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Page 1: Power Electronics for Electric Drive Vehiclesecee.colorado.edu/~ecen5017/lectures/CU/L2_out.pdfSystem Architectures, Modeling and Simulations 11 Top-level model of EV for use in ECEN

Power Electronics for Electric Drive Vehicles

Fall 2013

1

Page 2: Power Electronics for Electric Drive Vehiclesecee.colorado.edu/~ecen5017/lectures/CU/L2_out.pdfSystem Architectures, Modeling and Simulations 11 Top-level model of EV for use in ECEN

2

• Co‐developed and maintained by multiple universities

• USU: Prof. Regan Zane (lead for 2013)

• CU‐Boulder: Prof. Dragan Maksimovic

• University of Cantabria, Spain: Prof. Francisco Azcondo

• Content provided by all campuses

• Lectures, assignments, supplementary video and materials

• Local support: office hours, grading, location specific details

• Benefits

• Course content maintained relevant and up‐to‐date

• Leading experts brought in from around the world

• Online content available to all students for review

• Discussions exchanged across campuses via course blog

Course Offered Jointly

Page 3: Power Electronics for Electric Drive Vehiclesecee.colorado.edu/~ecen5017/lectures/CU/L2_out.pdfSystem Architectures, Modeling and Simulations 11 Top-level model of EV for use in ECEN

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USU Instructor: Professor Regan Zane

• Office: • phone: 435‐797‐9118• Innovation Campus USTAR 620, Room 118B

• On‐campus: EL 304D (after class discussions)

• Office hours• 11:20 – 12pm, MWF (after class)

• By appointment on innovation campus

• Class blog• E‐mail: [email protected]

• Please use 6930 in the subject line

Page 4: Power Electronics for Electric Drive Vehiclesecee.colorado.edu/~ecen5017/lectures/CU/L2_out.pdfSystem Architectures, Modeling and Simulations 11 Top-level model of EV for use in ECEN

Course Outline• Transportation electrification• System overview

– Vehicle dynamics, MATLAB/Simulink modeling– Architectures of hybrid (HEV), plug‐in hybrid (PHEV) and electric vehicles (EV)– Rating and sizing of drivetrain components

• Electric drivetrain components: analysis, modeling, simulations and design considerations

– Battery systems, battery management electronics– Bidirectional DC‐DC converters– Inverters and AC motor drives– Battery chargers

• Complete system modeling and simulations

10

Page 5: Power Electronics for Electric Drive Vehiclesecee.colorado.edu/~ecen5017/lectures/CU/L2_out.pdfSystem Architectures, Modeling and Simulations 11 Top-level model of EV for use in ECEN

System Architectures, Modeling and Simulations

11

Top-level model of EV for use in ECEN 5017 course. Drivingcycle is a velocity-vs-time profile for the vehicle, operating on

flat ground. Driver uses gas pedal to track the reference velocity.

Top-Level EV Model

m

Vref

speeds

Forces

Iinv

Ebat

dist

Unit Conversion Scope

Electric VehicleDriver model

Driv ing cy cleRef erence Speed

Torque command(Gas & brake pedals)

Vehicle Monitoring

Vehicle Speed

• Vehicle dynamics, MATLAB/Simulink modeling• Architectures of hybrid (HEV), plug‐in hybrid (PHEV) and electric vehicles (EV)

• Rating and sizing of drivetrain components

Page 6: Power Electronics for Electric Drive Vehiclesecee.colorado.edu/~ecen5017/lectures/CU/L2_out.pdfSystem Architectures, Modeling and Simulations 11 Top-level model of EV for use in ECEN

Vehicle Subsystems

12

Vehicle Systems Model

Model for a sample vehicle system during driving cycle. Model consistsof Battery, DC-DC, Inverter, three-phase Permanent-Magnet AC

(PMAC) motor, drive shaft gearing, and vehicle tires

4Fdrive

3SOC 2

Iabc

1Iinv

Tire

PMAC Motor: FunctionalMotor Drive Inverter:Functional

Gearing

EV Battery Model:Functional

DC-DC Converter:Functional

Vbus_ref

Bus VoltageReference

2Vev

1Tcommand

Battery Voltage

Battery Current

Rotor Phase Angle

Inv erter Input Current

DC Bus Voltage

Motor Input Power

Motor Torque

Wheel Torque

Wheel Angular Speed

Rotor Angular Speed

SimulinkModel View

Electrical Model View

Page 7: Power Electronics for Electric Drive Vehiclesecee.colorado.edu/~ecen5017/lectures/CU/L2_out.pdfSystem Architectures, Modeling and Simulations 11 Top-level model of EV for use in ECEN

Energy Storage System (Battery)

13

• An introduction to battery electro‐chemistry

• Types and characteristics of battery cells, energy, power, cycle life, calendar life, cost

