power quality basics - progress energy inc
TRANSCRIPT
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Power Quality Basics
Presented by
Scott Peele PE
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PQ Basics
Terms and DefinitionsSurge, Sag, Swell, Momentary, etc.
MeasurementsCauses of EventsPossible MitigationPQ ToolQuestions
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Power Quality Measurement
Duration (Time) Cycles (.016 seconds per cycle)
Seconds, Minutes, HoursMagnitude (Voltage level)
Transient level I.e. = 1000 voltsRMS - Voltage level i.e. = 120 voltsWaveforms
Distortions
-150
-100
-50
0
50
100
150
0
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-200
-150
-100
-50
0
50
100
150
200
0
Magnitude and Duration
60 Hertz/second
DurationTime
Mag
nitu
deV
olta
ge L
evel 169 volts120 Volts RMS
One Cycle .01666 seconds
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Terms and Definitions
Transient or Surge SagSwellInterruptionOutageHarmonics
Magnitude and DurationMagnitude and Duration Magnitude and DurationMagnitude and DurationDurationSteadystate Condition
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Duration
Transient or Surge Impulse
Transient or Surge oscillatory
SagSwellMomentary InterruptionInterruptionOutageHarmonicsUnbalance
.00000005 -- .002 seconds
.000005 -- .050 seconds
.008 -- 60 seconds
.008 -- 60 seconds
.008 -- 3 seconds3 seconds to 1 MinuteGreater than 1 Minute Steadystate ConditionSteadystate Condition
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What is Power Quality & Reliability?
0
100
200
300
400
500
0.000001 0.00001 0.0001 0.001 0.01 0.1 1 10 100
Time in Seconds
Perc
ent o
f Nom
inal
Vol
tage
Voltage Tolerance EnvelopeApplicable to Single-Phase120-
Volt EquipmentSWELL Region
Outage
Long
Ter
m E
vent
Shor
t Ter
m E
vent
Tran
sien
tSu
rge
Interruptions (<10% of Nominal)
SAG Region
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What is a Transient or Surge?A Transient can be classified into two categories, impulsive and oscillatoryDuration < 50 ns to 50 ms
.00000005 seconds to .002 seconds
.000005 seconds to .050 seconds
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Impulsive
This is the category that TVSS (Transient Voltage Surge Suppressor) SPD equipment is designed to mitigate.
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Sources of Transients
LightningStaticArc Welding
SwitchingcontactorrelaysSCR’s
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Oscillatory (Low Frequency)
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Capacitor Bank Switch
Substation Bank Line Bank
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Voltage Sags
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Momentary Interruptions
Breaker Tripped
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Outage
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Causes of Sag, Interruptions Outages
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115 kV Substation
23 k
V Fe
eder
Transformer480 V
Customer
Transformer480 V
Transformer480 V
Transformer480 V
Customer Customer
Customer
Fuse Fuse
Fuse Fuse
Fuse
Fuse
FeederBreaker
Simplified Utility SystemTransmission @ 115 kV
Transformer
Distribution @ 23 kVRegulator
23 k
V Fe
eder
23 k
V Fe
eder
Transformer480 V
Customer
Transformer480 V
Transformer480 V
Transformer480 V
CustomerCustomer
Customer
FuseFuse
FuseFuse
Fuse
Fuse
FeederBreaker
23 k
V Fe
eder
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Example
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115 kV Substation
23 k
V Fe
eder
Transformer480 V
Customer
Transformer480 V
Transformer480 V
Transformer480 V
Customer Customer
