The Facts and Problems The Facts and Problems of Eating Disorders in Our of Eating Disorders in Our Society and the Search to Society and the Search to

face it upface it up

Yadira Bonilla CuevasYadira Bonilla Cuevas

INTD 3355, sec. 001 (M, J)INTD 3355, sec. 001 (M, J)

Professor: Liz PaganProfessor: Liz Pagan

Introduction: OverviewIntroduction: Overview

Eating disorders involve series Eating disorders involve series disturbances in eating behavior, such as disturbances in eating behavior, such as extreme and unhealthy reduction of food extreme and unhealthy reduction of food intake or severe overeating, as well as intake or severe overeating, as well as feeling of distress or extreme concern feeling of distress or extreme concern about body shape or weight. about body shape or weight.

Eating disorders is related to obesity Eating disorders is related to obesity since they a re part of a range of weight since they a re part of a range of weight related problems.related problems.

Introduction (Terminology)Introduction (Terminology) These problems include anorexia nervosa, bulimia These problems include anorexia nervosa, bulimia

nervosa, anorexic and bulimic behaviors, nervosa, anorexic and bulimic behaviors, unhealthy dieting practices, binge eating disorder unhealthy dieting practices, binge eating disorder and obesity. and obesity.

Anorexia nervosaAnorexia nervosa is self starvation; in which is self starvation; in which preoccupation with dieting and thinness leads to preoccupation with dieting and thinness leads to excessive weight loss.excessive weight loss.

Bulimia nervosaBulimia nervosa is the recurrent episodes of is the recurrent episodes of binge eating an excessive amount of food within a binge eating an excessive amount of food within a discrete period of time and by a sense of lack of discrete period of time and by a sense of lack of control over eating during the episode.control over eating during the episode.

Cont. Introduction: TerminologyCont. Introduction: Terminology Binge eating disorderBinge eating disorder is ingesting an unusually large is ingesting an unusually large

amount of food very fast while feeling out of control amount of food very fast while feeling out of control over the eating episode. over the eating episode.

Anorexic and bulimicAnorexic and bulimic behaviors are undue influence are undue influence of body weight or shape on seld evaluation, or denial of of body weight or shape on seld evaluation, or denial of the seriousness of the current low body weight; self the seriousness of the current low body weight; self induced vomiting or misuse of laxatives, diuretics, induced vomiting or misuse of laxatives, diuretics, enemas, or others; fasting; excessive exercise.enemas, or others; fasting; excessive exercise.

ObesityObesity means having an abnormally high proportion means having an abnormally high proportion of body fat.of body fat.

Unhealthy dieting practices Unhealthy dieting practices is such as restrictive is such as restrictive dieting.dieting.

Eating DisordersEating Disorders

Eating is controlled Eating is controlled by many factors, by many factors, including appetite, including appetite, food availability, food availability, family, peer, and family, peer, and cultural practices, cultural practices, and attempts at and attempts at voluntary control. voluntary control.

Cont. Eating DisordersCont. Eating Disorders

Eating Disorders are serious and complex Eating Disorders are serious and complex emotional and physical addictions. emotional and physical addictions.

Without treatment eating disorders lead to mood Without treatment eating disorders lead to mood swings, physical problems, and potential death.swings, physical problems, and potential death.

Include a range of conditions that involve an Include a range of conditions that involve an obsession with food, weight and appearance to obsession with food, weight and appearance to the degree that a person's heath, relationships the degree that a person's heath, relationships and daily activities are adversely affected.and daily activities are adversely affected.

Are characterized by severe disturbances in Are characterized by severe disturbances in eating behavior.eating behavior.

