposes covering , consumers with a mix of residential, commercial and industrial consumers and input energy of . MU. The functionality of Outage management is proposed by implement-ing “utomated Metering Infrastructure “MI for Residential Con-sumers and Industrial Consumers. In addition MSEDCL has pro-posed to leverage “MI for Remote connect/disconnect of customers, Monitoring the consumption patern, Tamper detection, Contract load monitoring, Load curtailment program i.e. reduced power sup-ply instead of no power scenario, Time of Use Metering and Dynamic and Real Time Pricing, Demand forecasting etc.

”eneits

Reduction in “T&C losses

Reduction in requirement of ield staf through proper management of unforeseen outages

Improvement in reliability parameters like S“IFI, S“IDI, C“IDI etc. Reduction in Meter Reading cost, bringing eiciency in meter read-

ing etc.

Key facts

Project Type: Smart Grid Pilot in Power Distribution Sector

Total cost of project: Rs. . C r

MoP Share: Rs. . Cr

Funding Programme: R“PDRP, Part-C

Project timeline: months

Update

Revised DPR was submited. Since lowest bidder was nearly % higher than the estimated cost, a note is under process for decision with the management. Final decision will be taken soon.

Punjab State Power Corporation Limited, Punjab

Location: Tech-II Sub-division, S“S Nagar

Project Summary

The functionality of Peak Load Management is proposed by imple-menting “utomated Metering Infrastructure “MI in the project ar-ea for residential and industrial consumers. The area has around MU input energy.

”eneits

Reduced “T&C Losses

Reduced Peak Load Consumption

Reduced Cost of ”illing

Key facts

Project Type: Smart Grid Pilot in Power Distribution Sector

Total cost of project: Rs. . C r

MoP Share: Rs. . Cr

Funding Programme: R“PDRP, Part-C

Project timeline: Months

Update: RfP released on June , . Pre-bid meeting was held on July , . Tender openings were extended twice and on September , one bid was received. bids were received and opened on Sep . Chemtrol, Kalkitech, Genus. Likely to award by Oct .

C i By :

M”“ Power ”Tech Electrical , ”.Tech CSE

PR“KH“R CH“UDH“RY

Power Trading in India: Updates

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“s regards the price of the power, the average market clearing price MCP at IEX was Rs. . /unit with lowest being at Rs. . /unit &

highest at Rs. . /unit.

Prices at IEX Rs/MWh

Monthly prices are simple average of non-zero prices in No of days in a month* * no of minutes time block of respective month.

REC Trading

PXIL achieves . % Market Share. Clearing price for Solar REC is Rs/REC and for Non Solar REC is Rs/REC.

REC Trading During September no.

”uy ”ids Sell ”ids Total Volume Traded

IEX Solar

Non Solar

PXIL Solar

Non Solar

TEL“NG“N“ ”ID RESULTS

ReNew Solar, First Solar, “CME are top on the chart

Company Name MW Tarrif

FIRST SOL“R POWER INDI“ PVT LTD .

SS INDUS SOL“R ENERGY PRIV“TE LIMITED .

GLO”“L CO“L & MINING PVT LTD .

R“YS POWER INFR“ PVT LTD .

R N JEWELS PRIV“TE LIMITED .

SOL“IREDIRECT ENERGY INDI“ PVT. LTD. .

SQ“ CONCEPTS INC. .

FIRST SOL“R POWER INDI“ PVT LTD .

H“LDIR“M SN“CKS PVT. LTD. .

INTERN“TION“L SOL“R CORP. PVT. LTD. .

K“RVY CONSULT“NTS LIMITED .

SP“RK INFR“ “DVISORS INDI“ PRIV“TE LIM-ITED . @ . %

.

RENEW SOL“R POWER PRIV“TE LIMITED .

“CME SOL“R ENERGY PVT LTD .

GLO”“L “SSOCI“TES INC .

PRIME LIFE SP“CE CONSULT“NCY PVT. LTD. .

SUR“J IMPEX INDI“ PRIV“TE LIMITED .

KEERTHI EST“TES PVT LTD .

PHOTON ENERGY SYSTEMS LIMITED .

SOL“IREDIRECT ENERGY INDI“ PVT.LTD. .

RENEW SOL“R POWER PRIV“TE LIMITED .

