power leap
TRANSCRIPT
( A technical paper)
DEPARTMENT OF :
“ELECTRONICS AND INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERING”
COLLEGE:
ST.ANN’S ENGINEERING COLLEGE
PRESENTED BY:
S.MAHESHBABU S.PAVANKUMAR
09NC1A1034 09NC1A1036
Cell no:8125800110 Cell no:9247245138
[email protected] [email protected]
ABSTRACT 1.INTRODUCTION
Today each and every work in
the world is carried out by electricity. Each
continent, nation, state, city, town, village
depend on electricity to carry out the daily
activities. All the inventions till now work
on the concept of electricity. Electricity is
most often generated at a power station by
electromechanical generators, primarily
driven by heat engines fueled by chemical
combustion or nuclear fission but also by
other means such as the kinetic energy of
flowing water and wind. This kind of
electricity production is done in places
which are very far away from the
metropolitan areas and also to generate
electricity by means of these methods we
require large amounts of labor and
machine power.
The disadvantages of this type
of electricity production method include
the following. Huge turbines, dynamos and
large amounts of natural resources such as
Water and Coal are required to produce
electricity. As these electricity producing
plants are far away from the metropolitan
and the urban areas, the electricity
produced must be exported to the urban
areas by means of cables. These cables are
normally copper cables whose cost
becomes high as the distance between the
plant and the urban area becomes high.
The power exported to the urban areas
experience many losses while traveling.
These losses are very high when the power
is to be transported to a very large
distance. Cost becomes a major issue in
this process. Also the Time factor is
considered as the Electricity produced
much reach the urban areas in time.
Considering all these
disadvantages Elizabeth Redmond has
come up with a solution where in no
copper cables, dynamos, turbines and
natural resources like water, coal etc are
necessary. Losses in this process are
negligible. This process is known as
POWER LEAP.
2. WHAT IS POWER LEAP?
Energy design is a very
important concept for our rapidly evolving
society. Rather than depending on outside
sources to fabricate the energy we need,
we will take responsibility and harness
what we already expend. The challenge is
significant and we must propose a
breakthrough system, yet when effective, it
will have a fundamental impact on how we
live every day. Such type of a process is
POWER LEAP
POWER LEAP is a floor
tiling system that converts wasted energy
from human foot traffic into electricity.
Power leap uses PIEZO ELECTRIC
phenomenon and advanced circuitry
design, which converts human foot steps
into power. Piezoelectricity is a naturally
occurring phenomenon exhibited by
certain materials that will deform when
subjected to an electric current. Power leap
makes use of this unique material property
in the opposite way. When a force is
applied to these materials, their atomic
structure shifts and an electric gradient is
created which generates a voltage across
the material. When the piezoelectric
material is integrated into a circuit, this
voltage will create a DC current.
At rest, human body is emits
100 watts of power. That is more than
enough energy to power the computer on
which this is written. Given this we can
imagine how much energy we are emitting
while walking to work, running at the gym,
or dancing at the club! It doesn’t take a
genius to appreciate the thought of that
energy doing something more for us than
dissipating into the ground or environment.
Power leap process gives us
solution to the problem of wasted human
kinetic energy. In this a floor system is
designed that will harness the exerted
kinetic energy, and use it to generate
electricity. By integrating these interfaces
that generate electricity from our daily
activities in public and semi-public built
environments, each individual will have
the ability to generate electricity for their
community. Joggers through Central Park
would directly power the lights that make
it safe for them to jog at night. Through
use of energy generating tiles, people are
constantly involved in the very activities
that create the electricity they need.
Dutifully offsetting their recreational
consumption, they’re contributing to the
greater energy good.
3. PRINCIPLE
Principle used in Power leap
process is Piezo electricity. Piezoelectricity
is the ability of some materials (notably
crystals and certain ceramics, including
bone) to generate an electric field or
electric potential in response to applied
mechanical stress. The effect is closely
related to a change of polarization density
within the material's volume. If the
material is not short-circuited, the applied
stress induces a voltage across the
material.
The piezoelectric effect is
reversible in that materials exhibiting the
direct piezoelectric effect (the production
of an electric potential when stress is
applied) also exhibit the reverse
piezoelectric effect (the production of
stress and/or strain when an electric field is
applied). For example, lead zirconate
titanate crystals will exhibit a maximum
shape change of about 0.1% of the original
dimension.
In power leap process we use this
phenomenon to convert the stress produced
from the human steps in to electrical
energy. The Piezo electric effect was
originally found in natural crystals such as
quartz, topaz, and Rochelle salt that when
compressed a voltage is displaced onto the
surface of the material. Today ceramic
compounds such as lead zirconate titrate
and barium titrate commonly exhibit
optimal electro-mechanical results.
4. COMPONENTS:
The components that are used in this process include the following.
4.1 PIEZO ELECTRIC CRYSTAL:
The crystals that utilize the Piezo electricity phenomenon are:
The quartz crystal
The Topaz crystal
Rochelle salt
Any one of the three crystals is chosen and is used.
