power optimization of the captured air bubble surface

POWER OPTIMIZATION OF THE CAPTUREDAIR BUBBLE SURFACE EFFECTS SHIP

Frederick Kenneth Richardson

assR*

NAVAL POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL

Monterey, California

THESISPOWER OPTIMIZATION OF THE CAPTUREDAIR BUBBLE SURFACE EFFECTS SHIP

by


December, 1976

Thesis Advisor: G. J. Thaler

Approved for public release; distribution unlimited.

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1. REPORT NUMIIR 2. GOVT ACCESSION NO. 3. RECIPIENT'S CATALOG NUMBER

4. TITLE i«i^SuHir/i)

Power Optimization of the Captured Air BubbleSurface Effects Ship

S. TYPE OF REPORT A PERIOO COVERED

Master's ThesisDpppTTihpr 1Q7A• PERFORMING ORG. REPORT NUMBER

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Naval Postgraduate SchoolMonterey, Ca. 93940

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II. CONTROLLING OFFICE NAME ANO AOORESS


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December 197613. NUMBER OF PACES

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18. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES

19. KEY WORDS (Cmnttmtm on MWN »>*• II nocoatmrr and idmntlfr or mleak nummor)

Surface Effects ShipCaptured Air Bubble

20. ABSTRACT (Cmnllnum on rmrmrmm aid* It nmcmmmmrr mm* imdmOtr *T mlmmk iwtirj

Through the use of simulation studies of the Surface Effects Ship(SES) XR-3, it is shown that power optimization can be achieved by controllingthe air bubble plenum pressure and the pitch angle of the craft. Studiesindicate a savings of up to forty percent in total power required forcruising speeds in the range of fifteen to thirty knots.

DO ,

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(Page 1)

EDITION OF I NOV •• IS OBSOLETES/N 102-0 14- S601 I

UNCLASSIFIEDSECURITY CLASSIFICATION OF TNIS PAOE f9hdM Dmtm Snlmrmd}

POWER OPTIMIZATION OF THE CAPTURED AIR BOBBLE SURFACEEFFECTS SHIP

by

Frederick Kenneth RichardsonLieutenant, United States NavyB.S., Purdue University, 1968

Submitted in partial fulfillment of therequirements for the degree of

MASTER OF SCIENCE IN ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

from the

NAVAL POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL

December, 1976

wowmmmHAVAt"

ABSTRACT

Through the use of simulation studies of the

Surface Effects Ship (SES) XR-3, it is shown that

power optimization can be achieved by controlling the

air bubble plenum pressure and the pitch angle of the

craft. Studies indicate a savings of up to forty

percent in total power required for cruising speeds in

the range of fifteen to thirty knots.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

I. INTRODUCTION 9

A. BACKGROUND 9

B. OBJECTIVES 11

II. GENERAL DISCUSSION 12

A. INTRODUCTION 12

B. SIMULATION METHODS 13

III. CALM WATER STUDIES 16

A. OBJECTIVES 16

B. SIMULATION PERFORMANCE 16

C. EXPERIMENTAL VERIFICATION TESTS 26

IV. SEA STATE STUDIES 52

A. OBJECTIVES 52

B. SIMULATION PERFORMANCE 52

V. RESULTS „ « 57

VI. CONCLUSIONS 61

A. SUMMATION 61

B. METHOD OF CONTROL 62

VII. OPERATIONAL CONSIDERATIONS 65

VIII. RECOMMENDATIONS 70

Appendix A: SIMULATION DATA LISTING 71

LIST OF REFERENCES 109

INITIAL DISTRIBUTION LIST 110

LIST OF FIGURES

1. Total Power vs Pitch Angle, 15.0 knots , 18

2. Total Power vs Pitch Angle, 15.0 knots 19




6. Total Power vs Pitch Angle, 27.5 knots..* 23


8. Total Power vs Plenum Pressure, 0.5 Degrees 28





















29. Total Power vs Pitch Angle, Natural Response 49

30. Total Power vs Pitch Angle, Natural Response 50

31. Total Power vs Pitch Angle, Actual Craft 51

32. Total Power vs Pitch Angle, 18 Knots, Sea State 53

33. Total Power vs Pitch Angle, 27.5 Knots, Sea State... 54

34. Sketch of Bubble Pressure vs Pitch Angle 59

35. Bubble Pressure vs Pitch Angle, 15 Knots 60

36. Total Power vs Pitch Angle, 30 Knots.... 64

37. Recommended Operating Profile 68

38. Recommended Operating Profile, 15 Knots 69

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Only those who have undertaken a project such as this

can fully appreciate the influence that others have on its

successful completion. With this in mind, the author wishes

to first express his most sincere appreciation to Professors

George J. Thaler and Alex Gerba, Jr. of the Naval

Postgraduate School. Their knowledge, dedication and

patience provided the guiding light by which the author

traveled

.

