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Power, Par)cipa)on and MSP Wesley Flannery Queen’s University Belfast Email: w.fl[email protected] TwiHer: @WesleyFlannery

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Page 1: Power, Par)cipa)on and MSP...Ideological Source of Power • Ideological power is, oaen, invisible as it comes from the creaon of systems of thought. • Its source is how actors understand

Power,Par)cipa)onandMSP

WesleyFlanneryQueen’sUniversityBelfastEmail:[email protected]:@WesleyFlannery

Page 2: Power, Par)cipa)on and MSP...Ideological Source of Power • Ideological power is, oaen, invisible as it comes from the creaon of systems of thought. • Its source is how actors understand

AwordaboutPower

•  AhaspoweroverBtotheextentthatAcangetBtodowhatheotherwisewouldnotdo

•  PowertoandPowerover•  Poweraswielded•  Foucaultarguesthatpowerisnotwielded...

Page 3: Power, Par)cipa)on and MSP...Ideological Source of Power • Ideological power is, oaen, invisible as it comes from the creaon of systems of thought. • Its source is how actors understand

Really?

Page 4: Power, Par)cipa)on and MSP...Ideological Source of Power • Ideological power is, oaen, invisible as it comes from the creaon of systems of thought. • Its source is how actors understand

Overview

•  WhyMSP?AndMSPasa‘raBonal’process•  MSPasanextendedprocess•  AbriefintroducBontopower•  Examplesofpower,parBcipaBon,exclusioninMSP

•  Wayforward

Page 5: Power, Par)cipa)on and MSP...Ideological Source of Power • Ideological power is, oaen, invisible as it comes from the creaon of systems of thought. • Its source is how actors understand

MarineManagement:AspaBalturnThreeinterrelatedissues:1.  IncreasingindustrialisaBonofmarineareas.

2.  Increasingconflictamongstmarineusers.

3.  IncreasedcumulaBvepressuresonmarineecosystems.

ArisingfromFragmentedandSectoralgovernance.

Page 6: Power, Par)cipa)on and MSP...Ideological Source of Power • Ideological power is, oaen, invisible as it comes from the creaon of systems of thought. • Its source is how actors understand

GovernanceIssuesTheIrishSea NorthSea

Source:AMPMER,2004 Source:Maesetal.,2005

Page 7: Power, Par)cipa)on and MSP...Ideological Source of Power • Ideological power is, oaen, invisible as it comes from the creaon of systems of thought. • Its source is how actors understand

Fishing

Rene

wableEne

rgy

Offsho

reAqu

aculture

Tourism

Oil&Gas

NatureCo

nservaBo

n

Decision Decision Decision DecisionDecision Decision

Gov.Dept

Gov.Dept

Gov.Dept

Gov.Dept

Gov.Dept

Gov.Dept

SectoralManagement

Page 8: Power, Par)cipa)on and MSP...Ideological Source of Power • Ideological power is, oaen, invisible as it comes from the creaon of systems of thought. • Its source is how actors understand

SpaBalFragmentaBon

Page 9: Power, Par)cipa)on and MSP...Ideological Source of Power • Ideological power is, oaen, invisible as it comes from the creaon of systems of thought. • Its source is how actors understand

FragmentedGovernance

Crowderetal.,2006

Page 10: Power, Par)cipa)on and MSP...Ideological Source of Power • Ideological power is, oaen, invisible as it comes from the creaon of systems of thought. • Its source is how actors understand

MarineSpaBalPlanning

Fishing

Rene

wableEne

rgy

Offsho

reAqu

aculture

Tourism

Oil&Gas

NatureCo

nservaBo

n

Decision Decision Decision DecisionDecision Decision

MarineSpaBalPlan

Page 11: Power, Par)cipa)on and MSP...Ideological Source of Power • Ideological power is, oaen, invisible as it comes from the creaon of systems of thought. • Its source is how actors understand

MSP:AMovefromchaosto....

Maesetal.,2005

Page 12: Power, Par)cipa)on and MSP...Ideological Source of Power • Ideological power is, oaen, invisible as it comes from the creaon of systems of thought. • Its source is how actors understand

SpaBallyPlanned

Maesetal.,2005

Page 13: Power, Par)cipa)on and MSP...Ideological Source of Power • Ideological power is, oaen, invisible as it comes from the creaon of systems of thought. • Its source is how actors understand

The‘RaBonal’MSPProcess

Fishing

Rene

wableEne

rgy

Offsho

reAqu

aculture

Tourism

Oil&Gas

NatureCo

nservaBo

n

Decision Decision Decision DecisionDecision Decision

MarineSpaBalPlan

Page 14: Power, Par)cipa)on and MSP...Ideological Source of Power • Ideological power is, oaen, invisible as it comes from the creaon of systems of thought. • Its source is how actors understand

Whatis‘raBonality’?

