power line communication from home automation to · pdf filepower line communication. from...
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Power Line Communicationfrom Home Automation
toSolar Farm Monitoring
Ekachai LeelarasmeeChulalongkorn University, Bangkok
Thailand funded by Ratchadaphiseksomphot Endowment Fund
of Chulalongkorn University (RES560530056-EN)
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Power Line Communication (PLC)• Since 1988 • Utilize existing AC power lines to carryhigh freq data signal
• Data rate from 1Kbps – 200Mbps
www.prime-alliance.org
230KVac
23KVac
220Vac
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PLC signal on AC 220V
622V
80kHz
0.4V
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PLC
PLMPLMPLM
Device Device
Voltage (Parallel) Mode PLC
Device
Device = Appliance, Computer, ADSL, etc
AC line
data
PLM = Power Line communication Module
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PLM 80-90kHz
64Kbps, OFDM
10μF
100Ω
15nF 470μH
470nF
.6 8μH:10 1Tx
Rx
ac220VFilter
DataDSP
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Type Narrow Band Broad Band
Freq. 3-500kHz 2-25MHz Data 2-128Kbps 10-200MbpsRange > km < 300m Uses Monitor/Control High Speed DataSTD PRIME,G3,X10 Home Plug AvApp Smart Grid Home Network
PLC classification
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www.sentec.com
Home Automation (narrow band < 500kHz)
X10, LonTalk
Low speed <128kbpsControl &Monitor
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www.aztech.com
internet
Home Area Network Broadband <25MHz
Home PlugHome Plug AV
High speed<200Mbps
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www.smartlighting.com
Street Lighting
Lamp maintenance & dimming
Long range
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EV Charging station
www.greenvity.com
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Smart Grid
MDMOMDSMetc
Narrow band, Long range
PRIME, G3
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Problems with PLC1) Noises
1.1) Motor & Switch (intermittent)1.2) Switching Power Supply
(Periodic impulse)
2) Unknown Topology2.1) Line characteristic varies 2.2) Frequency & Time dependent2.3) Multiple reflection (coupling loss)
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Smart Grid Technologylow data rate (32kbps), real time, long range
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PoweRline Intelligent Metering Evolution
Open International PLC Standardfor Advance Metering, Grid Controland Asset Monitoring applications
2,500,000 meters deployed worldwide
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PRIME TreeTopology
BN: Base Node (DCU)SW: Switch Node (Meter)SN: Service Node (Meter)
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Smart Meter
PLC (PRIME)
RF (Zigbee)
220V AC in 220V AC out
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RF, Optic
Advance Metering Infrastructure (AMI)
CorporateUtility Network
DataConcentrature(BN)
PLC
SN SW
SW SN
SN
Internet
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PRIME Protocol Layer
41.992KHz – 88.867KHz 128Kb/Sec OFDM
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PRIME OFDM
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PRIME MAC Frame Structure
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Solar Farm Monitor
8MW 86668 PV panels: fixed topology
+ -20-100V50-200W
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World Bank 2012 Renew energy projects
Global (MW) Thailand (MW)
Bio 1277 39
Hydro 31060 0
Wind 28900 127
Solar 7695 326
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Blackout22 May 2013
Lightning strike on 500KV
Not enough localPower generation
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Multi-String Topology
PV’s are not identical but must operate at the same current un-optimal
8 20 PVs− AC
8 20 PVs−
AC
AC
DC
DC
InverterI I
1P nP
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Mismatched PV panelsdefect, cloud, trees, airplane, directioncrack, dust, leaves, aging, temperature
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P1 + P2 < P1m + P2m 20% loss
P1 P2
I
P1m
P2m
weak
I
P1
P2
Effect of Mismatched PVs
I
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Solar Farm (Health) Monitoring
MU
CUMUMU
MU
DCUDC
DC
AC
AC
Controlcenter
CUCU
CU
DCU
MU : Monitor Unit (V,I,Temp)CU : Communication UnitDCU: Data Concentrator Unit
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RF 433MHz or 2.4GHz
Expensive, Fragile & Complicate
MUMU
MU MU
CU CU
CUCU
DCU
DCU
Controlcenter
DC
DC
AC
AC
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Serial Mode PLC
MU
CUMUMU
MU
DCUDC
DC
AC
AC
CUCU
CU
DCU
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AC Current Mode PLC (analog tech)
Low cost: uses current transformer for couplinghigh frequency current signal
MU MU
MU MU
CU
CU
CU
CU
DCU
DCU
DC
DC
AC
AC
ControlCenter
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Pulse PLC (digital tech)
Low cost. Toggle switch to transmit data
MU
MUMU
MU CU
CU CU
CU DCU
DCUDC
DC
AC
AC
ControlCenter
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MU MUTx Rx Rx
acI
Superimpose AC Current onto DC Current
1) AC Current Mode PLC
o
PV & INV must be short circuit at carrier frequency ω