Eating Disorders Biological Eating Disorders Biological Risk FactorsRisk Factors

a.a. Eating Specific Factors (direct risk factors):Eating Specific Factors (direct risk factors): _ Eating specific generic risk _ Eating specific generic risk _ Physiognomy and body weight_ Physiognomy and body weight _ Appetite regulation_ Appetite regulation _ Energy metabolism_ Energy metabolism _ Gender_ Genderb.b. Generalized Factors (indirect risk factors):Generalized Factors (indirect risk factors): _ Genetic risk for associated disturbances_ Genetic risk for associated disturbances _ Temperament_ Temperament _ Impulsivity_ Impulsivity _ Neurobiology_ Neurobiology _ Gender_ Gender

Eating Disorders Psychological Eating Disorders Psychological Risk FactorsRisk Factors

a.a. Eating Specific Factors (direct risk factors):Eating Specific Factors (direct risk factors): _ Poor body image_ Poor body image _ Maladaptive eating attitudes_ Maladaptive eating attitudes _ Maladaptive weight beliefs_ Maladaptive weight beliefs _ Specific values or meanings assigned to food _ Specific values or meanings assigned to food

and bodyand body _ Overvaluation of appearance_ Overvaluation of appearanceb.b. Generalized Factors (indirect risk factors):Generalized Factors (indirect risk factors): _ Poor self image_ Poor self image _ Inadequate coping mechanisms_ Inadequate coping mechanisms _ Self regulation problems_ Self regulation problems _ Unresolved conflicts, deficits, posttraumatic _ Unresolved conflicts, deficits, posttraumatic

reactionsreactions _ Identity problems_ Identity problems _ Autonomy problems_ Autonomy problems

Eating Disorders Developmental Eating Disorders Developmental Risk FactorsRisk Factors

a.a. \Eating Specific Factors (direct risk factors):\Eating Specific Factors (direct risk factors): _ Identifications with body concerned _ Identifications with body concerned

relatives, or relatives, or peerspeers _ Aversive mealtime experience_ Aversive mealtime experience _ Trauma affecting bodily experience_ Trauma affecting bodily experienceb.b. Generalized Factors (indirect risk factors):Generalized Factors (indirect risk factors): _ Overprotection_ Overprotection _ Neglect_ Neglect _ Felt rejection, criticism_ Felt rejection, criticism _ Traumata_ Traumata _ Object relationships (interpersonal _ Object relationships (interpersonal

experience)experience)

Eating Disorders Social Eating Disorders Social Risk FactorsRisk Factors

a.a. Eating Specific Factors (direct risk factors):Eating Specific Factors (direct risk factors): _ Maladaptive family attitudes to eating and weight_ Maladaptive family attitudes to eating and weight _ Peer group weight concerns_ Peer group weight concerns _ Pressures to be thin_ Pressures to be thin _ Body relevant insults and teasing_ Body relevant insults and teasing _ Specific pressures to control weight (through ballet, _ Specific pressures to control weight (through ballet,

athletic, athletic, pursuits)pursuits) _ Maladaptive cultural values assigned to body_ Maladaptive cultural values assigned to bodyb.b. Generalized Factors (indirect risk factors):Generalized Factors (indirect risk factors): _ Family dysfunction_ Family dysfunction _ Aversive peer experiences_ Aversive peer experiences _ Social values detrimental to stable, positive self image_ Social values detrimental to stable, positive self image _ Values assigned to gender_ Values assigned to gender _ Social isolation_ Social isolation _ Poor support network_ Poor support network _ Impediments to means of self definition_ Impediments to means of self definition

Eating Disorders Obesity Risks Eating Disorders Obesity Risks

High blood pressureHigh blood pressure StrokeStroke Cardiovascular Cardiovascular

diseasedisease Gallbladder diseaseGallbladder disease DiabetesDiabetes Respiratory problemsRespiratory problems ArthritisArthritis CancerCancer Emotional problems Emotional problems

such as depression such as depression and anxietyand anxiety

Eating Disorders Overall Health Eating Disorders Overall Health Risks FactorsRisks Factors

Stunted growthStunted growth Delayed menstruationDelayed menstruation Damage to vital organs such as the Damage to vital organs such as the

heart and brainheart and brain Nutritional deficiencies, including Nutritional deficiencies, including

starvationstarvation Cardiac arrestCardiac arrest Emotional problems such as Emotional problems such as

deppression and anxietydeppression and anxiety

Signs and Symptoms of Signs and Symptoms of Anorexia NervosaAnorexia Nervosa

Refusal to sustain a minimally normal Refusal to sustain a minimally normal body weight body weight

Intense fear of gaining weight, Intense fear of gaining weight, despite being underweight despite being underweight

Distorted view of one’s body or Distorted view of one’s body or weight, or denial of the dangers of weight, or denial of the dangers of one’s low weight.one’s low weight.