A great deal of the author f s time and effort was

spent in the computer center. Without the continuous

assistance of all the operators, a study like this could not

have been completed. A special "thank you" to E. V.

Donnellan (Ed) , M. Anderson (Andy) and K. Butler (Kris) of

the evening shift whose personal interest in each student's

needs was combined with friendly banter and a job always

well done.

To his wife, Nancy, and his children, Hicky, Sally,

Jimmy and Blake, the author expresses his gratitude but his

apologies for his long periods of absence and concern with

thesis matters when he was home. Without their long

suffering devotion, the educational goals of their husband

and father would not have been realized and this thesis

written.

INTRODUCTION

A. BACKGROUND

The conventional displacement vessel exhibits a well

known and documented speed limitation caused by drag

characteristics of the hull-water interface. In an effort

to effect a great increase in surface vessel speed, a

program has been initiated by the United States Navy to

develop various craft whose principal means of support is

other than hydrostatic lift.

One such type of craft currently receiving attention is

the Surface Effect Ship (SES) . There are basically two

types of ships in this category, the Air Cushion Vehicles,

or hovercraft, and the Captured Air Bubble (CAB) craft. The

general nature of these craft and their construction is well

presented by Robert L. Trillo in Reference 1. Either all or

a major portion of the craft support is obtained from a

pressure differential between the atmosphere and a plenum

chamber which is open at the bottom. The great speed

advantages of the SES are from two principal

characteristics: (1) energy is not wasted by displacing a

large volume of water, and (2) the frictional forces at the

hull-water interface are greatly reduced by keeping the

structure actually in water contact to a minumum.

Surface Effects Ships are generally categorized as "Air

Cushion Vehicles" whose weight is entirely supported by the

pressure differential in the plenum chamber or "Captured Air

Bubble Craft" whose weight is partially supported by a

sidewall structure which extends into the water. For United

States Navy applications, the Captured Air Bubble (CAB)

craft is being researched.

The term Captured Air Bubble is slightly misleading

since the plenum chamber air does leak out and thus must be

continuously replenished by supply fans. When compared to

the air cushion vehicle, however, this leakage rate is

relatively small. The Air Cushion Vehicle has a continuous

gap around its entire periphery, whereas the Captured Air

Bubble craft has leakage only from the stern seal, thus the

plenum chamber supply fans of the Air Cushion Vehicle must

be much larger and more powerful than those of the CAB of

similar size.

This thesis is concerned with simulation studies of the

Captured Air Bubble craft utilizing a digital computer,

specifically the Loads and Motions Program developed by

Oceanics, Incorporated.

The basic rigid body analysis and spatial relationships

of the Loads and Motions Program are well documented in

Reference 2, and thus will not be duplicated here. The

principal static and dynamic approximations used in

developing the equations of motion for the craft in its six

degrees of freedom are also covered.

The Loads and Motions Program has been converted to

represent the Naval Postgraduate School's SES test craft,

the XR-^3. All simulation studies for this thesis were

accomplished utilizing the XR-3 Loads and Motions simulation

program.

10

OBJECTIVES

The purpose of this thesis is to take a detailed look

into the aspects of power minimization at various cruising

speeds in both calm water and sea state conditions. Pitch

angle was utilized to reduce hull drag effects and introduce

planing action, while lift fan speed was varied to control

the air cushion bubble pressure, and thus the draft of the

craft. The results are presented in both tabular and

graphical form. The results are also shown in the form of

recommended operating profiles.

11

II. GENERAL DISCUSSION

A. INTRODUCTION

Previous studies indicate that significant performance

benefits can be obtained by controlling the pressure of the

air bubble which supports the craft. It is clear that low

bubble pressures would require large thrust values to

maintain a given speed primarily because of the greater

wetted surface at the hull-water interface causing increased

drag forces. If the bubble pressure is increased, the draft

decreases and it is expected that the thrust required to

maintain that speed to decrease, but at the same time the

fan power required to support the craft will increase.

Intuitively, one expects that the total power (Thrust Power

Fan Power) will reach a minumum at some operating point.

It is the purpose of this thesis to investigate and

determine that operating point.

Additionally, it is found that the thrust power required

varied as a function of the pitch angle of the craft. One

might now ask the following questions:

1. Is there a global minimum to be found?

2. Does a change in fan power have a significant effect on

total power?

3. Is the pitch angle a significant factor in controlling

thrust power?