•  Alogicthatcanbededucedfromreasonalone?

•  RaBonalityiscontextdependentandthecontextofraBonalityispower(Flyvbjerg,1998).

•  RaBonaliBesconstructedwithinplanningprocessesareneverimparBal,theyare“framedonspecific,andoaenunarBculatedassumpBonsandvalues”thatreflectthehegemonyortheinterestsofpowerfulactors(Flanneryetal.2016,p.123).

Page 15: Power, Par)cipa)on and MSP...Ideological Source of Power • Ideological power is, oaen, invisible as it comes from the creaon of systems of thought. • Its source is how actors understand

WhatisRaBonality?•  RaBonalityshould,therefore,bereadas“thelegi+mizingofpower,ratherthanasachallengetoit”(JonesandPorter,1994,p.2).

•  RaBonalityisnotalogicthatcanbededucedfromreasonalone

•  RaBonalityissociallyconstructedwithinparBcularcontextswhichreflectprevailingpowerrelaBons.

Page 16: Power, Par)cipa)on and MSP...Ideological Source of Power • Ideological power is, oaen, invisible as it comes from the creaon of systems of thought. • Its source is how actors understand

MSPasaraBonalprocess?

•  the“raBonalorganizaBonoftheuseofmarinespace”(Douvere2008,p.766).

•  Thephrase‘raBonalorganizaBon’advancestheideathatthereisanunproblemaBcspaBallogicthatcanbedeployedtoorganisethemanyactorswhocompeteforlocaBons.

•  ThisasocialandapoliBcalconceptualisaBonofMSPviewsitasalogicalprocess,sifngabovepower,whichwillproducearaBonaluseofmarineareas.

Page 17: Power, Par)cipa)on and MSP...Ideological Source of Power • Ideological power is, oaen, invisible as it comes from the creaon of systems of thought. • Its source is how actors understand

The‘RaBonal’MSPProcess

Fishing

Rene

wableEne

rgy

Offsho

reAqu

aculture

Tourism

Oil&Gas

NatureCo

nservaBo

n

Decision Decision Decision DecisionDecision Decision

MarineSpaBalPlan

Page 18: Power, Par)cipa)on and MSP...Ideological Source of Power • Ideological power is, oaen, invisible as it comes from the creaon of systems of thought. • Its source is how actors understand

FourPhasesofPlanningPhase1

NormaBvePhase2Strategic

Phase3OperaBonal

Phase4Monitoring

Desiredendsandideals

themeanstoachievestatedgoalsandobjecBvesareselected

MeanstoachievegoalsarespecifiedthroughSpecific,Measurable,Assignable,RealisBc,Time-related(SMART)objecBvesandimplemented

Monitoringandassessment

Page 19: Power, Par)cipa)on and MSP...Ideological Source of Power • Ideological power is, oaen, invisible as it comes from the creaon of systems of thought. • Its source is how actors understand

ExamplesphasesofplanningPhase1

Norma)vePhase2Strategic

Phase3Opera)onal

Phase4Monitoring

ConserveFishStocks

SelecBonmadefrom:

MPAs,Quotas,reducelicences,

Demand:Tax,educaBon

DesignandimplementMPAs(%

targets,Bmeframe)–bringfisherstothe

table

MonitortheeffecBvenessoftheMPA(butprobablynotmonitorthesocio-economicimpacts)

POWER

Page 20: Power, Par)cipa)on and MSP...Ideological Source of Power • Ideological power is, oaen, invisible as it comes from the creaon of systems of thought. • Its source is how actors understand

Power

Page 21: Power, Par)cipa)on and MSP...Ideological Source of Power • Ideological power is, oaen, invisible as it comes from the creaon of systems of thought. • Its source is how actors understand

Power•  MulBpledefiniBonsand

conceptualisaBonsofpower(Powerto,over,with,within,against,etc;poliBcal,social,etc;individual,networked,etc.)

•  CommonquesBon:howispoweriscreatedandexercisedinsociety

•  Goal:introducethreesourcesofpowerandthreetypesofpower.

PowerSources1.  RelaBonalPower2.  DiscursivePower3.  IdeologicalPowerActualisa)onofPower:1.  CoerciveandDecision-

making2.  BiasandFraming3.  ManipulaBvePower

Page 22: Power, Par)cipa)on and MSP...Ideological Source of Power • Ideological power is, oaen, invisible as it comes from the creaon of systems of thought. • Its source is how actors understand

SourcesofPower

•  Cannotalwaysbeseparated–highlyinterrelated;willmakereadingsavailable.