MINOPH“RM L“”OR“TORIES PVT.LTD. .

“CME SOL“R ENERGY PVT LTD .

S“I “CHYUTH ENERGY PRIV“TE LIMITED .

KEERTHI EST“TES PVT LTD .

NV VOGT SING“PORE PTE LTD. .

T“LETTUT“YI SOL“R PROJECTS PVT.LTD. .

M“HINDR“ EPC SERVICES PRIV“TE LIMITED .

SOL“IREDIRECT ENERGY INDI“ PVT.LTD. .

FIRST SOL“R POWER INDI“ PVT LTD .

Total . MW

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0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Jan Feb Mar Apr May June July Aug Sep

MONTH

TOTAL GENERATION (BU)

THERMAL HYDEL NUCLEAR TOTAL

0

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

6000

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep

CA

PA

CIT

Y I

N M

W

Month

CAPACITY ADDITION (MW) FOR 2014

THERMAL

HYDRO

NUCLEAR

TOTAL

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

Jan Feb Mar Apr May June July Aug Sep

PL

AN

T L

OA

D F

AC

TO

R

MONth

PLANT LOAD FACTOR (FOR COAL AND

LIGNITE PLANTS ) 2014

CENTRAL

STATE

PRIVATE

ALL INDIA

Sources: Ce tral Regulatory Authority, MNRE

‘The PSAG Team's dedicated efforts would pave the way for bringing in the needed changes in the power sector. The latest updates and development happening across the globe in the sector is presented in a very lucid manner. I am regularly reading the PSAG. It's really nice. My hearty wishes for all those involved in bringing this magazine to a great height in a short span of time. The articles are Excellent .

“. Veluchamy, Deputy General Manager , Rural Electriication Corporation Ltd,

Very useful newsletter for the industry . Debashis Mukherjee, “dvisor Projects , West ”engal Power Dev. Corp. Ltd,

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Nice, useful & consists of latest trends & information of Power Sector. Send it regularly .

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Very informative and well designed . R Ravi Coumat, Dy. GM, Fitchner Consulting Engineers,

Knowledge driven and well represented, Keep going . —Kumara Rathnam K R, ”usiness “nalyst, India Smart Grid Forum ISGF

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on Power Sector. I am Keenly interested in it”

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Warm regards, Team PS“G

CORE TEAM Power Sector a t a Glance . . . The Power Newsletter

Founder & ManagerFounder & ManagerFounder & Manager

YASHASWI GYANPURI VIPUL KUMAR

Designing & DevelopmentDesigning & DevelopmentDesigning & Development

SHIVAM GUPTA

Content ManagerContent ManagerContent Manager

KOMAL AGRAWAL

EditorialEditorialEditorial

ROHIT PRATAP SINGH

”usiness Development”usiness Development”usiness Development

PRASHANT DUDI

“dvisor“dvisor“dvisor

Vote Of Thanks . . .Vote Of Thanks . . .

Prof ANIL KUMAR

Prof MOHD. YAQOOT

The Power Sector at a glance is The Power Sector at a glance is an initiative by the students of an initiative by the students of Power Management, UPES, DehradunPower Management, UPES, Dehradun. . The main objective of Power newsleter is to provide a digital collection of all power sector news, editorial, article & latest update in one newsleter. The vision of PS“G is "Creation of knowledge among sector professionals to perform efectively"

Vote of thanks, Vote of thanks,

The Team, Power Sector at a glance would like to thank The Team, Power Sector at a glance would like to thank Prof. “nil Prof. “nil Kumar Head of Department , Prof. Mohd. Yaqoot “sso. Kumar Head of Department , Prof. Mohd. Yaqoot “sso. Professor Power Management, University of Petroleum and Professor Power Management, University of Petroleum and Energy Studies, Dehradun, Energy Studies, Dehradun, and other faculty members for their and other faculty members for their extreme support and guidance in publishing the newsleter.extreme support and guidance in publishing the newsleter.

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Supported ”y : N Ponraja, Yaswanth K, Karthik V , Tanima “ggarwal, Prakhar Chaudhary, Vaibhav Jain

Supportive TE“M : K.Thulasiram, “mit Patidar, K S Krishna Swaroop, Sheeba Singh