• Cell charge/discharge characteristics, electrical circuit modeling

• Battery management system, cell balancing

• Modeling and simulations of battery systems

Battery dynamic modeling and control are covered in IDEATE courses at UCCSECE 5710: Modeling, Simulation, and Identification of Battery Dynamics (Fall)ECE 5720: Battery Management and Control (Spring)

Page 8: Power Electronics for Electric Drive Vehiclesecee.colorado.edu/~ecen5017/lectures/CU/L2_out.pdfSystem Architectures, Modeling and Simulations 11 Top-level model of EV for use in ECEN

Bidirectional DC‐DC Converter

14

• Introduction to switched‐mode power converters

• Steady‐state operation, analysis and simulations

• Introduction to power semiconductor switching devices: diodes, IGBTs, MOSFETs

• Modeling of losses and efficiency• Simulations

• This course provides a self‐contained introduction and covers additional topics specific to electric‐drivetrain applications

• Topics also covered in ECE 6930‐4: Introduction to Power Electronics

Page 9: Power Electronics for Electric Drive Vehiclesecee.colorado.edu/~ecen5017/lectures/CU/L2_out.pdfSystem Architectures, Modeling and Simulations 11 Top-level model of EV for use in ECEN

AC Motor Drive

15

• An introduction to AC machine operation and models*

• Permanent magnet synchronous machine

• Induction machine• DC‐to‐AC inverter operation and controls 

• AC drive modeling and simulations

* Topics covered in more detail in ECEN 5737: Adjustable Speed AC Drives offered in Spring 2014 at CU Boulder (Tuition scholarships available!)

Page 10: Power Electronics for Electric Drive Vehiclesecee.colorado.edu/~ecen5017/lectures/CU/L2_out.pdfSystem Architectures, Modeling and Simulations 11 Top-level model of EV for use in ECEN

Complete System Model and Simulations

16

Top-level model of EV for use in ECEN 5017 course. Drivingcycle is a velocity-vs-time profi le for the vehicle, operating on

flat ground. Driver uses gas pedal to track the reference velocity.

Top-Level EV Model

m

Vref

speeds

Forces

Iinv

Ebat

dist

Unit Conversion Scope

Electric VehicleDriver model

Driv ing cy cleRef erence Speed

Torque command(Gas & brake pedals)

Vehicle Monitoring

Vehicle Speed

• Integration of developed subsystem models into a complete vehicle model

• System evaluation and design considerations

Speed

Forces

Inverter current

Battery energy

The course includes

Page 11: Power Electronics for Electric Drive Vehiclesecee.colorado.edu/~ecen5017/lectures/CU/L2_out.pdfSystem Architectures, Modeling and Simulations 11 Top-level model of EV for use in ECEN

Transportation Electrification

17

Motivation

• Improve efficiency: reduce energy consumption

• Displace petroleum as primary energy source 

• Reduce impact on environment

• Reduce cost

EIA:• Transportation accounts for 28% of total U.S. energy use

• Transportation accounts for 33% of CO2 emissions

• Petroleum comprises 93% of US transportation energy use

Page 12: Power Electronics for Electric Drive Vehiclesecee.colorado.edu/~ecen5017/lectures/CU/L2_out.pdfSystem Architectures, Modeling and Simulations 11 Top-level model of EV for use in ECEN

0 100 200 300 400 500 600-60

-40

-20

0

20

40

60

80

Pv [k

W]

time [s]

18

Example: US06 driving cycle

0 100 200 300 400 500 6000

20

40

60

80

100

v [m

ph]

Example: Prius‐sized vehicle

Vehicle speed [mph]

Propulsion power [kW]

10‐min8 miles

Page 13: Power Electronics for Electric Drive Vehiclesecee.colorado.edu/~ecen5017/lectures/CU/L2_out.pdfSystem Architectures, Modeling and Simulations 11 Top-level model of EV for use in ECEN

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Average power and energy

0 100 200 300 400 500 600-60

-40

-20

0

20

40

60

80

Pv [k

W]

time [s]

Prius‐sized vehicle

Dissipative braking

Pvavg = 11.3 kW

235 Wh/mile

Regenerative braking

Pvavg = 7.0 kW

146 Wh/mile

0 100 200 300 400 500 6000

20

40

60

80

100

v [m

ph]

Page 14: Power Electronics for Electric Drive Vehiclesecee.colorado.edu/~ecen5017/lectures/CU/L2_out.pdfSystem Architectures, Modeling and Simulations 11 Top-level model of EV for use in ECEN

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Conventional versus Electric Vehicle(Prius‐sized vehicle example)

Tank + Internal Combustion Engine (ICE)

Electric Vehicle (EV)Battery + Inverter + AC machine 

Gasoline energy content12.3 kWh/kg, 36.4 kWh/gallon

Tank‐to‐wheel efficiency

20%

1.2 kWh/mile, 28 mpg

85%

0.17 kWh/mile, 200 mpg equiv.