1.  RelaBonalPower–myunderstandingderivedfromBourdieu’stheories.

2.  DiscursivePower–derivedfromFoucault,Mouffe,Swyngedouw.

3.  IdeologicalPower–derivedfromLukes,BourdieuandFoucault.

Page 23: Power, Par)cipa)on and MSP...Ideological Source of Power • Ideological power is, oaen, invisible as it comes from the creaon of systems of thought. • Its source is how actors understand

RelaBonalSourcesofPower

•  Powerisderivedfrom:–  anactorsposiBoninasocietyornetwork;

–  theiraccessto,andaccumulaBonof,differentformsofcapital(social,poliBcal,financial,knowledge,symbolic,etc.);

– andtheircapacitytotransformoneformofcapitalintoanother.

Page 24: Power, Par)cipa)on and MSP...Ideological Source of Power • Ideological power is, oaen, invisible as it comes from the creaon of systems of thought. • Its source is how actors understand

DiscursiveSourceofPower

•  Discursivepowerrelatedtobiasandframing.•  CreatedthroughdominaBngdiscourses– ControllingtheseenablessomeactorstolimittheacBonsofothers

– Powerisdiscursiveinsofarasitiswrinen/spokenintoframingofissues

–  ItisidenBfiablebythedominatedbuttheyarerelaBvelypowerlesstochallengeit

Page 25: Power, Par)cipa)on and MSP...Ideological Source of Power • Ideological power is, oaen, invisible as it comes from the creaon of systems of thought. • Its source is how actors understand

IdeologicalSourceofPower•  Ideologicalpoweris,

oaen,invisibleasitcomesfromthecreaBonofsystemsofthought.

•  Itssourceishowactorsunderstandthemselvesandothersinsociety–theirsocialconsciousness.

•  Mayhavebeencreatedthroughdiscoursebutcanprevailbeyondthediscourse

•  Comesfrom:–  internalisedbiases–  falseconsciousness

Page 26: Power, Par)cipa)on and MSP...Ideological Source of Power • Ideological power is, oaen, invisible as it comes from the creaon of systems of thought. • Its source is how actors understand

1.Coerciveanddecision-makingpower

•  ThistypeofPowerisvisibleandwielded.

•  Coercive:AhaspoweroverBtotheextentthatAcangetBtodosomethingthatBwouldnototherwisedo.

•  Requiresacceptanceofsocialorder–  AknowshowBwillreactduetothepredictabilityofsocialorder

–  BconfirmsA’spowerbyreacBnginthemannerthatispredictedfromunderstandingthisorder

•  Decision-makingpower:Anindividualcandecidewhichintereststopursue.

Page 27: Power, Par)cipa)on and MSP...Ideological Source of Power • Ideological power is, oaen, invisible as it comes from the creaon of systems of thought. • Its source is how actors understand

2.BiasandFraming

•  ThisPowerislessvisible•  Bias:AexercisespoweroverBbykeepingB’sinterestsofftheagenda.–  Bknowswhattheirinterestis–butalsoknowsthelimitsofprevailingcondiBons.

–  ForBtoacttheyneedAtoconfirmthatB’sinterestsarelegiBmate/valid.

•  Framing:AexercisespowertopreservetheirinterestbylimiBngdiscussion/debatetoitemsthatareharmlesstoA.

Page 28: Power, Par)cipa)on and MSP...Ideological Source of Power • Ideological power is, oaen, invisible as it comes from the creaon of systems of thought. • Its source is how actors understand

3.ManipulaBve•  Hidden/InvisiblePower•  Lukes:Aexercisespower

overB,whenAgetsBtodoA’sbiddingevenwhenitisagainstB’srealinterest.

•  Foucault:Aactsintheirowninterest,createsdiscourses,knowledgeandtechnologieswhichtakeonalifeoftheirownand,unintenBonally,mayshapetheconductofB.

Page 29: Power, Par)cipa)on and MSP...Ideological Source of Power • Ideological power is, oaen, invisible as it comes from the creaon of systems of thought. • Its source is how actors understand

PowerandPar)cipa)oninMSP

Page 30: Power, Par)cipa)on and MSP...Ideological Source of Power • Ideological power is, oaen, invisible as it comes from the creaon of systems of thought. • Its source is how actors understand

StakeholderPar)cipa)onandMSP

Intheory:1.  Minimiseuserconflict.2.  AccountforcumulaBve

impacts.3.  Increaseknowledgeofthe

ecosystems.4.  Enhancedtrustin

planningprocess.5.  Promotesacceptanceof

plans.6.  Leadstogreater

implementaBon.