Anorexia nervosa medical Anorexia nervosa medical consequencesconsequences

Anorexia nervosa starves the body of the Anorexia nervosa starves the body of the essential nutrients it needs to function. In an essential nutrients it needs to function. In an effort to conserve energy and the small amount effort to conserve energy and the small amount of nutrients available, the body's processes will of nutrients available, the body's processes will slow down. This "slowing down” can have grave slow down. This "slowing down” can have grave medical consequences, including:medical consequences, including:

An abnormally low blood pressure and slow An abnormally low blood pressure and slow heart rate caused by weakening heart heart rate caused by weakening heart muscles. This increases the risk for heart muscles. This increases the risk for heart failure. failure.

Muscle loss and weakness, Muscle loss and weakness, Osteoporosis. Reduced bone density causing Osteoporosis. Reduced bone density causing

dry and brittle bones prone to breakage. dry and brittle bones prone to breakage.

Cont. Anorexia nervosa medical Cont. Anorexia nervosa medical consequencesconsequences

Severe dehydration, which may result in kidney Severe dehydration, which may result in kidney failure. failure.

Fatigue, fainting spells and weakness. Fatigue, fainting spells and weakness. Lanugos, a downy layer of hair that appears all Lanugos, a downy layer of hair that appears all

over the body including the face in an effort to over the body including the face in an effort to keep the body warm. keep the body warm.

Dry skin and hair. Dry skin and hair. Hair loss. Hair loss.

Anorexia TreatmentAnorexia Treatment

Treatment of anorexia calls for a specific Treatment of anorexia calls for a specific program that involves three main phases:program that involves three main phases: Restoring weight lost to severe dieting and Restoring weight lost to severe dieting and

purgingpurging After restoring weight lost psychotropic After restoring weight lost psychotropic

medication is used.medication is used. Treatment of psychological disturbances such Treatment of psychological disturbances such

as distortion of body image, low self esteem, as distortion of body image, low self esteem, and interpersonal conflictsand interpersonal conflicts

Achieving long term remission and Achieving long term remission and rehabilitation, or full recoveryrehabilitation, or full recovery

Signs and Symptoms of BulimiaSigns and Symptoms of Bulimia

Episodic binge eating that may occur as often Episodic binge eating that may occur as often as several times a day. as several times a day.

Self induce vomiting Self induce vomiting

Fluctuation of weight; the weight will usually Fluctuation of weight; the weight will usually stays within normal range because of the use of stays within normal range because of the use of diuretics, laxatives, vomiting, and exercise. diuretics, laxatives, vomiting, and exercise.

Hyperactivity, peculiar eating habits or rituals, Hyperactivity, peculiar eating habits or rituals, frequent weighing frequent weighing

Person always perceive herself with distorted Person always perceive herself with distorted body image body image

Bulimia TreatmentBulimia Treatment The primary goal of treatment is to reduce or The primary goal of treatment is to reduce or

eliminate binge eating and purging behavior:eliminate binge eating and purging behavior: Nutritional rehabilitation, psychological Nutritional rehabilitation, psychological

intervention, and medication management intervention, and medication management strategies. strategies.

Establishing a pattern of regular, non binge meals.Establishing a pattern of regular, non binge meals. Improvement of attitudes related to the eating Improvement of attitudes related to the eating

disorder.disorder. Encouragement of healthy but not excessive Encouragement of healthy but not excessive

exercise.exercise. Resolution of co-occurring conditions such as mood Resolution of co-occurring conditions such as mood

or anxiety disorders.or anxiety disorders. Individual psychotherapy.Individual psychotherapy. Group psychotherapy.Group psychotherapy.