Regenerative braking NO YES

Energy storage LiFePO4 battery0.1 kWh/kg, 0.8 kWh/gallon

Refueling 5 gallons/minute11 MW, 140 miles/minute

Level I (120Vac): 1.5 kW, <8 miles/hourLevel II (240Vac): 6 kW, <32 miles/hourLevel III (DC): 100 kW, <9 miles/minute

Cost

CO2 emissions (tailpipe, total)

12 ¢/mile [$3.50/gallon]

(0, 120) g CO2/mile[current U.S. electricity mix]300, 350) g CO2/mile

2 ¢/mile [$0.12/kWh]

Page 15: Power Electronics for Electric Drive Vehiclesecee.colorado.edu/~ecen5017/lectures/CU/L2_out.pdfSystem Architectures, Modeling and Simulations 11 Top-level model of EV for use in ECEN

Electric‐Drive Vehicle Technologies• Internal Combustion Engine (ICE) vehicle

– Gasoline powered only

• Hybrid Electric Vehicle (HEV)– Combination of a gasoline‐powered ICE and electric drive,– HEV efficiency improvements

• Regenerative braking• “Downsizing:” a smaller, more efficient ICE, relatively small battery• ICE operated around the most efficient operating point• No idling required when the vehicle stops, keep ICE off

• Plug‐In Hybrid Electric Vehicle (PHEV)– Same efficiency improvements as HEV– Larger battery for an all‐electric range

• Electric Vehicle (EV), All electric vehicle (AEV), (BEV)– No ICE, (much) larger battery

21

Page 16: Power Electronics for Electric Drive Vehiclesecee.colorado.edu/~ecen5017/lectures/CU/L2_out.pdfSystem Architectures, Modeling and Simulations 11 Top-level model of EV for use in ECEN

PHEV example, new EPA stickers

22

Chevy Volt

1720 kg62 kW (83 hp) ICE55 kW generator110 kW (149 hp) electric drive16 kWh Li‐Ion battery (175 kg)

65% usable, 35 mi EV range8 years, 100,000 miles warranty

MPGequivalent = Trip length [miles]

Total energy consumed [kWh]33.7 kWh/gallonx

EPA miles‐per‐gallon‐equivalent calculation for All Electric

Page 17: Power Electronics for Electric Drive Vehiclesecee.colorado.edu/~ecen5017/lectures/CU/L2_out.pdfSystem Architectures, Modeling and Simulations 11 Top-level model of EV for use in ECEN

EV example

23

Nissan Leaf

1527 kg80 kW (110 hp) electric drive24 kWh Li‐Ion battery

Cells: 140 Wh/kg300 kg battery pack(8 years, 100,000 miles warranty)

Page 18: Power Electronics for Electric Drive Vehiclesecee.colorado.edu/~ecen5017/lectures/CU/L2_out.pdfSystem Architectures, Modeling and Simulations 11 Top-level model of EV for use in ECEN

CO2 emissions and oil displacement study

24

Well‐to‐Wheel Analysis of Energy Use and Greenhouse Gas Emissions of PHEVs (2010 report by Argonne National Lab)

Page 19: Power Electronics for Electric Drive Vehiclesecee.colorado.edu/~ecen5017/lectures/CU/L2_out.pdfSystem Architectures, Modeling and Simulations 11 Top-level model of EV for use in ECEN

CO2 emissions Over Full LifetimePreparing for a Life Cycle CO2 Measure (2011 report by Ricardo)

Page 20: Power Electronics for Electric Drive Vehiclesecee.colorado.edu/~ecen5017/lectures/CU/L2_out.pdfSystem Architectures, Modeling and Simulations 11 Top-level model of EV for use in ECEN

Trends and Challenges• Paths to electrified (personal) transportation

– Hybrid electric vehicles (HEV)– Plug‐in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEV)– All electric vehicles (AEV, BEV)– Hydrogen + fuel cell electric vehicles (FCV)

• Electricity generation mix: shift to renewables• Challenges

– Batteries– Engineering of electric drivetrain components, including efficient, high‐density, reliable power electronics

– Charging infrastructure

26

Page 21: Power Electronics for Electric Drive Vehiclesecee.colorado.edu/~ecen5017/lectures/CU/L2_out.pdfSystem Architectures, Modeling and Simulations 11 Top-level model of EV for use in ECEN

A Vision: Renewable Sources + Battery Electric Vehicles

27

• Zero GHG emissions, no petroleum• High efficiencies are feasible: 80% grid‐to‐wheel• Challenges

• Battery technology: cost, cycle life, power and energy density• Efficient, reliably and cost‐effective drivetrain components• Need for charging infrastructure• Limited Pchg, long charge‐up times

Pchg