12

All studies were initially conducted for calm water

conditions^ Six different speeds in the cruising range of

fifteen to thirty knots were studied extensively. Nine

plenum bubble pressures were utilized at each speed to

obtain a family of curves for analysis. After the calm

water simulations were complete, the XR-3 craft was operated

in calm water to verify the trends found in the computer

simulation. Additionally, two speeds were chosen, eighteen

and twenty-seven knots, for sea state simulation studies.

Three plenum pressures were utilized to check for

correlation between calm water and sea state operation and

to generate a set of curves for comparison.

B. SIMULATION METHODS

Simulation was achieved by utilizing the existing six

degree of freedom simulation model program for the 100-B

surface effects ship as modified for the XR-3 craft. This

program has undergone exhaustive analysis at the Naval

Postgraduate School to determine its accuracy in predicting

craft behavior and it is felt to be adeguate for this study

(References 3, 4 and 5) . The basic program was modified

slightly to obtain the output of data necessary for the

completion of this study. The constant input parameters

were also changed to reflect recent modifications to the

craft seals and appendages.

The actual weight distribution of the XR-3 craft is not

presently known exactly, so an approximation was determined

by an iterative method. By a simulation program, several

masses were moved about the craft until the same magnitude

of moments about the X, I and Z axes were obtained as had

been utilized in previous studies of the craft. This was

initially accomplished with the craft at the present loaded

13

weight of 5900 pounds.

Two additional masses totaling one thousand pounds were

added along the centerline, one fore and one aft of the

center of gravity. These masses constituted the control to

attain a spectrum of pitch angles to be utilized in the

simulation study. This is essentially equivalent to the

method used when verifying the simulation results on the

actual craft test runs. Ballast was shifted (in the form of

warm bodies) to obtain the spectrum of pitch angles for

verification of simulation results.

The bubble pressure in the XR-3 cannot be easily

controlled, indeed it cannot be controlled at all. The

plenum pressure can be reduced slightly by securing one or

more lift supply engines, but a significant range of plenum

pressures cannot be obtained. The lift fans operate at

maximum speed at all times and the pressure obtained is

approximately twenty-four pounds per square foot. Thus,

only the middle pressure, twenty-four pounds per square foot

could be verified. In the simulation, the bubble pressure

was varied by changing the plenum supply fan speed. By this

method, the actual power required to support the craft could

easily be calculated.

On each simulation run, the speed of the craft was held

constant and the thrust was allowed to vary to maintain the

desired speed. The thrust was then utilized to calculate

the thrust power in horsepower delivered. Additionally, for

each run at a specific speed and bubble pressure, the pitch

angle was varied by moving the masses along the longitudinal

centerline and allowing the craft to attain a steady-state

condition. The various data were then recorded for analysis

and a next set of conditions was used to initiate a

subsequent run, repeating the process.

14

In all cases, the simulation and actual craft operation

was conducted above the transition speed, that is, the speed

above which the craft acts as a Surface Effect Ship vice a

displacement type vessel.

15

III. CALM' WATER STUDIES

A. OBJECTIVES

The purpose of the calm water studies was to determine a

data base to observe the general trends of the craft.

Without sea state, the attainment of a steady-state pitch

angle and operation could easily be obtained. This data is

presented as Appendix A.

At each speed a family of curves was developed, each

curve representing a new bubble pressure. Composites of all

speeds are also presented, each taken at constant pitch

angle and allowed to vary with bubble pressure. In each

case, Total Power is the dependent variable.

B. SIMULATION PERFORMANCE

As can be seen in Figures 1 through 7, the total power

(Thrust Power + Fan Power) reaches a minimum, or approaches

a minimum, at each bubble pressure. The change in total

power is relatively small at the lower cruising speed of

fifteen knots, but is drastically reduced at the higher

cruising speed of thirty knots.

In Figures 1 through 7, the ordinate is the Total Power

expressed in actual horsepower delivered and the abcissa is

Pitch Angle in degrees. At fifteen knots the curves tended

16

to overlap, therefore, for clarity, Figures 1 and 2 display

data for this speed. In some cases, also, a minimum power

could not be achieved. This is primarily at the higher

pitch angles where water contact with the top of the plenum

chamber occured, rendering these data inaccurate. At higher

bubble pressures, the draft of the craft was quite small and

relatively large pitch angles resulted in venting of the

plenum to atmosphere. Again, these data were considered to

be non-representative and were not included in the analysis.

The minimum power pitch angle at each speed is seen to

move toward lower values as the bubble pressure is

increased. This is felt to be a reasonable result in that

the planing angle of the craft should be reached with a

smaller angle as the draft decreases.