Signs and Symptoms of Signs and Symptoms of Binge EatingBinge Eating

"Rapid weight gain "Rapid weight gain

Eating large quantities of food even when not hungry Eating large quantities of food even when not hungry

Disgust and shame after overeating Disgust and shame after overeating

Depressed and anxious mood Depressed and anxious mood

Eating food to the point that one is uncomfortable Eating food to the point that one is uncomfortable and even in pain and even in pain

Going from one diet to the next constantly Going from one diet to the next constantly

Feeling out of control over food Feeling out of control over food

Cont. Sign and Symptoms Cont. Sign and Symptoms of Binge Eatingof Binge Eating

Eating late at night Eating late at night

Hiding food around the home, anticipating the binge Hiding food around the home, anticipating the binge

Does not use any measures (whatsoever) to purge the binged Does not use any measures (whatsoever) to purge the binged food food

Constant weight fluctuations Constant weight fluctuations

Sexual avoidance Sexual avoidance

Exhibits an abnormally low self-esteem Exhibits an abnormally low self-esteem

Attributes any successes or failures to weight Attributes any successes or failures to weight

Avoids many social situations Avoids many social situations

Binge Eating TreatmentBinge Eating Treatment Most people requiring binge eating treatment tend to Most people requiring binge eating treatment tend to

binge on foods high in sugar and refined flour. One of binge on foods high in sugar and refined flour. One of the first steps in treatment is detox. the first steps in treatment is detox.

Most people will experience significant mood swings Most people will experience significant mood swings when discontinuing their binge foods. A physician can when discontinuing their binge foods. A physician can prescribe detox medications to help those suffering prescribe detox medications to help those suffering with extreme discomfort during this process.with extreme discomfort during this process.

When detox is complete, individualized treatment When detox is complete, individualized treatment begins with a nutritionist who designs a healthy begins with a nutritionist who designs a healthy eating plan for each person needing binge eating eating plan for each person needing binge eating treatment. treatment.

After the plan is implemented each patient will begin After the plan is implemented each patient will begin to participate in a variety of clinical activities focused to participate in a variety of clinical activities focused on addressing the root causes of their binge eating. on addressing the root causes of their binge eating.

Facts Founds: Eating DisordersFacts Founds: Eating Disorders 80% of women who answered a People 80% of women who answered a People

magazine survey responded that images of magazine survey responded that images of women on television and in the movies make women on television and in the movies make them feel insecure. them feel insecure.

A study asked children to assign A study asked children to assign attractiveness values to pictures of children attractiveness values to pictures of children with various disabilities. The participants with various disabilities. The participants rated the obese child less attractive than a rated the obese child less attractive than a child in a wheelchair, a child with a facial child in a wheelchair, a child with a facial deformity and, a child with a missing limb. deformity and, a child with a missing limb.

The average US woman is 5’4” and weighs The average US woman is 5’4” and weighs 140 pounds. In contrast, the average US 140 pounds. In contrast, the average US model is 5’11” and weighs 117 pounds. model is 5’11” and weighs 117 pounds.

Cont. Facts Founds: Cont. Facts Founds: Eating DisordersEating Disorders

A study found that adolescent girls were more fearful of A study found that adolescent girls were more fearful of gaining weight than getting cancer, nuclear war or losing gaining weight than getting cancer, nuclear war or losing their parents. their parents.

A study found that adolescent girls were more fearful of A study found that adolescent girls were more fearful of gaining weight than getting cancer, nuclear war or losing gaining weight than getting cancer, nuclear war or losing their parents. their parents.

Bulimia can cause damage to the reproductive system, Bulimia can cause damage to the reproductive system, kidney failure, cardiac arrest, and ulcers of the intestinal kidney failure, cardiac arrest, and ulcers of the intestinal tract. tract.

Many people with eating disorders are addicted to exercise. Many people with eating disorders are addicted to exercise.

The average lifetime duration of anorexia was 1.7 years, The average lifetime duration of anorexia was 1.7 years, compared to 8.3 years for bulimia and 8.1 years for binge compared to 8.3 years for bulimia and 8.1 years for binge eating disorder.eating disorder.