TxiV
acI
Rx oVoIiI oZ =∞ iZ 0=
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PLC Current Coupling Circuit
m kL ,L
iV oV2C
1C
1L
acI acI
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Tx Mode
o1 m 2
1ω(L L )C
=
oZ to couple current=∞
2o
1 m k 2
1ω(L (L L ))C
=+
kL
iV2C 1L
acI acI
mL
Ideal
oZ
2C1L
acI acI
mL
Ideal
i 2 iI jωC V=
oZ
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Rx Mode
ac 2o o i
o 1 11 1
jI C1ω ; V Vω C CL C−
= = =
iZ 0 to avoid loading DC line=
22 o k 2o 2
1 k 1 o 1 k 2
1 ω L C1ω(L L )C 1 ω (L L )C
−= •
+ −
mL
oV2C
1C
1L
acI acIIdeal
kL
iZmL
oV
2C
1C1L
acI acIIdeal
iZ
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50W Amorphous PV panels
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3Ω
250kHz
Carrier frequency
PVZ
oω0.81A 9802.2 0.8μ
pvZ
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m
k
s
L
L 84μL 36μR 50R 10k
=
=
=
=
m kL ,L
iV oV2C
1C
1L
acI acI= =
= =
=
= =
=
1 1
2 s
L
i ac ac ac
L 220μH ; C 5.22nFC 1.39nF; R 50R 10K ; V 1V ; I 2.18mAEnergy loss per PV 14μW
Test Experiment for simulation
MU MUCU CU DCU
#1 #8
3Ω 3Ω
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Monte Carlo Simulation 50 simulations, 20% over 3 sigmaGaussian Distribution
o
i
VV
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Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK)
Data Rate = 25kbit/sec
40μS40μS40μS 40μS
1 0 1 1
4μS
250kHz
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MU & CU Circuit
Consume 50uA (2.5mW) while idle
CU
MCUoD
iDADC
iV oV1MΩ
10kΩ
50V + −
3V REG
GND
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Low Power MU & CU Circuit
M1 is on to wake up MCUMCU turns on/off M2 to keep power on/off
to save power
CUMCU
oD
iDADC
iV oV
50V + −
toADC
M1M2
3V
Gnd
M1 M1on on
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Low Power Communication Protocol
CU DCUwake (111)addr & instrackresponsesleep
MUMU CUCU DCUDC
AC
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Pulse PLC
A switch closes temporarily to create a pulse thatpropagates through the DC Power Line.
DV (n 1)V if one PV switch closesV 0 for all PV if DCU switch closes
= −
=Thus DCU can broadcast data to all PVs
PV can reply to DCU only
MU
#1 #n
VMU CUCU DCU
DC
ACV
DV
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Ideal Waveforms: 8 x (50V) PV
DCUV
pvVPV DCU→
DCU PV→400V
300μ 600μ
0 01
8μ
50V
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Pulse shaping due to PV Capacitor
pv
ph
C 65nFV 50V
I 0.015 0.5A
==
= →
r
r
T 6.5 220μSData Rate
1 <8μ T
4.4kpulse / s
= →
+
=
MU+
−
pv pvr
ph
C VT
I=
V
CloseV
pvCphI
PV
8μS
Open
DC Line
Close
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AC
DCTransmission Line
μL 1.475 H / m, C 11.3pF / m= = DCUV+
−
Ringing due to transmission line effect
cause ringing
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Ringing through DC Line
15m cable35m cable
1.8MHz
close
R 10; L= ; C=
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Ringing Suppression at DCU
Y o
Y
R 410Ω to match ZC 2nF to block DC
=
=
oZ DCUV+
−
YR
YC
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Ringing Suppression at the Switch
pvV
+ −pvV + −pvV
C R
Hard Switch
pvV
Soft Switch
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50W Amorphous PV panels
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DCUV
a) Hard Switch (IRFS630)b) Terminate DCU with 410 + 2.2nFc) Soft Switch with 1.5K & 150pFd) Soft Switch under weak sunlight
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Negative edge detectorQ is OFF when idle (zero power)
ON when there is a neg. pulse
1C
2C
2R
1R
3VPVVDC line
PVpanel
μC/ON OFF
Switch
pT
Q
PT
in
out
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1P PV
1
2∆ ;
C C∆C
=+
2
1 2P
R∆ ∆ 0.7R R
≈ ≤+
( )2 2 1P 2(R R )(C C )lnT ∆ / 0.7= + +
DesignEq.
1C
2C
2R
1R
pT
QΔPV
ΔP
Δ3
3V
3
3V
1 2 1 2 PV
PP
R R 10KΩ; C 470pF; C 4.7nF; ∆ 80V∆ 7.27V T 170μ; ∆ 3.6 S3V;
= = = = =
== =
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Experimental Result
Strong Weak
Broadcast by DCU
One MUresponses
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Edge Detector with Regulator
1C
2C
2R
1R
3V40VDC line
PVpanel
MCU
Q
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Edge Detector with Regulator
1C
2C
2R
1R
3V40VDC line
PVpanel
MCU
Q 3V
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MCU Self Bias
P 3
DC
T is long to allow MCU to turn on Qand keep V supply to MCUMCU turns off S to shut down (All transistors OFF)
1C
2C
2R
1R
PVV
2R
1R
MCUpT
pT
3V
3VC
DCV
1Q 2Q 3Q
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P1 + P2 < P1m + P2m 20% loss
P1 P2
I
P1m
P2m
weak
I
P1
P2
Effect of Mismatched PVs
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Future Work: Integrated Converter
DC/DC maximizes energya) from PV. b) to DC/AC.
Communication Unit (CU) shares information.
Centralcontrol
DC/DC
DC
ACMU/CU
DC/DC
MU/CU
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Advantages of usingPLC for solar farm
1) No extra wire2) Simple Circuits low cost3) Low power4) Fixed topology5) Low noise6) Low power protocol
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Thank You
This research is supported by Ratchadaphiseksomphot Endowment Fund
of Chulalongkorn University (RES560530056-EN).