At the higher plenum chamber pressures an interesting

and, at first glance, a somewhat unexpected phenomenon

occurs. The slopes of the curves reverse and a local

maximum thrust condition appears to exist. This is

accounted for by the shallow draft of the craft and the fact

that so little of the sidewall is actually in the water

(draft is about six inches at twenty-nine pounds per square

foot) . The craft, in this condition of operation, is

approaching the behavior of an Air Cushion Vehicle. If the

seals were large enough and stiff enough, eventually the

craft would be completely above the water. With the

flexible seal construction of the Captured Air Bubble craft,

this condition is not possible. As the craft is pitched

either way, the drag forces are decreased. In other words,

the wetted area decreases on either side of an operating

condition which corresponds to maximum wetted sidewall

surface. This action is noted at all operating speeds.

17

X

M

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Figure 1 - TOTAL POWER VS PITCH ANGLE, 15.0 KNOTS

Curve Index: Plenum Pressure in PSF

X-Scale: 1.0 Deg/inch

T-Scale: 0.5 HP/inch, Add: 20.0 HP to all values

18

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19

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Y-Scale: 1.0 HP/inch, Add 23.0 HP to all values

20

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24

Figures 8 through 28 display Total Power as a function

of Plenum Pressure at the various cruising speeds. Each

graph represents a slice at constant pitch angle obtained by

linear interpolation of the existing data. This displays at

each probable operating pitch angle the most efficient air

plenum pressure. At the higher speeds, the most efficient

operating plenum pressures are those in the higher range.

The higher pressures result in lower hydrodynamic drag from

a reduction in the sidewall- water interface contact. Since

each curve is shown at a different pitch angle, planing

action is observed to have a significant effect on total

power above one degree pitch angle at speeds greater than

twenty-two knots. At fifteen knots, the lowest total power

is at approximately twenty-six pounds per square foot plenum

pressure (compare Figures 2 and 12). The slight increase in

total power at fifteen knots and large plenum pressures is

caused by the fan power being approximately fifteen percent

of the total power.

Again, minima can be seen to exist at each speed. The

usefulness of this is explained in a later portion when a

recommended operating profile is presented.

From the calm water studies, it can be seen that as the

speed is increased to the higher cruising range,

optimization is achieved by increasing the bubble pressure

to the highest possible value, particularly with craft pitch

angles above one degree (a very common operating point is

one to two degrees)

.

At fifteen knots and below, the operating bubble

pressure must be chosen very carefully at all pitch angles

considered. Even at this low speed, proper choice of plenum

pressure based on the steady-state pitch angle can result in

a savings in power required of over six percent.

25

Once the spectrum of calm water runs over the range of

pitch angles was completed, test runs were simulated for

each speed at each plenum pressure to obtain the natural

steady-state condition of the craft. This was accomplished

by utilizing the moments for the X, Y and Z axes that have

been verified by previous studies of the XR-3 at the Naval

Postgraduate School. The simulations were conducted under

calm water conditions. At each speed, the lift supply fan

speed was changed to yield the pressures utilized in the

previous calm water simulations and the craft allowed to

reach steady-state pitch angle and thrust. These results

are shown graphically as Figure 29 for each bubble pressure.

At the lower plenum pressures, the pitch angle does not vary

significantly (0.4 degree) as the total power, and thus the

speed of the craft, is increased. As the plenum pressure,

however, is increased to the higher portion of the range,

the steady-state pitch angle changes nearly 1.5 degrees as

the total power is increased. Figure 29 also shows that the

pitch angle and plenum pressure are essentially independent,

especially at the lower range of pressures.

Figure 30 displays the same information at each speed.

Note the considerable reduction in total power required to

maintain a given speed as the plenum chamber pressure is

increased from nineteen to twenty-nine pounds per square

foot. From this graph, a one-third reduction in total power

is realized along the thirty knot curve, where increasing

plenum pressure allows total power to decrease from 85.44 to

56.52 horsepower. The power required to increase the

pressure is only 1.61 horsepower.

C. EXPERIMENTAL VERIFICATION TESTS

Verification tests were conducted on the XR-3 craft

26

under calm water conditions. The total weight of the craft

and ballast was 6 895 pounds. The ballast was shifted along

the longitudinal centerline to obtain a spectrum of pitch

angles for comparison with the simulation results. The

tests were conducted at fifteen, eighteen and twenty-two

knots, constant speed. With the craft loaded this heavily,

higher speeds could not be obtained. Only one air plenum

pressure could be consistently obtained with the present

configuration of the lift fan system. Figure 31 shows all

three speeds at twenty-four pounds per square foot bubble

pressure for the simulated and actual test runs for

comparison. The same trends exist for both situations at

each speed, thus producing the confidence in the simulation

results to carry out the remainder of this study.