Quartz crystal:
Quartz crystals have piezoelectric
properties; they develop an electric
potential upon the application of
mechanical stress. An early use of this
property of quartz crystals was in
phonograph pickups. One of the most
common piezoelectric uses of quartz today
is as a crystal oscillator. The quartz clock
is a familiar device using the mineral. The
resonant frequency of a quartz crystal
oscillator is changed by mechanically
loading it, and this principle is used for
very accurate measurements of very small
mass changes in the quartz crystal
microbalance and in thin-film thickness
monitors.
4.2 PIEZO ELECTRIC CERAMIC COMPOUNDS :
Power leap uses piezoelectric plates for the generation of electricity.
The plates used are lead
zirconate titrate ceramic compounds.
These plates produce electricity when they
are applied some stress or mechanical
force as an input. These plates are
sandwiched between the concrete tile and
the glass layer.
LEAD ZIRCONATE TITRATE CERAMIC PLATE
Lead zirconate titanate or titrate
also called PZT, is a ceramic perovskite
material that shows a marked piezoelectric
effect. PZT-based compounds are
composed of the chemical elements lead
and zirconium and the chemical compound
titanate which are combined under
extremely high temperatures.
Being piezoelectric, it develops a
voltage difference across two of its faces
when compressed, or physically changes
shape when an external electric field is
applied.
It is also ferroelectric, which
means it has a spontaneous electric
polarization (electric dipole) which can be
reversed in the presence of an electric
field.
The material features an
extremely large dielectric constant at the
morph tropic phase boundary (MPB) near
x = 0.52. These properties make PZT-
based compounds one of the most
prominent and useful electro ceramics.
Commercially, it is usually not used in its
pure form, rather it is doped with either
acceptor do pants, which create oxygen
(anion) vacancies, or donor do pants,
which create metal vacancies and facilitate
domain wall motion in the material. In
general, acceptor doping creates hard PZT
while donor doping creates soft PZT. Hard
and soft PZT's generally differ in their
piezoelectric constants. Piezoelectric
constants are proportional to the
polarization or to the electrical field
generated per unit of mechanical stress, or
alternatively is the mechanical strain
produced by per unit of electric field
applied. In general, soft PZT has higher
piezoelectric constant, but larger losses in
the material due to internal friction. In hard
PZT, domain wall motion is pinned by the
impurities thereby lowering the losses in
the material, but at the expense of a
reduced piezoelectric constant.
4.3 CONCENTRATE AND ITS
UNDULATING SURFACE
Concrete is a construction
material composed of cement (commonly
Portland cement) as well as other
cementitious materials such as fly ash and
slag cement, aggregate (generally a coarse
aggregate such as gravel, limestone, or
granite, plus a fine aggregate such as
sand), water, and chemical admixtures.
Concrete solidifies and hardens
after mixing with water and placement due
to a chemical process known as hydration.
The water reacts with the cement, which
bonds the other components together,
eventually creating a stone-like material.
Concrete is used to make pavements, pipe,
architectural structures, foundations,
motorways/roads, bridges/overpasses,
parking structures, brick/block walls and
footings for gates, fences and poles.
Tiles used in powerleap are
made up of concrete. These tiles have an
undulationg surface and the piezoelectric
plates are kept on the concretes’ undulating
surface.
PIEZO ELECETRIC PLATES ON CONCRETE UNDULATING SURFACE
5. POWER STORAGE :
The power storage devices used
in power leap are the batteries. An
electrical battery is a combination of one
or more electrochemical cells, used to
convert stored chemical energy into
electrical energy. Batteries are used to
store electrical energy in the form of
chemical energy. Batteries may be used
once and discarded, or recharged for years
as in standby power applications.
Miniature cells are used to power devices
such as hearing aids and wristwatches;
larger batteries provide standby power for
telephone exchanges or computer data
centers.
The more electrolyte and
electrode material there is in the cell, the
greater the capacity of the cell. Thus a
small cell has less capacity than a larger
cell, given the same chemistry (e.g.
alkaline cells), though they develop the
same open-circuit voltage.
Because of the chemical
reactions within the cells, the capacity of a
battery depends on the discharge
conditions such as the magnitude of the
current (which may vary with time), the
allowable terminal voltage of the battery,
temperature and other factors. The
available capacity of a battery depends
upon the rate at which it is discharged. If a
battery is discharged at a relatively high
rate, the available capacity will be lower
than expected.
The battery capacity that battery
manufacturers print on a battery is usually
the product of 20 hours multiplied by the
maximum constant current that a new
battery can supply for 20 hours at 68 F°
(20 C°), down to a predetermined terminal
voltage per cell. A battery rated at 100 A·h
will deliver 5 A over a 20 hour period at
room temperature. However, if it is instead
discharged at 50 A, it will have a lower
apparent capacity.
In practical batteries, internal
energy losses, and limited rate of diffusion
of ions through the electrolyte, cause the
efficiency of a battery to vary at different
discharge rates. When discharging at low
rate, the battery's energy is delivered more
efficiently than at higher discharge rates,
but if the rate is too low, it will self-
discharge during the long time of
operation, again lowering its efficiency.