Page 31: Power, Par)cipa)on and MSP...Ideological Source of Power • Ideological power is, oaen, invisible as it comes from the creaon of systems of thought. • Its source is how actors understand

MSP,ParBcipaBonandPower•  EmergingMSPpracBceappearstobepost-poliBcal(Ritchie2014,Flanneryetal.,2016,Tafon,2017)

•  MSP:–  dominatedbyneoliberallogicdiscourse;– Apost-ideologicalconsensusisdevelopingaroundtheverypurposeofMSP=BlueGrowth–noroomforotherissues(e.g.AlleviaBngcoastalpoverty).

–  uncriBcallyfocusesonproducingtechnologicalormanagerialfixesforcomplexsocio-poliBcalissues(Flannery,etal2016);

Page 32: Power, Par)cipa)on and MSP...Ideological Source of Power • Ideological power is, oaen, invisible as it comes from the creaon of systems of thought. • Its source is how actors understand

FourphasesofMSPPhase1

Norma)vePhase2Strategic

Phase3Opera)onal

Phase4Monitoring

SpaBallyplannedmarine

environment

Servewiderpublicinterest(e.galleviaBon

ofcoastalpoverty),

preservethestatusquo,toolforthe

neoliberalisaBonofmarinegovernance;De-Growth

CollectandcollatespaBaldata,GISdatabases,

bringstakeholderstothetable,arguethatplansare

raBonalbasedontheacBons

above

MonitorthesuccessofMSPin

achievingitsowngoals–no

anenBongivento

unintendedimpacts,

collectmorespaBaldata,

repeatPhase3

PoliBcal Post-PoliBcal

RaBonality ParBcipaBon

Page 33: Power, Par)cipa)on and MSP...Ideological Source of Power • Ideological power is, oaen, invisible as it comes from the creaon of systems of thought. • Its source is how actors understand

IllusionofInclusion

Page 34: Power, Par)cipa)on and MSP...Ideological Source of Power • Ideological power is, oaen, invisible as it comes from the creaon of systems of thought. • Its source is how actors understand

ExamplesofPowerinMSP

Page 35: Power, Par)cipa)on and MSP...Ideological Source of Power • Ideological power is, oaen, invisible as it comes from the creaon of systems of thought. • Its source is how actors understand

“AkeycomponentofanypoliBcalstrategyisfindingadecisionsefngthatoffersthebestprospectsforreachingone’spolicygoals”(Pralle,2003).

NaBonalGovernment

PlanningTeam

ParBcipaBonProcess

PowerfulStakeholder

WeakStakeholder

Page 36: Power, Par)cipa)on and MSP...Ideological Source of Power • Ideological power is, oaen, invisible as it comes from the creaon of systems of thought. • Its source is how actors understand

NorthSeaPlan

Page 37: Power, Par)cipa)on and MSP...Ideological Source of Power • Ideological power is, oaen, invisible as it comes from the creaon of systems of thought. • Its source is how actors understand

ChannelIslandsNa)onalMarineSanctuary

Page 38: Power, Par)cipa)on and MSP...Ideological Source of Power • Ideological power is, oaen, invisible as it comes from the creaon of systems of thought. • Its source is how actors understand

CINMS:Rela)onalPower?

SanctuarySuperintendent

SanctuaryPlanningTeam(DraaPlan)

StakeholderAdvisoryCouncil(CollaboraBvePlanningIniBaBve)

ConservaBon Tourism Shipping RecreaBon Fishers

Page 39: Power, Par)cipa)on and MSP...Ideological Source of Power • Ideological power is, oaen, invisible as it comes from the creaon of systems of thought. • Its source is how actors understand

EasternSco)anShelfIntegratedManagementIni)a)ve

Page 40: Power, Par)cipa)on and MSP...Ideological Source of Power • Ideological power is, oaen, invisible as it comes from the creaon of systems of thought. • Its source is how actors understand

ESSIMCollabora)vePlanningModel

ESSIM Forum

ESSIM Planning O

ffice

Government Sector

Structure

Stakeholder Advisory Council

Page 41: Power, Par)cipa)on and MSP...Ideological Source of Power • Ideological power is, oaen, invisible as it comes from the creaon of systems of thought. • Its source is how actors understand

BiasandFraming?