27

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18

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Figure 8 - TOTAL POWER VS PLENUM PRESSURE, 0.5 DEGREES

Curve Index: Speed in Knots

X-Scale: 2.0 PSF/inch, Add 18.0 PSF to all values


28

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Figure 17 - TOTAL POHER VS PLENUM PRESSURE, 1.4 DEGREES




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Figure 19 - TOTAL POHER VS PLENUM PRESSURE, 1.6 DEGREES




39

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Curve Index: Speed in KnotsX-Scale: 2.0 PSF/inch, Add 18.0 PSF to all valuesT-Scale: 10.0 HP/inch, Add 20.0 HP to all values

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44

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Figure 29 - TOT PWR VS PITCH ANGLE, NATURAL RESPONSE


X-Scale: 1.0 Deg/inch.


49

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Figure 30 - TOT PWR 7S PITCH ANGLE, NATURAL RESPONSE


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Figure 31 - TOT PWR VS PITCH ANG, ACTUAL CRAFT



Y-Scale: 10.0 HP/inch

51

IV. SEA STATE STUDIES

A. OBJECTIVES

Once the calm water studies were completed, sea state

was introduced into the Loads and Motions Program for the

XR-3 to continue the study. The sea state simulation

studies were conducted at two speeds, one at 27.5 knots, the

other at 18.0 knots. Because of a nearly sixty to one

computation time to real simulation time ratio, an

exhaustive study was prohibitive. General trends with

representative sea state introduced was desirable to be

compared with the calm water simulation runs.

B. SIMULATION PERFORMANCE

The introduction of sea state was accomplished by using

a single wave component with frequency 0.7662 radians per

second and height of one foot peak-to- peak. A single

component sea state such as this is termed a regular sea,

which was chosen to obtain reasonable computational times.

Regular seas were also selected to allow somewhat easier

data reduction. The data was smoothed to obtain an average

value of each parameter and this average value was utilized

as the steady-state value.

52

X

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3d'. 11* 111 025

Figure 32 - TOTAL PWR VS PITCH ANGLE, 18 KNOTS, SEA STATE




53

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Figure 33 - TOTAL PWR 7S PITCH ANGLE, 27.5 KNOTS, SEA STATE



T-Scale: 5.0 HP/inch, Add 45.0 HP to all values

54

To obtain a spectrum of pitch angles, the same procedure

of shifting masses along the longitudinal centerline was

used as in the calm water study. The total weight of the

craft in the simulation remained unchanged.

Although not as detailed, Figures 32 and 33 display the

same general trends as found in the calm water studies. As

plenum pressure is increased, the resultant total power

required to maintain the desired speed decreases. The total

power at each bubble pressure is seen to increase over the

same calm water condition. The plenum pressures for the sea

state data are shown on the left side of each curve and

marked with SS and the calm water plenum pressures are at

the right side designated with CW. In all cases, the total

power is slightly greater (4 to 6 percent) for the sea state

tests. This is an expected and reasonable phenomenon. The

wetted sidewall surface is now irregular causing an increase

in average thrust power required to maintain the specified

speed. The average fan power is also seen to increase in an

attempt to maintain the bubble pressure constant.

The operational pitch angles are much more restricted

than in the calm water simulations. With one foot waves,

venting of the plenum or water contact with the plenum top

occurs much more readily at the plenum pressure extremes.

Bubble Pressures below twenty-one pounds per square foot

allowed frequent contact with the air plenum top surface and

at the higher bubble pressure (above twenty-seven pounds per

square foot) excessive venting occurred at Pitch Angles

above 2.5 degrees and below 0.3 degrees.

For the purposes of this study, three plenum pressures

were utilized: 23, 26 and 27 pounds per square foot. This

choice of pressures allowed representative trends to be

observed without plenum chamber water contact or excessive

55

plenum venting. A comparison is made of the calm water and

sea state simulations. Figures 32 and 33 display the

slightly higher total power necessary to operate the craft

in a sea state condition, the increase in power being

approximately six percent over the total range of pitch

angles used. From this comparison, it is concluded that the

craft, in sea state conditions, operates in much the same

manner as in calm water, therefore, all further analysis is

conducted for calm water conditions. All conclusions and

recommendations will be equally applicable to sea state

operation.

56

7. RESULTS

Most data has been presented in the sections devoted to

each specific type of simulation condition conducted. To

test for a global minimum, air plenum pressure was plotted

against pitch angle with total power held constant. If a

global minimum is to exist as a function of the two control

variables, one would expect somewhat concentric circles or

concentric contours at each constant total power point.