Customer
Fuse Fuse
Fuse Fuse
Fuse
Fuse
FeederBreaker
Simplified Utility SystemTransmission @ 115 kV
Transformer
Distribution @ 23 kVRegulator
23 k
V Fe
eder
23 k
V Fe
eder
Transformer480 V
Customer
Transformer480 V
Transformer480 V
Transformer480 V
CustomerCustomer
Customer
FuseFuse
FuseFuse
Fuse
Fuse
FeederBreaker
23 k
V Fe
eder
Outage
Momentary Interruption
Sag
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Time
Quick Trip
6-12 cycles
.3 -
2.0 seconds
13 cycles 15 seconds 35 seconds
lockout
Load Current
FaultInitiated
FaultCurrent
13 cycles
13 cycles
6-12 cycles
6-12 cycles
15 seconds
15 seconds
35 seconds
35 seconds
.3 -
2.0 seconds
.3 -
2.0 seconds
Faulted Feeder
Adjacent Feeder
100%
0%
100%
0%
Voltage
Voltage
FeederBreakerOperation
Substation Voltages During a Feeder Fault
68% Cleared on FirstQuick trip
27% Cleared on Secondand Third Relay
5% Goes to Lock Out
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Steadystate Condition Waveform Distortion
HarmonicsInterharmonicsVoltage BalanceOvervoltageUndervoltage
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Wave Distortion
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Harmonics
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Voltage or Current Unbalance =
Maximum Deviation from Average Voltage
Average voltage
243 Volts RMS241 Volts RMS233 Volts RMS
X 100 (for Percent)
239 Average Volts
6239 2.5% voltage unbalanceX 100 =
EXAMPLE
MeasuredVoltages
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Customized Solutions
0
100
200
300
400
500
0.000001 0.00001 0.0001 0.001 0.01 0.1 1 10 100
Time in Seconds
Perc
ent o
f Nom
inal
Vol
tage
Voltage Tolerance EnvelopeApplicable to Single-Phase120-
Volt EquipmentSWELL Region
Outage
Long
Ter
m E
vent
Shor
t Ter
m E
vent
Tran
sien
tSu
rge
Interruptions
SAG Region
TVSS or SPDLine Reactors
Isolation TransformersPower Conditioner
or CVT
UPS
UPS & Genset
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IEEE 1159-1995Recommended Practice For Monitoring Electric Power Quality
Table 2 Categories and typical characteristics of power systemelectromagnetic phenomena
Categories Typical Spectral Typical Duration Typical VoltageContent Magnitude
1.0 Transient 1.1 Impulsive 1.1.1 Nanosecond 5 ns rise < 50 ns 1.1.2 Microsecond 1 us rise 50 ns - 1 m s 1.1.3 Millisecond 0.1 m s rise >1 m s 1.2 Oscillatory 1.2.1 Low frequency < 5 k Hz 0.3 - 50 m s 0 - 4 pu 1.2.2 Medium frequency 5 - 500 k Hz 20 us 0 - 8 pu 1.2.3 High frequency 0.5 - 5 M Hz 5 us 0 - 4 pu2.0 Short duration variations 2.1 Instantaneous 2.1.1 Sag 0.5 - 30 cycles 0.1 - 0.9 pu 2.1.2 Swell 0.5 - 30 cycles 1.1 - 1.8 pu 2.2 Momentary 2.2.1 Interruption 0.5 cycles - 3 s < 0.1 pu 2.2.2 Sag 30 cycles - 3 s 0.1 - 0.9 pu 2.2.2 Swell 30 cycles - 3 s 1.1 - 1.4 pu 2.3 Temporary 2.3.1 Interruption 3 s - 1 min < 0.1 pu 2.3.2 Sag 3 s - 1 min 0.1 - 0.9 pu 2.3.3 Swell 3 s - 1 min 1.1 - 1.2 pu3.0 Long duration variation 3.1 Interruption, sustained > 1 min 0.0 pu 3.2 Undervoltage > 1 min 0.8 - 0.9 pu 3.3 Overvoltage > 1 min 1.1 - 1.2 pu4.0 Voltage imbalance steady state 0.5 - 2%5.0 Waveform distortion 5.1 DC offset steady state 0 - 0.1% 5.2 Harmonics 0 - 100th H steady state 0 - 20% 5.3 Interharmonics 0 - 6 k Hz steady state 0 - 2% 5.4 Notching steady state 5.5 Noise broad-band steady state 0 - 1%6.0 Voltage fluctuations < 25 Hz intermittent 0.1 - 7%7.0 Power frequency variations < 10 s
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Power Quality Tool
http://www.progress-energy.com/
http://www.progress-energy.com/custservice/carcig/resourcectr/pq/pqechome.asp
..\WEB\Tool\index.html
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PQ Events
Questions?