Even if never taken out of the
original package, disposable (or "primary")
batteries can lose 8 to 20 percent of their
original charge every year at a temperature
of about 20°–30°C. This is known as the
"self discharge" rate and is due to non-
current-producing "side" chemical
reactions, which occur within the cell even
if no load is applied to it. The rate of the
side reactions is reduced if the batteries are
stored at low temperature, although some
batteries can be damaged by freezing. High
or low temperatures may reduce battery
performance. This will affect the initial
voltage of the battery. For an AA alkaline
battery this initial voltage is approximately
normally distributed around 1.6 volts.
Discharging performance of all batteries
drops at low temperature
When a person steps on the tile
then the tile gets compressed which
generates force on the Piezo electric plate.
This force produces a current of around 24
micro amperes and a voltage of 22v peak
to peak. The current produced here is the
DC current. This Dc current applied to the
batteries which store the current in the
form of chemical energy. When the
batteries get charged the required electrical
energy is stored and this electrical energy
is then used to power up the appliances at
any time. The only disadvantage here is
that discharging phenomenon. The
electrical energy stored in battery is
discharged immediately when no power is
applied at the input. This discharge takes
place in the reverse direction. By using a
proper combination of rectifier and diodes
this type of discharge can be avoided.
6. DC CURRENT TO AC CURRENT
CONVERTER:
An inverter is an electrical
device that converts direct current (DC) to
alternating current (AC); the converted AC
can be at any required voltage and
frequency with the use of appropriate
transformers, switching, and control
circuits.
Static inverters have no moving
parts and are used in a wide range of
applications, from small switching power
supplies in computers, to large electric
utility high-voltage direct current
applications that transport bulk power.
Inverters are commonly used to supply AC
power from DC sources such as solar
panels or batteries.
The electrical inverter is a high-
power electronic oscillator. It is so named
because early mechanical AC to DC
converters was made to work in reverse,
and thus was "inverted", to convert DC to
AC. The inverter performs the opposite
function of a rectifier.
Grid tie inverters can feed energy
back into the distribution network because
they produce alternating current with the
same wave shape and frequency as
supplied by the distribution system. They
can also switch off automatically in the
event of a blackout. Micro-inverters
convert direct current from individual solar
panels into alternating current for the
electric grid.
INVERTER DESIGN
BASIC DESIGN AD
ADVANCED DESIGN
7. POWER LEAP APPLICATIONS :
7.1 PUBLIC PLACES
Public places like
1. Parks
2. Road sides (where human traffic is huge) etc can be powered through power leap.
We find many people walking at
these places. So, using the power leap tiles
would generate more and more electricity
as the people will be continuously walking
in these places.
Parks contain street lights,
fountains, shops which can be powered
when the people jogging or walking in
these parks walk or run over these power
leap tiles.
Road side places have traffic
signaling posts and street lights which can
be automatically powered using power
leap.
7.2 ENTERTAINMENT:
Entertainment places for people like
1. Pubs , discos and also
2. Auditoriums where live performances like
dances take place also can be powered
using power leap tiles.
7.3 CORPORATE PLACES:
Corporate places like
1. Bus and Railway stations,
2. Airports and
3. Office buildings can power all the necessary appliances using power leap tiles.
Bus, Railway stations and
airports contain huge amount of human
traffic. Large amount of people use these
places as their means of transport. These
places would not run out of human traffic
at any time in the day. This human traffic
can be used to generate the required
electricity necessary for the bus, railway
and airports to power up.
Corporate buildings, offices
make use of power leap tiles to make their
appliances powered. If the power is not
present in the office then the people
belonging to that office can just come and
walk on those tiles to generate electricity
which eliminates the use of generators.
7.4 RETAIL STORES
Retail stores like
1. Shopping malls
2. super markets
Shopping malls and super markets make
use of power leap tiles to generate power
required to run all its appliances like lights,
elevators, air conditioners etc.
8. ADVANTAGES:
Advantages of Power leap include
1. Production of electricity takes place at
the same place where it can be used
directly. This eliminates the transportation
charges of power which occur in
conventional methods.
2. No cables are used to import power from places that are far away.
3. Cost is very very less as power leap
doesn’t use copper cables, work stations to
route electricity to required destinations.
So, no transportation charges.
4. Natural resources like wood, charcoal, water are not used in the production of electricity.
5. Large turbines, dynamos are not used o produce electricity
6. Less man power is used
9.CONCLUSION:
Power leap takes us to the future
generation where electricity is produced at
the place where we live in. no cable costs,
no transportation charges and no use of
natural resources like water, charcoal are
required to produce electricity through
power leap. All the other electricity
generation techniques use something as
input which may not be readily available in
the market. But power leap uses MAN
POWER as input which is readily available
at any time and at free of cost. This makes
power leap different from all the other
techniques that are used to produce
electricity. So be ready for the next
generation electricity producing technique
that produces electricity at the place where
you live in.