The sketches presented as Figure 34 represent the global

minimum expected at each speed. The contours of sketch A

represent lines of constant total power on a plot of Plenum

Pressure versus Pitch Angle. As the optimum operating point

is approached (movement toward the central contour) , the

range of plenum chamber pressures and pitch angles become

more restricted. Sketch B of Figure 34 is a view

perpendicular to the dashed line shown on sketch A. It

represents the profile of total power based on chosen values

of plenum pressure and pitch angle along that dashed line

and displays the actual minimum power point.

From the data produced in the simulations, only fifteen

knots speed can be analyzed in this fashion. At all other

speeds, the bubble pressures chosen for analysis were too

far apart and did not produce a sufficient number of points

at each constant power level to produce a graph. Figure 35

represents the graph of Air Plenum Pressure versus Pitch

Angle for fifteen knots. Curves A through I indicate plenum

pressures of 19, 20, 21, 23, 24, 26, 27, 28 and 29

respectively. As shown by the flatness of these curves,

bubble pressure is nearly independent of pitch angle over

57

the operational range of pitch angles chosen for this study.

This is, of course, a desirable feature as these are the two

control variables. Also shown are contours of constant

total power. These are in the range of 21.2 to 21.8

horsepower. The solid portion of the contours represent the

actual data while the dotted portion is extrapolated. The

data for the contours was obtained by linear interpolation

of the calm water data at constant total power. From Figures

1 and 2 we would expect two different pitch angles to yield

the same total power at several of the plenum pressures,

which produces the contours shown. For fifteen knots.

Figure 35 displays a global minimum at 1.7 degrees pitch

angle and 24.1 pounds per square foot plenum pressure, as

determined from Figures 1 and 2. The minimum power point,

and thus the point of greatest efficiency, is determined

graphically to be approximately 20.9 horsepower.

Based on the similarity of results between the calm

water simulations and the simulations after the introduction

of sea state, a similiar global minimum should be obtained

under sea state conditions. It is expected that the global

minimum would occur at a slightly higher total power than

that of similar operation in calm water, however it would

occur at essentially the same pitch angle and plenum

pressure

.

58

Figure 34 - SKETCHES OF THE GLOBAL MINIMUM CONDITIONA - Sketch of Bubble Pressure vs Pitch Angle

B - Section Along Dashed Line in (A)

59

13Z 3SE 013 213 '*23 D25

Figure 35 - BOBBLE PRESSURE VS PITCH ANGLE, 15 KNOTS

Contours: Total Power in HP


I-Scale: 2.0 PSF/inch, Add 18.0 PSF to all values

60

71. CONCLUSIONS

A. SUMMATION

At each speed an optimum operating point exists where

efficiency can be maximized. This increase in efficiency

(up to forty percent is possible) can result in a

considerable savings in operating costs, or, possibly more

importantly in a military application, extend tha operating

range of the craft. For example, at thirty knots and a

craft pitch angle of 1.5 degrees, simply increasing the

plenum pressure from nineteen to twenty-nine pounds per

square foot results in the indicated savings of forty

percent in total power required for operation of the XR-3.

This is shown in Figure 36. The high speed capabilities of

this type of craft have been previously demonstrated, and it

is concluded from this study that optimization can be

achieved over the full range of cruising speeds, but most

significantly at the higher speeds.

In general, the power required to support the craft is

relatively independent of the forward speed thrust power at

all speeds. The data of Appendix A demonstrates this very

well. Under the columa heading FAN PWR, the actual power

required to supply the necessary lift pressure is seen to be

nearly constant over the entire speed range at each bubble

pressure. Note also that the fan power does not change as

the craft speed or pitch angle changes, only when the plenum

pressure is altered. Therefore, it is prudent to increase

the lift fan power supplying the plenum pressure at higher

61

speeds to effect a decrease in dra^j forces. At the lower

cruising speeds, lift fan power becomes a significant factor

(approximately fifteen percent) of total power, and thus the

bubble pressure must be chosen carefully based on the pitch

angle to obtain optimal operation and power efficiency. The

pitch angle and bubble pressure must be utilized in harmony

to achieve this optimization.

The pitch angle of the craft is also seen to be a

significant factor in power optimization. From Figure 36,

for example, operation of the craft at twenty-four pounds

per square foot pressure and 1.1 degrees pitch angle

requires only 70.1 horsepower. At all other pitch angles,

the required power increases. A savings of six percent,

under these conditions, can be realized if the optimal pitch

angle is utilized.

