Power plants and processes

EEN-E1010

Mika JärvinenDepartment of

Mechanical EngineeringEnergy Conversion research

group

Today’s program12:15 Practical issues on the course13:00 Break13:10 Introduction to power generation. Group work.13:45 Summary presentations, a 5 min.

Should we start at 12:30 on Tuesdays to have time for lunch?

“Brain workout” 5 minStand up and introduce yourself to your neighbor

Everyone is good in something, math, languages, making pancakes, running, singing, reading lots of books, writing letters, talking with strangers, dancing…

Do not tell your new friend what is your expertise, but describe how did you learn this skill? What did you have to do to become an expert?

Welcome to the course • 58 Students (10th September)• Periods I and II• See locations from the separate schedule• Pre-requisites: Thermodynamics I or similar• Please be active on giving feedback! We take this

seriously and try to develop the course constantly

RatingMaximum of 100 points will be distributed as follows: 1. Lectures: There are 12 lectures and you will get 1

point per visited lecture, MC registration. You can get a maximum of 12 points (12% of your grade).

2. Quizzes: There will be 5 quizzes (approx. 10 min.) taking place during the lectures on September 24th, October 8th, October 29th, November 12th and November 26th. These contribute 15% to your grade. If you are unable to attend a quiz, it will be evaluated with “zero” points. Quizzes will be done in MyCourses environment. We will practice this already during the first lecture

3. Home assignments: You will have to submit 3 home assignments which will contribute 45% to your grade. The assignments will be handed out through the MyCourses student portal onOctober 4th, November 1st and November 22nd. You will have 2 weeks time to accomplish and submit the handwritten assignments scanned in pdf-format in MyCourses.

4. We will carry out compulsory “Virtual” lab exercises between October 14th to November 1st. The lab exercise consists the watching a video of model power plant measurements, result analysis, documentation (report writing) and presentation. You will be assigned to groups and each group will work together. The lab exercise evaluation (report and presentation) will contribute 28% to your grade and you will be required to do a peer-evaluation within the group.

In addition to the above, the following passing criteria apply to the course:

5. Compulsory power plant excursion to the Vuosaari combined cycle power plant on November 20th or 22nd. If you are unable to attend, you will be assigned some extra work. Students who provide a written work certificate (summer job or comparable) can be exempted.

6. Tuesday, December 3th: Group presentations of the lab exercises results (schedule later). Presence is compulsory!

Staff• Lecturer: Mika Järvinen, Associate professor

mika.jarvinen@aalto.fi, room 306/K4, lectures, exercises.

• Majid Nejadseifi, (M.Sc.) exercises, home work, majid.nejadseiji@aalto.fi, room 203/K4.

• Mohamed Magd, (M.Sc.), excursion, small scale power plant lab work, mohamed.magd@aalto.fi, room 303/K4

Communication• All communication should go via Majid and

Mohamed, add me as cc in the emails. • Majid will be available for the students on Fridays 9-

12 (arrange via email) and always after exercises.• Magd will be available for the students on Fridays 9-

12 (arrange via email) and always after exercises.• I am available before (arrange via email) and after

the lectures.

Course material• Course book is ”Advanced energy

systems” book. We have 100+ copies in our library for everyone to borrow.

• I will use blackboard, you should make notes, please get a nice note book. Many useful examples are treated, help for (e.g.) lab work

• Some slide presentations and copied material are handed out.

• Videos for experiments

“Brain workout” 2 min

Why did you join this course, what do you want to learn? Write on Post-It paper given, and bring these to me at the end of the lecture.

We will take a look at these on Friday then and summarize.

Learning objectives• The student is able to describe the operating

principles of steam and gas turbine power plants and is able to recognize the main components of the real industrial facilities.

• The student can apply the basic theory of thermodynamics and mass and energy balances for analyzing different components of steam and gas turbine power plants: boilers/steam generators, turbines and heat exchangers.

Learning objectives• The student can apply the basic theories of

thermodynamics and mass and energy balances to overall process of steam and gas turbine power plants.

• The student is able to evaluate, recognize and analyze the maximum theoretical performance of the above processes.

• The student learns to act as an active member of the team (6-8 members) while doing the small scale power plant exercise.