Page 42: Power, Par)cipa)on and MSP...Ideological Source of Power • Ideological power is, oaen, invisible as it comes from the creaon of systems of thought. • Its source is how actors understand

Rela)onalPower?

Page 43: Power, Par)cipa)on and MSP...Ideological Source of Power • Ideological power is, oaen, invisible as it comes from the creaon of systems of thought. • Its source is how actors understand

IdeologicalPower?

Flanneryetal.,2018

Page 44: Power, Par)cipa)on and MSP...Ideological Source of Power • Ideological power is, oaen, invisible as it comes from the creaon of systems of thought. • Its source is how actors understand

Wayforward

•  PoweriseasytoidenBfybuthardtoclassify•  WeneedtounderstandthetypeandsourceofpowerwithinMSP

•  NeedtoengagewithMSPfrombeginning–ortraceitsraBonaliBes

•  NeedtocapturetheradicalpotenBalofMSP– DevelopprogressivefutureMSPvisions– ExplorehowtheycouldbeachievedthroughtransiBonlens(Kellyetal.,2018)

Page 45: Power, Par)cipa)on and MSP...Ideological Source of Power • Ideological power is, oaen, invisible as it comes from the creaon of systems of thought. • Its source is how actors understand

Wayforward

•  StopsellingMSPasaraBonalprocess!•  DonotdefineMSPsuccessinnarrow,economicterms–e.g.Speedofpermifngprocess

•  Emphasizesocial,power,poliBcaldimensions•  Actasadvocatesforthosewithoutpower•  MSPisagoodidea–needtounderstandwhatplanningcanachievebeyond‘theraBonaluseofmarinespace’.

Page 46: Power, Par)cipa)on and MSP...Ideological Source of Power • Ideological power is, oaen, invisible as it comes from the creaon of systems of thought. • Its source is how actors understand

ForPaddle

•  IhavereadMSPthroughNorthern,MetropolitanSocialTheory

•  OpportunitytoapplynewsociologicallensestoMSPinPADDLE

Page 47: Power, Par)cipa)on and MSP...Ideological Source of Power • Ideological power is, oaen, invisible as it comes from the creaon of systems of thought. • Its source is how actors understand

Thanksforlistening

Page 48: Power, Par)cipa)on and MSP...Ideological Source of Power • Ideological power is, oaen, invisible as it comes from the creaon of systems of thought. • Its source is how actors understand

References•  Douvere,F.,2008.TheimportanceofmarinespaBalplanninginadvancingecosystem-basedseausemanagement.

MarinePolicy,Vol.32,pp.762-771•  Flannery,W.,Ellis,G.,Ellis,G.,Flannery,W.,Nursey-Bray,M.,vanTatenhove,J.P.,Kelly,C.,Coffen-Smout,S.,

Fairgrieve,R.,Knol,M.andJentoa,S.,2016.Exploringthewinnersandlosersofmarineenvironmentalgovernance/MarinespaBalplanning:Cuibono?/“Morethanfishybusiness”:epistemology,integraBonandconflictinmarinespaBalplanning/MarinespaBalplanning:powerandscaping/Surelynotallplanningisevil?/MarinespaBalplanning:aCanadianperspecBve/MariBmespaBalplanning–“aduBlitatemomnium”/MarinespaBalplanning:“itisbenertobeonthetrainthanbeinghitbyit”/ReflecBonsfromtheperspecBveofrecreaBonalanglers....PlanningTheory&Prac+ce,17(1),pp.121-151,DOI:10.1080/14649357.2015.1131482

•  Flyvbjerg,B.,1998.RaBonalityandpower:DemocracyinpracBce,Chicago:UniversityofChicagoPress•  Jones,C.andPorter,R.,1994.ReassessingFoucault:Power,Medicine&TheBody,NewYork,USA:Routledge•  Kelly,C.,Ellis,G.andFlannery,W.inpress.Conceptualizingchangeinmarinegovernance:Learningfrom

TransiBonManagement,MarinePolicy.•  Pralle,S.B.,2003.Venueshopping,poliBcalstrategy,andpolicychange:TheinternaBonalizaBonofCanadian

forestadvocacy.Journalofpublicpolicy,23(3),pp.233-260.”•  Ritchie,H.,2014.UnderstandingemergingdiscoursesofMarineSpaBalPlanningintheUK.LandUsePolicy,38,pp.

666–675.•  Tafon,R.V.,2017.Takingpowertosea:Towardsapost-structuralistdiscoursetheoreBcalcriBqueofmarinespaBal

planning,EnvironmentandPlanningC:Poli+csandSpace,Vol.36,No.2,pp.1–16,DOI:10.1177/2399654417707527


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