B. METHOD OF CONTROL

Operator control of both pitch angle and plenum pressure

is certainly a realizable method of obtaining optimal

operation of the craft. It would, however, require a

complete set of information on every possible combination of

operational attitudes of the craft. Although it could be

stored as a set of operational profiles in a digital

computer to be recalled at the will of the operator, this is

prohibitive because of the computational time required to

obtain such a wide range of data. Additionally, no two

craft operate exactly the same, each having its own

peculiarities. It is concievable that a separate set of

profiles would have to be produced for each ship in the

class.

Automatic control of both pitch angle and air plenum

62

pressure is also a possibility. The physical method of

controlling these two variables will not be considered here,

but the demonstrated optimization could be achieved with a

minimum power seeking control system. It is envisioned to be

a system with input parameters, in addition to the attitude

of the craft, of thrust power and fan power. At a given

total power level, the pitch angle of the craft could be

perturbed slightly by the control system. If this

disturbance resulted in a reduction in total power, the

perturbation would continue until a further disturbance

resulted in a power increase. A similar set of perturbations

would then be introduced into the plenum pressure system

and, again, power minimization sought. Once the minimum

power point, and thus the optimal operating point, is

attained, this two parameter control system would maintain

optimization throughout craft operation.

63

3QC 002

«30* OCi

Figure 36 - TOTAL POWER VS PITCH ANGLE, 30 KNOTSCurve Index: Plenum Pressure in PSF

X-Scale: 1.0 Deg/inchY-Scale: 10.0 HP/inch, Add 50.0 HP to all values

64

VII. OPERATIONAL CONSIDERATIONS

At the present time, pitch control is not incorporated

into any of the Captured Air Bubble Test Vehicles. This

includes both the three ton and the one hundred ton models.

Until such time as pitch control is made available, it is

recommended that the plenum pressure be adjusted once the

steady-state pitch angle is achieved at the desired cruising

speed.

Figure 37 is presented as the Optimum Operating Profile.

Again, Total Power is plotted aginst Pitch Angle and two

speeds, eighteen and twenty-seven knots are shown for

comparison. Only calm water data are presented since they

are representative of the sea state conditions as well.

Several cases are considered and the use of this information

is presented below:

1. Consider the case of non-optimal initial conditions.

The craft is operating at 27.5 knots, 26 PSF air plenum

pressure. The natural pitch angle of the craft is 2.25

degrees (Point A) . To optimize under these comditions,

the pitch angle should be changed to 0.7 degrees

requiring 3. 75 horsepower less than the original

condition. This is shown as Point B. To optimize

still further, the air plenum pressure should be

increased to 29 PSF (Point C) reducing the power

required to maintain 27.5 knots by an additional 6.9

horsepower. If optimization is continued, the pitch

angle should be altered to arrive at Point D, resulting

in a total reduction in required power of 13.5

horsepower, or twenty-five percent.

65

2. While operating at Point D, it is desired to change

speed to eighteen knots. Thrust power is reduced to

allow the craft speed to decrease to eighteen knots

while maintaining 2.0 degrees pitch angle, and the

craft is at an optimal power level (Point E) . Note,

however, that the craft could also operate at Point F,

with a pitch angle of 0.4 degrees and still remain at

the optimal power level. This would be operator

choice, and might be considered for reasons of crew

preference or equipment operation.

3. Assuming pitch control is not available (as is the

present situation), at 18.0 knots and 29 PSF plenum

pressure, the natural pitch angle is 1.9 degrees, or

essentially the optimal pitch angle (Point E) . If the

speed were increased to 27.5 knots with the plenum

pressure unchanged, the craft would naturally assume a

1.0 degree attitude (Point G) which is very near the

maximum power level for this plenum pressure. It has

been noted in both simulation and actual craft

operation that the craft does not necessarily assume

the optimal attitude. In actual operation, for the

given power level, the craft could have just as easily

settled at Point C. The perturbations during the

transition control this phenomonon and it is mentioned

purely because it does exist in craft operation.

Two specific speeds were utilized for these examples,

but any combination of speed and/or air plenum pressure

changes can be studied in similar fashion by use of Figures

1 through 7 in the same manner as Figure 37. Since pitch

control is not available, one must use whatever pitch angle

is assumed by the craft and optimize operation by altering

the plenum chamber pressure accordingly.

If pitch angle and plenum chamber pressure control were

66

both available, the constant power contours of Figure 38

could be used to determine the point of optimal operation.

Figure 38 is for fifteen knots, but, as explained earlier,

similar results exist at all speeds. At fifteen knots, the

operating profile (Figure 38) would require choices of

bubble pressure and pitch angle to reach the center contour.

This could be accomplished either by operator (manual)

control or an automatic controller. For this speed, the

pitch angle would be adjusted to 1.7 degrees and the air

plenum pressure to 24.1 PSF to operate the craft at minimum

total power, 20.9 horsepower. This is the optimal point of

operation at fifteen knots. The broadness of this minimum

could not be determined from the existing data, but the

trend indicates it is relatively small. Based on the

similarity of calm water and sea state studies, this minima

is not expected to broaden nor change significantly.