Contents

IntroductionLesson 1 (10.9): Introduction to electricity and power

production. Importance of “traditional” power plant technology?

Lesson 2 (13.9.): Definition of enthalpy by derivation of energy equation. Thermodynamic charts.

Lesson 3 (17.9): Control volume analysis of energy and mass balances. Demos

Lesson 4 (24.9): Principles of thermodynamic power cycles and their components.

Lesson 5 (1.10.): Solids Fuels and Biomass - Properties and application in power plant engineering.

Rankine cycleLesson 6 (8.10.): Design principles of steam

generators 1. Adiabatic combustion temperature.Lesson 7 (15.10): Design principles of steam

generators 2. T-Q diagrams. Lesson 8 (29.10): Improvement options for steam

turbine power plants.Lesson 9 (5.11): Improvement options for steam

turbine power plants, continued.

Gas turbine cycleLesson 10 (8.11): Thermodynamic analysis of a basic

Brayton cycle.Lesson 11 (12.11.): Combined cycle.Lesson 12 (26.11.): Multi-generation, Super-Critical

processes, Concentrated Solar Power.

Why this course is important?• Most of the electricity and heat is still produced

globally based on the gas turbine or steam Rankine processes on some way → The world needs continuously new experts that can operate and further develop these for better material, environmental and energetic efficiency.

• In order to work on the energy field, you need to understand these topics fluently.

Forms of energy

Nuclear

Mechanical

Thermal

Electromagnetic radiation

Electrical

Chemical

Forms of energy• We are not able

to generate energy but it is possible to transform it from a form to another

• The sun and stars are large fusion reactors, H2 to He

Forms of energy• The energy of the sun can be used by the

plants, by the photosynthesis to grow biomass = storing chemical energy

• When organic species die and is accumulated and piled up, we slowly generate fossil fuels, gas, oil and different ranks of coals, brown coal, lignite…anthracite, concentration of carbon.

Biomass to fossil fuels

• If fossil fuels are burned, CO2 that has been chemically bound over a period of millions of years is rapidly released, nature is not able to take it back at the same rate→ CO2 content of the atmosphere increases.

Biomass to fossil fuels

• If we only use the ”fresh” biomass, the carbon cycle is much shorter and a significant fraction of the CO2 can be recycled.

Heat engines• Conversion of thermal energy to mechanical energy

takes place in heat engines.• We need a heat source that operates at higher

temperature TH and a heat sink operating at a lower temperature TC.

• The working fluid such as air or steam goes trough a process cycle.

• A fraction of the heat QH is transformed into useful work W and the rest is rejected QC.

Carnot’s cycle

Derivation of the equation…

Gas turbine, GT• Compression of gas + addition of heat by gas/oil

combustion or indirect heat transfer + expansion work in the gas turbine

Rankine cycle, RC• Pumping of the process liquid to high pressure +

evaporation in the boiler + expansion work in the turbine + condensation of the low pressure vapor (water, organic liquids)

Combined cycle, CC• GT + RC, using the waste heat of gas turbine as

energy source for running the Rankine cycle

Nuclear power• Energy from nuclear fission + steam generation +

Rankine cycle (1 g U235 = 2700 kg coal)

Concentrated solar power• The rays of the sun are focused on a heat collector

tower to heat a molten salt (closed circle) + heat exchanger + Rankine Cycle

Electricity production in Finland

2018

Group assignment• Form groups of 8-10 students.• Using your smart phones etc. ”google” and find the

recent statistics on world’s heat and power generation

• Prepare a short presentation on this for the others. Following things should be answered: 1. World’s annual energy production and trend, 2. Fractions of different technologies used and 3. How much is produced based on Steam power plants & Gas Turbine?

Testing the MyCourses Quiz• Go to MyCourses page of the Power Plants and

Processes Course.• Go to assignments and open Test Quiz.• Answer the question and submit

Tasks for the next week• Buy a note book for hand-writing the lecture notes. • Come and borrow the book from us for the course,

Magd will take care of delivering these to you.• I also highly recommend buying a power plant book,

such as the ”Advanced Energy Systems”, you probably need this later in your career

• See the videos available, we analyze these during lectures L2 and L3.

RankineCycler• You will be

analyzing this small scale steam power plant in groups.

See you Friday 13th