Cont. Facts Founds: Cont. Facts Founds: Eating DisordersEating Disorders

Searching and methods used Searching and methods used Searching about eating disorders was done in different Searching about eating disorders was done in different

ways:ways: Searching through the internet:Searching through the internet:

AgenciesAgencies Arbitrates magazinesArbitrates magazines BooksBooks Popular magazinesPopular magazines

Searching through the library catalog:Searching through the library catalog: After searching through it looking for the resource After searching through it looking for the resource

in the library through books, magazines, thesis in the library through books, magazines, thesis and periodicals:and periodicals:

At circulation areaAt circulation area At Reserve areaAt Reserve area At computer areaAt computer area

Conclusion: OverviewConclusion: Overview Eating disorders are potentially life Eating disorders are potentially life

threatening, resulting in death for as many as threatening, resulting in death for as many as 10% of those who develop them. 10% of those who develop them.

They can also cause considerably psychological They can also cause considerably psychological distress and major physical complications.distress and major physical complications.

Important relationships are eroded as the Important relationships are eroded as the eating disorder takes up time and energy, eating disorder takes up time and energy, brings about self absorption, and impairs self brings about self absorption, and impairs self esteem. Treatment should be initiated as esteem. Treatment should be initiated as quickly as possible, focus upon immediate quickly as possible, focus upon immediate distress experienced by the individual, and aim distress experienced by the individual, and aim to help the patient and family become powerful to help the patient and family become powerful enough to overcome the eating disorder. enough to overcome the eating disorder.

Conclusion: Suggestions for recovery Conclusion: Suggestions for recovery to people that suffer Eating Disordersto people that suffer Eating Disorders

Make sure you are medically stable and consult a Make sure you are medically stable and consult a doctor.doctor.

Get support: a counselor and nutritionist (both trained Get support: a counselor and nutritionist (both trained eating disorders specialist), and eating disorders eating disorders specialist), and eating disorders support group's.support group's.

Try new ways of thinking:Try new ways of thinking: Focus on solutions to your issues.Focus on solutions to your issues. Focus on what is working.Focus on what is working. Take responsibility for your choices.Take responsibility for your choices. Keep being honest.Keep being honest. Express your feelings safely.Express your feelings safely. Notice what is right and whaty is good in your world.Notice what is right and whaty is good in your world. Treat yourself as if you are your best friend.Treat yourself as if you are your best friend. Confront ill attitudes and behaviors in your self. Confront ill attitudes and behaviors in your self.

Cont. Conclusion: Suggestions for recovery Cont. Conclusion: Suggestions for recovery to people that suffer Eating Disordersto people that suffer Eating Disorders

Try new behaviors:Try new behaviors: Make a list of what your eating disorder does for Make a list of what your eating disorder does for

you, and come up with alternatives that deliver you, and come up with alternatives that deliver the same result.the same result.

When feeling down or uncomfortable, ask: When feeling down or uncomfortable, ask: “What would you be doing if you felt better?” “What would you be doing if you felt better?” and then do it. and then do it.

Talk about your mistakes and what you want to Talk about your mistakes and what you want to do differently next time. do differently next time.

Explore new ways to communicate and set Explore new ways to communicate and set boundaries, you will be taking: this would be boundaries, you will be taking: this would be taking care of yourself and self esteem will taking care of yourself and self esteem will benefit. benefit.

Conclusion: Difficulty to Conclusion: Difficulty to find informationfind information

It was not too difficult to find It was not too difficult to find information about this topic cause is information about this topic cause is one of the biggest problems that one of the biggest problems that overlays in our society and around overlays in our society and around the world. the world.

ReferencesReferences

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Cont. ReferencesCont. References Kubersky, Rachel (1996). Kubersky, Rachel (1996). Everything you need Everything you need

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Cont. ReferencesCont. References Warren, Fiona, Saman, Sajdah, Dolan, Bridget, Warren, Fiona, Saman, Sajdah, Dolan, Bridget,

Norton, Kignsley, and Evans, Chris. (2006). Eating Norton, Kignsley, and Evans, Chris. (2006). Eating Disturbance and Severe Personality Disorder: Disturbance and Severe Personality Disorder: Outcome of Specialist Treatment for Severe Outcome of Specialist Treatment for Severe Personality Disorder. Personality Disorder. European Eating Disorders European Eating Disorders ReviewReview. Retrieve May 4, 2009, from . Retrieve May 4, 2009, from http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/112469http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/112469451/abstract451/abstract

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