67

Figure 37 - TOT PWR VS PTCH ANG, 18 AND 27 KNOTS




68

Figure 38 - RECOMMENDED OPERATING PROFILE, 15 KNOTS

Contours: Constant Total Power in Horsepower


Y-Scale: 2.0 PSF/inch, Add 18.0 PSF to all values

69

VIII. RECOMMENDATIONS

As demonstrated, control of both plenum pressure and

pitch angle are necessary to achieve power optimization.

Air plenum pressure control is incorporated into the larger,

one hundred ton models by use of variable speed lift fans.

Pitch angle control, although not presently available, could

be achieved by a ballast shifting system, possibly using

water and/or fuel tanks distributed along the sidewall

length. An alternate method would be to use additional

controllable surfaces placed below the waterline to effect

pitch control.

A major consideration which is beyond the scope of this

study is the determination of whether pitch control

introduced should be automatic or simply a set of

recommended pitch angles controlled by an averaging system

by the operator. This is left as a possible future thesis

subject.

Optimization of power can be achieved only through

judicious choice of both pitch angle and plenum chamber

pressure. The method of control may be either manual or

automatic, but the results display a considerable savings if

the Captured Air Bubble Surface Effect Ship is operated

toward this optimal goal.

70

APPENDIX A

SIMULATION DATA LISTING

Appendix A is presented as the calm water data produced

by the Loads and Motions Program for the XR-3 Surface

Effects Ship. This is done to allow the reader to obtain

specific parameter values used to present the graphical

information included in the body of the text. It is also

presented because it represents considerable computation

time (nearly one hundred hours of computer time) . The data

can therefore be utilized in subsequent analysis work if

desired.

The column headings are presented at the top of each

page. Pitch angle (THETA) is in degrees, THRUST is

expressed in pounds, BUBBLE PRESSURE in pounds per square

foot, and FAN POWER, THRUST POWER and TOTAL POWER in

horsepower.

The graph titles remain in the listing to allow ease in

separation of the data as are the graphical set-up cards

separating each bubble pressure at each speed. The four

rightmost digits are for rapid identification based on speed

(the first two digits) and bubble pressure (the last two)

.

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LIST OF REFERENCES

1. Robert L. Trillo, Marine Hovercraft Technology, Leonard

Hill, 1975

2. Oceanics, Incorporated, Report No. 71, Technical

Industrial Park, Plainview, N. Y. , 11803, August 1971

3. Boncal, R. and Leo, D. G., XR-3 Surface Effects Ship

Test Craft ; a Mathematical Model and S imulation Program

with Verificat ion, M.S. Thesis, Naval Postgraduate

School, December 1973

4. Forbes, G. T. , Validation of the Non linear

Six-Degree-Qf -Freedom M ath ematical Model of the XR-3

Captured Air Bubble Surface Effect Ship in Calm Water,

M.S. Thesis, Naval Postgraduate School, December 1974

5. Menzel, R. F. , A Study of the Roll and Pitch Tran sients

in Cal m Water tJsing_ the Simulated Per formance of the

XR-3 S urfa ce Effect Ship Loads and Motions Computer

Program, M.S. Thesis, Naval Postgraduate School,

December 1975

109

INITIAL DISTRIBUTION LIST

No. Copies

1. Defense Documentation Center 2

Cameron Station

Alexandria, Virginia 22314

2. Library, Code 0212 2

Naval Postgraduate School

Monterey, California 93940

3. Department Chairman, Code 62 2

Electrical Engineering Department


Monterey, California 93940/

4. Professor George J. Thaler, Code 62Tr 5

Department of Electircal Engineering



5. Professor Alex Gerba, Jr., Code 62Gz 1

Department of Electrical Engineering



6. Mr. A. W. Anderson 6

PMS 304-31A-1

Surface Effect Ships Project Office

P.O. Box 34401

Bethesda, Maryland 20034

110

7. Lt. Frederick K. Richardson, OSN

Strategic Systems Project Office, SP-273

Department of the Navy

Washington, D.C. 10091

111

20FCB7925210

;8882lbThesis

H3f ^er"optimization ofPoWer

°~d"air bubble

Surface

20FEB7925210

3

ThesisR386/

c.l

163682Richardson

Power optimization ofthe captured air bubbleSurface Effects Ship.

thesR3867

Power optimization of the captured air b

3 2768 000 99051 9_, DUDLEY KNOX LIBRARY

power optimization of the captured air bubble surface

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